1.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
Music video
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Musicals of the 1950s led to short-form music videos
Music video
Music video
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The Beatles in Help!
Music video
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Michael Jackson in
Thriller.
2.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
U2
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U2 performing at
Madison Square Garden in November 2005, from left to right: The Edge; Larry Mullen, Jr. (drumming); Bono; Adam Clayton
U2
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Bono performs in Norway during the
War Tour in 1983.
U2
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The tree pictured on
The Joshua Tree album sleeve.
Adam Clayton said, "The desert was immensely inspirational to us as a mental image for this record."
U2
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The Zoo TV Tour was a multimedia-intensive event, featuring a stage that used dozens of video screens.
3.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
–
Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
–
Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
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Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
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The Beach Boys performing in 1964
4.
Mercury Records
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Mercury Records is an American-based record label owned by Universal Music Group. In the United States, it operates through Island Records, in the UK, Mercury Record Corporation was formed in the American city of Chicago in 1945 by Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. They were a force in jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll. Early in the history, Mercury opened two pressing plants, one in Chicago and the other in St. Louis, Missouri. With the use of presses and providing 24-hour turnaround, they went into direct competition with major recording labels such as Columbia, Decca, Capitol. By hiring two promoters, Tiny Hill and Jimmy Hilliard, they penetrated the pop market with such as Frankie Laine, Vic Damone, Tony Fontane. Rather than rely on radio airplay, Mercury initially relied on jukeboxes to promote their music, some early Mercury recordings featured a caricature of him as its logo. In 1947 Jack Rael, a musician and publicist/manager, persuaded Mercury to let Patti Page record a song that had planned to be done by Vic Damone. The budget was too small for them to hire a second singer to provide the parts to Page. The company released a number of recordings under the Mercury label as well as its subsidiaries. In addition, they leased and purchased material by independent labels, under their own label, Mercury released a variety of recording styles from classical music to psychedelic rock. However, its subsidiaries focused on their own specialized categories of music, Mercurys jazz division had two distinct and important fathers. John Hammond brought his expertise and connections when Mercury bought Keynote Records in the late 1940s, and Mercury was the issuing company and distributor for Norman Granzs pre-Norgran/Verve recordings. Although both Hammond and Granz had departed Mercury by the mid-1950s, they established the company in the jazz world, by the early 1960s, Mercury was releasing jazz under the flagship label and was an early leader in the new stereo sound releases. Highlights of the early and mid-1960s included albums by Quincy Jones, Buddy Rich, Cannonball Adderley, Charles Mingus, Dinah Washington, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, in the early 1950s, Norman Granz started his own record company, Norgran, which later became Verve. In an ironic twist, both Mercury and Verve are now owned by Universal Music Group and Mercurys jazz library falls under the Verve division. Since the early 1990s, Verve has reissued many Mercury jazz titles on CD, often taking care to use original master tapes, in 1962, Mercury began marketing a line of phonographs made by Philips bearing the Mercury brand name. In July 1967, Mercury Records became the first U. S. record company to release cassette music tapes, in 1969, Mercury changed its corporate name to Mercury Record Productions Inc. while its parent Conelco became North American Philips Corp after Philips brought control of the company
Mercury Records
–
Divisions and subsidiaries
Mercury Records
–
Mercury Records
5.
Interscope Records
–
Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
Interscope Records
–
Interscope Records
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
–
Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
–
Mixing Console
7.
Zoo TV Live
–
Zoo TV Live is a live album by the Irish rock band U2. It was released exclusively to subscribing members of U2s official site, replacing U2. COMmunication on 20 November 2006. This double CD features the material that is on the Zoo TV, Live from Sydney VHS and DVD releases, as well as one bonus track from the Zoo TV special. Although U2s website refers to the album as ZOO2Live, the album is titled Zoo TV Live according to the actual CDs and this album was discontinued from the website for the release of U2 Go Home, Live from Slane Castle in 2007. Recently for the U2. com 2012/13 subscriber offer, the album was included as part of a bundle edition along with U22 and 11 instant downloads from U22, all tracks written by U2, except where noted. This release comes with two limited edition posters from the ZooTV era, pictured above with the art, of which there is little except for whats on the sleeve
Zoo TV Live
–
Zoo TV Live
8.
U218 Singles
–
U218 Singles is a greatest hits album by the Irish rock band U2, released in November 2006. In most markets, the album contains 18 songs, the first 16 tracks are 16 of their most successful and popular singles. The seventeenth track is a version, in collaboration with Green Day. The eighteenth and closing track is a new song called, Window in the Skies, however, in some markets, such as the United Kingdom, an extra song, I Will Follow is added to the track list as the opening track. U218 Videos, a DVD featuring music videos from throughout U2s career, was released concurrently, the album debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart on 9 December 2006 at number 12 with sales of 134,000 copies. It spent 45 weeks on the chart, despite not being released until November 2006, it was the seventh-highest-selling album in the world that year. The art direction and design for U218 Singles was handled by Shaughn McGrath, no songs from October, Zooropa, Pop, or the Passengers project Original Soundtracks 1 are included. A limited edition includes a live DVD featuring ten songs recorded on the Vertigo Tour in Milan. I Will Follow appears as a track on UK and Australian editions of the CD. The United States deluxe iTunes version does not come with a digital booklet, Vertigo 05, Live from Milan is a bonus live DVD included in the deluxe edition of the U218 Singles. The DVD features a highlight of ten songs from the bands 25-song set in Milan and it is the second concert release, preceded by Vertigo 2005, Live from Chicago and followed by U2 3D
U218 Singles
–
U218 Singles
9.
DVD
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DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software. DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder. Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc. Alan E. Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc
DVD
DVD
–
Backside of a
Sony DADC -manufactured DVD
DVD
–
A DVD burner drive for a PC
DVD
–
Sony Rewritable DVD
10.
The Saints Are Coming
–
The Saints are Coming was the third single by the Scottish punk rock band Skids, featured on their 1979 debut album, Scared to Dance. The song became an international number 1 hit when it was covered in 2006 by U2 and it was covered again in 2008 by Von Thronstahl. The single was released as part of a four-track EP, Wide Open, the song was also released on their 1979 debut album Scared to Dance. The song featured Richard Jobson singing of a man facing inclement weather and personal fears, the songs lyrics were written by Richard Jobson with music by Stuart Adamson, who later went on to form Big Country. As with the following single, Into the Valley, it is sung by fans of Dunfermline Athletic F. C. Track listing for the 1978 EP single, Wide Open, which features The Saints Are Coming, in September 2006, it was announced that U2 and Green Day were to record a cover version of the song for charitable purposes. This was the first game in the Louisiana Superdome since it was damaged by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. The live performance of the song was sold online to benefit Music Rising. The lyrics of all four songs were customized by singers Billie Joe Armstrong and Bono to commemorate the trials, tribulations, punctuating the 68,000 fans first season-ticket sellout of the Louisiana Superdome in its 31-year history, the New Orleans Saints beat the Atlanta Falcons 23-3. Since then, the song has played at Saints home games before they take the field. The live version of The Saints Are Coming was immediately available for download purchase at Real Rhapsody. The studio version of the song was released for download on 30 October 2006. The song also appears on the U2 compilation album U218 Singles, the song was played for the first time by U2 alone on the Pacific Leg of the Vertigo Tour in Brisbane, Australia, on 7 November 2006. The only performance of song by Green Day alone was on the 7th of August,2009 when the band performed the song in New Orleans. Billie Joe Armstrong also ad-libbed lines from the song over the solo to Green Day hit single Holiday during some performances on their 21st Century Breakdown World Tour in the summer of 2010. A music video for The Saints Are Coming, directed by Chris Milk, was released on YouTube on 27 October 2006, according to Chris Milk, this was done to make a commentary on the Katrina disaster. From the standpoint of how things can and should be done in the future, the video had more than two million views on YouTube five days after its initial upload. The single earned a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
The Saints Are Coming
–
Wide Open EP cover
The Saints Are Coming
–
"The Saints Are Coming"
11.
Walk On (U2 song)
–
Walk On is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track on their 2000 album, All That You Cant Leave Behind, and was released as a single in November 2001, the records second in Canada. The song won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 2002, in March 2000, U2 were awarded the Freedom of the City of Dublin at a ceremony where the Burmese academic Aung San Suu Kyi was honoured but absent. The band had never heard of Suu Kyi prior to that, the group found out that her activism and fighting for freedom in Burma led to her being under house arrest since 1989. Walk On was subsequently written about and dedicated to Suu Kyi and it was written in the form of a supporting, uplifting anthem, praising her for activism. Bono explained that the song is about nobility and personal sacrifice, about doing whats right and he compares the subject of the song to a Biblical passage in Corinthians. The album version of the runs for 4,55. The albums title was derived from the lyrics, The only baggage you can bring is all that you cant leave behind. Walk On originally consisted of two different songs which, according to bassist Adam Clayton, that had great riffs but sounded terrible separately, the group combined them and ended up with the arrangement that forms Walk On. All That You Cant Leave Behind album was banned in Burma because Walk On was dedicated to Suu Kyi, anyone who attempted to import the album, All That You Cant Leave Behind, to Burma could face a prison sentence lasting between three and twenty years. When the album was released, U2, the first video for Walk On - titled International Version - was directed by Jonas Åkerlund. Filming took place in November 2000 and was filmed in Rio de Janeiro during U2s two-day promotion there, some shots, including the band playing with a soccer ball on a beach and the band meeting fans, were improvised and the video was made to be documentary styled. Åkerlund stated it will always be one of his music videos. Later in February 2001, a second video - titled U. S. version - was directed by Liz Friedlander, both were featured on the compilation DVD U218 Videos. The songs uplifting nature led to it being used frequently to close concerts during the Elevation Tour. Live versions of the song were released on the concert films Elevation 2001, Live from Boston, U2 Go Home, Live from Slane Castle, during the Vertigo Tour, it appeared rarely, typically in an acoustic format. It was snippeted after Running to Stand Still on the Vertigo Tour at the dates closest to June 19, the song was a regular part of the set list for the U2 360° Tour. Prior to the tour, the band asked fans to bring masks of Suu Kyi to concerts, in June 2012, Bono performed the song live for Suu Kyi during the Electric Burma concert in Dublin in her honour
Walk On (U2 song)
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"Walk On"
Walk On (U2 song)
–
U2 in Rio de Janeiro. Screenshot from the international video.
12.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
Documentary film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
Documentary film
–
Frame from one of
Marinescu's science films (1899).
Documentary film
–
Nanook of the North poster.
Documentary film
–
In this shot from
Man with the Movie Camera,
Mikhail Kaufman acts as a cameraman risking his life in search of the best shot
13.
Beautiful Day
–
Beautiful Day is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the first track from their 2000 album, All That You Cant Leave Behind and it was a commercial success, helping launch the album to multi-platinum status, and is U2s biggest hit to date. Like many tracks from All That You Cant Leave Behind, Beautiful Day harkens back to the groups past sound. The tone of the Edges guitar was a subject of debate amongst the band members, lead singer Bono explained that the upbeat track is about losing everything but still finding joy in what one has. The song received positive reviews, and it became their fourth single in the UK. It also reached the top of the charts in Australia, Canada, Finland, their native Ireland, Italy, Norway, the song peaked at number 21 in the United States, the bands highest position since Discothèque in 1997. In 2001, the song won three Grammy Awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. The group has played Beautiful Day at every one of their concerts since the songs 2001 live debut on the Elevation Tour, Beautiful Day was written in several stages, originating from a composition called Always that the band created in a small room at Hanover Quay Studio. However, they were unimpressed with it, as guitarist the Edge said, As a straight rock song. After lead vocalist Bono came up with the beautiful day lyric, the Edges backing vocals for the chorus were improvised one night with co-producer Daniel Lanois, an addition he called the key to the chorus and its new lyrics. At the same time, the band was looking for a more forward-looking sound and this led to debate amongst the band when the Edge was playing the song on his Gibson Explorer guitar with a tone used in much of their early material up to their 1983 album War. Bono was particularly resistant to the tone the Edge was playing with. As he explains, It was because we were coming up with innovative music that I felt a license to use some signature guitar sounds. The Edge believes the contrast between these more electronic qualities of the track and his vocals with Lanois benefited the song. The mixing process proved difficult, lasting two weeks, several changes were made during this period, Bono added a guitar part that played the songs chord progression to double the bass, an addition that solidified everything, according to the Edge. The Edge also changed the line in the chorus and converted a keyboard idea of Bonos into a guitar part that added a sour quality to balance the tracks positivity. Lanois described the song as one of those little gifts where you think, my god. Beautiful Day is played at a tempo of 136 beats per minute in a 4/4 time signature, the song opens with a reverberating electric piano playing over a string synthesiser, introducing the chord progression of A–Bm7–D–G–D9–A
Beautiful Day
–
"Beautiful Day"
Beautiful Day
–
A video of astronaut
Mark Kelly was featured prior to the song at concerts on the final leg of the
U2 360° Tour.
14.
The Joshua Tree
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The Joshua Tree is the fifth studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 9 March 1987 on Island Records, inspired by American tour experiences, literature, and politics, U2 chose America as a theme for the record. Recording began in January 1986 in Ireland, and to foster a relaxed, creative atmosphere, Recording was completed in November 1986, additional production continued into January 1987. Throughout the sessions, U2 sought a cinematic quality for the record, one that would evoke a sense of location, in particular and they represented this in the sleeve photography depicting them in American desert landscapes. The Joshua Tree received critical acclaim, topped the charts in over 20 countries, according to Rolling Stone, the album increased the bands stature from heroes to superstars. The album won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1988, the group supported the record with the Joshua Tree Tour throughout 1987. Frequently featured on lists of the greatest records, The Joshua Tree is one of the worlds best-selling albums. U2 commemorated the records 20th anniversary with a remastered re-release, and its 30th anniversary with announcements of a concert tour. In 2014, it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the US Library of Congress, before The Joshua Tree, U2 had released four studio albums and were an internationally successful band, particularly as a live act having toured every year in the 1980s. The groups stature and the anticipation for a new album grew following their 1984 record The Unforgettable Fire, their subsequent tour. U2 began writing new material in mid-1985 following the Unforgettable Fire Tour, I saw the spoiled child of the Western world. I started thinking, They may have a desert. And thats what attracted me to the desert as a symbol of some sort, in 1985, Bono participated in Steven Van Zandts anti-apartheid Sun City project and spent time with musicians Keith Richards and Mick Jagger. When Richards and Jagger played blues, Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre, Bono realised that U2 had no tradition, and he felt as if they were from outer space. This inspired him to write the blues-influenced song Silver and Gold, nascent friendships with Bob Dylan, Van Morrison and Richards encouraged Bono to look back to rocks roots and to focus on his skills as a songwriter and lyricist. He explained, I used to think that writing words was old-fashioned, I wrote words on the microphone. For The Joshua Tree, I felt the time had come to words that meant something. Dylan told Bono of his own debt to Irish music, while Bono further demonstrated his interest in music traditions in his duet with Irish Celtic, the group referred to this approach as working within the primary colours of rock music—guitar, bass, and drums
The Joshua Tree
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Brian Eno and
Daniel Lanois produced the album, their second time working with U2.
The Joshua Tree
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The Joshua Tree
The Joshua Tree
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Sting and Bono performing during
A Conspiracy of Hope. U2's appearance on the tour helped them focus their new material.
The Joshua Tree
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In August 1986, U2 moved recording of the album to
Windmill Lane Studios (pictured in 2008).
15.
Barry Devlin
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Barry Devlin is an Irish musician, screen writer and director. Devlin is from Moortown in Ardboe, County Tyrone and he began to train as a Columban priest, leaving to study English at University College Dublin, then joining a graphics company as a screenwriter. He was in the pioneering Irish Celtic rock band Horslips as bass player, vocalist, after the breakup of Horslips, Devlin released the 1983 solo album Breaking Star Codes. He has directed for the screen, producing a number of U2 videos in the 1980s and his sister, Marie Devlin, is a school teacher and writer, publishing Over Nine Waves, a collection of traditional Irish myths and legends, in 1994. She was married to the Nobel laureate Seamus Heaney, from 1965 until the death in 2013. One of his six sisters is Polly Devlin, the writer and broadcaster and her first book All Of Us There is now a Virago Modern Classic. She has also made a documentary film The Daisy Chain and is a professor at Columbia University, barry Devlin at the Internet Movie Database BBC Northern Ireland Drama - Baldi series 3 Horslips exhibition
Barry Devlin
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Barry Devlin performing with
Horslips at London Feis 2011
16.
The Unforgettable Fire
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The Unforgettable Fire is the fourth studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 1 October 1984, the band wanted a different musical direction following the harder-hitting rock of their 1983 album War. They employed Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois to produce and assist in experimenting with a more ambient, the resulting change in direction was at the time the bands most dramatic. Recording began in May 1984 at Slane Castle, where the band lived, wrote, the album was completed in August 1984 at Windmill Lane Studios. It features atmospheric sounds and lyrics that lead vocalist Bono describes as sketches, two songs feature lyrical tributes to Martin Luther King Jr. The Unforgettable Fire received generally favourable reviews from critics and produced the bands biggest hit at the time, Pride, as well as the live favourite Bad, a 25th Anniversary edition of the album was released in October 2009. The title is a reference to The Unforgettable Fire—an art exhibit about the bombing of Hiroshima. The band saw the exhibit in November 1983 in Japan while on the War Tour, U2 feared that following the overt rock of their 1983 War album and War Tour, they were in danger of becoming another shrill, sloganeering arena-rock band. The success of the 1983 Under a Blood Red Sky live album, as bassist Adam Clayton recalls, We were looking for something that was a bit more serious, more arty. The band had recorded their first three albums with producer Steve Lillywhite, and rather than create the son of War, they sought experimentation, both Lillywhite and the band agreed that it was time for a change of producers and not to repeat the same formula. The band had considered using Jimmy Iovine to produce a new record, however, they found their early musical ideas for the album to be too European for an American producer. They also considered approaching Conny Plank, whose credits included Can and Kraftwerk. Guitarist The Edge had an appreciation of musician Brian Enos work. The band were fond of his work with Talking Heads. Having never worked with such as U2s, Eno was also initially reluctant. When the band played him Under a Blood Red Sky, his eyes glazed over, Eno had brought along his engineer Daniel Lanois to his meeting with U2 intending to recommend Lanois work with the band instead. Enos earlier doubts were resolved by Bonos power of persuasion and his perception of what he called U2s lyrical soul in abundance. Eno commented that the band were struggling against it as if they were frightened of being overpowered by some softness
The Unforgettable Fire
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The first phase of recording took place in
Slane Castle.
The Unforgettable Fire
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The Unforgettable Fire
17.
With or Without You
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With or Without You is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their fifth studio album, The Joshua Tree. With or Without You features sustained guitar parts played by guitarist the Edge with a prototype of the Infinite Guitar, along with vocals by lead singer Bono, the song originated from a demo recorded in late 1985 that the group continued to work on throughout The Joshua Tree sessions. Ostensibly a troubled love song, the lyrics were inspired by Bonos conflicting feelings about the lives he led as a musician. Critics praised the song upon its release and it is frequently performed on the bands tours, and it has appeared on many of their compilation albums and concert films. With or Without You is U2s second most frequently covered song, in 2010, Rolling Stone magazine placed the song at number 132 on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In late 1985, U2 convened at a house that drummer Larry Mullen, during this time, a rough demo of With or Without You was written, with lead vocalist Bono composing the songs chord sequence. The band continued to work on the song at STS Studios, creating many permutations of the track, guitarist The Edge considered the song at that point to be awful. The track consisted of a Yamaha drum machine beat and a part played by bassist Adam Clayton using an Ibanez bass guitar with a short scale. According to Clayton, these versions of the song sounded too sentimental. The sessions for The Joshua Tree started in earnest in 1986, the group attempted to take the song in a different direction, although Bono was reluctant. Despite the work continued to put into the track, the group considered abandoning the song. Bono and his friend Gavin Friday continued to work on the song after Lanois, Bono credits Friday with rescuing the song and rearranging it, believing it could be a hit. Eno added a keyboard arpeggio, similar to the one from Bad, the songs fate was still in doubt when The Edge was sent a prototype of the Infinite Guitar by Canadian musician Michael Brook, with whom he had collaborated for the Captive soundtrack. The prototype included elaborate assembly instructions and as The Edge recollects, one wrongly placed wire and this piece of gear would have failed even the most basic of safety regulations. On subsequent tours, his guitar technician occasionally received electric shocks from the instrument when preparing it for performances. Listening to the track to With or Without You in the control room, Bono. The combination of the guitar and the track being played together impressed those listening
With or Without You
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One of vinyl editions
With or Without You
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Lighting effects during a performance of "With or Without You" on the
U2 360° Tour.
18.
Vertigo (U2 song)
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Vertigo is a song by Irish rock band U2. It won Grammy Awards for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Best Rock Song, the song lent its name to the bands Vertigo Tour. The song ranked number 64 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of the Decade, in the case of Vertigo, I was thinking about this awful nightclub weve all been to. Its that woozy, sick feeling of realizing that here we are, and in the middle of the club, theres this girl. I dont even know if shes beautiful, it doesnt matter but she has a cross around her neck, during the How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb recording sessions, Vertigo was originally recorded as a song called Full Metal Jacket. Bono said during a webchat that the song was the mother of all rock n roll tunes, I dont know where it came from but its a remarkable guitar thing. You want to hear it - its a reason to make a record, the title was later changed to Native Son. The lyrics in this iteration are about a man who was against his country due to his lack of freedoms. The song went through different musical and lyrical arrangements. New lyrics were written and Lillywhite helped the band rearrange the song and it was at this point that the song was rewritten into Vertigo. At 3,08 long, Native Son is just a few seconds short of the run time of Vertigo, U2 performed Vertigo in a television commercial for the Apple iPod as part of a cross-marketing plan to promote both the album and Apples music products. At the beginning of the song, Bono counts off in Spanish Unos, dos, tres, in English, this translates to some, two, three, fourteen. When asked about this oddity in an interview for Rolling Stone, Bono replied there may have been some alcohol involved. Some sources have suggested that as the first words spoken on the album and this theory is supported by the fact the final track on the How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb album is titled Yahweh, another name for the Christian and Hebrew god. The count off was parodied by novelty singer Richard Cheese on his version of U2s Sunday Bloody Sunday on his 2005 album Aperitif for Destruction. A Spanish reply of ¡Hola. is also heard behind the Hello, hello of the refrain, upon release, Vertigo debuted at number 18 on Billboards Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 46 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also debuted at one on the Hot Digital Tracks chart and, after falling to number 4. The track later moved into the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 and it spent 20 weeks on the chart
Vertigo (U2 song)
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"Vertigo"
19.
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb
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How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb is the eleventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 22 November 2004 on Island Records and Interscope Records, the album was produced by Steve Lillywhite, with additional production from Chris Thomas, Jacknife Lee, Nellee Hooper, Flood, Daniel Lanois, Brian Eno, and Carl Glanville. Looking for a more hard-hitting sound than that of their previous album, after nine months of work, the band had an albums worth of material ready for release, but they were not satisfied with the results. The group subsequently enlisted Lillywhite to take over as producer in Dublin in January 2004, Lillywhite, along with his assistant Lee, spent six months with the band reworking songs and encouraging better performances. U2 lead singer Bono described the album as our first rock album and its taken us twenty years or whatever it is, but this is our first rock album. Thematically, the touches on life, death, love, war, faith. The album and its singles won all nine Grammy Awards for which they were nominated, the album was also included in Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Albums of the Decade at number 68. Lead singer Bono explained that he had to ask himself a few hard questions before carrying on recording, I wanted to check where I was to where I am. So I went back and listened to all the music made me want to be in a band, right from the Buzzcocks, Siouxsie. And what was interesting is, that was what a lot of people in bands now are listening to anyway, so in a funny way, it made us completely contemporary. Looking for a rock sound than that of All That You Cant Leave Behind, U2 began recording How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb. After nine months of work, the band had a worth of material ready for release. The group subsequently enlisted Steve Lillywhite to take over as producer in Dublin in January 2004, Lillywhite, along with his assistant Jacknife Lee, spent six months with the band reworking songs and encouraging better performances. A demo version of the album was stolen while the band were having their photo taken for a magazine in France in July 2004 and it contained unfinished versions of several songs that made it onto the album. The band publicly announced that if those tracks were leaked online, several months later, tracks from the album were released online, but they were the finished products, and not the rough demos from The Edges stolen CD. The track is of less than standard audio quality, but managed to become a favorite on fan websites and it was cut from the final release, but is described by Blender Magazine as a six-and-a-half-minute outpouring of U2 at its most uninhibitedly U2-ish. The lyrics to the song can be found in the booklet for the Special Limited Edition, Adam Clayton said of Atomic Bomb, Its very much a guitar record. Vertigo, Love and Peace, City of Blinding Lights, All Because of You, all pretty up, rocky tunes
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb
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The indoor legs of the Vertigo Tour featured an ellipse-shaped ramp encircling the main stage, along with LED curtains.
How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb
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How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb
20.
War (U2 album)
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War is the third studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and was released on 28 February 1983 on Island Records, U2 recorded the album from September–November 1982 at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing, the groups third consecutive album made at the studio with the producer. Musically, it is also harsher than the previous releases. The album has been described as the record where the band turned pacifism itself into a crusade, War was a commercial success for the band, knocking Michael Jacksons Thriller from the top of the charts to become the bands first number-one album in the UK. It reached number 12 in the US and became their first gold-certified album there, while poorly received by British critics at the time of release, War has since gained critical acclaim. In 2012, the album was ranked number 223 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the group supported the album with the War Tour through the end of 1983. In August 1982, Bono and Ali honeymooned in Jamaica and it has been noted that it was not a typical honeymoon, as Bono reportedly worked on the lyrics for the upcoming album. The lyrics to New Years Day had its origins in a love song Bono wrote for his wife, the band began recording the album in September 1982 at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin with producer Steve Lillywhite, their third consecutive record at the studio with the producer. The albums opener, Sunday Bloody Sunday, an ardent protest song, stems from a guitar riff, following an argument with his girlfriend, and a period of doubt in his own song-writing abilities, the Edge – feeling depressed. Channeled fear and frustration and self-loathing into a piece of music, Early versions of the song opened with the line, Dont talk to me about the rights of the IRA, UDA. After Bono had reworked the lyrics, the band recorded the song, the opening drum pattern soon developed into the songs hook. A local violinist, Steve Wickham, approached the Edge one morning at a bus stop, in the studio for only half a day, Wickhams electric violin became the final instrumental contribution to the song. During the sessions for Sunday Bloody Sunday, Lillywhite encouraged drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. to use a click track, a chance meeting with Andy Newmark – a drummer who used a click track religiously – changed Mullens mind. Mullen used the track to stay in time for other songs on the album. Mullen said of the album in a 1983 interview, I think the drumming has always been pretty simple, for War I use a click track, something I havent used before, its a way of keeping time in my headphones. When I listened to the music in time with the click track I knew I had to bring it down to the real basics, hopefully for the next LP it will be more complicated, Ill move on. I think of it as a progression for myself because I learned a lot recording this album, just about my own style. I think there is a style on War where there isnt on the previous albums
War (U2 album)
–
War
21.
Mysterious Ways (song)
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Mysterious Ways is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their 1991 album Achtung Baby and was released as the albums second single on 25 November 1991. The song reached the top ten of the charts in several countries, including the bands native Ireland. In the United States, the song topped the Modern Rock Tracks and Album Rock Tracks charts, the song began as an improvisation called Sick Puppy, with the band only liking the bass part that bassist Adam Clayton composed. The band struggled to build a song from it, with vocalist Bono, the songs breakthrough came after guitarist the Edge began experimenting with the Korg A3 effects unit. Mysterious Ways features a beat, funky guitar hook, and conga-laden percussion, as well as mystical lyrics by Bono about romance. A music video for the song was filmed in Morocco and incorporated distorted images of Bono, Mysterious Ways made its live debut on the Zoo TV Tour in 1992, when performances were accompanied by an on-stage belly dancer. The group has continued to perform the song on subsequent tours, the band liked Claytons bassline, which originated during their recording of a cover version of Night and Day and for a while, consisted of little more than a one-note groove. However, the band had difficulties completing the remainder of the song melodically. Bono said that it was a line in search of a song. As U2 continued to struggle with the song, the atmosphere of the recording sessions at Hansa Studios in Berlin took its toll. Producer Daniel Lanois arrived at the early one morning before the band to work on ideas he had for the song. When Bono arrived, he began singing and contributing vocal ideas, Bono and a frustrated Lanois proceeded to argue intensely for over two hours, worrying sound engineer Joe OHerlihy that a physical altercation would ensue. Bono looks back on the episode with a sense of humour and he cares about the record hes making as much and more than any band or artist hes working with. The song One, which proved to be breakthrough in the recording sessions for Achtung Baby. The Edge caught Lanois attention while toying around with chord progressions for the bridge of Mysterious Ways. Encouraged by Lanois, the Edge combined two of the progressions, inspiring the rest of the group to join him and improvise the new song One. The band made progress on Mysterious Ways after the Edge began experimenting with the Funk Wah setting on a Korg A3 guitar effects unit, Bono said it made an envelope of sound which would turn a guitar chord into the funkiest of jackhammers
Mysterious Ways (song)
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"Mysterious Ways"
22.
Achtung Baby
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Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Daniel Lanois and Brian Eno, and was released on 18 November 1991 on Island Records, thematically, Achtung Baby is darker, more introspective, and at times more flippant than their previous work. Seeking inspiration from German reunification, U2 began recording Achtung Baby at Berlins Hansa Studios in October 1990, the sessions were fraught with conflict, as the band argued over their musical direction and the quality of their material. After tensions and slow progress nearly prompted the group to disband, morale and productivity improved during subsequent recording sessions in Dublin, where the album was completed in 1991. To confound the publics expectations of the band and their music, U2 chose the records facetious title and colourful multi-image sleeve. Achtung Baby is one of U2s most successful records, it received reviews and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 Top Albums. Five songs were released as singles, all of which were chart successes, including One, Mysterious Ways. The album has sold 18 million copies worldwide and won a Grammy Award in 1993 for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Achtung Baby has since been acclaimed by writers and music critics as one of the greatest albums of all time. The record was reissued in October 2011 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of its original release, U2s high exposure and their reputation for being overly serious led to accusations of grandiosity and self-righteousness. By the bands 1989 Lovetown Tour, they had become bored with playing their greatest hits. U2 believe that audiences misunderstood the groups collaboration with blues musician B. B. King on Rattle and Hum and the Lovetown Tour, and they described it as an excursion down a dead-end street. Bono said that, in retrospect, listening to black music enabled the group to create a work such as Achtung Baby, while their experiences with folk music helped him to develop as a lyricist. Towards the end of the Lovetown Tour, Bono announced on-stage that it was the end of something for U2, following the tour, the group began, what was at the time, their longest break from public performances and album releases. Reacting to their own sense of stagnation and to their critics. They wrote God Part II from Rattle and Hum after realising they had excessively pursued nostalgia in their songwriting, the song had a more contemporary feel that Bono said was closer to Achtung Babys direction. Much of the material they wrote was experimental, and according to Bono, ideas deemed inappropriate for the play were put aside for the bands use. During this period, Bono and the Edge began increasingly writing songs together without Mullen or bassist Adam Clayton, in mid-1990, Bono reviewed material he had written in Australia on the Lovetown Tour, and the group recorded demos at STS Studios in Dublin. The demos later evolved into the songs Whos Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses, Until the End of the World, Even Better Than the Real Thing, and Mysterious Ways
Achtung Baby
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Prior to recording Achtung Baby,
The Edge and
Bono (pictured in 2009) began working more closely together on songwriting without the other band members.
Achtung Baby
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Achtung Baby
Achtung Baby
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The initial recording sessions took place at Berlin's
Hansa Studios in late 1990 in a former
SS ballroom.
Achtung Baby
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Bono as his alter ego "The Fly" in 1992. He conceived this character during the band's sessions in Dublin.
23.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
24.
Joseph Kahn
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Ahn Jun-hee, known professionally as Joseph Kahn, is a Korean American film and music video director. Kahn was born Ahn Jun-hee in Busan, South Korea and his family moved to Jersey Village, Texas, a suburb of Houston, when Joseph was three. After graduating from Jersey Village High School in 1990, Kahn went to New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts and he later dropped out after one year to direct music videos. In 1999, Kahn started his own company with Chris Lee, SuperMega Media. Kahn has worked with artists such as Lady Gaga, Shakira, Aaliyah. In 2002, Kahn won his first Grammy for Eminems Without Me video which won the MTV VMAs Best Video of the Year. His video for Katy Perry Waking Up In Vegas won the MVPA2009 Best Video of the Year, kahns usage of Japanese pop culture in music videos first began with Janet Jacksons Doesnt Really Matter video. The video was also the most expensive video Kahn has directed and is among the most expensive of all time, in 2014, Kahn was given The Icon Award by the UK Music Video Awards. In 2015, Kahn directed MTVs choices for Video of the Year, Best Pop Video, Best Female Video and he won the Grammy Award for Best Music Video of 2015 for Taylor Swifts Bad Blood ft. Kendrick Lamar. Kahn also directed the 2004 action film Torque starring Ice Cube, in May 2007 it was announced that he would direct an adaptation of William Gibsons science fiction classic, Neuromancer for producer Peter Hoffman. On May 7,2010 Fangoria reported that Vincenzo Natali, the director of Cube and Splice, had taken over directing duties, in 2010 Kahn directed the low-budget, self-financed horror comedy Detention. After winning a number of audience favorite awards on the festival circuit
Joseph Kahn
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Joseph Kahn at a screening of
Detention at the
Los Angeles Film School, April 2012
25.
Kevin Godley
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Kevin Michael Godley is an English musician and music video director. He is known as the drummer of the art rock band 10cc and he was born in a family of Jewish ancestry, and went to North Cestrian Grammar School in Altrincham. The first band he was part of was Group 17 which had its origins in the Jewish Lads Brigade, the members were Henri Shalam, Bernard Sufrin, Sydney Kaye and Jeffrey Baker, whose father was probably Sergeant Baker in the 10cc song, Rubber Bullets. While attending art college in Manchester Godley met Lol Creme and they became part of several bands, most notably Hotlegs and 10cc. After leaving 10cc the two known as Godley & Creme, both as musicians and film directors. They were jointly nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Long Form for, The Police, Godley writes, sings, and plays drums, percussion and keyboards. In 1990, his charity production One World One Voice was released on CD in the UK and it was a CD that focused on environmental and ecological crises. Godley became a vegetarian during this period and he and wife Sue love dogs and cats. Godley was profiled in the Daily Telegraph in 2016 regarding his love for his pet dog, both Godley and Lol Creme briefly reunited with their former 10cc bandmates Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman on the 1992 album. Meanwhile. However, Godley claims that their involvement with the project was very limited and he performed the lead vocal on The Stars Didnt Show, the bands tribute to the late Roy Orbison. It was the song on the album not sung by Stewart. Following. Meanwhile, Godley and Creme went their separate ways and he reunited with another former 10cc member, Graham Gouldman, to form the band GG/06. Together they have recorded a number of new songs which are available via their website, recently, Godley has moved into developing a music platform for the iPad, that combines audio and video to create a global recording studio in the cloud called WholeWorldBand. The company was nominated for the SXSW Music Accelerator Award in 2013 and was one of eight finalists selected from a pool of over 500, since he split from his long-time working partner Creme, Godley forged a career directing music videos and films on his own. 1989 Fine Young Cannibals – Dont Look Back Band Aid 2 – Do They Know Its Christmas
Kevin Godley
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Kevin Godley with 10cc in April 1976
26.
Where the Streets Have No Name
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Where the Streets Have No Name is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the albums third single in August 1987. The songs hook is a guitar arpeggio using a delay effect, played during the songs introduction. Lead vocalist Bono wrote the lyrics in response to the notion that it is possible to identify a persons religion and income based on the street on which they lived, particularly in Belfast. During the bands difficulties recording the song, producer Brian Eno considered erasing the tapes to have them start from scratch. The song has remained a staple of their live act since the song debuted in 1987 on The Joshua Tree Tour, the song was performed on a Los Angeles rooftop for the filming of its music video, which won a Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video. The music for Where the Streets Have No Name originated from a demo that guitarist The Edge composed the night before the group resumed The Joshua Tree sessions. In an upstairs room at Melbeach House—his newly purchased home—The Edge used a tape machine to record an arrangement of keyboards, bass, guitar. After finishing the mix, he felt he had come up with the most amazing guitar part. With no one in the house to share the demo with, The Edge recalls dancing around, although the band liked the demo, it was difficult for them to record the song. Bassist Adam Clayton said, At the time it sounded like a foreign language, the arrangement, with two time signature shifts and frequent chord changes, was rehearsed many times, but the group struggled to get a performance they liked. According to co-producer Daniel Lanois, that was the science project song, I remember having this massive schoolhouse blackboard, as we call them. I was holding a pointer, like a professor, walking the band through the chord changes like a fucking nerd. Co-producer Brian Eno estimates that half of the sessions were spent trying to record a suitable version of Where the Streets Have No Name. The band worked on a take for weeks, but as Eno explained, that particular version had a lot of problems with it. Through all of their work, they had gradually replaced each instrument take until nothing remained from the original performance, so much time had been spent on screwdriver work that Eno thought it would be best to start from scratch. His idea was to stage an accident and have the songs tapes erased and he said that this was not to force abandonment of the song, but rather that it would be more effective to start again with a fresh performance. The studio version of the song was compiled from different takes
Where the Streets Have No Name
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The Grammy Award-winning music video, featuring the band's performance on a
Los Angeles rooftop.
Where the Streets Have No Name
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"Where the Streets Have No Name"
Where the Streets Have No Name
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Red lighting across all the video screens has become a recurring feature of live performances of the song, shown here from a 1992
Zoo TV Tour show and a 2009
360° Tour show
Where the Streets Have No Name
27.
Sweetest Thing
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Sweetest Thing is a song by Irish group U2. It was originally released in 1987 as a B-side on the Where the Streets Have No Name single, the song was later re-recorded and re-released, as a single in October 1998 for the U2 compilation album, The Best of 1980-1990. The song was written by Bono as an apology to his wife Ali Hewson for having to work in the studio on her birthday during The Joshua Tree sessions. At Alisons request, profits from the single went to her favoured charity, a version by New York gospel choir, The New Voices of Freedom, appears on the soundtrack to the 1988 Bill Murray film Scrooged. It was recorded following U2s performance of I Still Havent Found What Im Looking For with the choir at Madison Square Garden, to promote the release of the single in 1998, Island Records distributed Sweetest Thing chocolate bars, wrapped to look like the single, throughout Europe. They have become a valuable collectors item among U2 fans during the 2000s. The song made its debut on the opening night of the Elevation Tour. It was then not played again until the Innocence + Experience Tour, performances on the Elevation Tour featured Bono playing the piano parts while the Edge played electric guitar. On the Innocence + Experience Tour, it was played on the e-stage in a stripped version, with the Edge playing acoustic guitar. The performers featured include Riverdance, Boyzone, Steve Collins, the Artane Boys Band, the Edge, Adam Clayton, Larry Mullen, Jr. Norman Hewson, Dik Evans, and Ali herself appear in the video as well. The back cover listed the track simply as a live version of An Cat Dubh. Bono – lead vocals The Edge – piano, guitar, backing vocals Adam Clayton – bass guitar Larry Mullen, Jr. – drums
Sweetest Thing
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"Sweetest Thing"
28.
The Best of 1980-1990
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The Best of 1980–1990 is the first greatest hits compilation by Irish rock band U2, released in November 1998. It mostly contains the hit singles from the 1980s but also mixes in some live staples as well as one new recording. In April 1999, a video was released. The album was followed by another compilation, The Best of 1990–2000, a limited edition version containing a special B-sides disc was released a week earlier than the single-disc version. At the time of release, the word was that the 2-disc album would be available the first week the album went on sale. While this threat never materialized, it did result in the 2-disc version being in high demand. Both versions charted in the Billboard 200, the boy on the cover is Peter Rowen, brother of Bonos friend Guggi of the Virgin Prunes. He also appears on the covers of the early EP Three, all music composed by U2, with lyrics by Bono. All tracks written by U2, except where noted, note, The version of Bass Trap found on this compilation is a shortened edit from the original 5,14 version found on the The Unforgettable Fire 12 single EP of 1985. Same goes for the version of A Room at the Heartbreak Hotel which is an edit from the version on the Angel Of Harlem single from 1989. All tracks have been remastered for this release
The Best of 1980-1990
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The Best of 1980 –1990
29.
Sunday Bloody Sunday (song)
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Sunday Bloody Sunday is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their 1983 album War and was released as the albums third single on 11 March 1983 in Germany. Sunday Bloody Sunday is noted for its militaristic drumbeat, harsh guitar, along with New Years Day, the song helped U2 reach a wider listening audience. It was generally received by critics on the albums release. The song has remained a staple of U2s live concerts, during its earliest performances, the song created controversy. Lead singer Bono reasserted the songs message to his audience for many years. Today, it is considered one of U2s signature songs, and is one of the bands most performed tracks, critics rate it among the best political protest songs, and it has been covered by over a dozen artists. It was named the 272nd-greatest song by Rolling Stone on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, Sunday Bloody Sunday grew from a guitar riff and lyric written by the Edge in 1982. While newlyweds Bono and Ali Hewson honeymooned in Jamaica, the Edge worked in Ireland on music for the upcoming album. Following an argument with his girlfriend, and a period of doubt in his own song-writing abilities, channelled fear and frustration and self-loathing into a piece of music. This early draft did not yet have a title or chorus melody, after Bono had reworked the lyrics, the band recorded the song at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin. During the sessions, producer Steve Lillywhite encouraged drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. to use a click track, a chance meeting with Andy Newmark – a drummer who used a click track religiously – changed Mullens mind. The opening drum pattern soon developed into the songs hook, a local violinist, Steve Wickham, approached the Edge one morning at a bus stop and asked if U2 had any need for a violin on their next album. In the studio for half a day, Wickhams electric violin became the final instrumental contribution to the song. The direct impetus for the lyrics was an encounter with IRA supporters in New York City, as a promotional gimmick, U2 manager Paul McGuinness had made arrangements for the band to appear in the 1982 St. Patricks Day parade. However, he found that there was a possibility that Bobby Sands. As they felt that the IRAs tactics were prolonging the fighting in Northern Ireland, McGuinness, McGuinness met with one of the parades organizers in a New York bar to arrange the cancellation, and ended up in a heated debate about the IRA. McGuinness recalled, He kept telling me to keep my voice down, the place was full of New York policemen - Irish cops - and he thought I was going to get us killed
Sunday Bloody Sunday (song)
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This concert in Mexico City in February 2006 depicts the elaborate stage effects used for "Sunday Bloody Sunday."
Sunday Bloody Sunday (song)
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"Sunday Bloody Sunday"
Sunday Bloody Sunday (song)
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This performance in June 1983 from the concert film U2 Live at Red Rocks was later released as the song's music video.
30.
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
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U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky is a concert film by Irish rock band U2. It was recorded on 5 June 1983 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado, United States, originally released in 1984 on videocassette, U2 Live at Red Rocks was the bands first video release. It accompanied a 1983 live album entitled Under a Blood Red Sky, the video was directed by Gavin Taylor and produced by Rick Wurpel and Doug Stewart. The film was arranged by U2 management to showcase the bands live act and it depicts the bands performance at Red Rocks on a rain-soaked evening. The concert was almost cancelled because of the inclement weather, but the band had invested in the filming with Island Records and concert promoter Barry Fey, the rain and the torch-lit atmosphere of the surroundings made U2s performance dramatic. Segments of U2 Live at Red Rocks were shown in rotation on MTV. Critics praised the concert and the video, and it became a best-seller. The video, along with Under a Blood Red Sky, helped establish U2s reputation as live performers. A remastered edition of U2 Live at Red Rocks was released on DVD in September 2008 with previously unreleased tracks, rolling Stone selected the films performance of Sunday Bloody Sunday as one of the 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll. In 1981, U2 were on their Boy Tour to promote their debut album, bassist Adam Clayton said, From the moment we saw it, we were thinking, Some day we will play here. Concert promoter Barry Fey, who presented U2s shows in the southwestern United States, saw the groups potential and successfully lobbied for them to perform at Red Rocks. In early 1983, McGuinness contacted Malcolm Gerrie, producer of the British television series The Tube, about shooting a video of U2 at Red Rocks and possibly featuring it on The Tube. Gerrie initially assumed McGuinness was interested in creating a video of a song, however. Filming costs were estimated at US$250,000, which included the illumination of the cliffs, a sound recording unit. With U2 only able to invest $30,000, Fey agreed to finance the project. A joint production company called U2 at Red Rocks Associates was subsequently established to fund the filming, the radio rights were sold to American radio network NBC for inclusion in their concert series The Source. Feys corporation, Feyline Productions, coordinated with his company, TTS. Director Gavin Taylor and producer Malcolm Gerrie were selected as director and production associate and it was Taylors first visit to the United States, and it was the first time he filmed a major outdoor rock concert
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
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U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
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Bono, pictured in August 1983, used an extension built at the edge of the Red Rocks stage to perform closer to the audience.
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
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The performance of "
Sunday Bloody Sunday "—selected as one of
Rolling Stone 's "50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock and Roll"—was played on TV as the song's music video. Many shots in the film, such as this one, contain red streaks from the concert lighting, due to burns on the camera tubes during filming.
U2 Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky
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In 2007, the U2 tribute act "Under a Blood Red Sky" reenacted U2's Red Rocks show.
