1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
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Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
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University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
6.
Architecture
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Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
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Urban planning
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Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design, urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. Urban planners work with the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields, today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning. There is evidence of planning and designed communities dating back to the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan. Archeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were out at right angles in a grid pattern. The idea of a planned out urban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it, beginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal plans. The ancient Romans, inspired by the Greeks, also used orthogonal plans for their cities, city planning in the Roman world was developed for military defense and public convenience. The spread of the Roman Empire subsequently spread the ideas of urban planning, as the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, many cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center, cities in Europe from the 9th to 14th centuries, often grew organically and sometimes chaotically. But many hundreds of new towns were built according to preconceived plans. Most of these were realized from the 12th to 14th centuries, from the 15th century on, much more is recorded of urban design and the people that were involved. In this period, theoretical treatises on architecture and urban planning start to appear in which questions are addressed and designs of towns. During the Enlightenment period, several European rulers ambitiously attempted to redesign capital cities, during the Second French Republic, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, under the direction of Napoleon III, redesigned the city of Paris into a more modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards. Planning and architecture went through a shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate, the pace and style of this industrial construction was largely dictated by the concerns of private business
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Regional planning
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Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town. Regional planning is a sub-field of urban planning as it relates land use practices on a broader scale, although the term regional planning is nearly universal in English-speaking countries the areas covered and specific administrative set ups vary widely. In North America, regional planning may encompass more than one state, such as the Regional Plan Association, North American regional planning is likely to cover a much larger area than the Regional Assemblies of the UK, both, however, are equally regional in nature. Regions require various land uses, protection of farmland, cities, industrial space, transportation hubs and infrastructure, military bases, Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region. A ‘region’ in planning terms can be administrative or at least partially functional and these areas may be utilised as parks, or unimproved farmland. Consider designating essential nuisance land uses locations, including waste disposal, designate Green belt land or similar to resist settlement amalgamation and protect the environment. Set regional level ‘policy’ and zoning which encourages a mix of housing values and communities, consider building codes, zoning laws and policies that encourage the best use of the land
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Landscape Architecture
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Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape. A practitioner in the profession of architecture is called a landscape architect. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work, other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues. e. They often work in forestry, nature conservation and agriculture, Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of species in a given area. Landscape planners are concerned with planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning, green roof designers design extensive and intensive roof gardens for storm water management, evapo-transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation. An example is the work by André Le Nôtre at Vaux-le-Vicomte for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712, the term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828, and John Claudius Loudon was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the Landscape Gardening, the practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old to the New World. IFLA was founded at Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe, later, in 1978, IFLAs Headquarters were established in Versailles. Through the 19th century, urban planning became a focal point, the combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and the emerging field of urban planning offered Landscape Architecture an opportunity to serve these needs. In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have an influence on the practices of Landscape Architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York, jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point
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Environmental Planning
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A major goal of environmental planning is to create sustainable communities, which aim to conserve and protect undeveloped land. Environmental planning concerns itself with the decision making processes where they are required for managing relationships that exist within, present day environmental planning practices are the result of continuous refinement and expansion of the scope of such decision making processes. It is the ability to analyze environmental issues that will facilitate decision making. A rigorous environmental process has to be undertaken to examine the impacts, depending on the scale and impact of the project, an extensive environmental review is known as an Environmental Impact Statement, and the less extensive version is Environmental Assessment. AEP is the first organization of its kind in the USA and its mission is to improve the technical skills of members, and the organization is dedicated to the enhancement, maintenance and protection of the natural and human environment. In the Philippines, the Republic Act 10587 governs the practice of Environmental Planning and it is sometimes referred to as urban and regional planning, city planning, town and country planning, and/or human settlements planning. Areas of competency for planners are, Physical Planning Social Planning Economic Planning Planning Law and Administration, there is a current move to require in five years time the Bachelor of Science in Environmental Planning as a requisite for one to be a licensed environmental planner. As of this writing, the curriculum for BS Environmental Planning is being reviewed by the Board of Environmental Planning, the only accredited organization for environmental planners in the Philippines is the Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners. Relevant environment protection, planning & administering agencies and legislation at the level of commonwealth, Environmental planning policies vary from state to state. The incorporation of environmental considerations in land-use planning in Australia began after the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, after various delays the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 came into force on 1 September 1980. Significant projects require a more thorough Environmental Impact Assessment with a greater public scrutiny. Concurrent with this development was the establishment of a legal system. The Environment Effects Act 1978 was the first environmental planning control in Victoria, however the obligation for presenting an EES remained somewhat unclear and is ultimately at the discretion of the Minister for Planning. Below this level, local planning schemes identify land-uses through Zone designation, overlays include environmental parameters such as Environmental Significance, Vegetation Protection, Erosion Management and Wildfire Management, but also social issues like Neighbourhood Character. In addition, the Major Transport Projects Facilitation Act 2009 establishes a scheme to improve the approval and delivery of rail, road. Planning in South Australia is coordinated within the Development Act 1993, under this law most urban and land-use planning is assessed against local plans of allowed development. Complex proposals will generally require an indepth EIS and this has been replaced by the Sustainable Planning Act 2009 which came into force 18 December 2009. The Coordinator General may still declare projects to be significant projects which then require assessment under the State Development, currently over 18% of the territory belonging to the EU is denoted as protected areas for nature
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John Galen Howard
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John Galen Howard was an American architect who began his career in New York before moving to San Francisco, California. He was the architect at Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan. Howard was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the École des Beaux-Arts and he was an apprentice with H. H. Richardson and then a draftsman with Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. Howard completed many projects and was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 1901. Among his most famous buildings are the Campanile, California Memorial Stadium, Sather Gate, some of his works are listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. In 1910 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, john Galen Howard born May 8,1864 in Chelmsford, MA. Howard was son of physician, Dr. Levi Howard and Lydia Jane Hapgood and he married Mary Robertson Bradbury on August 1,1893. California Hall, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed California Memorial Stadium, University of California campus, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Durant Hall, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Electric Tower, Buffalo, NY, Destroyed shortly after the Pan-American Exposition. First Congregational Church, Oakland, CA Haviland Hall, University of California Campus, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Hearst Greek Theatre, Gayley Road. C
12.
William Wurster
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William Wilson Wurster was an American architect and architectural teacher at the University of California, Berkeley, and at MIT, best known for his residential designs in California. Wurster was born on 20 October 1895 in Stockton, California and his family encouraged him to observe, read and draw but Wurster often admitted later in life, to holding more of an intellectual gift, rather than a drawing gift. As a child, he held a relationship with his father. This, Wurster later reflected, was to him the workings. During his years at Stockton Public High School, Wurster worked in the office of Edgar B, brown, an Englishman known for designing the Stockton Hotel and the Childrens Home of Stockton, who was often regarded as one of Stocktons most influential architects. While there, he acted as a boy, drawing plans, making measured drawings. Wurster enrolled at the university in 1913, receiving a classical Beaux Arts education from notable Berkeley teachers such as Warren Perry, while there, Wurster joined the Sigma Chi fraternity, where he was taught both to get on with people and express himself. When a physical ailment kept Wurster from voluntary military service in World War I, he studied engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1919, once he had completed a tour of duty in the South Pacific. For the next two years, he worked designing the city of Sacramentos water filtration plant, during this time, he also worked independently, designing several small residences. In April 1922, he became an architect within California. Rockefeller Estate at Pocantico Hills and Otto Kahns château at Cold Spring Harbor, in 1924 William Adams Delano lent Wurster money to open his own office and he returned to the Bay Area to open it in the Hotel Whitecotton in Berkeley. Wurster designed hundreds of California houses in the 1920s through the 1940s using indigenous materials, in 1940, Wurster married Catherine Bauer, an influential figure in her own right in the field of public housing. He met Bauer attending the Harvard Graduate School of Design, both taking classes from the German Socialist city planner Martin Wagner, both Bauer and Wurster withstood accusations of disloyalty from the California Tenney Committee during the Red Scare of the late 1940s. Also in 1945, Wurster co-founded the firm Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons with Theodore Bernardi, in 1950, he was named dean of the UC Berkeley Architecture school. He served as its dean until his retirement in 1963 for health reasons, Wurster Hall is named in his and his wifes honor. Among Wursters students was the award-winning architect John Desmond in Baton Rouge, jim Webb, who taught at the University of North Carolina and was an influential architect in Chapel Hill, worked with Wurster for a while. Many 1930s homes in the Pasatiempo community just outside Santa Cruz, Wurster, Toward a Simpler Way of Life, The Arts & Crafts Architects of California Norfleet Press Book/University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles London,1997, pp. 245–254
13.
Catherine Bauer
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Catherine Krouse Bauer Wurster was a prominent American public housing advocate and educator of city planners and urban planners. A leading member of the housers, a group of planners who advocated affordable housing for families, she dramatically changed social housing practice. Wursters influential book Modern Housing was published by Houghton Mifflin Company in 1934 and is regarded as a classic in the field, on May 11,1905, Catherine Krouse Bauer was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey to Alberta Krouse Bauer, a self-educated homemaker, and Jacob Bauer. Her father, a highway engineer, was an early advocate of superhighways. Bauers younger sister was Elizabeth Bauer Mock, a curator and Director of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art and her brother was Jacob Louis Bauer, Bauer completed her secondary education at the Vail-Deane School in her hometown. She first attended Vassar College, spent one year as a student at Cornell University. In 1926-1927, Bauer spent time in Paris, where she befriended Fernand Léger, Man Ray, inspired by the rational-comprehensive vision of city planning propounded by French architect Le Corbusier, Bauer published an article on his workers apartments in suburban Paris. Returning to New York City in 1927, Bauer worked at a number of publishing houses eventually working with American urban critic Lewis Mumford beginning in the late 1920s. It was at his urging that she became involved with the architects of change in post-World War I Europe, among them Ernst May, André Lurçat, in 1936 she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to study housing in Europe and the USSR. Bauer was the author of the Housing Act of 1937 and advised five presidents on housing. In 1940, Bauer accepted a position as Visiting Lecturer at the University of California and she died in a fall during a solo hike on Mount Tamalpais, Marin County, California, on November 21,1964. A bust of Catherine Bauer Wurster is located in the Environmental Design Library in Wurster Hall at UC Berkeley, an Oscar Stonorov bust of Wurster adorns the Robert C. Weaver Federal Buildings Main lobby. The Social Front of Modern Architecture in the 1930s, journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. Houser, The Life and Work of Catherine Bauer, University of British Columbia Press,1999. ISBN 0-7748-0721-0 Catherine Bauer on Heliotropic housing, guide to the Catherine Bauer Wurster Papers at The Bancroft Library
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Wurster Hall
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The College of Environmental Design, also known as the Berkeley CED, or simply CED, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. The school is located in Wurster Hall on the southeast corner of the main UC Berkeley campus. S. the Graduate Program in Architecture is currently ranked No.4 in the world through QS World University Rankings subject rankings. The Architecture program has also recognized as the top public program by the journal DesignIntelligence and is currently ranked No.6 in the United States. The Urban Planning program is currently ranked No.2 by Planetizen, the School of Architecture at Berkeley was developed by John Galen Howard in 1894 followed by the School of Landscape Architecture which began instruction in 1913 and City Planning in 1948. Originally, the school was located in North Gate Hall, Wurster Hall, the building which currently houses the college was built in 1964 and was designed by Joseph Esherick, Vernon DeMars, and Donald Olsen, members of the CED faculty. In March 2015, the college unveiled a 9 high 3D printed sculpture, entitled Bloom and this was the first printed structure of its type. Center for the Built Environment UrbanSim Official website
15.
Joseph Esherick (architect)
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Joseph Esherick was an American architect. Esherick was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, graduating from the University of Pennsylvania in 1937, Esherick set up practice in the San Francisco Bay Area as early as 1950 and taught at University of California, Berkeley for many years. He was awarded the AIA Gold Medal in 1989, in 1959, Esherick was the co-founder, along with William Wurster and Vernon DeMars, of Berkeleys influential College of Environmental Design. The firm continues today as EHDD Architecture, in 1976, Esherick was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1990. In 1989 Esherick received the AIA Gold Medal, Esherick was the nephew of American sculptor Wharton Esherick. House at Kentwoodlands, Kent Woodlands, California,1957 Cary House, Mill Valley, California,1960 Harold E. nytimes. com/1998/12/25/arts/joseph-esherick-83-an-acclaimed-architect. html
16.
3D printing
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Objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and are produced using digital model data from a 3D model or another electronic data source such as an Additive Manufacturing File file. The term 3D printing originally referred to a process that deposits a binder material onto a bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer. More recently, the term is being used in popular vernacular to encompass a variety of additive manufacturing techniques. United States and global technical standards use the term additive manufacturing for this broader sense. Early additive manufacturing equipment and materials were developed in the 1980s, but on July 16,1984 Alain Le Méhauté, Olivier de Witte and Jean Claude André filed their patent for the stereolithography process. It was three weeks before Chuck Hull filed his own patent for stereolithography, the application of French inventors were abandoned by the French General Electric Company and CILAS. The claimed reason was for lack of business perspective, Hull defined the process as a system for generating three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed, but this had been already invented by Kodama. Hulls contribution is the design of the STL file format widely accepted by 3D printing software as well as the digital slicing, the term 3D printing originally referred to a process employing standard and custom inkjet print heads. The technology used by most 3D printers to date—especially hobbyist and consumer-oriented models—is fused deposition modeling, AM processes for metal sintering or melting usually went by their own individual names in the 1980s and 1990s. But AM-type sintering was beginning to challenge that assumption, by the mid 1990s, new techniques for material deposition were developed at Stanford and Carnegie Mellon University, including microcasting and sprayed materials. Sacrificial and support materials had become more common, enabling new object geometries. The umbrella term additive manufacturing gained wider currency in the decade of the 2000s, as the various additive processes matured, it became clear that soon metal removal would no longer be the only metalworking process done under that type of control. It was during this decade that the term subtractive manufacturing appeared as a retronym for the family of machining processes with metal removal as their common theme. The term subtractive has not replaced the term machining, instead complementing it when a term that covers any removal method is needed, both terms reflect the simple fact that the technologies all share the common theme of sequential-layer material addition/joining throughout a 3D work envelope under automated control. The 2010s were the first decade in which metal end use parts such as engine brackets, agile tooling uses a cost effective and high quality method to quickly respond to customer and market needs. It can be used in hydro-forming, stamping, injection molding, as technology matured, several authors had begun to speculate that 3D printing could aid in sustainable development in the developing world. 3D printable models may be created with a computer-aided design package, via a 3D scanner, or by a digital camera. 3D printed models created with CAD result in reduced errors and can be corrected before printing, allowing verification in the design of the object before it is printed, the manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting
17.
Portland cement
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Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-speciality grout. It was developed from other types of lime in England in the mid 19th century. It is a fine powder produced by heating materials in a kiln to form what is called clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials. Several types of Portland cement are available, with the most common being called ordinary Portland cement which is grey in color, Portland cement is caustic, so it can cause chemical burns. The powder can cause irritation or, with exposure, lung cancer and can contain some hazardous components such as crystalline silica. Concrete produced from Portland cement is one of the most versatile construction materials available in the world, Portland cement was developed from natural cements made in Britain beginning in the middle of the 18th century. Its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone, a type of building stone quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. In the late 18th century, Roman cement was developed and patented in 1796 by James Parker, Roman cement quickly became popular, in 1811 James Frost produced a cement he called British cement. James Frost is reported to have erected a manufactory for making of an artificial cement in 1826, in 1843, Aspdins son William improved their cement, which was initially called Patent Portland cement, although he had no patent. In 1818, French engineer Louis Vicat invented a hydraulic lime considered the principal forerunner of Portland cement. Edgar Dobbs of Southwark patented a cement of this kind in 1811, Portland cement was used by Joseph Aspdin in his cement patent in 1824 because of the cements resemblance to Portland stone. The name Portland cement is also recorded in a directory published in 1823 being associated with a William Lockwood, a Dave Stewart, however, Aspdins cement was nothing like modern Portland cement but was a first step in the development of modern Portland cement, called a proto-Portland cement. William Aspdin had left his fathers company and in his cement manufacturing apparently accidentally produced calcium silicates in the 1840s, in 1848, William Aspdin further improved his cement, in 1853, he moved to Germany, where he was involved in cement making. William Aspdin made what could be called meso-Portland cement, isaac Charles Johnson further refined the production of meso-Portland cement and claimed to be the real father of Portland cement. John Grant of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1859 set out requirements for cement to be used in the London sewer project and this became a specification for Portland cement. The Hoffman endless kiln which gave control over combustion was tested in 1860. This cement was made at the Portland Cementfabrik Stern at Stettin and it is thought that the first modern Portland cement was made there. The Association of German Cement Manufacturers issued a standard on Portland cement in 1878, by the early 20th century American-made Portland cement had displaced most of the imported Portland cement
18.
Hans Hollein
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Hans Hollein was an Austrian architect and designer and key figure of postmodern architecture. Some of his most notable works are the Haas House and the Albertina extension in the city of Vienna. Hollein was born in Vienna, and graduated in 1956 from the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, during 1959 he attended the Illinois Institute of Technology and then in 1960, the University of California, Berkeley, where he completed his Master of Architecture degree. During these years he met Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, afterwards, he worked for various architectural firms in Sweden and the United States before returning to Vienna, founding his own office in 1964. Holleins early works were small scale designs, such as the Retti candle shop in Vienna, in 1972, Hollein designed a series of glasses for the American Optical Corps. Hollein was a guest professor at Washington University in St. Louis on two occasions, the first being 1963–64 and the second in 1966. During this period he was also a professor at the Yale School of Architecture. He was a professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf between 1967 and 1976, after which he became a professor at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, Hollein worked mainly as an architect but also established himself as a designer through his work for the Memphis Group and the Alessi Company. Additionally, he staged various exhibitions, including for the Venice Biennale, in 1980 he designed the stage for a production of Arthur Schnitzlers drama Komödie der Verführung at Viennas Burgtheater. In 1985 Hollein was awarded the Pritzker Prize, Hollein achieved international fame with his winning competition designs for the Abteiberg Museum in Mönchengladbach and an underground Guggenheim Museum branch in Salzburg. The later hasnt been built, but his ideas for an underground museum still materialised in the Vulcania European Centre of Vulcanology in Auvergne in France, starting from the late 1990s, Hollein designed large-scale projects, including bank headquarters in Lichtenstein, Spain and Peru. Starting from 2010 he worked with Ulf Kotz and Christoph Monschein at the Hans Hollein & Partner ZT GmbH, Hollein died on 24 April 2014 in Vienna, after a long illness, at the age of 80. His son Max Hollein is the Director of the Städel Museum, the Liebieghaus and the Schirn Kunsthalle in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
19.
Pritzker Prize
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Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the premier architecture prizes. The prize is said to be awarded irrespective of nationality, race, creed, the recipients receive US$100,000, a citation certificate, and since 1987, a bronze medallion. Before 1987, a limited edition Henry Moore sculpture accompanied the monetary prize, any licensed architect can also make a personal application for the prize before 1 November every year. In 1988 Gordon Bunshaft nominated himself for the award and eventually won it, the jury, each year consisting of five to nine experts. Recognized professionals in their own fields of architecture, business, education, publishing, the prize Chair is 2002 winner, Glenn Murcutt, earlier chairs were J. Carter Brown, the Lord Rothschild, and the Lord Palumbo. Inaugural winner Philip Johnson was cited for 50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theaters, libraries, houses, gardens, the 2004 laureate Zaha Hadid was the first female prize winner. Ryue Nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44, partners in architecture have shared the award. In 1988, Gordon Bunshaft and Oscar Niemeyer were both honored with the award. The most recent winners, in 2017, are the Spanish architects Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem and this was the first time three architects shared the prize. A. a Roche was born in Ireland, C Gehry was born in Canada. D Hadid was born in Iraq, E Rogers was born in Italy. Driehaus Architecture Prize List of architecture prizes General Past laureates
20.
David Baker (architect)
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David Baker, FAIA LEED AP, is an American architect based in San Francisco, California. He and his firm, David Baker Architects, are primarily for designing affordable housing projects, hotels. At one time the largest printing company on the West Coast, Baker was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan on December 20,1949. He grew up in Michigan and in Tucson, Arizona, in a designed by his self-educated father. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy, Thomas Jefferson College, University of Michigan, and University of California at Berkeley, Baker says that he decided to become an architect as a child, when his father gave him a book on famous architects. After college in the 1970s Baker formed Sol-Arc, a consulting firm. His present firm, David Baker Architects, was formed in 1982, Baker was elevated to Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1996. Baker was selected as the AIA California Council’s 2012 Distinguished Practice, in 2010, he was given Hearthstone Builder Humanitarian Award, which honors the housing industry’s 30 most influential and innovative people of the past 30 years. In 2008, Baker was one of three selected for induction in the Builder Magazines Hall of Fame. One of Bakers projects, Soma Studios, was named one of the ten best new projects of the decade by a local critic
21.
Alice Ross Carey
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Alice Ross Carey was an award-winning preservation architect, advocate, and early practitioner of historic preservation, restoration, and reuse. Alice Ross Carey was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Toledo and she received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Colorado. Carey worked as a carpenter and had her own construction firm before completing a masters degree in architecture at the University of California. Following graduation, Carey worked for the firms Esherick, Homsey Dodge & Davis, while at EHDD, she became interested in the Bay Region Style of architecture and its architects Joseph Esherick, William Wurster, Charles Moore and William Turnbull, Jr. She established her own practice Carey & Co. in 1983 in San Francisco and she was named to San Francisco’s Landmarks Preservation Advisory Board by 1988. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, her firm managed the preservation of several San Francisco historically significant civic buildings, including City Hall and her work on these projects earned Carey & Co. nearly three dozen state and national awards. C. Carey was a champion in the community and advocated for the use of historic resources. She received a California Governors Historic Preservation Awards posthumously in 2013 for her dedication to, the Alice Carey/Carey & Company Records is held by the Environment Design Archives at the University of California, Berkeley
22.
Yung Ho Chang
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Yung Ho Chang is a Chinese-American architect and Professor of MIT Architecture. He formerly served as the Head of the Department of Architecture at MIT and he studied at the Nanjing Institute of Technology before moving to the US. From the University of California, Berkeley and taught in the US for 15 years before returning to Beijing to establish Chinas first private architecture firm, Atelier FCJZ. He has exhibited internationally as an artist as well as architect and is published, including the monograph Yung Ho Chang/Atelier Feichang Jianzhu. His interdisciplinary research focuses on the city, materiality, and tradition and he often combines his research activities with design commissions. Before he came to MIT, he had served as the Kenzo Tange Chair Professor at Harvard Graduate School of Design as well as the Eliel Saarinen Chair Professor at University of Michigan. In 1997, he published Feichang Architecture, an album of his works, in 2002, he published The Album for Feichang Jianzhu Atelier 1,2. He has published articles in journals including Architecture Today in France, The Art of the Moment in Italy, New Architecture and Space Design in Japan. Space in Korea, and the World Architecture in Britain and he facilitated a workshop session at the Holcim Forum 2007 for the Holcim Foundation with the title Informal Urbanism. Louis 1992 Winner, 3x3+9 Design Competition, AIA San Francisco Chapter & Architectural Foundation of San Francisco 1991 Walter B
23.
MIT architecture
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The MIT School of Architecture and Planning is one of the five schools of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US. The school is considered an academic leader in the design fields. The current Dean of Architecture and Planning is Hashim Sarkis, in the 20th century, the School came to be known as a leader in introducing modernism to America. MIT has a history of commissioning progressive buildings, many of which were designed by faculty or former students associated with the School, in recent years, the Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has commissioned a mix of modernist and post-modernist buildings. Architecture was first taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1868, Architecture was the 4th course of study in the history of the university. In 1932, when the president of MIT, Karl T. Compton, reorganized the Institutes academic structure, the head of the Department of Architecture, William Emerson, became the first dean of the School of Architecture. Urban Studies and Planning was originally a department of the School of Architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the City Planning course was first offered in September 1933. In 1944 the school was renamed the School of Architecture and Planning, in 1947, the Department of City and Regional Planning was established, which was renamed the Department of Urban Studies and Planning in 1969. The idea for the Media Lab came into being in 1980 by Professor Nicholas Negroponte and former MIT President and Science Advisor to President John F. Kennedy, the Lab grew out of the work of MITs Architecture Machine Group, and remains within MITs School of Architecture and Planning. The Media Lab works primarily on the question of physical-virtual interface, as Negroponte envisioned it, interface has become an architectural problem. There have been numerous notable research spinoffs growing out of the Media Lab including One Laptop per Child, Electronic Ink, the CAVS, now the ACT Fellows program, was founded in 1968 with György Kepes as the director. The CAVS had the goal of encouraging collaboration among artists, scientists, and engineers, the successor ACT Fellows program is still held in high regard as a research center for practicing artists. The MIT Center for Real Estate was established in 1983 with the aim of improving the quality of the built environment, an intensive one-year program leads to a Master of Science in Real Estate degree. Further, there are three research groups, Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, the Center for Real Estate. There are also three cross-cutting areas of study, Transportation Planning and Policy, Urban Information Systems, and Regional Planning, the MIT Center for Real Estate was established in 1983 with the aim of improving the quality of the built environment. An intensive one-year program leads to a Master of Science in Real Estate degree, students also have the opportunity to be fully funded when traveling abroad through MISTI. As of 2017, the MIT Architecture Department received top ranking for the third year in a row from QS World University Rankings. As of 2017, DesignIntelligence ranked the MIT MArch program in 2nd place, the programs ten-year average ranking places it 4th overall, on its ranking of programs accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board
24.
MIT
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The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
25.
Edward Cullinan
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Edward Horder Cullinan CBE, RA, RIBA, HonFRIAS, better known as Ted Cullinan, is a British architect. Cullinan founded his own practice in 1959, the co-operative, Edward Cullinan Architects, was founded in 1965. Cullinan was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects s 2008 Royal Gold Medal
26.
Computer-aided design
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Computer-aided design is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD is also used and its use in designing electronic systems is known as electronic design automation, or EDA. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation or computer-aided drafting, however, it involves more than just shapes. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in space, or curves, surfaces. CAD is also used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles, because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics, and discrete differential geometry. The design of models for object shapes, in particular, is occasionally called computer-aided geometric design. Eventually CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations, during this transition, calculations were still performed either by hand or by those individuals who could run computer programs. CAD was a change in the engineering industry, where draftsmen, designers. It did not eliminate departments, as much as it merged departments and empowered draftsman, CAD is just another example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on industry. Current computer-aided design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting systems to 3D solid, modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of mathematical modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CAD. CAD technology is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings and it can also be used to design objects. Furthermore, many CAD applications now offer advanced rendering and animation capabilities so engineers can better visualize their product designs, 4D BIM is a type of virtual construction engineering simulation incorporating time or schedule related information for project management. CAD has become an important technology within the scope of computer-aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs. CAD enables designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out, computer-aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question. Document management and revision control using Product Data Management, potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD
27.
Norman Jaffe
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Norman Jaffe was an American architect widely noted for his contemporary residential architecture, and his strikingly sculptural beach houses on Eastern Long Island, in southeastern New York. He is credited with pioneering the design of rustic Modernist houses in the Hamptons, and with being an innovator in using materials and passive solar forms of design. Norman Jaffe was born in 1932 in Chicago to poor immigrant parents from Poland, during the period of the depression he was sent to live with relatives in Seattle where he attended high school. After finishing school, he joined the military in 1954, serving with the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Japan during the Korean War, in 1956 Jaffe finished his military service and returned to the United States. He began studying architecture at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, later transferring to the University of California, Jaffe went on to complete study at Art Students League of New York and Art Institute of Chicago. While at Berkeley, Jaffe studied under noted residential architects William Wurster and Joseph Esherick who co-founded the College of Environmental Design at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1965, Jaffes estranged wife, Barbara Cochran, was living in Glen Ellyn, Illinois with their 7-year-old son Miles, Miles moved to New York to live with his father. Jaffe had begun visiting Long Island in the 1960s, and in 1973 he moved to Bridgehampton where he opened an architectural practice and he became the most prolific architect in the Hamptons at that time, designing more than 50 local houses, from small summer homes to large estates. His work in the Hamptons included a club, synagogue. The New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects gave Jaffe an award in 1977 for a house he designed on Long Island. Jaffe and Emery Roth & Sons were the architects of the Guardian Life Building, in 1985 Jaffe met Sarah Stahl at a Hampton Jitney bus stop. They were married in 1986 and had two sons, in 1987 Jaffe donated his services to the Jewish Center of the Hamptons and designed their new synagogue. The Gates of the Grove Synagogue has been described as Jaffes masterpiece, a remarkable blend of material and spiritual substance, and one of the finest examples of modern synagogue design in America. Jaffes design won awards for contemporary religious design, Paul Goldberger, a Pulitzer Prize-winning architecture writer from The New Yorker, later described the Gates of the Grove as Jaffes greatest work and a truly sacred space. And architecture historian Alastair Gordon said Jaffes design for the Gates of the Grove was the jewel in the crown of his turbulent career, Jaffe was inducted as a fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1991, the Smithsonian Institution honored the occasion by exhibiting his work. It was reported he was commanding design fees of as much as half a million dollars, one of Jaffes final designs was the office building at 565 Fifth Avenue, Manhattan. Architecture critic Paul Goldberger from The New Yorker, described the building as quite remarkable. a stunning modernist object respects the street, Jaffe assisted a number of charities, including medical relief programs in East Africa and local charities on Long Island. He also donated his services to charities and completed a design for a childrens hospital in Croatia
28.
Wes Jones
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Wesley Wes Jones is an American architect, educator and author. Jones attended the United States Military Academy at West Point from 1976-78 where he achieved distinction, being named a “distinguished cadet” or “starman. ”From West Point Jones transferred to the University of California at Berkeley, from which he graduated in 1980, receiving and AB “with Highest Honors, ”. This speech was a joint effort of Jones and several of his classmates, Jones next attended the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University. After producing a thesis that offered an homage to Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Habitation. In his final semester at the GSD Jones served as an assistant for the first of Peter Eisenman’s three studios there, and he joined Eisenman’s office, Eisenman/Robertson after graduating. Jones spent three years at Eisenman’s office, working on the Traveler’s Insurance Building in Long Island and the Wexner Center at OSU. While at Eisenman’s office, Jones won the “Rome Prize, ” which took him to Rome for a year as a Fellow at the American Academy in Rome. HHPJ Upon returning to the United States from Rome, Jones moved to San Francisco where, with his partner Peter Pfau he joined Paul Holt, all told, the work of Jones during this period racked up 8 Progressive Architecture awards, as well as numerous publications and exhibitions. J, P, A In 1993 Jones started his own firm, Jones, Partners, Architecture, in San Francisco, in 1995 Jones began a study of the use of ISO standard shipping containers in design, with his project for air-delivered mountain cabins for the high Sierras. This eventually led to the development of the PRO/con or PROgram CONtainer system, Jones received a patent for his PRO/dek system, which modifies high density movable storage systems to support programmed activities in a space-saving way. Jones has taught at schools of architecture in the United States, including Harvard, Columbia, Princeton, IIT, Ohio State, UCLA, Southern California Institute of Architecture. Since 2015, Jones has been teaching at USC’s School of Architecture, work Jones has designed a number of important buildings, but he is equally known for his ideas about technology and the discipline of architecture. The character of his work has been consistent over the course of his career, maintaining throughout a general orientation to the forms. Jones’ “souped up” Chaise, in the collection of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, “hot rods” Le Corbusier and Charlotte Perriand’s famous “chaise longue a relage continu. ”Jones has introduced elements of cartooning into the work of the office. Jones has written extensively on a variety of not directly related to the particular buildings of the office. Jones used this medium to lambast the critical establishment of the time, SOUPING UP The term “souping up” appears often in his writings and lectures. The term originated in the hot rod culture of Southern California, Jones uses it to name a process of upgrading or enhancing an architectural type or program, using more advanced technology or more adventurous form. Indeed, he has called the Astronauts Memorial a souped up version of the Viet Nam Veterans Memorial, so rather than seeing technology as blocking direct experience of Being and nature, as Heidegger does, Jones sees technology as a means to more direct experience
29.
SCI-Arc
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SCI-Arc in Los Angeles, California, is an independent, non-profit school offering undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate degrees in architecture. Founded in 1972, SCI-Arc was initially regarded as - both institutionally and artistically - more avant-garde than traditional architecture schools based in the United States, the school consists of approximately 500 students and 80 faculty members, some of whom are practicing architects. SCI-Arc offers undergraduate, B. Arch, and graduate degree programs, SCI-Arc is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Originally called the New School, SCI-Arc was based on the concept of a college without walls, kappe was succeeded as director by Michael Rotondi, one of SCI-Arcs founding students. Neil Denari became director in 1997, Eric Owen Moss served as director from 2002–2015, Hernan Diaz Alonso was appointed Director, Diaz Alonso has been a faculty member at SCI-Arc since 2001. The main thing is to out a way for SCI-Arc to keep growing without losing its character and pedigree. The school has been based in three locations – the first a building in Santa Monica and the second an industrial building in Marina del Rey. In 2000, it moved to its current home, the 1907 Santa Fe Freight Depot designed by Harrison Albright on the edge of Downtown Los Angeles. When SCI-Arc arrived, the building was a concrete shell. Today the building is on the National Register of Historic Places, the school conducts design projects that engage with under-served members of the community. Across the street, One Santa Fe, a 438-unit apartment complex designed by Michael Maltzan Architecture opened in 2014, SCI-Arc attracts students from nearby and throughout the world in pursuit of the educational programs that the school offers. Most students have completed some college level work, some already hold professional architectural degrees. SCI-Arc is serious about educating and challenging its students—but does it so in an unconventional atmosphere. It is not uncommon to see a student using his or her skateboard to get one end of the building to the other. Students have access to their SCI-Arc studio spaces 24 hours a day,7 days a week, in the fall and spring terms, design studios, seminars and workshops led by SCI-Arc faculty and visiting instructors offer students a multitude of choices and perspectives. During the summer term, some courses are open to upper-level students from other architecture programs. SCI-Arc has long been one of this country’s best experimental labs in which designers speculate about the future of the human-made environment, the school is also listed first in undergraduate and graduate programs as ranked by firms. General rankings place SCI-Arc at #2 in undergraduate and #6 in graduate programs overall, during this intensive program, students survey and challenge the disciplines boundaries by drawing, making and constructing
30.
G. Albert Lansburgh
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Gustave Albert Lansburgh was an American architect, largely known for his work on luxury cinemas and theatres. He was the architect of theaters on the West Coast from 1900–1930. Lansburgh was born in Panama and raised largely in San Francisco, after graduating from that citys Boys High School in 1894, Lansburgh enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley. While a student there, he worked part-time in the offices of prominent San Francisco architect Bernard Maybeck. Upon graduation from Berkeley, he moved to Paris, France where, in 1901, he was enrolled in the prestigious École des Beaux-Arts, from which he earned a diploma in March,1906. Lansburgh returned to the Bay Area in May,1906, one month after the region had been devastated by the San Francisco earthquake, first in partnership with Bernard Julius Joseph for two years, then in his own practice, Lansburgh designed numerous buildings in the recovering city. Among these was his first theater, for the San Francisco-based Orpheum Theater Circuit, in his long career thereafter, Lansburgh become known primarily as a theater architect, designing more than 50 of them, many for the Orpheum Circuit and its successor firm, RKO. He continued to other buildings, including Oaklands Temple Sinai in 1914. He also collaborated with local architects A. M. Edelman and John C. Austin on the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, and with Arthur Brown Jr. on the War Memorial Opera House. Though many of Lansburghs best known works, including El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, were on the west coast, his personal favorite was said to have been the Al Hirschfeld Theatre in New York City
31.
Gertrude Comfort Morrow
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Gertrude Comfort Morrow was an early 20th century American architect some of whose work was done in collaboration with her husband, architect Irving Morrow. Gertrude Comfort Morrow was born Gertrude E. Comfort in San Francisco, California and she went on to get her B. A. in architecture from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1913 and her masters degree a year later. While still a student, she won a competition to design a coat of arms for the Gamma Phi Beta sorority, after leaving the university, Gertrude worked in the office of Henry Gutterson. She opened her own office in 1917 in downtown San Francisco and her earliest houses were traditional in style. During World War I, for example, she was the architect for the development of St. Francis Woods. Other projects of hers include the Womens Athletic Club in Oakland, California, in 1920, she married architect Irving F. Morrow, after which she used Gertrude Comfort Morrow as her professional name. Although Irving Morrow is usually given credit for these features of the bridge design. In addition, there is at least one letter from Irving Morrow discussing Morrow & Morrows design ideas for the bridge in which the pronouns we, us, another joint project was the modernist Alameda-Contra Costa County Building for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition at Treasure Island. This house was an exception, however, as most of the houses Morrow & Morrow built were more conventional, Gertrude closed Morrow & Morrow and retired from architecture when Irving died in 1952, turning her efforts in other directions. She became a ballroom dancer, and she also painted landscapes in watercolor. She died in Tucson, Arizona, at the age of 95 and her papers are part of the Irving F. and Gertrude Comfort Morrow Collection at UC Berkeley, which includes photographs and drawings of her work, together with various other documents and records. 70 Santa Monica, San Francisco 30 San Leandro Way, San Francisco 1651 Portola, San Francisco
32.
Irving Morrow
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Morrow was an American architect best known for designing the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California. Morrow graduated from the newly founded University of California, Berkeley architecture program in 1906 and he then attended the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris from 1908 until 1911. He moved back to Oakland and began practicing architecture in San Francisco and he designed houses, banks, theatres, hotels, schools, and commercial buildings. He married Gertrude Comfort Morrow, an architect and UC Berkeley graduate. He worked with Gertrude and architect William I, garren, and with them designed the Alameda-Contra Costa County Building for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. Morrow and his associates designed the rectory and guest house of the Mission San Juan Bautista. Morrow was hired in 1930 by Joseph Strauss to design the Golden Gate Bridge, Morrow collaborated with Strauss with the design, sketching his ideas in charcoal. It was also Morrow that decided the bridge should be painted international orange, at first, Morrows suggestion was deemed by the bridge authorities as ludicrous, as it was thought no paint could withstand the salty weather. Morrow found such a paint, and the authorities relented. He served as chairman on the Section on Architecture of the Commonwealth Club of California, and director of the American Historical Building Survey
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Golden Gate Bridge
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The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate strait, the one-mile-wide, one-point-seven-mile-long channel between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and it has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The Frommers travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed and it opened in 1937 and was, until 1964, the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet. Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco. Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacifics automobile ferries became very profitable, the trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes. Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County, San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation. San Franciscos City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 and he asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less. One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis. At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project. Strausss initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts. A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy, Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California. The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources, the Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs, in May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Another ally was the automobile industry, which supported the development of roads. The bridges name was first used when the project was discussed in 1917 by M. M
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Eric Owen Moss
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Eric Owen Moss practices architecture with his eponymously named LA-based 25-person firm founded in 1973. Throughout his career Moss has worked to revitalize a once defunct industrial tract in Culver City, Moss was born in Los Angeles, California in 1943. Moss taught at Southern California Institute of Architecture in 1974 and was appointed director in 2002 and he has held chairs at Yale and Harvard universities, and appointments at the University of Applied Arts Vienna and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. Moss received an Academy Award in Architecture from the American Academy of Arts and he is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects and received the Distinguished Alumni Award for the University of California at Berkeley in 2003. Moss received the 2007 Arnold Brunner Memorial Prize from the American Academy of Arts, in 2011, he was awarded the Jencks Award, given each year to an architect who has made a major contribution to theory and practice of architecture by the Royal Institute of British Architects. In 2016, Moss was awarded the Austrian Decoration for Science,2002, competition, St. Petersburg, Russia, for the New Mariinsky Theatre 2002, competition, St. The New City, I’ll See It When I Believe It, preface by Frank Gehry, essays by Jean-Louis Cohen, Jeffrey Kipnis, Thom Mayne, Wolf D. Prix, Michael Sorkin, Rizzoli, New York,2016. Todd Gannon, Eric Owen Moss Architects/3585, Source Books in Architecture 9, Applied Research + Design Publishing, Eric Owen Moss, Coughing Up the Moon, SCI-Arc Press + AADCU, Los Angeles and Beijing,2015. Eric Owen Moss, I Maestri dell’Architettura, Hachette, France,2012, Eric Owen Moss, Again, Who Says. Eric Owen Moss, Eric Owen Moss, Construction Manual 1988-2008, AADCU, Beijing, Eric Owen Moss, Who Says What Architecture Is. SCI-Arc Press, Los Angeles, November 2007, emilia Giorgi, Paradigmi Provvisori, Marsilio, Venice,2007. The Uncertainty of Doing, Skira, Milan 2006, Eric Owen Moss, Buildings and Projects 3, Rizzoli, New York 2002. Eric Owen Moss, Gnostic Architecture, Monacelli, New York 1999, luca Rivalta, Eric Owen Moss, Edil Stampa, Italy, March 2002. Preston Scott Cohen, Brooke Hodge, Eric Owen Moss, the Box, Princeton Architectural Press, New York 1996. Buildings and Projects 2, Rizzoli, New York 1995, james Steele, Lawson-Westen House, Phaidon Press, London 1995. Buildings and Projects, Rizzoli, New York 1991, olivier Boissiere, Eric Owen Moss Architecte, Lindblade Tower & Paramount Laundry, Les Editions du Demi-cercle, Paris, Spring 1990. Interview with Eric Owen Moss at Archinect. com Interview with Eric Owen Moss at Archdaily
