1.
Business routes of Interstate 10
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Interstate business routes are roads connecting a central or commercial district of a city or town with an Interstate bypass. These roads typically follow along local streets often along a former U. S. route or state highway that had replaced by an Interstate. Interstate business route reassurance markers are signed as either loops or spurs using a shield shaped and numbered like the shield of the parent Interstate highway. Along Interstate 10, business routes are found in the four westernmost states through which I-10 passes, California, Arizona, New Mexico, although I-10 is a transcontinental highway, none of the states to the east along the Interstate have yet to designate I-10 business routes. Although the public may differentiate between different business routes by the number of the parent route and the location of the route, each state highway department internally uses its own designations to identify segments within its jurisdiction. Interstate business routes in California are assigned by the California Department of Transportation, Interstate 10 Business is a business loop of I-10 at Blythe in Riverside County. The route begins at I-10 Exit 236 and goes to the north along Neighbours Boulevard, the business loop has major intersections with US95 and SR78. The route was designated as part of US60 except along Neighbours Blvd. The eastern part of the route also conveyed US95, Major intersections The entire route is in Riverside County. The business loops within Arizona are maintained by the Arizona Department of Transportation, Interstate 10 has five business loops within the state including one in La Paz County, the westernmost in Arizona through which I-10 passes, and four in Cochise County, the easternmost. ADOT identifies Interstate business loops as State Business Routes followed by the number of the parent Interstate, individual loops along an Interstate are designated by adding parenthetical numbers that increase eastward and northward. Gaps in numbering represent removal of former routes or potential expansion, State Business Route 10 is a business loop of I-10 at Quartzsite in La Paz County operated since 1991. Between its termini, the route has an intersection with State Route 95 where it ends a concurrency with US95. The route was designated along part of US60 and US70. Major intersections The entire route is in Quartzsite, La Paz County, State Business Route 10 is a business loop of I-10 at Benson in Cochise County operated since 1991. The 3. 5-mile route follows along Bensons Fourth Street beginning at Exit 303 of I-10 west of town, between its termini, the route has a major intersection with SR80. The route was designated along part of SR86 while US80 was conveyed over a portion of the present business route. Major intersections The entire route is in Cochise County, State Business Route 10 is a business loop of I-10 at Willcox in Cochise County operated since 1986
2.
Texas State Highway 54
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The route, located in western Culberson County, is largely isolated passing through no cities or towns beyond Van Horn and intersecting no other highways between Van Horn and its northern terminus. Within Van Horn, the route has intersections with Business Interstate 10-D, the route was established early in the history of the Texas highway system originally beginning in Alpine and ending at the New Mexico state line near Carlsbad, NM. The routes length and termini have changed over the years as have the roads with which it intersect largely due to two factors, in 1919, another proposal incorporated a route called SH12 from New Mexico through Van Horn and then south to the Rio Grande. The road would run parallel with the river to Brownsville. In 1922, a further revision aligned this route similar to the current US90 between Van Horn and Del Rio and this original designation occurred sometime between 1924 when the state assumed maintenance responsibilities for state highways and 1926. Between 1926 and 1928, SH130, a predecessor of US62, over the next several years, many changes to the route were spurred by the creation of the United States Highway system. In 1927, US90 was newly designated in Texas over a route that replaced the portion of SH54 between Alpine and the route of the new US80 and SH1 in Van Horn. In 1932, US62 was created along SH54 from the line to SH130. By 1933, SH3 was realigned westward concurrently with US90 to Van Horn, SH54 and SH130 kept their designations as concurrent routes to US62. Between 1936 and 1940, US90 was extended northward through Van Horn to US62, SH54 and intersecting routes SH1, SH3, and SH130 were all decommissioned in favor of their redundant U. S. highway routes. The decommissioning of SH54 was short lived as US90 was shortened in 1940 back to its previous terminus at US80 in Van Horn, in 1943, US180 was designated over the route of US62 at the northern terminus of SH54. In 1953, construction began on FM2185 from SH54 in Van Horn into northeastern Culberson County, changes to the route and its intersecting highways occurred again after the construction of the I-10 bypass at Van Horn. In 1975, US80 was realigned along I-10 with its route through town designated as State Highway Loop 519 although it was signed as US80 Business. The following year, SH54 was extended southward to terminate at I-10, in 1990, the designation of Loop 519 was changed to Bus. One year later, US80 was decommissioned throughout western Texas, SH54 begins at I-10 Exit 140A in Van Horn. From I-10 the route runs concurrently with US90 north along Van Horn Dr, US90 terminates and SH54 turns east along Bus. I-10-D for half a block and then north along La Caverna St. The route intersects FM2185 at Ninth St. before leaving Van Horn, north of town, the route passes through a gap between the Beach Mountains and the Baylor Mountains and then emerges onto a large salt basin
3.
Van Horn, Texas
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Van Horn is a town in and the county seat of Culberson County, Texas, in the United States. According to the 2010 census, Van Horn had a population of 2,063 and it is the westernmost incorporated community in the Central Time Zone part of the state of Texas. Greyhound Lines has a stop in the town, by Wendys, Van Horn is located in southwestern Culberson County at 31°2′33″N 104°49′59″W. Interstate 10 passes through the town, leading east 120 miles to Fort Stockton, Van Horn is the western terminus of U. S. Route 90, from Van Horn it leads southeast 73 miles to Marfa. Texas State Highway 54 leads north from Van Horn 65 miles to Pine Springs, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.8 square miles, all land. Threemile Peak, elevation 4,868 feet, rises to the northwest overlooking the town, Van Horn is the westernmost town in the U. S. Anglo-Texan settlement began in the late 1850s and early 1860s supportive of the San Antonio-El Paso Overland Mail route, Lt. Van Horns command was relatively short-lived, as the post was seized by Confederate forces in 1861 and Lt. Van Horn taken prisoner. Settlement was further stimulated by the construction of the Texas and Pacific Railway in 1881, the town has several buildings on the National Register of Historic Places including the First Presbyterian Church, built in 1901. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,435 people,834 households, the population density was 846.9 people per square mile. There were 976 housing units at a density of 339.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 64. 60% White,0. 66% African American,0. 57% Native American,0. 57% Asian,31. 46% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 78. 60% of the population. Van Horn is served by the Culberson County-Allamoore Independent School District and is home to the Van Horn High School Eagles, the United States Postal Service operates the Van Horn Post Office. As of 2008, Blue Origin had been expected to start commercial operations as early as 2010, in early 2010, NASA awarded Blue Origin US$3.7 million to work on an advanced technology, which detaches a crew cabin from its launcher if the shuttle malfunctions. As of August 2016, Blue Origin was still conducting test flights with plans to begin flying piloted tests in 2017 and paying customers in 2018
4.
Interstate 35 in Texas
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Interstate 35 in Texas is a major north–south Interstate Highway running from Laredo near the United States-Mexico border to the Red River north of Gainesville where it crosses into Oklahoma. Along its route, it passes through the cities of San Antonio, Austin, Interstate 35E heads northeast where it passes through Dallas. Interstate 35W turns northwest to run through Fort Worth, the two branches meet up in Denton to again form Interstate 35, where it continues to the Oklahoma border. Interstate 35W maintains its own sequence of exit numbers, in Texas, Interstate 35 runs for just over 407 miles, which does not include either the 85-mile segment of Interstate 35W or the 97-mile segment of Interstate 35E. Texas contains more miles of the length of Interstate 35 than any other state. The Interstate is currently undergoing a renovation and expansion project. The project includes work on portions of the interstate from Dallas south to Laredo, in Laredo, Interstate 35 is between 6 and 8 main lanes in each direction, dropping to 4 near mile marker 13. After running concurrently with US83 for 20 miles, the highway continues north-northeast across the South Texas Plains, the highway passes through the towns of Cotulla, Dilley, Pearsall, Devine, and Lytle before reaching San Antonio. In San Antonio, I-35 is listed as the PanAm Expressway and it starts out as four lanes from the south until it reaches the Poteet-Jourdanton Freeway, expanding to six to eight mainlanes of travel. Its southern point begins in the southwest corner of town and travels northeast, at the southwest corner of Downtown, it reaches an intersection with Interstate 10, United States Route 87 and United States Route 90. US90 continues east and west from junction, while I-10 westbound/U. S. 87 northbound joins with I-35 northbound along the side of Downtown. In this section, it splits lanes to two levels, a lower one for local traffic and a higher one for express traffic. They briefly rejoin near the northwest corner of Downtown to allow I-10/U. S,87 to split off and go northwest. I-35 continues, resplitting lanes again as it curves around the northwest corner of Downtown, I-35 continues east for a few miles until it begins to curve back to the northeast. It merges with I-410 on its eastern north–south leg from its direction in a triangular interchange. A couple miles later, I-410 will split off onto its northern west–east leg, trucks are restricted from travel in the far left lane of I-35 in either direction throughout the San Antonio area. The restriction covers Bexar, Guadalupe, and Comal Counties, in Austin, Interstate 35 is named Interregional Highway
5.
San Antonio
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San Antonio, officially the City of San Antonio, is the seventh-most populated city in the United States and the second-most populous city in the state of Texas, with a population of 1,409,019. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000 to 2010, the city straddles South Texas and Central Texas and is on the southwestern corner of an urban megaregion known as the Texas Triangle. San Antonio serves as the seat of Bexar County, recent annexations have extended the citys boundaries into Medina County and, though for only a very tiny area near the city of Garden Ridge, into Comal County. Due to its placement, the city has characteristics of other urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas. San Antonio is the center of the San Antonio–New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area, growth along the Interstate 35 and Interstate 10 corridors to the north, west and east make it likely that the metropolitan area will continue to expand. San Antonio was named for Saint Anthony of Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, the city contains five 18th-century Spanish frontier missions, including The Alamo and San Antonio Missions National Historical Park, which were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2015. Other notable attractions include the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, the city is home to the five-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and hosts the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest such events in the country. The U. S. Kelly Air Force Base operated out of San Antonio until 2001, the remaining portions of the base were developed as Port San Antonio, an industrial/business park and aerospace complex. San Antonio is home to six Fortune 500 companies and the South Texas Medical Center, at the time of European encounter, Payaya Indians lived near the San Antonio River Valley in the San Pedro Springs area, calling the vicinity Yanaguana, meaning refreshing waters. In 1691, a group of Spanish Catholic explorers and missionaries came upon the river and Payaya settlement on June 13 and they named the place and river San Antonio in his honor. It was years before any Spanish settlement took place, father Antonio de Olivares visited the site in 1709, and he was determined to found a mission and civilian settlement there. He directed Martin de Alarcón, the governor of Coahuila and Texas, differences between Alarcón and Olivares resulted in delays, and construction did not start until 1718. The families who clustered around the presidio and mission formed the beginnings of Villa de Béjar, on May 1, the governor transferred ownership of the Mission San Antonio de Valero to Fray Antonio de Olivares. On May 5,1718 he commissioned the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar on the west side of the San Antonio River, one-fourth league from the mission. On February 14,1719, the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo proposed to the king of Spain that 400 families be transported from the Canary Islands, Galicia, or Havana to populate the province of Texas. By June 1730,25 families had reached Cuba, and 10 families had sent to Veracruz before orders from Spain came to stop the re-settlement. Under the leadership of Juan Leal Goraz, the group marched overland from Veracruz to the Presidio San Antonio de Béxar, due to marriages along the way, the party now included 15 families, a total of 56 persons. They joined the community established in 1718
6.
Interstate 45
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Interstate 45 is an interstate highway located entirely within the U. S. state of Texas. While most interstate routes ending in five are cross-country north-south routes, I-45 is comparatively short and it connects the cities of Dallas and Houston, continuing southeast from Houston to Galveston over the Galveston Causeway to the Gulf of Mexico. I-45 replaced US75 over its length, although portions of US75 remained parallel to I-45 until its elimination south of downtown Dallas in 1987. At the south end of I-45, State Highway 87 continues into downtown Galveston, the north end is at Interstate 30 in downtown Dallas, where US75 used the Good-Latimer Expressway. A short continuation, known by traffic reporters as the I-45 overhead, signed as part of US75, traffic can use Spur 366 to connect to Interstate 35E at the north end of I-345. The portion of I-45 between downtown Houston and Galveston is known to Houston residents as the Gulf Freeway, I-45 and I-345 in the Dallas area, north of the interchanges with Interstate 20 and State Highway 310, is the Julius Schepps Freeway. The Gulf Freeway and North Freeway both include reversible high-occupancy vehicle lanes for buses and other vehicles to and from downtown Houston. U. S. Highway 190 joins I-45 for 26 miles from Huntsville, Texas to Madisonville, U. S. Highway 287 joins I-45 for 18 miles from Corsicana, Texas to Ennis, Texas. US287 signs are posted from the northern end of Business Loop 45 in Corsicana to the Ellis County line. Interstate 45 gained notoriety during Hurricane Rita in 2005, thousands of Houston area evacuees jammed the roadway trying to leave. As a result, the became a parking lot. Gas stations ran dry and hundreds of peoples cars simply ran empty, four-hour drives suddenly became 24-hour drives. At just 284.913 miles, I-45 is the shortest of the interstates. The stretch of I-45 connecting Galveston with Houston is known as the Gulf Freeway and it was the first freeway built in Texas—opened in stages beginning on October 1,1948, up to a full completion to Galveston in 1952, as part of U. S. Highway 75. At the north end, it connects to the North Freeway via the short Pierce Elevated, completed in 1967, after several interchanges, I-45 crosses the Galveston Causeway and passes Tiki Island. Old U. S. Highway 75 south of junction was upgraded on the spot. The Gulf Freeway generally parallels State Highway 3 about 1 mile to the west, bypassing La Marque, Dickinson and South Houston. It includes interchanges with other freeways, the Emmett F. Lowry Expressway, NASA Road 1 Bypass
7.
Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
8.
Interstate 69 in Texas
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The first segment of I-69 in Texas was opened in 2011 near Corpus Christi. FHWA approval for this segment was announced on May 29,2013, by March 2015, a 74.9 mile section of US-59 had been completed and designated as I-69 through the Houston Metropolitan Area. It is co-signed with both US59 and Loop 20 and extends 1.4 miles to I-35. It will continue on US59 east to George West, where it will intersect I-69C, it will then intersect I-37 east of George West, I-69C begins in Pharr at I-2 and is designated for 18 miles through Edinburg and co-signed with US281. It will continue north along US281 to George West, where it will intersect I-69W, I-69E begins just north of the Veterans International Bridge, which connects to both Fed. 180, near the border in Brownsville and continues for 53, I-69W and I-69E will merge just south of Victoria, Texas, where mainline I-69 will follow US59 northeast to Fort Bend County. In the Houston area, I-69 follows US59 from Fort Bend County to the west loop of I-610, I-69 then follows US59 from the north loop of I-610 to the Liberty-Montgomery county line. I-69 will follow US59 to the north, serving Cleveland, Shepherd, Livingston, Lufkin, Nacogdoches, at Tenaha, I-69 will head into Louisiana along the US84 corridor. The segment of US59 from Tenaha to Texarkana will be signed as I-369, since the first section of US77 between Corpus Christi and Robstown was signed as I-69, it implied that the I-69 mainline would follow the coastal route from Victoria to Brownsville. During this same meeting, the section of US83 between Harlingen and Penitas was conditionally approved to be designated as I-2, with FHWA concurrence, the US83 freeway in south Texas was widely anticipated to receive an I-x69 designation instead of I-2. In any case, Texas is proceeding in the fashion as Indiana. The mainline route through Texas will be approximately 500 miles, on June 11,2008, TxDOT announced they planned to limit further study of I-69 to existing highway corridors outside transition zones in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Laredo, Houston, and Texarkana. Texas originally sought a partnership to construct much of the route through Texas as a privately operated toll road under the failed Trans-Texas Corridor project. A stated goal of TxDOTs I-69 initiative is that existing suitable freeway sections of the system be designated as I-69 as soon as possible. In August 2011, TxDOT received approval from FHWA for a segment of US77 between I-37 and SH44 near Corpus Christi, and was approved by AASHTO in October 2011. Officials held a ceremony on December 5,2011, to unveil I-69 signs on the Robstown–Corpus Christi section, on May 29,2013, the Robstown–Corpus Christi section of I-69 was re-signed as I-69E. FHWA later granted concurrence and with the approval of the Texas Transportation Commission. The remaining segment of the original 75-mile submission was approved for designation as I-69 by the FHWA on March 9,2015, on May 29,2013, the TTC gave approval to naming completed Interstate-standard segments of US77 and US281 as I-69
9.
U.S. Route 59 in Texas
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U. S. Highway 59 in the U. S. state of Texas is named the Lloyd Bentsen Highway, after Lloyd Bentsen, former U. S. senator from Texas. In northern Houston, US59, co-signed with Interstate 69, is the Eastex Freeway, to the south, which is also co-signed with I-69, it is the Southwest Freeway. The stretch of the Southwest Freeway just west of The Loop was formerly one of the busiest freeways in North America, with a peak AADT of 371,000 in 1998. US59 actually straddles the border between Texas and Arkansas north of I-30 near Texarkana, with the east side of the highway on the Arkansas side and the west side of the highway on the Texas side. In the past, both remained on the border past I-30 as State Line Avenue to downtown Texarkana, today. Nearly 90 percent of this route is designated to become part of I-69 in the future, currently 75-mile-per-hour speed limits are allowed on US59 in Duval County and portions of northern Polk County. The total length of the southernmost segment of US59 that passes through Texas, the US96 designation was originally applied in 1926 from Rosenberg, Texas, near Houston, to Pharr in the Rio Grande valley. This diagonal route, south of U. S.90, the highways east–west nature was boosted in 1934 when US96 was rerouted from Alice to Laredo. US59 begins at the Mexico–US border with Loop 20 on the World Trade International Bridge over the Rio Grande in Laredo, the portion of US59 that is co-signed with Loop 20 is also named the Bob Bullock Loop. At under 2 miles, the two run together concurrent with I-69W from the Mexico–US border until I-35 in Laredo, where I-69W temporarily ends. In Duval County, the limit on US59 is 75 miles per hour. US59 shares a short congruency with SH44 in and around Freer, from Freer, US59 passes through the southeastern part of McMullen County, but does not intersect any highways. The highway continues northeast, intersecting US281 in George West, between Laredo and Interstate 37, US59 passes through many rural areas and ranching sites. From I-37, US59 heads northeast passing through Beeville, US59 bypasses Victoria to the south, and becomes a divided highway, and has a series of interchanges, until it becomes a freeway south of Houston in Rosenberg and resumes the designation of I-69. Between Houston and Victoria, US59 passes through Edna, Ganado, El Campo, US59 intersects many major Texas highways in Houston, including I-10 and I-45. Leaving Houston, US59 intersects Beltway 8 again on the northside of town, passing by Bush Intercontinental Airport, between Houston and Livingston, most of US59 is a limited-access freeway but the I-69 designation ends at the Montgomery-Liberty county line. US59 passes through or bypasses the towns of Cleveland and Livingston,46 miles north of Livingston, US59 bypasses Lufkin, where it overlaps US69. 10 miles north of Lufkin, US59 bypasses Nacogdoches and heads in an almost entirely east-west direction, drivers wishing to stay on US59 must turn left in Tenaha, where the highway intersects US96 and ends its overlap with US84
10.
U.S. Route 69 in Texas
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U. S. Route 69 is a north–south United States highway. When it was first created, it was only 150 miles long, the highways southern terminus is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87. Its northern terminus is in Albert Lea, Minnesota at Minnesota State Highway 13, US69 begins at its southern terminus with SH87 in Port Arthur. This intersection is also the terminus for US96 and US287. US69, US96, and US287 continue in a northwest, then west, at this intersection, US69, US96, and US287 merge with I-10. I-10/US 69/US 96/US287 continue in a direction through Beaumont for several miles. Just after the intersection with US90, I-10 splits from the multiplex and resumes its course, leaving US69, US96. US69 north of I-10 is also officially known as Eastex Freeway. In Lumberton, US96 splits from US69 and US287 and heads northeast towards Jasper, while US69, in Woodville, US69 splits from US287 a few blocks north of US190. US287 continues northwest towards Corrigan while US69 proceed north towards Lufkin, in this area, between US190 in Woodville and FM256 in Colmesneil, US69 is a part of the Texas Forest Trail. Before reaching Lufkin, US69 forms another segment of the Texas Forest Trail between SH63 in Zavalla and FM1818 northwest of Zavalla, in Lufkin, US69 is concurrent with US59 and State Loop 287 while the route through the city is named Business US69. US69, State Loop 287, and US59 continue around the east side of Lufkin until US59 separates at the intersection with US59 Business northeast of Lufkin. US69 and State Loop 287 continue until the intersection of SH103, at that point, US69 is concurrent for a short distance with SH103 and State Loop 287. At the intersection of US69, State Loop 287 and SH103, US69 departs Lufkin and heads northwest while SH103, US69 continues on a north to northwest path through the towns of Alto, Rusk, Jacksonville and Bullard. Just south of Bullard, US69 has a concurrency with FM2493. US69 continues northward into Tyler, in Tyler, US69 continues northward through the city until the intersection of SH110 and SH155, where US69 heads west and merges with SH110 and SH155 through Tyler. This continues until SH110 separates from US69 on the northwest side of Tyler, at this intersection, SH110 heads west while US69 continues north. US69 crosses Interstate 20 at Lindale where it is signed as Main Street, at FM16 in Lindale, US69 begins its third and last segment as part of the Texas Forest Trail
11.
U.S. Route 96
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U. S. Highway 96 is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs for about 117.11 miles wholly within the state of Texas. Its number is a violation of the numbering convention, as even-numbered two-digit highways are east–west routes by rule. As of 2004, the southern terminus is in Port Arthur at an intersection with State Highway 87. Its northern terminus is in Tenaha at an intersection with US59 /, US96 begins at SH87 in Port Arthur, at a southern terminus it also shares with US69 and US287. The three highways head in a northwest direction toward Beaumont, in Beaumont, the three highways briefly merge with Interstate 10, but then split from that freeway continuing northwest. In Lumberton, US96 separates from US287 and US69, US96 ends in Tenaha at a junction with US59 / and US84. In 1939, US96 was designated along its current route, in 1933, the present route of US96 was originally proposed to be part of US71. Business U. S. Highway 96 E is a 1. 3-mile long spur of US96 in the Jasper County census designated place of Buna, the highway was designated on January 14,1991 replacing State Highway Spur 88. It begins southwest of the community at US96 and travels northeast paralleling a railroad, except for one small industry, the highway travels past residential areas before it ends at SH62 in the center of Buna. A left turn onto SH62 can be made to access US96 again, business U. S. Highway 96 F is a five-mile-long business loop of US96 serving the Hardin County city of Silsbee. The highway begins at an interchange with US96 south of the city, upon reaching the Silsbee city limits, the name of the road also becomes 5th Street. In the center of the city, US96 Bus. reaches Avenue N which carries SH327, at Avenue G, US96 Bus. turns right while FM92 continues north through the city. FM 418s eastern terminus occurs at a stop-controlled T intersection east of the city center. At the highways intersection with US96, US96 Bus. briefly runs on two frontage roads on either side of US96 before it terminates at right-in/right-out intersections with the divided US96. Roads portal Media related to U. S. Route 96 at Wikimedia Commons Endpoints of U. S. Highway 96
12.
U.S. Route 287 in Texas
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US287 crosses into Texas at Kerrick and continues southeast through to Stratford, where it takes a more southerly turn. In Dumas, US287 merges with its parent route, US87, US287 follows this east-southeasterly path through Clarendon and Childress, where it intersects US Highways 83 and 62. US287 then proceeds to Vernon, where it merges with US70, after US70 and US183 leave the route at Oklaunion and veer to the northeast, US287 resumes its east-southeasterly track passing through Harrold and Electra on its way to Wichita Falls. On the northwest side of the city US287 merges with I-44, US82, after leaving Wichita Falls, US 82/287 continues as a co-signed route until Henrietta, where US82 leaves the route. After merging with US81 in Bowie, US 287/81 continues southeast to Fort Worth and this stretch of US287, which runs from downtown to the southeast side of the city, is also known as the Martin Luther King, Jr. Freeway. The highway continues southeastward to Palestine, where it merges with State Highway 19, US 287/SH19 continues as a co-signed route until Crockett, where US287 leaves SH19 and continues its southeasterly track toward the Texas Gulf Coast. In Woodville, US287 merges with US69 and takes on a more due-southerly route to Lumberton, where a co-signed US 69/287 also merges with US96. The highway then continues to the southeast through Beaumont with a stint with Interstate 10 and on to Port Arthur. All of these highways were shortened in the 1939 renumbering. SH19 was deleted until 1960, when it extended back south, roads portal US287 southeast of downtown Fort Worth—from dfwfreeways. info
13.
Beaumont, Texas
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Beaumont is a city in and the county seat of Jefferson County, Texas in the United States, within the Beaumont–Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area. Beaumont was founded as a town in 1835 by Northerners, the early European-American settlement had an economy based on the development of lumber, farming, and port industries. Rice became an important commodity crop in Texas, and is now cultivated in 23 counties, a big change occurred in 1901 with the Spindletop gusher, which demonstrated the potential of the huge oil field. With Spindletop, several companies developed in Beaumont, and some continue. The area rapidly developed as one of the major petro-chemical refining areas in the country, along with Port Arthur and Orange, Beaumont forms the Golden Triangle, a major industrial area on the Texas Gulf Coast. Beaumont is home of Lamar University, a national Carnegie Doctoral Research university with 14,966 students, including undergraduates and post graduates. Over the years, several corporations have been based in this city, gSUs Edison Plaza headquarters is still the tallest building in Beaumont. In 1824 Noah and Nancy Tevis settled on the west bank of the Neches River, soon after that, a small community grew up around the farm, which was named Tevis Bluff or Neches River Settlement. They began planning a town to be out on this land. Their partnership, J. P. Pulsifer and Company, controlled the first 50 acres upon which the town was founded and this town was named Beaumont, after Jefferson Beaumont, the brother-in-law of Henry Millard. They added more property for a total of 200 acres, Beaumont became a town on 16 December 1838. Beaumonts first mayor was Alexander Calder, from the towns founding in 1835, business activities included real estate, transportation, and retail sales. Later, other businesses were formed, especially in construction and operation, new building construction, lumber sales. The Port of Beaumont became a regional shipping center. Beaumont was a center for cattle raisers and farmers in its early years. With an active riverport by the 1880s, it became an important lumber and it exported rice as a commodity crop. The Beaumont Rice Mill, founded in 1892 by Joseph Eloi Broussard, was the first commercially successful rice mill in Texas, in addition, Broussard founded a company to operate an irrigation system to support rice culture. This helped stimulate the expansion of cultivation from 1500 acres in 1892 to 400,000 acres in 23 counties by his death in 1956
14.
Interstate 10 in Louisiana
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Interstate 10, a major transcontinental Interstate Highway in the Southern United States, runs across the southern part of Louisiana for 274.42 miles. It passes through Lake Charles, Lafayette, and Baton Rouge before dipping south of Lake Pontchartrain to serve the New Orleans metropolitan area before leaving the state, in August 2005, the I-10 Twin Span Bridge was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina, rendering it unusable. Initially, the bridge was repaired through a $30.9 million contract with Boh Brothers Construction Company, however, Louisiana has since replaced the bridge with two higher elevation spans in 2009 and 2010. From Texas to Lafayette, I-10 parallels the older U. S. Route 90 corridor, from Lafayette, the highway heads east-northeast toward Baton Rouge via the Atchafalaya Swamp Freeway, an 18. 2-mile bridge across the Atchafalaya River and its accompanying swamp. Between the two cities, I-10 parallels U. S. Route 190, from Opelousas to Baton Rouge. This route has signs and is designated as an alternate I-10 by-pass that runs from I-10/I-49 north to U. S.190 then east across to Baton Rouge and back down to I-10 via I-110 south. Traffic can be diverted both ways along this route should there be the necessity to close I-10 across the Atchafalaya Swamp Freeway and is used as a hurricane evacuation route. In the capital of Baton Rouge, U. S.190 continues east alongside Interstate 12 to Hammond and Slidell while I-10 turns southeastward, in the Crescent City, I-10 rejoins U. S.90 as it heads toward Slidell. In Slidell, U. S.11 continues northeastward toward Hattiesburg, Mississippi while I-10, by the beginning of planning for the Interstate Highway System in 1939, the Houston-New Orleans-Mobile corridor was part of the system. Preliminary plans took it along U. S.90 all the way through Louisiana, serving Lake Charles and Lafayette but not Baton Rouge. 1943, it had shifted to the north west of New Orleans, using the Louisiana Highway 12, U. S.190 and US61 corridors. The 1947 plan shifted it to roughly the current alignment, including the stretch of new corridor across the Atchafalaya Swamp. The corridor was assigned the Interstate 10 designation in mid-1957 and this would have provided a shorter route than I-10, bypassing Baton Rouge to the south. The Gramercy Bridge was later built along its alignment, with LA3125 connecting to Gramercy. Interstate 12, serving as a bypass of New Orleans around the side of Lake Pontchartrain, was not added until October 17,1957. By the mid-1960s, the routes had been realigned to their current configuration, with I-12, Construction of the Interstate Highway System in Louisiana began in 1957. Early I-10 contracts were done under the route designation LA3027, much of the early construction on the I-10 corridor was concentrated on relieving traffic problems in urban centers. Several such projects were underway and were incorporated into the route of I-10 during construction
15.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
16.
U.S. Route 11 in Louisiana
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U. S. Highway 11 is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that spans 1,756 miles from New Orleans, Louisiana to Rouses Point, New York. Within the state of Louisiana, the highway travels 31.15 miles from the southern terminus at US90 in New Orleans to the Mississippi state line south of Picayune. From Eastern New Orleans, US11 crosses Lake Pontchartrain on the nearly five-mile-long Robert S. Maestri Bridge, the route parallels Interstate 10 into Slidell, serving as that citys major north–south arterial. After crossing I-12, US11 parallels I-59 to the town of Pearl River, US11 originally terminated in Mississippi just northwest of what is now the John C. Stennis Space Center. In 1937, US90 was relocated onto a new route bypassing Slidell and Pearl River, US11 was extended into Louisiana two years later over the former alignment of US90, and the two routes were co-signed into Downtown New Orleans. This concurrency was discontinued in 1951 with US11 being cut back to its current southern terminus at US90 in Eastern New Orleans. Until the construction of the Interstate Highway System in the area during the late 1950s to mid-1960s, from the south, US11 begins at an intersection with US90 in Eastern New Orleans between Michoud and Venetian Isles. It heads north along Ridgeway Boulevard as an undivided two-lane highway, after 5.5 miles, the highway reaches Point Aux Herbes, where it passes through an interchange with I-10 at exit 254. US11 immediately continues northeast onto the Robert S. Maestri Bridge, about midway across the lake, US11 crosses from Orleans Parish into St. Tammany Parish and begins to closely follow the east side of the Norfolk Southern Railway trestle. Making landfall in North Shore, US11 becomes known as Pontchartrain Drive, at Oak Harbor Boulevard, the highway enters the city of Slidell and widens to accommodate a center turn lane and a second travel lane in each direction. This portion of the highway serves as a corridor for the surrounding suburban area. In Slidell, US11 curves to the northwest and intersects LA433, the center lane disappears, and the two highways run concurrent for a short distance until reaching an intersection with Front Street. Here, US11 turns back to the northeast alongside the NSRW tracks while LA433 continues straight ahead across the line onto Bayou Liberty Road. Here US190 Bus. reaches its terminus, and US11 continues northward along Front Street. Just beyond Indiana Avenue, US11 crosses to the west side of the NSRW line via an overpass. Proceeding north for one mile, US11 reaches the limit of Slidell and enters a partial cloverleaf interchange with I-12 at exit 83. I-12 connects with Hammond to the west and an interchange with I-10. Returning to two-lane capacity, US11 continues north through a developed area known as Alton
17.
U.S. Route 49
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U. S. Route 49 is a north–south United States highway. The highways northern terminus is in Piggott, Arkansas, at an intersection with US Route 62/Highway 1/Highway 139 and its southern terminus is in Gulfport, Mississippi, at an intersection with U. S. Route 90. US49 is approximately 516 miles in length and it was at the junction of US49 and U. S. Route 61 that blues singer Robert Johnson is said to have sold his soul to the Devil. The highway is also the subject of songs by Big Joe Williams, U. S. Route 49 has historically been one of the most important highways in Mississippi. It was the states first highway to see a significant rural segment four-laned, today, it is the only four-laned route directly connecting Jackson, the states capital and largest city, to the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Some urban segments along this portion of the route maintain three or more lanes in each direction. Highway 49 serves as a hurricane evacuation route for Gulf Coast residents. The highway begins near the Port of Gulfport, Mississippi at a junction with U. S. Route 90, Highway 49 provides a major connection between the port, casinos, beaches and downtown with Interstate 10 on the citys north end. North of I-10, US49 passes through suburban areas and enters De Soto National Forest, various state highway interchanges and junctions are encountered before the route passes near Camp Shelby, then through an interchange with U. S. Route 98 just south of Hattiesburg. At this point, travelers have an option of continuing on U. S.49 through Hattiesburg or using a U. S.98 / Interstate 59 bypass which reconnects with 49 in the part of the city. Suburban development is soon encountered as the returns to rural environs. Interchanges between Hattiesburg and Jackson provide access to state highways, and one at Collins provides access to U. S. Route 84. At Jackson, U. S. Highway 49 shares an alignment with segments of Interstates 20 and 220 before turning northwest to Yazoo City, both routes continue north from 82 and are linked again at Tutwiler, Mississippi. Continuing northwest, the passes through an interchange with U. S. Route 61 as it enters Clarksdale. It is at Clarksdale that Highway 49 encounters The Crossroads, the junction with State Street where the great blues musician Robert Johnson is reputed to have sold his soul to the devil. From Clarksdale, Highway 49 continues north toward its crossing of the Mississippi River, where it enters Arkansas near the town of Helena. It is notable that for years during the 1930s, a second split route existed on this highway in South Mississippi, similar to. Between Brooklyn and Hattiesburg, travelers had the option of a 24-mile direct route via 49W, or a shorter but broken route on 49E
18.
Gulfport, Mississippi
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Gulfport is the second largest city in Mississippi after the state capital, Jackson. As of the 2010 census, the city of Gulfport had a population of 67,793. Gulfport is co-county seat with Biloxi of Harrison County, Mississippi, Gulfport is also home to the US Navy Atlantic Fleet Seabees. An early settlement near this location, known as Mississippi City, Mississippi City was the county seat of Harrison County from 1841 to 1902, but is now a suburb in east Gulfport. Gulfport was incorporated on July 28,1898, in 1902, the harbor was completed and the Port of Gulfport became a working seaport that now accounts for millions of dollars in annual sales and tax revenue for the state of Mississippi. Post Office and Customhouse was built, the Gulfport Post office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In March 1916, Mayor George M. Foote announced that the Andrew Carnegie Corporation was going to place a Carnegie Library in Gulfport, on August 17,1969 Gulfport and the Mississippi Gulf Coast was hit by Hurricane Camille. By central pressure, Camille was the second strongest U. S. land falling hurricane in recorded history, the area of total destruction in Harrison County, Mississippi was 68 square miles. The total estimated cost of damage was $1.42 billion and this made Camille the second-most expensive hurricane in the United States, up to that point. The storm directly killed 143 people along Alabama, Mississippi, in December 1993, the City annexed 33 square miles north of Gulfport making it the second largest city in Mississippi. On August 29,2005, Gulfport was hit by the eastern side of Hurricane Katrina. Much of the city was flooded or destroyed in one day by the strong, hurricane-force winds which lasted over 16 hours and a storm surge exceeding 28 feet in some sections. Hurricane Katrina damaged over 40 Mississippi libraries, gutting the Gulfport Public Library, first floor, the Sun Herald newspaper in Biloxi-Gulfport, under the executive editor Stanley R. Tiner, won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize in journalism for its Katrina coverage. The local ABC television affiliate, WLOX, won The Peabody Award for its Hurricane Katrina coverage. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 64.2 sq mi. Gulfport has a subtropical climate, which is strongly moderated by the Gulf of Mexico. Winters are short and generally warm, cold spells do occur, snow flurries are rare in the city, with no notable accumulation occurring most years. Summers are generally long, hot and humid, though the proximity to the Gulf prevents extreme summer highs
19.
Interstate 65 in Alabama
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Interstate 65 meanders across 366 miles of the Alabama countryside linking six of the states ten largest cities. The highway links together many important roadways that make commerce inside and outside of the states boundaries possible and it starts at Interstate 10 near Mobile. The route passes through the cities of Montgomery, Birmingham. The entire Alabama portion of I-65 is dedicated as Heroes Highway, in honor of the CIA officer Johnny Mike Spann, I-65 starts in Mobile at an interchange with Interstate 10, not far from the Gulf of Mexico. From there it runs northeast, intersecting with I-165 in Prichard, Alabama, en route to Montgomery, it passes county seats Evergreen and Greenville. In the case of an evacuation on Alabamas coast, I-65 can be converted to an evacuation route where all lanes flow in the northbound direction from Mobile to Montgomery. This process is known as contra-flow, at Montgomery, it intersects the southern terminus of I-85 and crosses the Alabama River north of the city. The Hyundai Corporations automotive plant in Montgomery is located just off I-65 and it can be accessed using the Pintlala-Hope Hull exit. At Chilton County, I-65 enters the Birmingham, Alabama, metropolitan area, approximately halfway between Montgomery and Birmingham, it passes Clanton, where the water tower, visible from the road, is shaped and painted to resemble a huge peach. Between mile markers 212 and 219, I-65 was designated War on Terror Memorial Highway in 2014, from mile marker 242 to 290 I-65 carries at least 6 lanes of traffic. I-65 intersects I-459 in Hoover, then passes through the cities of Vestavia Hills and Homewood, as the interstate passes by downtown Birmingham, south-bound travelers have a view of the Vulcan statue atop Red Mountain. At the north edge of downtown, I-65 intersects I-20/I-59 with a cross-over interchange, North of Birmingham at mile 266, interchange ramps provide access to parallel US-31. It is here that I-65 meets the terminus of I-22. The interstate then continues 98 miles in the direction of Huntsville. After entering the Decatur Metropolitan Area, in southern Morgan County, the highway connects the Decatur and Huntsville Metropolitan Areas as it crosses Wheeler Lake on a 2. 6-mile bridge. Between Walkers Chapel Road in Fultondale and the Tennessee River in Decatur, the sign designating the north end of this portion of road cites Reagans speech in Decatur on July 4,1984. The interstate then continues, passing Athens, and merges with US-31, the 2 routes travel concurrently approximately 12 miles to the Tennessee state line. In the Birmingham/Hoover vicinity, a plan to widen the interstate from North Birmingham to Alabaster has been proposed, the project is to widen the interstate by adding a HOV lane and keeping the original 3 lanes making it four lanes in each direction
20.
Mobile, Alabama
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Mobile is the county seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States. Alabamas only saltwater port, Mobile is located at the head of the Mobile Bay, Mobile is the principal municipality of the Mobile metropolitan area. This region of 412,992 residents is composed solely of Mobile County, Mobile is the largest city in the Mobile-Daphne−Fairhope CSA, with a total population of 604,726, the second largest in the state. As of 2011, the population within a 60-mile radius of Mobile is 1,262,907, Mobile began as the first capital of colonial French Louisiana in 1702. During its first 100 years, Mobile was a colony of France, then Britain, Mobile first became a part of the United States of America in 1813, with the annexation of West Florida under President James Madison. In 1861 Alabama joined the Confederate States of America, which surrendered in 1865, Mobile is known for having the oldest organized Carnival celebrations in the United States. The festival began to be celebrated in the first decade of the 18th century by its first French Catholic colonial settlers. Mobile was host to the first formally organized Carnival mystic society, known elsewhere as a krewe, to celebrate with a parade in the United States, in 2005 the first integrated mystic society had a parade for Mardi Gras. The city gained its name from the Mobile tribe that the French colonists encountered living in the area of Mobile Bay. The Mobile tribe, along with the Tohomé, obtained permission from the colonists, about seven years after the founding of the Mobile settlement, to settle near the fort. It was founded by French Canadian brothers Pierre Le Moyne dIberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Bienville was appointed as royal governor of French Louisiana in 1701. Mobiles Roman Catholic parish was established on July 20,1703, by Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, the parish was the first French Catholic parish established on the Gulf Coast of the United States. In 1704 the ship Pélican delivered 23 French women to the colony, though most of the Pélican girls recovered, numerous colonists and neighboring Native Americans contracted the disease in turn and died. This early period was also the occasion of the importation of the first African slaves, the population of the colony fluctuated over the next few years, growing to 279 persons by 1708, yet descending to 178 persons two years later due to disease. A new earth-and-palisade Fort Louis was constructed at the new site during this time, by 1712, when Antoine Crozat was appointed to take over administration of the colony, its population had reached 400 persons. The capital of La Louisiane was moved in 1720 to Biloxi, leaving Mobile to serve as a regional military and trading center. In 1723 the construction of a new fort with a stone foundation began and it was renamed Fort Condé in honor of Louis Henri, Duc de Bourbon. In 1763, the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the Seven Years War, by this treaty, France ceded its territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain
21.
Interstate 110 (Florida)
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Interstate 110 is a 6. 341-mile auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System in Pensacola, Florida, running north from U. S. Highway 98 to Interstate 10. I-110 carries the hidden Florida Department of Transportation designation of State Road 8A and it is also known as the Reubin ODonovan Askew Parkway, in honor of the former governor of Florida who was also a Pensacola native. Since its completion, Interstate 110 has consisted of six interchanges, unlike most Florida interstates, it retained its sequential exit numbering system when most other interstates switched to a mile-log system. At the south end is Exit 1, a directional T interchange that connects the freeway with Garden, Chase, Exit 2 links I-110 to U. S. Highway 90/98, also known as Cervantes Street. There are only southbound exit and northbound entrance ramps at this interchange and this same ramp configuration can be found just to the north at Exit 3, an interchange with Maxwell and Jordan Streets. Past Exit 3, where the freeway returns to ground level. The first is Exit 4, leading to Fairfield Drive, the northbound ramps at Exit 4 have been moved entirely to the southeast quadrant of the intersection and directly connect to Davis Highway just south of Fairfield Drive. Approximately 1.5 miles to the north is Exit 5, originally, north of Exit 5 was an overpass for State Road 742 along Burgess Road. However, between 2004 and 2006, SR742 was rerouted along a new overpass at Creighton Road. Interstate 110s northern terminus is at Interstate 10, there is a combination trumpet-directional T interchange at this location that is in close proximity to the I-10 interchange with Davis Highway to the east. The portion of I-110 north of Maxwell Street was completed in 1969 as a four-lane, in 1978, the portion from Maxwell Street south to its current terminus at Garden and Chase Streets was opened to traffic. This portion is a four-lane, elevated freeway for its entire length, construction of the elevated portion of Interstate 110 caused controversy in that it threatened several historic landmarks. The freeway eliminated over 30 blocks of dense existing development including the popular Dairy Bar ice cream shop, a portion of the freeway also directly abuts St. Michaels Cemetery, which houses graves as old as the 18th century. Between 2004 and 2009, Interstate 110 was fully rebuilt and expanded to six lanes from Interstate 10 south to Maxwell Street, reconstruction of the freeway also added access to and from Airport Boulevard via a modification of the existing Brent Lane interchange. Plans to extend Interstate 110 north from Interstate 10 to U. S. Route 90 Alternate, political and financial hurdles, however, have stalled serious consideration of the project. The entire route is in Escambia County
22.
Pensacola, Florida
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Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle and the county seat of Escambia County, in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 51,923. Pensacola is the city of the Pensacola metropolitan area, which had an estimated 461,227 residents in 2012. Pensacola is a sea port on Pensacola Bay, which is protected by the island of Santa Rosa. The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center, the area was originally inhabited by Muskogean peoples. The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact, Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559. In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area, from which the city gradually developed. The area changed several times as European powers competed in North America. During Floridas British rule, fortifications were strengthened, other nicknames include Worlds Whitest Beaches, Cradle of Naval Aviation, Western Gate to the Sunshine State, Americas First Settlement, Emerald Coast, Red Snapper Capital of the World, and P-Cola. The original inhabitants of the Pensacola Bay area were Native American peoples, at the time of European contact, a Muskogean-speaking tribe known to the Spanish as the Pensacola lived in the region. This name was not recorded until 1677, but the tribe appears to be the source of the name Pensacola for the bay and thence the city. Creek people, also Muskogean-speaking, came regularly from present-day southern Alabama to trade, so the peoples were part of a broader regional and even continental network of relations. The best-known Pensacola culture site in terms of archeology is the Bottle Creek site and this site has at least 18 large earthwork mounds, five of which are arranged around a central plaza. Its main occupation was from 1250 AD to 1550 and it was a ceremonial center for the Pensacola people and a gateway to their society. This site would have had access by a dugout canoe. The areas written recorded history begins in the 16th century, with documentation by Spanish explorers who were the first Europeans to reach the area. The expeditions of Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528 and Hernando de Soto in 1539 both visited Pensacola Bay, the latter of which documented the name Bay of Ochuse. In 1559, Tristán de Luna y Arellano landed with some 1,500 people on 11 ships from Veracruz, Mexico
23.
Interstate 75 in Florida
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Interstate 75 is a part of the Interstate Highway System and runs from the Hialeah–Miami Lakes border, a few miles northwest of Miami, to Sault Ste. Marie in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, I-75 runs for 471 miles in Florida, making it the longest interstate in any state east of the Mississippi River. The interstate maintains a speed limit of 70 mph for its length in Florida. The portion of I-75 from Tampa northward was a part of the original 1955 Interstate Highway plans, for FDOT inventory purposes, it is designated as State Road 93 for most of its length in Florida. I-75 begins its journey at an interchange with SR826 and SR924 on the Hialeah–Miami Lakes border. As it curves around the border of Miami Lakes, I-75 serves some of the fringes of South Florida as an eight-lane highway. After an exit with SR860, I-75 has a interchange with the Homestead Extension of Floridas Turnpike before crossing into Broward County. There, it continues through the suburbs of Pembroke Pines, Weston, Miramar, Davie. It was originally constructed as a highway before it was converted to a four-lane highway meeting Interstate Highway standards. At this point, I-75 loses a lane in each direction, heading west, the Alligator Alley section west of Fort Lauderdale, Florida and east of Naples is due west–east and is one of only two sections of I-75 that are tolled. There are only two interchanges along the 75 mile tolled portion of Alligator Alley in addition to two rest areas and a number of scenic outlook points as it crosses the Florida Everglades. I-75 enters Collier County along Alligator Alley just west of the Snake Road exit, there are a number of small bridges along Alligator Alley to allow wildlife to pass under the freeway especially along the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge east of SR29. Extensive fencing also prevents wildlife from crossing traffic, once near Naples at County Road 951, I-75 makes a sharp turn north resuming its south–north trajectory and gains a third lane each way as it parallels Floridas west coast. At this point, Alligator Alley ends and I-75 is toll free for the rest of its length in Florida, North of Ellenton, I-275 splits from I-75 to serve St. Petersburg and Pinellas County via the Sunshine Skyway Bridge and Tampa via the Howard Frankland Bridge. I-75 parallels the shore of Tampa Bay as a bypass route of the Tampa Bay Area, as it passes by the communities of Brandon, Temple Terrace. Two expressways access downtown Tampa from I-75, the Lee Roy Selmon Expressway, within the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Area, many interchanges are far more complex than mere diamond, cloverleaf, or even SPUI interchanges. Aside from the turbine interchange with I-4, there are interchanges with Fowler Avenue. A flyover ramp was built from southbound Bruce B, widened median segments exist in Northern Pasco County, Hernando County, and in Sumter County north of County Road 476-B
24.
Lake City, Florida
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Lake City is the county seat of Columbia County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,046. It is the city of the Lake City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is composed of Columbia County. The citys sesquicentennial was held in 2009, the site of Lake City was a Seminole village named Alpata Telophka or Hvlpvtv Tvlofv, meaning Alligator Village. By 1830, a Euro-American town called Alligator was established, adjacent to the Seminole town, the city was incorporated and changed to its current name in 1859. The name was changed because the wife, who had recently moved to the town. Local bodies of water include Lake DeSoto, Lake Isabella, Alligator Lake, Lake Hamburg, Gwen Lake, Lake Harper, the Civil War Battle of Olustee took place east of Lake City, near Olustee in Baker County, in February 1864. It was the major battle in Florida during the war. Union casualties were 1,861 men killed, wounded or missing, the Confederate dead were buried in Lake City. By the early 20th century, Lake City had become an important railroad junction, served by the Seaboard Air Line, Atlantic Coast Line, Georgia Southern Railroad, and the Florida Railroad. Florida Agricultural College, one of the four schools formed the University of Florida, was originally located in Lake City before consolidation to Gainesville in 1905. By 1950, the population of Lake City was 7,467 people, in 1958, the Columbia Amateur Radio Society was formed. This was a group of radio operators that enjoyed the ability to communicate all over the world. This radio club still exists today, Lake Citys centennial was celebrated in 1959 with parades, fireworks and a 58-page book documenting one hundred years of progress, A Century in the Sun. The citizens of the town dressed in attire, complete with whiskers. A good-natured clash arose between the men with facial hair and the women who did not like it. Lake City has two historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior, the Lake City Historic Commercial District is located in the downtown city core and was designated on June 6,1994. The Lake Isabella Historic Residential District is located south of the portion of town and was designated on November 15,1993
25.
Interstate 95 in Florida
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Interstate 95 is the main Interstate Highway on the east coast of the United States, its southernmost segment serves the Atlantic coast of Florida. It begins at an interchange with U. S. Highway 1 just south of downtown Miami. The route also passes through the cities of Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, Interstate 95 runs for 382 miles, the southernmost 12.848 miles of which are unsigned as State Road 9A, and the remainder being the unsigned portion of State Road 9. The highway begins at U. S. Highway 1 near 32nd Road in southern Miami and it quickly interchanges with the Rickenbacker Causeway via the short unsigned SR913, and then heads north into downtown. The short SR970 freeway, mostly unsigned, distributes traffic to downtown streets. On the north side of downtown, at the Midtown Interchange, Interstate 395 heads east to the MacArthur Causeway, throughout Miami-Dade County, I-95 is designated the North–South Expressway according to some maps. After crossing I-395 and SR836, I-95 begins to head north roughly along the alignment of Northwest 6th Avenue, a two-way high-occupancy vehicle roadway in the median begins at I-195 and SR112, formed by ramps to and from SR112. I-95 continues north, crossing and interchanging with many roads, most of which are State Roads. I-95 north to West Palm Beach, as well as SR9 southwest to 27th Avenue, runs parallel to the South Florida Rail Corridor, used by CSX Transportation for freight and Tri-Rail for commuter rail. At the Golden Glades Interchange, SR9 merges with I-95, north of Miami, I-95 continues on to Ft. In West Palm Beach, I-95 provides direct access to Palm Beach International Airport as well as downtown West Palm Beach, north of West Palm Beach, I-95 literally runs beside Floridas Turnpike for 17 miles, between Donald Ross Road in Jupiter and SR713 south of Stuart. I-95 then steers west of the turnpike through Martin and St, after an interchange with State Road 70 providing access to the Turnpike, the highway narrows to two lanes in each direction. The road soon enters Indian River County and the major exit is with State Road 60 providing access to Vero Beach. The highway soon enters Brevard County and the Space Coast of Florida, in Palm Bay, the road widens to three lanes in each direction and continues north passing Melbourne, Viera, and Cocoa. The next major junction is State Road 528 with access to Cocoa Beach, I-95 has expanded to three lanes through both exits in Titusville. I-95 continues north and enters Volusia County and the city of Daytona Beach shortly afterwards, at the junction with Interstate 4, the road widens to three lanes in each direction. The highway passes through Flagler and St. Johns counties before it enters Duval County, about 5 miles north of the St. Johns-Duval county border, I-95 intersects the I-295 beltway at its southern end 14 miles south of central Jacksonville, with I-95 continuing north. The interstate passes through the heart of Jacksonville, crossing the Fuller Warren Bridge over the St. Johns River, about a mile north of the bridge, at exit 351B, it intersects with the national eastern terminus of I-10, with the interchanges redesign completed in September 2010
26.
Jacksonville, Florida
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Jacksonville is a seaport city and the seat of Duval County, Florida, United States. With an estimated 868,031 residents as of 2015, Jacksonville is the most populous city in both the state of Florida and the southeastern United States. It is estimated to be the 12th most populous city in the United States and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Jacksonville metropolitan area has a population of 1,603,497 and is the 34th largest in the United States and fourth largest in the state of Florida. The city is situated on the banks of the St. Johns River, in the First Coast region of North Florida, prior to European settlement, the Jacksonville area was inhabited by Native American people known as the Timucua. In 1564, the French established the colony of Fort Caroline at the mouth of the St. Johns River. In 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain, Jacksonville is the cultural, commercial and financial center of North Florida. A major military and civilian deep-water port, the citys riverine location supports two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Floridas third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Jacksonville is also home to several colleges and universities, including University of North Florida, Jacksonville University and Florida State College at Jacksonville. The area of the city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. In the 16th century, the beginning of the era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville, French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20,1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, the Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustines position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964. Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, the British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber
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U.S. Route 1 in Florida
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U. S. Highway 1 in Florida runs 545 miles along the states east coast from Key West to its crossing of the St. Marys River into Georgia north of Boulogne, and south of Folkston. US1 was designated through Florida when the United States Numbered Highway System was established in 1926, the road is maintained by the Florida Department of Transportation. From its national terminus in Key West, US1 carries the Overseas Highway—the Keys main highway north to the mainland. North of Jacksonville, US1 curves inland towards the St. Marys River as it enters Georgia. /US17 in Jacksonville to the Georgia state line near Boulogne, among other designations, US1 is a designated Blue Star Memorial Highway along its entire route through the state. Markers are placed at locations, including one in Rockledge. US1 officially begins at the Monroe County courthouse at the intersection of Whitehead and Fleming Streets and it proceeds south as Whitehead Street, a two-laned street, until the intersection with Truman Avenue, which takes it east through central Key West. Truman Avenue becomes North Roosevelt Boulevard about a mile east, and remains so until leaving the island, the road follows the northern shore of this section of Key West, then after curving southward, it meets State Road A1A head-on at a T-intersection before continuing east. This intersection also marks the terminus of the Overseas Highway. The highway expands to four lanes as it crosses the Bahia Honda Bridge, after Little Duck Key, US1 enters Knights Key, Boot Key, Key Vaca and the town of Marathon via the Seven Mile Bridge, thus leaving the lower Keys. US1 runs through Marathon as a four-laned road, after Key Vaca, the road becomes two-laned once more and runs through Fat Deer Key, where it forms the northern boundary of the city of Key Colony Beach. It then continues wholly in Marathon through Long Point Key, Crawl Key, the road then crosses to Little Conch Key and then Conch Key, both part of the Duck Key district. US1 then crosses to and traverses Long Key, which is mostly unincorporated except for the city of Layton, the road then reaches Craig Key, and then the village of Islamorada including Lower Matecumbe Key, Tea Table Key, Upper Matecumbe Key and Windley Key. US1 crosses a drawbridge onto Plantation Key, where it expands to four lanes, immediately the Overseas Highway enters Tavernier, where it temporarily splits into a pair of one-way roads through the community. Soon the road enters the community of Key Largo, which features another pair of one-way roads. Signage approaching the intersection directs northbound motorists to take this route if the lights on it are flashing. US1 swings to the northwest, forms the boundary of North Key Largo. After crossing the Jewfish Creek Bridge and travelling along Cross Key, US1 crosses Manatee Creek, along with the Miami-Dade County boundary, for the first 14 miles in Miami-Dade County, US1 is a divided two-lane road bordering the Everglades National Park on the west. It is named South Dixie Highway from the county line to Miami and its first major intersection is with the north end of Card Sound Road south of Florida City
28.
Florida State Road A1A
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State Road A1A is a north-south Florida State Road that runs along the Atlantic Ocean, from Key West at the southern tip of Florida, to Fernandina Beach, just south of Georgia on Amelia Island. It is the road through most oceanfront towns. Part of SR A1A is designated the A1A Scenic and Historic Coastal Byway, a portion of A1A that passes through Volusia County is designated the Ormond Scenic Loop and Trail, a Florida Scenic Highway. It is also called the Indian River Lagoon Scenic Highway from State Road 510 at Wabasso Beach to U. S. Route 1 in Cocoa, A1A also serves as a major thoroughfare through Miami Beach and other south Florida coastal cities. Other than SR A1A Alternate, only two other Florida state roads have begun with a letter, SR A19A, and SR G1A, the road was assigned the number 1 in the 1945 renumbering, mostly replacing the former State Road 140 designation. The number reflected its location in the new grid as the easternmost major north–south road, about a year and a half later, in November 1946, the State Road Board resolved to renumber the route due to confusion with the parallel U. S. Highway 1. The new designation, A1A, was chosen to keep the number 1 in its place in the grid, the East Coast Greenway, a system of trails that connects Maine to Florida, travels along sections of State Road A1A. SR A1A is heavily associated with Florida beach culture and is known for its tropical and subtropical scenery. In many places, the highway runs directly along the waterfront of the Atlantic Ocean, for most of its length, A1A runs along Floridas East Coast Barrier Islands, separated from the mainland of the state by the Intracoastal Waterway. Because of the proximity of the highway to the ocean and its susceptibility to storm surges, sections of A1A are often closed or damaged by hurricanes and tropical storms. Today, A1A serves as more a main highway that connects beach towns for more than 375 miles along Floridas East Coast. S. Route 1 and State Road 5, running along the south shore of Key West, SR A1A is the southmost numbered highway in the lower 48 states. Just north in the town of Surfside, the northbound is Collins Avenue, in Bal Harbour it is called Bal Harbour Boulevard. In Golden Beach it is called Ocean Boulevard and it serves Hallendale Beach, Hollywood Beach, and Dania Beach. It joins with US1 for 3.4 miles, and it then divides and serves Ft. Lauderdale Beach, Pompano Beach, and continuing north. It serves as the road throughout much of the exclusive Palm Beach. In the area of Vero Beach, A1A is called the Robert C, spillman Memorial Highway, and it spans Sebastian Inlet at the Sebastian Inlet Bridge. A1A next passes just to the west of Cape Canaveral and the John F. Kennedy Space Center, two miles of A1A were used as part of the well-known Daytona Beach Road Course
29.
Jacksonville Beach, Florida
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Jacksonville Beach is a coastal resort city in Duval County, Florida, United States. It was incorporated on May 22,1907 as Pablo Beach, the city is part of group of communities collectively referred to as the Jacksonville Beaches. These communities include Mayport, Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach, when the city of Jacksonville consolidated with Duval County in 1968, Jacksonville Beach, together with Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach, and Baldwin, voted to retain their own municipal governments. As a result, citizens of Jacksonville Beach are also eligible to vote in election for the City of Jacksonville. As of the 2010 census, Jacksonville Beach had a population of 21,362. The area around present-day Jacksonville Beach was first settled by Spanish settlers, Spanish missions were established from Mayport to St. Augustine. Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain by treaty in 1763, only to have Spain regain it again, American river pilots and fishermen came to Hazard, present-day Mayport, and established a port. In the late 19th century, developers began to see the potential in Duval Countys oceanfront as a resort, in 1883 a group of investors formed the Jacksonville and Atlantic Railroad with the intention of developing a resort community that would be connected to Jacksonville by rail. The first settlers were William Edward Scull, an engineer and surveyor. They lived in a tent two blocks east of Pablo Historical Park, a second tent was the general store and post office. On August 22,1884, Mrs. Scull was appointed postmaster, mail was dispatched by horse and buggy up the beach to Mayport, and from there to Jacksonville by steamer. The Sculls built the first house in 1884 on their tent site, the settlement was named Ruby for their first daughter. On May 13,1886, the town was renamed Pablo Beach after the San Pablo River. In 1885, the San Pablo Diego Beach Land Co. sold town lots ranging from $50 to $100 each along with 5 to 10 acres lots from $10 to $20 per acre within 3 miles of the new seaside resort Pablo Beach. In September 1892, work on the road to Pablo Beach was begun. The first resort hotel called the Murray Hall Hotel was established in mid 1886, by 1900 the railway company began to have financial difficulties and Henry Flagler took over as part of his Florida East Coast Railway. In late 1900 the railway was changed to standard gauge and was extended to Mayport, the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. The 3rd Nebraska arrived July 22,1898, for training and they were led by three-time presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan
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Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
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Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
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Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
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Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
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Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
35.
United States Numbered Highway System
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The United States Numbered Highway System is an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid in the contiguous United States. The route numbers and locations are coordinated by the American Association of State Highway, the only federal involvement in AASHTO is a nonvoting seat for the United States Department of Transportation. Generally, north-to-south highways are odd-numbered, with lowest numbers in the east, the area of the thirteen states of the United States. Similarly, east-to-west highways are typically even-numbered, with the lowest numbers in the north, where roads were first improved most intensively, major north–south routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east–west routes have numbers ending in 0. Three-digit numbered highways are spur routes of parent highways but are not necessarily connected to their parents, some divided routes exist to provide two alignments for one route, even though many splits have been eliminated. Special routes, usually posted with a banner, can provide various routes, such as an alternate, bypass or business route, Routes were designated, auto trails designated by auto trail associations were the main means of marking roads through the United States. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, recommended by the American Association of State Highway Officials, after several meetings, a final report was approved by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in November 1925. They received complaints from across the country about the assignment of routes, so the Board made several modifications, as a result of compromises made to get the U. S. Highway System approved, many routes were divided, with alignments to serve different towns. In subsequent years, AASHTO called for such splits in U. S, expansion of the system continued until 1956, when the Interstate Highway System was formed. After construction was completed, many U. S, Routes were replaced by Interstate Highways for through traffic. Highways still form many important regional connections, and new routes are still being added, Routes do not have a minimum design standard, unlike the later Interstate Highways, and are not usually built to freeway standards. Many are designated using the streets of the cities and towns through which they run. New additions to the system, however, must substantially meet the current AASHTO design standards, as of 1989, the United States Numbered Highways system has a total length of 157,724 miles. Except for toll bridges and tunnels, very few U. S. AASHTO policy says that a road may only be included as a special route. U. S. Route 3 meets this obligation, in New Hampshire, but US Routes in the system do use parts of four toll roads, US51 uses part of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway in Illinois, the old road is Illinois Route 251. US278 uses the tolled Cross Island Parkway in South Carolina, US412 uses the Cimarron Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is US64. US412 also uses the Cherokee Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is Alternate US412, Routes follow a simple grid in the contiguous United States, in which odd-numbered routes run generally north to south and even-numbered routes run generally east to west
36.
U.S. Route 62
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U. S. Route 62 or U. S. Highway 62 runs from the Mexico-US border at El Paso, Texas, to Niagara Falls, New York, near the Canada–US border. It is the only east-west United States Numbered Highway that connects Mexico, parts of US62 follow what once was the Ozark Trail, including the historic bridge across the South Canadian River in Newcastle, Oklahoma. This bridge was damaged beyond repair by the 2013 Moore tornado that struck Newcastle and Moore, Oklahoma. US62 has two segments in Texas, separated by a portion in New Mexico with the first section in Texas from its terminus in El Paso to the state line in the Guadalupe Mountains. Through El Paso, US62 begins at the Santa Fe Street Bridge, at the Paisano Drive underpass for I-10, US62 runs concurrently with US180, while US180 ends its concurrency with I-10. The route then follows Montana Avenue, continuing the concurrency with US180 until Seminole, before exiting Texas, the route passes through the Salt Flats of Texas, the southern base of Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas, and Guadalupe Mountains National Park. Through New Mexico, US62 is entirely concurrent with US180, the highway continues past Carlsbad Caverns National Park and Whites City into the city of Carlsbad. In Carlsbad, US285 joins US 62/US180 for approximately 2.2 miles, US62 comes into Hobbs along Marland Boulevard. After coming close to Hobbs High Schools Watson Stadium, US62 leaves Hobbs going east to the Texas–New Mexico state line. After re-entering Texas, US62 continues east through Seminole where US180 heads east towards Lamesa and US62 turns north northeast along a concurrency with US385 through Seagraves and Brownfield. In Brownfield, US62 picks up US 82/US380 from Plains for a concurrency for about two blocks, where US380 heads east toward Tahoka. US385 drops off approximately 1.5 miles later to head northwest toward Levelland, US82 continues as a concurrency with US62 into Lubbock. US62 splits from US82 and joins with State Highway 114 for approximately 10 miles along the campus of Texas Tech Universitys southern border. The route then turns north to form a concurrency with SH207 up to Floydada and it leaves Oklahoma City at 23rd street and heads east through Midwest City, Spencer, Nicoma Park, Choctaw, Harrah, Meeker and Boley to Okemah. At Okemah, US62 overlaps I-40 for 18 miles to Henryetta, US62 then leaves I-40 to continue north to Okmulgee and east to Muskogee, and heads northeast through Fort Gibson and Tahlequah and into Arkansas. US62 business routes are designated through the cities of Snyder, in the state of Arkansas, US62 runs 329.9 miles from the Oklahoma border near Summers east to the Missouri border in St. Francis, serving the northern portion of the state. The route passes through cities and towns, including Fayetteville, Springdale, Bentonville, Harrison, Mountain Home, Pocahontas. US62 enters Missouri from Arkansas at Whitaker Place, and proceeds more or less easterly across the Missouri Bootheel via Malden to New Madrid, between Malden and New Madrid, US62 was designated as Route 82 in 1922
37.
U.S. Route 180
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U. S. Route 180 is an east–west United States highway. Like many three-digit routes, US180 no longer meets its parent, US80 was decommissioned west of Mesquite, Texas, and was replaced in Texas by Interstate 20 and Interstate 10 resulting in U. S.180 being longer than U. S.80. The highways eastern terminus is in Hudson Oaks, Texas, at an intersection with Interstate 20. Signage at an intersection with State Route 64 in Valle, Arizona 40 miles northwest of Flagstaff indicates that the ends at SR64. However, many maps continue the US180 designation to the rim of the Grand Canyon at Grand Canyon Village. Four National Parks can be accessed on the highway, Grand Canyon National Park, Petrified Forest National Park, Guadalupe Mountains National Park and it also passes through the San Francisco Peaks, the highest mountains in Arizona. In Flagstaff, US180 is concurrent with Interstate 40 Business, US180 joins the former routing of Route 66 in the center of Flagstaff and follows the roadway to where it merges with Interstate 40 east of the city. US180 shares numbering with Interstate 40 from Flagstaff, Arizona, to Holbrook, at Holbrook, US180 follows Interstate 40 Business along South Navajo Boulevard. Johns, Apache County, Arizona where it meets U. S. Route 191, after entering New Mexico from just east of Alpine, Arizona, US180 continues south until Silver City, New Mexico. From Silver City, US180 travels just east for roughly 4–6 miles, meeting up with New Mexico State Road 90, US180 now travels southeast for roughly 50 miles to Deming, New Mexico, where US180 meets up with Interstate 10. From Deming, US180 follows Interstate 10 through Las Cruces, New Mexico, the route is concurrent with Interstate 10 through the west and central portions of El Paso, Texas, and separates from I-10 at Paisano Drive, joining U. S. Route 62. US 62/180 is concurrent with Montana Avenue in East Central El Paso, continuing though Carlsbad, New Mexico, US180 and US62 travels toward Texas running through Hobbs, New Mexico, and exiting New Mexico just east of Hobbs. US180 is now a highway west of Carlsbad where it used to be a two-lane highway until around 2008. US180 is a highway in the entire state whereas before it was divided only east of Carlsbad. Speed limit was 65, now 70 west and 70 east of Carlsbad to about 15 miles west of Hobbs, after re-entering Texas from just east of Hobbs, New Mexico, US180 splits from US62 at Seminole, Texas. US180 continues eastward running through the towns of, Lamesa, Gail, Snyder, Roby, Anson, Albany, for the last portion of its length, the road runs through the scenic Palo Pinto Mountains, exiting them at Metcalf Gap. Towns in this portion include Palo Pinto, Mineral Wells. US180 comes into contact with Interstate 20 just east of Weatherford, Texas, and ends in Hudson Oaks, Texas
38.
Interstate 10
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Interstate 10 is the southernmost cross-country interstate highway in the American Interstate Highway System. It stretches from the Pacific Ocean at State Route 1 in Santa Monica, California, to I-95 in Jacksonville and this freeway is part of the originally planned Interstate Highway network that was laid out in 1956, and its last section was completed in 1990. I-10 is the fourth-longest Interstate Highway in the United States, following I-90, I-80, about one-third of its length is within the state of Texas, where the freeway spans the state at its widest breadth. Between its west terminus in Santa Monica, California, and the major East Los Angeles Interchange, the Santa Monica Freeway is also called the Rosa Parks Freeway for the segment beginning at I-405, and ending at I-110/SR110. The segment between the East Los Angeles Interchange and the city of San Bernardino,63 miles long, is called the San Bernardino Freeway, for example, a sign near the western terminus of the highway in Santa Monica proclaims this highway the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. I-10 is known to a lesser degree as the Veterans Memorial Highway. In Palm Springs, I-10 is also named the Sonny Bono Memorial Freeway as a tribute to the late entertainer who served both as the mayor and as a U. S. Congressman, another stretch a short distance east in Indio is proclaimed the Doctor June McCarroll Memorial Freeway. In Arizona, the highway is designated the Pearl Harbor Memorial Highway, the portion through Phoenix is named the Papago Freeway, and it is a vital piece of the metropolitan Phoenix freeway system. This designation starts at Loop 101, near 99th Avenue, from the southern terminus of I-17 to the southernmost junction with Loop 202, the highway is signed as the Maricopa Freeway. This name holds true as well for I-17 from its terminus to the Durango Curve south of Buckeye Road. From Loop 202 south to the terminus of I-8 just southeast of Casa Grande. The Arizona Department of Transportation also has maps that show it as the Maricopa Freeway, while the American Automobile Association, the latters name is used on a stretch of Loop 101 from Loop 202 to I-17. Between I-17 in Phoenix and the I-19 interchanges in Tucson, I-10 is included in the federally designated CANAMEX Corridor, extending from Mexico City to Edmonton, in Tucson, Arizona, between I-10 mileposts 259 and 260 are interchange ramps connecting I-10 with the northern terminus of I-19. The highest elevation along I-10 occurs just east of Tucson,20 miles west of Willcox, at the mile marker 320 exit for the Amerind Foundation, the westbound lanes of I-10 briefly cross above 5,000 feet above sea level. I-10 passes through three Southern New Mexico municipalities of regional significance before the junction with I-25, Lordsburg, Deming, most of I-10 in New Mexico, between Exit 24 and Exit 135, is concurrent with US70. At Lordsburg is the junction of US70 and a concurrency. Several exits between Lordsburg and Deming are either for former towns or lack any town at all, at Deming is the western junction of US180, which also forms a concurrency with I-10 all the way to El Paso. One mile north of Deming on US180 is New Mexico State Road 26 which serves as a cut to north I-25
39.
Hurricane Katrina
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Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. The storm is ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone. Overall, at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, total property damage was estimated at $108 billion, roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States. Early the following day, the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina, the cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening to a storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26. The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge, severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as Mississippi beachfront towns, over 90 percent of these were flooded. Boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, over fifty breaches in New Orleanss hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29,2005. Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, according to a modeling exercise conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure. All of the studies concluded that the USACE, the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, is responsible. This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money, exactly ten years after Katrina, J. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, several agencies including the United States Coast Guard, National Hurricane Center, and National Weather Service were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time, Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23,2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, the tropical storm moved towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, on August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size, the storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the movement over the unusually warm waters of the Loop Current. Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with sustained winds of 175 mph. However, this record was broken by Hurricane Rita
40.
Biloxi Bay Bridge
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The Biloxi Bay Bridge is a bridge in the U. S. state of Mississippi which carries U. S. Route 90 over Biloxi Bay between Biloxi and Ocean Springs. Though the bridges ballast and accompanying railroad track was damaged by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. It reopened to traffic on November 1,2007, the span carries 6 lanes of traffic as well as a 12-foot path for pedestrians and bicyclists on the Gulf side of the bridge. After the bridges destruction from Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the MDOT tasked the reconstruction of the bridge to GC Constructors, terms of the contract included that the bridge must have 1 lane of traffic in each direction open within 18 months, and all construction completed within 22 months. Construction was completed ahead of schedule, at 20 months, the new bridge is 129 feet wide, with 3 lanes of traffic in each direction, as well as a 12 ft pedestrian & cyclist path on the south facing side of the bridge. The new bridge is designed to withstand hurricane winds and waves similar to those of Katrina. Bridges portal Mississippi portal Biloxi Bay Bridge ‘Award of Excellence’
41.
Fort Pike Bridge
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The Fort Pike Bridge carries U. S. Route 90 across the Rigolets on the eastern side of Lake Pontchartrain between New Orleans and Slidell in Louisiana. The bridge opened on June 9,1930, and along with the Chef Menteur Bridge provided a route between New Orleans and the Mississippi Gulf Coast. A new span was constructed just to the north of the old span, construction of a new $50 million high-rise bridge began in October 2004. It was delayed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which pushed a storm surge through the area. The new bridge is just over one mile in length and features two 12-foot lanes with 8-foot shoulders on both sides, the bridge rises to 72 feet to allow marine traffic to pass without interruption of bridge traffic. The new span opened to traffic on January 15,2008, after completion, of the new span, the old bridge was demolished. Bridges portal Louisiana portal New Orleans portal
42.
Interstate 10 in Florida
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The 362 miles of Interstate 10 in Florida is the eastern most section of the east–west 2,460.34 miles Interstate 10 in the Southern United States. It is also the end of the Interstate Highway known as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. The interstate runs roughly parallel to U. S. Route 90 but is a direct route. The interstate also runs some of the least populated areas of the state. The western terminus of I-10 is the Florida–Alabama state line at the Perdido River, just west of Pensacola, exit 7A, SR297, gives access to the Pensacola Naval Air Station and the National Museum of Naval Aviation. At exit 12, I-10 serves as the terminus of I-110. The eastern terminus is located at I-95 in Downtown Jacksonville with an End I-10 sign, prior to the construction of I-10, US90 was the main east–west highway across the state. The first section of I-10 in Florida was completed between Sanderson and Jacksonville in 1961, construction on points westward continued in 1962. The route between Sanderson and Winfield was completed in 1963, by 1967, construction had been completed from the Alabama state line to SR87, and was under construction from Falmouth to I-75. New construction extending I-10 east from SR87 to Mossy Head began in 1968, the Falmouth to I-75 segment opened in 1969. Construction began in 1970 further extending I-10 westward from Mossy Head to DeFuniak Springs, new construction began in 1973 from DeFuniak Springs to Caryville and from Drifton to Capitola, the segment between Drifton and Falmouth opened that year. The Capitola to Drifton segment was completed the following year, construction began between Caryville and Chipley in 1974, and from Chipley to Midway in 1975. Both of these proposals were dropped and a route across the side of the city was chosen. In 2008 the interstate stretch in Tallahassee was expanded to six lanes to alleviate congestion, in 2002, I-10, along with most of Floridas interstates, switched over from a sequential exit numbering system to a mileage based exit numbering system. In 1993, a British tourist was killed at the Jefferson County Rest Area in a burglary by teens. As a result, Florida rest stops were either patrolled or closed for at least two years when lawmakers approved cut-backs, a number of rest areas are currently regularly patrolled at night by armed security, often private, due to a resurgence in rest area-related violent crime. On September 16,2004, Hurricane Ivan made landfall near Pensacola, a $26.5 million project was awarded the following day to Gilbert Southern/Massman and to the Parsons Corporation to make emergency repairs to the bridge. Work was completed on October 4 on the bridge, restoring two-way traffic seven days ahead of schedule
43.
Tallahassee, Florida
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Tallahassee /ˌtæləˈhæsi/ is the capital of the U. S. state of Florida. It is the county seat and only incorporated municipality in Leon County, Tallahassee became the capital of Florida, then the Florida Territory, in 1824. In 2015, the population was 189,907, making the city the 126th-largest city in the United States, the population of the Tallahassee metropolitan area was 377,924 as of 2015. Tallahassee is the largest city in the Northwest Florida region as well as the center for trade and agriculture in the Florida Big Bend. Tallahassee is home to Florida State University, ranked the nations thirty-eighth best public university by U. S. News & World Report and it is also home to the Florida A&M University, one of the countrys largest historically black universities by total enrollment. Tallahassee is home to the Florida State Capitol, Supreme Court of Florida, Florida Governors Mansion, the city is also known for its large number of law firms, lobbying organizations, trade associations and professional associations, including the Florida Bar and the Florida Chamber of Commerce. It is also a regional center for scientific research. In 2015, Tallahassee was awarded the All-American City Award by the National Civic League for the second time, Tallahassee is currently ranked as the 18th best college town in the nation by Best College Reviews. During the 17th century several Spanish missions were established in the territory of the Apalachee to procure food, the largest, Mission San Luis de Apalachee, has been partially reconstructed by the state of Florida. They found large areas of cleared land previously occupied by the Apalachee tribe, earlier, the Mississippian Indians built mounds near Lake Jackson around AD1200, which survive today in the Lake Jackson Archaeological State Park. The expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez encountered the Apalachees, although it did not reach the site of Tallahassee, hernando de Soto and his expedition occupied the Apalachee town of Anhaica in what is now Tallahassee in the winter of 1538–1539. Based on archaeological excavations this site is now known to be located about 0.5 miles east of the present Florida State Capitol, the DeSoto encampment is believed to be the first place Christmas was celebrated in the continental United States. During the First Seminole War, General Andrew Jackson fought two separate skirmishes in and around Tallahassee, the first battle took place on November 12,1817. Chief Neamathla, of the village of Fowltown, just west of present day Tallahassee had refused Jacksons orders to relocate, Jackson responded by entering the village, burning it to the ground, and driving off its occupants. The Indians later retaliated, by killing 50 soldiers and civilians, Jackson reentered Florida in March 1818. According to Jacksons adjutant, Colonel Robert Butler, they advanced on the Indian village called Tallahasse two of the enemy were made prisoner, Tallahassee became the capital of Florida during the second legislative session. It was chosen as it was equidistant from St. Augustine and Pensacola. The first session of Floridas Legislative Council—as a territory of the United States—met on July 22,1822 at Pensacola, the second session was in St. Augustine and required western delegates to travel perilously around the peninsula on a twenty-eight-day trek
44.
Intersection (road)
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An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of segments, traffic controls. This article primarily reflects practice in jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on the right, if not otherwise specified, right and left can be reversed to reflect jurisdictions where vehicles are driven on the left. One way to classify intersections is by the number of segments that are involved. A three-way intersection is a junction between three segments, a T junction when two arms form one road, or a Y junction – the latter also known as a fork if approached from the stem of the Y. A four-way intersection, or crossroads, usually involves a crossing over of two streets or roads, in areas where there are blocks and in some other cases, the crossing streets or roads are perpendicular to each other. However, two roads may cross at a different angle, in a few cases, the junction of two road segments may be offset from each when reaching an intersection, even though both ends may be considered the same street. Five-way intersections are common but still exist, especially in urban areas with non-rectangular blocks. An example of this is the intersection for which the Five Points district in Atlanta is named, Seven or more approaches to a single intersection, such as at Seven Dials, London, are rare. Another way of classifying intersections is by traffic control technology, Uncontrolled intersections, for traffic coming from the same or opposite direction, that which goes straight has priority over that which turns off. Yield-controlled intersections may or may not have specific YIELD signs, stop-controlled intersections have one or more STOP signs. Two-way stops are common, while some countries also employ four-way stops, signal-controlled intersections depend on traffic signals, usually electric, which indicate which traffic is allowed to proceed at any particular time. A traffic circle is a type of intersection at which traffic streams are directed around a circle, types of traffic circles include roundabouts, mini-roundabouts, rotaries, STOP-controlled circles, and signal-controlled circles. Some people consider roundabouts to be a type of intersection from traffic circles. A box junction can be added to an intersection, generally prohibiting entry to the intersection unless the exit is clear, some intersections employ indirect left turns to increase capacity and reduce delays. The Michigan left combines a right turn and a U-turn, jughandle lefts diverge to the right, then curve to the left, converting a left turn to a crossing maneuver, similar to throughabouts. These techniques are used in conjunction with signal-controlled intersections, although they may also be used at stop-controlled intersections. A roundabout and its variants like turbo roundabouts, bowties and distributing circles like traffic circles, at intersections, turns are usually allowed, but often regulated to avoid interference with other traffic
45.
Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
46.
Interstate 10 in Texas
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Interstate 10 is the major east–west Interstate Highway in the Southern United States. In the U. S. state of Texas, it runs east from Anthony, at the border with New Mexico, through El Paso, San Antonio and Houston to the border with Louisiana in Orange, Texas. It is also the longest stretch of highway with a designation within a single state. After widening was completed in 2008, a portion of the highway west of Houston is now believed to be the widest in the world. There is a section in China on the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong–Macau Expressway. More than a third of I-10s entire length is located in Texas alone, likewise, Orange is only 789 miles from the eastern terminus of I-10 in Jacksonville, Florida. I-10 replaced and runs concurrently with U. S. Highway 85 from the New Mexico border up until the two diverge at mile marker 13. The two highways parallel each other for several miles until US85 continues to south to the border with Mexico. Prior to the Interstate Highway system, US85 ran concurrent with US80 from the New Mexico border until the two diverged in Downtown El Paso, when I-10 was constructed in downtown El Paso, several blocks were demolished, and a sub-grade trench was built for the freeway. A series of overpasses now carry the preexisting north-south surface streets over the east-west stretch of I-10 through downtown, I-10 replaced US80 through El Paso and to the southeast and east to the present day junction of I-10 and I-20. US80 along this route has been removed from the highway system in favor of I-10. At the junction with I-20, I-10 replaced US290 eastward to the present day junction of I-10 and this section of US290 was deleted from the highway system. From this point to near Comfort, I-10 replaced State Highway 27, SH27 still exists along this stretch, mostly paralleling I-10 to the south. From Comfort southeast to San Antonio, I-10 directly replaced US87, I-10 generally follows the alignment of US87 on the northwest side of San Antonio into downtown. Southeast of downtown, I-10 curves back to the northeast to connect with the alignment of US90. Construction of portions of I-10 were well underway and completed prior to the commissioning of the highway in 1959, the section from Culebra Road to Woodlawn Avenue opened as the first freeway in San Antonio in 1949, but was signed as US87. Expansion and construction continued in the 1950s, but the bulk of the construction occurred in the 1960s after the interstate was commissioned, the current alignment was completed by 1968. Rapid growth in San Antonio has resulted in the highway becoming quickly inadequate
47.
U.S. Route 80 in Texas
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U. S. Route 80 is a U. S. highway that begins in the state of Texas in Dallas at an interchange with I-30. US80 runs in an east-west direction for most of its length from Dallas to Louisiana, the current route of US80 in Texas is significantly shorter than it was when the highway was completed in 1931. The highway used to run from the New Mexico state line, near El Paso, much of the highway was bypassed/replaced by the Interstate Highway System. US80 has been replaced by I-10 from New Mexico to I-20, the rest of the highway has been replaced by I-20 from here to the highways current start in Dallas. The old highway has since replaced by local roads and state highways. The current highway begins as a freeway at I-30 in Dallas and this freeway runs from Dallas to Spur 557 between Forney and Terrell. This freeway was part of I-20 and is built to Interstate standards. The freeway passes through the suburbs of Mesquite, Sunnyvale, in Terrell, US80 serves as the major east-west highway in the town, passing through the town square. US80 leaves Terrell serving smaller communities, such as Elmo, US80 intersects SH19 east of Edgewood. The highway runs in mostly a straight line from Terrell to Mineola, US80 leaves Mineola running in a slight southeast direction towards Longview. From here, the turns in a slight northeast direction traveling into Marshall. The highway soon overlaps I-20, leaving the interstate to serve the community of Waskom, the two highways cross into Louisiana, parallel with each other traveling to Shreveport. U. S. Route 180 Texas State Highway 20 Texas State Highway 180 Texas State Highway 352 Texas State Highway Spur 557 Texas State Highway Spur 580
48.
Decommissioned highway
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A decommissioned highway is a highway that has been removed from service, has been shut down, or has had its authorization as a national, provincial or state highway removed. Decommissioning can include the complete or partial demolition or abandonment of an old highway structure because the old roadway has lost its utility, decommissioning can also include the removal of one or more of the multiple designations of a single segment of highway. As an example, what remains as U. S. Route 60 between Wickenburg, Arizona and Phoenix, Arizona carried the routes of three US highways and one state highway, the highway remains a federal highway, but with fewer designations. Decommissioned highways are common in the United States, even in the early years of the United States Highway System, some highways had short lives as US highways especially if they were themselves short routes, such as the early US110 in Wisconsin. US6 was itself pared back to Bishop, California in the Great Renumbering of California in 1964. As the states build freeways as a new classification of highways, the state may strip the old highway of its old designation as a numbered highway or downgrade it to a lesser status. For example, US66, which connected Los Angeles and Chicago from 1926 until 1972, lost its designation as a U. S. Highway in favor of faster, more direct Interstate highways, which had supplanted it. US33 in Lancaster, Ohio was signed as US33 Business following relocation of U. S. Route 33, other highways have been wholly decommissioned in favor of newer Interstate routes, as was the case with Texas State Highway 9. On the other hand, some routes are devolved to authorities, as with US61 in Minnesota. At the extreme a decommissioned route may be demolished, as was done with California State Route 480, once part of the Interstate Highway System, it required retrofitting to remain in service after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake to remain in use, instead the highway was demolished. A decommissioned route may also find other use besides automobile use, even as superhighways supplant older surface routes as through routes, some historical highways get attention from those with antiquarian interests in the continued recognition of such routes. Many of Quebecs Autoroutes supplant old through routes, most become local or county roads, in some cases a section of the old road would be retained as part of some other provincial highway because it reaches a major town the new road had bypassed. In 1997 and 1998, the province of Ontario undertook a major highway decommissioning project, most of the former highways are now numbered as county roads. See also List of former provincial highways in Ontario, the 1000 Islands Parkway in Ontario was originally four lanes and part of Ontario Highway 401, Canadas busiest highway, before 401 traffic was bypassed inland on completion of that freeway in 1968. Two of the lanes are maintained for automobile traffic by the St. Lawrence Parks Commission but the other pair have been replaced with footpaths. In Germany, many Autobahns supplant an older route, as in Bundesstraße 60. In the Republic of Ireland, National Primary Routes are often realigned after the construction of new motorway sections, the old route thus loses its national route status and is usually redesignated as a Regional Road. Route 66 winds its way through Americas history, Route 66 still a classic American trek
49.
Interstate 20 in Texas
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The original distance of Interstate 20 was 647 miles from I-10 to the Louisiana border, reduced to the current distance of 636 miles with the rerouting of I-20 in the 1980s and 1990s. I-20 is known as the Ronald Reagan Memorial Highway within the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Interstate 20 in Texas was designated in 1959, and was to replace or run parallel to U. S. Route 80. Initial construction began from east to west and as bypass loops around larger cities, in 1971, I-20 was rerouted across the southern side of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, with the old section through downtown Dallas and Fort Worth being redesignated as Interstate 30. In 1991, the entire concurrent designation of US80 was removed from the I-10 interchange to Dallas, I-20 begins at a junction with I-10 in a desolate region of West Texas about 6 miles east of the town of Kent. I-20 leaves the interchange with I-10 with a limit of 80 until Milemarker 89. Interstate 20 also generally heads to the east-northeast passing by the cities of Odessa, I-20 runs concurrently with the La Entrada al Pacífico corridor from its junction with US385 in Odessa to its junction with FM1788 near Midland International Airport. Near Sweetwater, I-20 begins to head east as it heads towards the city of Abilene, in Abilene, I-20 curves towards the north and transverses the northern part of the city while also forming the northern arc of the loop around the city. In Weatherford, I-20 again heads back towards the east as it heads towards the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, I-20 interchanges with I-30 west of Fort Worth with I-30 heading east and I-20 to the southeast. I-20 heads back towards the east when it interchanges with Interstate 820, I-20 forms the southern arc of the complete loop around the city of Fort Worth, and serves as the southernmost west–east freeway in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Interchanging with I-35W south of downtown Fort Worth, I-20 heads east towards Dallas passing through Arlington, from Arlington, I-20 passes into Dallas County at Grand Prairie and heads east in to Dallas, interchanging with I-35E south of downtown and I-45 shortly after. I-20 intersects with I-635 on Dallas southeast side before heading east towards East Texas, the interstate varies from 4 to 10 lanes from its I-30 junction near Weatherford to its US-80 junction near Terrell. I-20 leaves the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and heads generally to the east-southeast through East Texas, I-20 begins heading to the east as it passes to the north of the city of Tyler at Lindale, Texas. The intersection of I-20 at US69 in Lindale is the highest traffic count intersection on I-20 east of Terrell to the Louisiana state line, from Lindale, I-20 continues east, going through Kilgore in the piney woods region of East Texas. I-20 leaves the state of Texas near Waskom and just west of Shreveport, Interstate 20 has one auxiliary route in Texas. Interstate 820 is a 35. 2-mile loop around the city of Fort Worth, I-20 absorbed the southern section as part of its relocation to the south and I-30 being extended westward over the old alignment of I-20 through the center of town. All of the business loops within Texas are maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation, Interstate 20 has fifteen business loops in the state, all located in western Texas. Along I-20, TxDOT identifies each business route as Business Interstate 20 followed by an alphabetic suffix, along Texas Interstates, the alphabetic suffixes on business route names ascend eastward and northward. There are gaps in the values to allow for future system expansion
BL I-10 / SH 54 at Van Horn, TX
US 1 in Jacksonville, FL
SR A1A in Jacksonville Beach, FL
.svg)
I‑10 in Van Horn
US 67 in Marfa. The highways travel concurrently to east-northeast of Alpine.
US 385 in Marathon. The highways travel concurrently to east of Marathon.
US 285 in Sanderson
US 277 / US 377 in Del Rio. The highways travel concurrently through Del Rio.
US 83 in Uvalde
I‑410 in San Antonio
I‑10 / I‑35 / US 87 in San Antonio. I-10/US 90 travels concurrently to west-southwest of Seguin. US 87/US 90 travels concurrently through San Antonio.
I‑37 / US 281 in San Antonio
US 183 in Luling. The highways travels concurrently through Luling.
US 77 in Schulenburg
I‑610 in Houston
I‑45 in Houston. The highways travel concurrently, but on different lanes, through Houston.
I‑69 / US 59 in Houston
I‑10 / US 69 / US 96 / US 287 in Beaumont
US 171 in Lake Charles
I‑210 in Lake Charles
US 165 in Iowa
Future I‑49 / US 167 in Lafayette. I-49/US 90 will travel concurrently to the Avondale–Bridge City city line. US 90/US 167 travels concurrently through Lafayette.
I‑310 in Boutte
I‑10 / Future I‑49 / I‑910 in New Orleans
US 61 in New Orleans
I‑510 in New Orleans
US 11 in New Orleans
US 190 southeast of Slidell
Future I‑310 / US 49 in Gulfport
I‑110 in Biloxi
I‑65 in Mobile
US 98 in Mobile. The highways travel concurrently through Mobile.
I‑165 in Mobile. The highways travel concurrently through Mobile.
US 31 in Spanish Fort
US 29 in Pensacola
US 331 in DeFuniak Springs. The highways travel concurrently through DeFuniak Springs.
US 231 in Cottondale
US 27 in Tallahassee
US 319 in Tallahassee
US 19 in Monticello
US 221 in Greenville. The highways travel concurrently through Greenville.
US 129 in Live Oak
I‑75 in Lake City
US 41 in Lake City
US 441 in Lake City
US 301 in Baldwin. The highways travel concurrently through Baldwin.
I‑95 in Jacksonville
US 1 in Jacksonville. the highways travel concurrently through Jacksonville.
I‑295 in Jacksonville
SR A1A in Jacksonville Beach
SH 89
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US 84
→
SR 89
→
SR 87
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