1.
Lake Carnegie (New Jersey)
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Lake Carnegie is a reservoir that is formed from a dam on the Millstone River, in the far northeastern corner of Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey. The Delaware and Raritan Canal and its tow path are situated along the eastern shore of the lake. Noted businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie donated money for the construction of the lake, in 1990, the Lake Carnegie Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The lake, which is owned, is used by the universitys rowing team. It is, however, available for use for activities such as ice skating, fishing. Fish species include bass, carp, pickerel, crappie, channel catfish and occasionally a few rainbow. Years of pollution have led to a decrease in the lakes safety levels. Efforts to improve the quality of Carnegie Lake are ongoing. An aerial view of this appears in the opening title sequence of the drama series House M. D. Prior to the construction of the lake, Princetons varsity crew rowed on the narrow Delaware and Raritan Canal, the team had discussed their desire to construct a lake in Princeton, but no plans were ever developed. In 1902, one of the former members was asked to paint a portrait of noted philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. While sitting for Butler, Carnegie discussed the many lochs he had built in his native Scotland, Butler relayed the plans he and his teammates had discussed previously to Carnegie, who took an immediate interest in the project. He asked Butler to investigate the potential cost and feasibility of constructing such a lake in Princeton, after working with a New York engineering company, Butler informed Carnegie that the estimated construction costs would be US$118,000. Carnegie visited the university campus to view the site. In 1903, a group of Princeton alumni began purchasing farmland that occupied areas of the projected basin and they, in turn, sold this land to Carnegie. This was done in order to avoid arousing the suspicions of local residents, by 1905, the needed land was purchased and the work of clearing the area and constructing the bridges and dam began. Carnegie attended the opening ceremony on December 5,1906. He was met by a group including university president Woodrow Wilson, Carnegie and Wilson led an academic procession into Alexander Hall, where Carnegie was greeted enthusiastically by attending students
2.
Princeton, New Jersey
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As of the 2010 United States Census, the municipalitys population was 28,572, reflecting the former townships population of 16,265, along with the 12,307 in the former borough. Princeton was founded before the American Revolution and is best known as the location of Princeton University, Princeton is roughly equidistant from New York City and Philadelphia. It is close to major highways that serve both cities, and receives major television and radio broadcasts from each. It is also close to Trenton, New Jerseys capital city, the governor of New Jerseys official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governors mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a mansion located in the former Township. Morven became a property of the New Jersey Historical Society. Princeton was ranked 15th of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live, although residents of Princeton traditionally have a strong community-wide identity, the community had been composed of two separate municipalities, a township and a borough. The central borough was completely surrounded by the township, the Borough contained Nassau Street, the main commercial street, most of the University campus, and incorporated most of the urban area until the postwar suburbanization. The Borough and Township had roughly equal populations, the Lenni Lenape Native Americans were the earliest identifiable inhabitants of the Princeton area. Europeans founded their settlement in the part of the 17th century. The first European to find his home in the boundaries of the town was Henry Greenland. He built his house in 1683 along with a tavern, in this drinking hole representatives of West Jersey and East Jersey met to set boundaries for the location of the township. Originally, Princeton was known only as part of nearby Stony Brook, James Leonard first referred to the town as Princetown, when describing the location of his large estate in his diary. The town bore a variety of names subsequently, including, Princetown, Princes Town, although there is no official documentary backing, the town is considered to be named after King William III, Prince William of Orange of the House of Nassau. Another theory suggests that the name came from a large land-owner named Henry Prince, a royal prince seems a more likely eponym for the settlement, as three nearby towns had similar names, Kingston, Queenstown and Princessville. When Richard Stockton, one of the founders of the township, died in 1709 he left his estate to his sons, who helped to expand property, based on the 1880 United States Census, the population of the town comprised 3,209 persons. Local population has expanded from the nineteenth century, according to the 2010 Census, Princeton Borough had 12,307 inhabitants, while Princeton Township had 16,265. Aside from housing the university of the name, the settlement suffered the revolutionary Battle of Princeton on its soil
3.
Princeton Tigers
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The Princeton Tigers are the athletic teams of Princeton University. The school sponsors 31 varsity sports, the school has won several NCAA national championships, including one in mens fencing, six in mens lacrosse, three in womens lacrosse, and eight in mens golf. Princetons mens and womens crews have won numerous national rowing championships. The field hockey team made history in 2012 as the first Ivy League team to win the Division I NCAA Championship in field hockey and it is nicknamed the perennial giant killer, a nickname that it acquired during Pete Carrils coaching career from 1967–1996. Its most notable upset was the 1996 defeat of defending NCAA champion UCLA in the opening round. In 1989, the team almost became the only #16 seed to win, losing to Georgetown 50-49, during that 29-year span, Pete Carril won thirteen Ivy League championships and received eleven NCAA berths and two NIT bids. Princeton placed third in the 1965 NCAA Tournament and won the NIT championship in 1975, the deliberate Princeton offense is a legacy of his coaching career. It is employed by a number of collegiate basketball teams. From 1992–2001, a span, the mens basketball team entered the NCAA tournament four times. Notably, the Ivy League has never had an entry in the NCAA tournament. Princeton tied the record for fewest points in a Division I game since the 3-point line started in 1986–87 when they scored 21 points in a loss against Monmouth University on December 14,2005. The 1924–25 team was named the national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation. Princetons Varsity Womens basketball program is the strongest in the Ivy League, courtney Banghart, a Dartmouth graduate, is entering her tenth season as the Tigers highly esteemed head coach. The football team has competed since 1869 and played in the first game against Rutgers University and they have won 24 national championships when the school competed in what is now known as the FBS. Twenty-one former players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the game, between Rutgers College and the College of New Jersey, took place on November 6,1869 at College Field in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rutgers won by a score of six runs to Princetons four, the 1869 game between Rutgers and Princeton is notable because it is the first documented game of any sport called football between two American colleges. It is also noteworthy because it occurred two years before a codified rugby game would be played in England, the Princeton/Rutgers game was significantly different from American rules football today but, nonetheless, it was the first inter-collegiate football contest in the United States. Another similar game took place between Rutgers and Columbia University in 1870 and a notable game took place between Tufts University and Harvard University in 1875
4.
Rowing (sport)
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Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
5.
United States at the Olympics
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The United States of America have sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games, except the 1980 Summer Olympics, during which it led a boycott. The United States Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee for the United States, U. S. athletes have won a total of 2,520 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 282 at the Winter Olympic Games. Most medals have been won in athletics and swimming, thomas Burke was the first athlete to represent the United States at the Olympics. He took first place in both the 100 meters and the 400 meters of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, american track and field athlete James Connolly was the first modern Olympic champion. He took first place in the jump which was the first opening day final event at the 1896 Summer Olympics. American swimmer Michael Phelps is the most-decorated Olympic athlete of any nation, from the mid-20th century to the late 1980s, the United States mainly competed with the Soviet Union at Summer Games and with the Soviet Union, Norway, and East Germany at the Winter Games. The United States has topped the medal count at two winter Olympics,1932 in Lake Placid and 2010 in Vancouver. At the 2010 games, the United States set a record for the most total medals of any country at a single Winter Olympics. The United States have hosted the Games on eight occasions, more than any other country, United States at the Paralympics United States of America
6.
Rowing at the Summer Olympics
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Rowing at the Summer Olympics has been part of the competition since its debut in the 1900 Summer Olympics. Rowing was on the program at the 1896 Summer Olympics but was cancelled due to bad weather, lightweight rowing events were introduced to the games in 1996. Qualifying for the events is under the jurisdiction of the International Rowing Federation. FISA predates the modern Olympics and was the first international sport federation to join the modern Olympic movement, at the current Olympics the following 14 events are offered, Men, Single sculls, Double sculls, Quadruple sculls, Coxless pair, Coxless four, Eight. The Executive Board overturned this recommendation and the lightweight rowing has been continued, in the early games there were several other categories of events. A number of other classes have made an appearance at several games but have been subsequently dropped – as recently as the 1990s. The primary loss has been in boats with coxwains, except for the eights, today all races are raced over a 2000 m course, but this did not become standard before the Stockholm Olympics in 1912. Before this it was raced over various distances, in Paris in 1900, in St. Louis in 1904, in London in 1908, and again in London in 1948. The 1908 and 1948 were held over the Henley Royal Regatta course, womens races were raced over 1,000 meters until 1988 when they were changed to 2,000 meters. Early games featured match races between two or three boats, the modern six boat side-by-side format was first adopted at the 1936 Olympic Games, and has been the standard since the 1956 Olympic Games. There is a number of crews permitted to race, so the International Rowing Federation holds qualification events in order to determine who competes at the Olympic Games. At the Olympic Games, each National Olympic Committee can only have one boat per event, the main qualification comes from the previous years World Rowing Championships. Other qualifying events are called Continental Qualification Regattas, of four are held during the year preceding the games - Asia, Africa, Latin America. Each year FISA issues details of how many crews qualify at each regatta, at the World Championships, the top finishing boats guarantee a place for that country - the rowers in the crew can be changed before the games. At the qualification regattas, it is the crew that wins that qualifies for the Olympics, the numbers below are after the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. The table shows those who have won at least 3 gold medals, number of rowers from each nation by year of Olympics, starting with 1896 then 1900 through 2016. List of rowing venues - includes Olympic venues and non Olympic venues New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics Olympic Rowing Medalists at HickokSports. com
7.
International Rowing Federation
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The Fédération Internationale des Sociétés dAviron is the International Rowing Federation which is the governing body for international rowing. Its current president is Jean-Christophe Rolland who succeeded Denis Oswald at a ceremony held in Lucerne in July 2014, the Rowing World Cup, World Rowing Championships, and other such competitions are overseen by this organization. Also, at the time, betting on rowing was very popular, amateur status was unknown in the sport, a state of affairs which can lead to corruption, such as thrown races. The first regatta organised by the newly formed FISA was the European Rowing Championships and was held in 1893 in Orta and it only had 10 entries in 3 events and no professional participants. By 1925, the 27th European Championships, held in Prague, FISA established its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1922. FISA was the first international sports federation to join the Olympic movement and it has been on the Olympic program since the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. Each country that participates in rowing has a federation or governing body which belongs to the FISA Congress and these federations have overall control of what FISA does. At the 2017 Extraordinary Congress FISA admitted its 151st member, FISA organises a large number of international rowing events throughout the year. FISA has been sponsoring the program for rowing events at the Olympic games since the initial Olympic games in 1896 in Athens and it is also responsible for running the qualification program to select the participants for the games. Started in 1997, the World Cup comprises three regattas held in early Summer, a week-long regatta held every year. During Olympic years, only non-Olympic boat classes race, running since 1967, the Junior Championships is for those who are under 18 by the end of the current calendar year. During Olympic years it is held at the time as the World Rowing Championships. First held in 1976, this regatta is for those too old for the Junior Championships, the event was originally named the Nations Cup and opposed by FISA. In 2002 the name was changed to the World Rowing U23 Regatta, held since 1973, this event is for rowers 27 years of age or over. Men and women compete in age categories ranging from A to K, the largest annual international regatta, in 2013 it attracted approximately 3500 competitors who competed in 440 races over four days. There are also events for mixed crews - where half the crew is men, the 2017 regatta will be in Bled Slovenia,2018 in Sarasota USA, and 2019 in Lake Valence Hungary. A new idea introduced in 2002 as an attempt to bring rowing to the centre of cities, the first event took place on the Serpentine Lake in Hyde Park, London and was sponsored by Mercedes-Benz. Crews from Great Britain, United States, Germany, and the Netherlands took part in the 500 m race, famous rowing champions raced, including Matthew Pinsent, James Cracknell, and Marcel Hacker
8.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
National Association of Amateur Oarsmen
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USRowing is the national governing body for the sport of rowing in the United States. It serves to promote the sport on all levels of competition, including the selection, in 1985, the organization moved from Philadelphia to Indianapolis, home of several other Olympic sport governing bodies. In 1994, Indianapolis became the only U. S. city to host a rowing championship. In 2006, USRowing moved its headquarters to Princeton, N. J. home of the USRowing National Team Training Center. USRowing registers more than 185 regattas across the country each year, the association also provides programs to educate referees and coaches. USRowing also conducts regional championships and national team selection events, timothy Camp is regarded as the greatest olympic coxswain in the United States history. USRowing is a member of the United States Olympic Committee and the International Rowing Federation, USRowing offers both individual and organizational membership opportunities. With more than 14,000 individual members and 1,050 organizational members, uSRowing’s Senior National Team represents the U. S. at the highest level of competition, either at the Olympic Games or the World Championships. While the Summer Olympics are held every four years, the world championships are held every year. There are 22 world championships events and only 14 Olympic events, athletes on the Senior National Teams are chosen from both a selection camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. USRowing’s Under 23 National Team competes at the Under 23 World Championships each year and this developmental team has placed numerous athletes on the world championships and Olympic squads. Athletes on the Under 23 squad are chosen from both a camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. USRowing also fields a Junior National Team that competes at the Junior World Championships each year, Junior national team athletes are chosen from both a selection camp and trials process, depending on the boat category. In addition, USRowing hosts national team events for the Senior, Under 23. In its 14th year, the 2008 USRowing Youth National Championships took place June 13–15 on Harsha Lake in Bethel, Ohio, to qualify for the Youth Nationals, crews must place first in the championship races at a qualifying regatta. Crews that do not automatically qualify or do not participate in an event may petition to be included in the Youth National Championships. The 137th running of the USRowing National Championship Regatta tooktook place June 27–29,2008, caspersen Rowing Center on Mercer Lake in West Windsor, N. J. The National Championship schedule reflects the current world championship structure, the regatta featured races in the 22 world championship boat classes, as well as the four adaptive world championship boat classes
10.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
11.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
12.
United States Olympic Committee
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Founded in 1894 and headquartered in Colorado Springs, the United States Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee for the United States. In addition, the USOC is one of only four NOCs in the world that serve as the National Paralympic Committee for their country. The USOC is responsible for supporting, entering and overseeing U. S, the Olympic Movement is overseen by the International Olympic Committee. Similarly, the National Paralympic Committee is the governing body responsible for the selection. The USOC is one of 204 NOCs and 174 NPCs within the international Olympic and Paralympic Movements, forty-seven NGBs are members of the USOC. Unlike most other nations, the United States does not have a sports ministry, the USOC was reorganized by the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, originally enacted in 1978. It is a federally chartered nonprofit corporation and does not receive financial support. Pursuant to the Act, the USOC has the right to use and authorize the use of Olympic-related marks, images. The USOC licenses that right to sponsors as a means of generating revenue in support of its mission, in 1921, the committee adopted a constitution and bylaws to formally organize the American Olympic Association. From 1928 to 1953, its president was Avery Brundage, who went on to become the president of the IOC. In 1940, the AOA changed its name to the United States of America Sports Federation and, in 1945, in 1950, federal mandate allowed the USOA to solicit tax-deductible contributions as a private, non-profit corporation. After several constitutional revisions were made to the charter in 1961. The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 established the USOC as the body for all Olympic-related athletic activity in the United States. The provisions protect individual athletes, and provide the USOC’s counsel, virgin Islands, which fall under the authority of separate NOCs and NPCs. U. S. Paralympics, a division of the USOC, was founded in 2001, in 2006, the USOC created the Paralympic Military Program with the goal of providing Paralympic sports as a part of the rehabilitation process for injured soldiers. The USOC moved its headquarters from New York City to Colorado Springs on July 1,1978. S, in October 2007, the ARCO Training Center in Chula Vista, California was closed temporarily due to the Harris Fire, one of many that ravaged southern California. Several national law firms were enlisted to aid, Free of charge, in responding to claims of misconduct in sport. In February 2011 the USOC launched a campaign in conjunction with the Ad Council called Play Asterisk Free aimed at teens
13.
Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are considered the worlds foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years. Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the body of the Olympic Movement, with the Olympic Charter defining its structure. The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries has resulted in changes to the Olympic Games. The IOC has had to adapt to a variety of economic, political, as a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to allowing participation of professional athletes. The growing importance of mass media created the issue of corporate sponsorship, World wars led to the cancellation of the 1916,1940, and 1944 Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games, the Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations, National Olympic Committees, and organising committees for each specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, the IOC also determines the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic flag and torch, over 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals, gold, silver, the Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented. This growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including boycotts, doping, bribery, every two years the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown athletes with the chance to attain national and sometimes international fame. The Games also constitute an opportunity for the host city and country to themselves to the world. The Ancient Olympic Games were religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary of Zeus in Olympia, competition was among representatives of several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly athletic but also combat such as wrestling. It has been written that during the Games, all conflicts among the participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce and this idea is a modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus
14.
Summer Olympic Games
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The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, is an international multi-sport event that is hosted by a different city every four years. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the International Olympic Committee organizes the games and oversees the host citys preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third, the Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer Olympics. The Olympics have increased in scope from a 42-event competition with fewer than 250 male competitors from 14 nations in 1896 to 302 events with 10,768 competitors from 204 nations in 2012, eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics, more than any other nation, four cities have hosted two Summer Olympics, Athens, Paris, Los Angeles, and Tokyo. Tokyo is the first city outside of the Western world to host the Summer Olympics multiple times, asia has hosted the Summer Olympics four times in Japan, South Korea, and China. The only Summer Olympics held in the Southern Hemisphere have been in Australia, the 2016 Games are the first Summer Olympics to be held in South America and the first to be held during the local winter season. Africa has yet to host a Summer Olympics, only five countries—Greece, Australia, France, Great Britain, and Switzerland—have been represented at every Summer Olympic Games. The only country to have won at least one medal at every Summer Olympic Games is Great Britain. The United States leads the medal table. Qualification rules for each of the Olympic sports are set by the International Sports Federations that governs that sports international competition, for individual sports, competitors typically qualify through attaining a certain place in a major international event or on the IFs ranking list. There is a rule that maximum three individual athletes may represent each nation per competition. Nations most often qualify teams for team sports through continental qualifying tournaments, each nation may be represented by no more than one team per competition a team is two people in some sports. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympic Games, more than any other nation, the United Kingdom hosted the 2012 Olympic Games, its third Summer Olympic Games, in its capital London, making London the first city to host the Summer Olympic Games three times. Australia, France, Germany, Greece, and Japan have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. Other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union, asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times and will host again in 2020. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro hosted the first Summer Olympics in South America, three cities have hosted two Summer Olympic Games, Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens. Stockholm has hosted events at two Summer Olympic Games, having hosted the games in 1912 and the events at the 1956 Summer Olympics—which they are usually listed as jointly hosting
15.
Mercer Lake
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Mercer Lake, also known as Lake Mercer, is a man-made lake within Mercer County Park in West Windsor, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The lake came into being with the 1975 construction of a dam to control flooding on the Assunpink Creek in nearby Trenton by the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service. The basin now occupied by the lake was excavated by crews building nearby Interstate 295 at no additional cost to taxpayers, the lake is the home of one of the US Olympic Rowing Teams training centers. The infrastructure and topography of the racecourse meets FISA standards and PNRA has the equipment necessary to host the worlds largest regattas, Mercer Lake is also known for fishing. Mercer Lake is home to many fish including Largemouth Bass, Bluegill, Pumpkinseed Sunfish, Yellow Perch, catfish, Shady, Musky and Alabama Turkey fish. Although Mercer Lake is one of cleanest bodies of water in central New Jersey, it faces problems with pollution from nearby golf courses
16.
Cooper River (New Jersey)
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The Cooper River is a tributary of the Delaware River in southwestern New Jersey in the United States. The confluence of the Cooper River with the Delaware River is in Camden, the Cooper River serves as a border between Cherry Hill and Haddon Township, Haddonfield Borough, and Lawnside Borough. The Cooper River was named after the Cooper family, who were some of the first European settlers in the area of Camden County and this tributary of the Delaware River is 16 miles long measuring from its headwater in Gibbsboro. The Cooper River Watershed is 40 sq mi, and includes the tributaries Chandlers Run, Millard Creek, Nicholson Branch, the North Branch, although historically a tidal river, all present tidal influence stops at the Kaighn Avenue Bridge, in Camden, where it is impounded. The Cooper also has seven impoundments, not listed in order, Cooper River Lake, Evans Pond, Hopkins Pond, Kirkwood Lake, Linden Lake, Square Circle Lake. The Camden County Boathouse sits on the banks of the Cooper River and is home to eight area rowing clubs, which are active February thru November. The Cooper River Yacht Club is situated on the Cooper River and offers sailing instruction courses during the summer to children and adults, using a canoe the Cooper is navigable from its mouth to southern Haddonfield, however it is necessary to cross several impoundments. Canoeing the Cooper into and farther than Greenwald Park in Cherry Hill is technically a violation of local watercraft laws, fishing in the river has improved since the installation of fish ladders along the impoundments. In season, small fish such as sunnies and smallmouth bass can be caught, the 2007 Scholastic Rowing Association of America national championships and USRowing club national championships were held on the Cooper River. The trail around the river regularly hosts community races such as the 9/11 Heroes Run hosted by the Travis Manion Foundation, list of rivers of New Jersey U. S. Geological Survey, NJ stream gaging stations Delaware Riverkeeper Fact Sheet Cooper River Yacht Club
17.
Sweep (rowing)
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Sweep or sweep-oar rowing is a type of rowing when a rower has one oar, usually held with both hands. As each rower has one oar, the rowers have to be paired so that there is an oar on each side of the boat. This is in contrast to sculling when a rower has two oars, one in each hand, in the UK the term is less used as the term rowing generally refers to sweep oar. The term pulling was also used historically, sweep or single oar rowing has a long history and was the means of propulsion for Greek triremes and Viking longboats. These boats were wide enough for the pairs of rowers to sit alongside each other, boats can go faster, the narrower they are, because a smaller cross-sectional area reduces drag and wave drag and gives a sharper angle to the bow. The hulls can be kept narrower by attaching riggers to the gunwales, a narrower hull means the rowers cannot sit side by side and so they sit one behind another. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat, sweep rowing has to be done with crews in multiples of two, pairs, fours and eights. Each rower in a boat is on either stroke side or bow side. In a sculling boat the riggers apply forces symmetrically, while sculling boats are also in multiples of two, it is possible to have a single scull or triple scull. The primary sweep oar racing boats are as follows, eight A shell with 8 rowers. Always with coxswain because of the size, weight and speed of the boat, four or A shell with 4 rowers. Coxless fours are often referred to as straight fours, and are used by lightweight. In club and school rowing, one frequently sees a coxed four which is easier to row. Pair or A shell with 2 rowers, the coxless pair, often called a straight pair, is a demanding but satisfying boat to master. Coxed pairs are rarely rowed by most club and school programs and it is no longer an Olympic class event, but it continues to be rowed at the World Rowing Championships
18.
Coxless pair
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A coxless pair is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for two rowers, who propel the boat with sweep oars, the crew consists of a pair of rowers, each having one oar, one on the stroke side and one on the bow side. The equivalent boat when it is steered by a cox is referred to as a coxed pair, racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. Pairs have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat and it requires excellent technique, communication and experience. Coxless pair is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and is competed in the Olympic Games, Rowing at the Summer Olympics World Rowing Championships Silver Goblets & Nickalls Challenge Cup
19.
Coxless four
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A coxless four is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for four persons who propel the boat with sweep oars, the crew consists of four rowers, each having one oar. There are two rowers on the side and two on the bow side. The equivalent boat when it is steered by a cox is referred to as a coxed four, racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. Fours have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll and yaw. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat, if the boat is sculled by rowers each with two oars the combination is referred to as a quad scull. In a quad scull the riggers apply forces symmetrically, a sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle the unmatched forces, and so requires more bracing, which means it has to be heavier than an equivalent sculling boat. Coxless four is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and is an event at the Olympic Games. In 1868, Walter Bradford Woodgate rowing a Brasenose coxed four arranged for his coxswain to jump overboard at the start of the Stewards Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta to lighten the boat. The unwanted cox narrowly escaped strangulation by the water lilies, but Woodgate and this led to the adoption of Henley Regatta rules specifically prohibiting such conduct and a special prize for four-oared crews without coxswains was offered at the regatta in 1869. However in 1873 the Stewards cup was changed to a four event. Rowing at the Summer Olympics List of Olympic medalists in rowing List of Olympic medalists in rowing World Rowing Championships
20.
Eight (rowing)
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An eight is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for eight rowers, who propel the boat with sweep oars, each of the eight rowers has one oar. There are four rowers on the side and four on the bow side. The cox steers the boat using a rudder and is seated at the stern of the boat. Because of the speed of the boat, it is considered unsafe to row coxless or to have a bowloader cox. Racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. Eights have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll and yaw. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat, if the boat is sculled by rowers each with two oars the combination is referred to as an octuple scull. In a scull boat, the riggers apply forces symmetrically, a sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle the unmatched forces, and so requires more bracing, which means it has to be heavier and slower than an equivalent sculling boat. However octuple sculls are not used in main competitions, eight is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and one of the events in the Olympics. The first Olympic eights race was held in 1900 and won by the United States, Rowing at the Summer Olympics List of Olympic medalists in rowing List of Olympic medalists in rowing World Rowing Championships Grand Challenge Cup The Boat Race
21.
Sculling
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Sculling is the use of oars to propel a boat by moving the oars through the water on both sides of the craft, or moving a single oar over the stern. By extension, the oars themselves are referred to as sculls when used in this manner. Two-oared sculling is a form of rowing in which a boat is propelled by one or more rowers, each of whom operates two oars, one held in the fingers and upper palm of each hand. This contrasts with the common method of rowing, sweep rowing. Two-oared sculling can either be competitive or recreational, but the watercraft used will vary between the two as the shells of competitive rowing are built for speed rather than stability. Sculling, one of the two divisions of crew, is composed of races between small, sculled boats manned by various numbers of rowers. Generally, one, two, or four athletes row these shells and these shells are classified according to the number of rowers that they can hold, singles have one seat, doubles have two, and quads have four. In keeping with this pattern, quads rowed by three people are often referred to as triples. A rare sculling shell is the octuple, rowed by an eight-man crew, the physical movement of sculling is split into two main parts, the drive and the recovery. These two parts are separated by what is called the catch and the finish, the recovery is the section where the rowers blades are not in the water, but instead gliding above it as the rower prepares for the next stroke. In order to balance on the recovery, the blades are feathered, or held parallel to the surface of the water, at the finish. Competitive crew requires an efficient stroke with all rowers matching the cadence and movements of the stroke seat, a key technical difference between sculling and sweeping in crew is that the sculling oar handles overlap twice during the stroke, while sweep oar handles never overlap during normal rowing. The overlap occurs at the midpoint of the drive and again during the recovery, because of this, to prevent this from impacting the balance of the boat, one oarlock is rigged higher than the other prior to rowing. This prevents the oar handles from colliding with one another and causing a crab or other problems, the technique is very old and its origin uncertain, though it is thought to have developed independently in different locations and times. It is known to have used in ancient China. Backward thrust can also be generated by twisting the oar in the other direction, steering, as in moving coxless sculling shells in crew, is accomplished by directing the thrust. Specifically, the operation of the single sculling is unique as turning the blade of the oar in figure 8 motions operates them and it is not hoisted in and out of the water like any other traditional oars. The objective is to minimize the movement of the hands
22.
Single scull
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A single scull is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for a person who propels the boat with two oars, one in each hand. Racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to drag to a minimum. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat and it is the 2nd slowest category of racing boat, and competitors are recognised by other rowers as among the toughest, both physically and mentally, single sculling is sometimes known as kings class. The single scull is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and the Olympics, who set the weight of the hull at 14 kg. Single sculls are also used for the training of team rowers, however sculling ability and sweep-oar rowing ability are not the same. Powerful and accomplished sweep-oar rowers may not be able to demonstrate their ability in a single scull, a single scull Thames skiff has a similar layout but is clinker-built with fixed seats and tholes instead of outriggers and can be skiffed for leisure outings or in competitive races. Wingfield Sculls World Sculling Championship Diamond Challenge Sculls at Henley Royal Regatta (1844- Rowing at the Summer Olympics World Rowing Championships
23.
Double scull
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A double scull is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for two persons who propel the boat by sculling with two oars, one in each hand, racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat, Double sculls is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and the Olympics. A double sculling skiff has a layout to a double scull and is rowed in a similar way. It is clinker built with fixed seats and thole pins and can be skiffed for leisure purposes or for the sport of skiff racing, Rowing at the Summer Olympics World Rowing Championships Double Sculls Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta
24.
Quad scull
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A quad scull, or quadruple scull in full, is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for four persons who propel the boat by sculling with two oars, one in each hand Racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat, quad sculls is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and the Olympics. FISA rules specify minimum weights for each class of boat so that no individual will gain an advantage from the use of expensive materials or technology. In sweep oared racing the rigging means the forces are staggered alternately along the boat, the symmetrical forces in sculling make the boat more efficient and so the quadruple scull is faster than the coxless four. *Update Required* A quad is different to a four in that a quad, a four is made up of four rowers each with one oar in hand, sweeping. Rowing at the Summer Olympics World Rowing Championships Queen Mother Challenge Cup
25.
Lightweight rowing
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Lightweight rowing is a category of rowing where limits are placed on the maximum weight of competitors. The rationale is that larger, taller people have a significant physical advantage, a lightweight category gives average sized individuals the ability to compete against their peers, but rowers who are tall and thin generally have an advantage over those who are shorter but broader. According to the International Rowing Federation, this category was introduced to encourage more universality in the sport especially among nations with less statuesque people. Although lightweight rowing is the counterpart to heavyweight rowing, it is a different sport, relying much more on ideal body composition. The first lightweight events were added to the World Championships in 1974 for men and 1985 for women, the Executive Board overturned this recommendation and lightweight rowing continues at the Olympics. There are two Olympic-class lightweight events, Mens Double Sculls and Womens Double Sculls, the World Championships include lightweights events for all classes of crew, and in Olympic years a reduced World Championship regatta includes all events that are not represented at the Olympics. Although separate to the IOC the argument still stands on the events offered like both independent female events, top lightweight crew teams can go faster than heavyweight teams. And at the 2012 Head of the Charles Regatta, the time in the Lightweight Eights Men race of 14,35.71 was faster than the winning time in the Championship Eights Men race. In the United Kingdom, lightweight rowing is less prevalent than in the USA, at university rowing level, lightweight categories are offered at BUCS events, such as BUCS Regatta, alongside openweight categories. In club rowing, regattas less often offer lightweight events, an exception is Henley Womens Regatta where there are numerous lightweight categories. At Henley Royal Regatta lightweight rowers are expected to compete in openweight categories, under British Rowing rules of racing, the lightweight limits during winter are different from those in summer. At the collegiate level, many larger American Division I schools can field one and three lightweight boats for both men and women. In recent years the practice of juniors training down to a weight has been questioned, as low BMI has been linked to health and growth problems in adolescents. Collegiate category, the following limits apply as of spring 2011, Freshman Men, no rower over 160 lb. Varsity Men, no rower over 160 lb. Varsity Women, no rower over 130 lb. In the Junior category, the following limits apply as of spring 2013, Men, No rower over 150 lb. Women, fight In The Dog — Coverage of US womens collegiate lightweight rowing
26.
Coxed pair
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A coxed pair is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for two persons who propel the boat with oars and is steered by a coxswain. The crew consists of two rowers, each having one oar, and a cox, one rower is on the stroke side and other is on the bow side. The cox steers the boat using a rudder and may be seated at the stern of the boat there is a view of the crew or in the bow. With a bowloader, amplification is needed to communicate with the crew which is sitting behind, but the cox has a view of the course. When there is no cox, the boat is referred to as a coxless pair, racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. Pairs have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll and yaw. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat, coxed pair is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation. It was one of the events in the Olympics but was dropped in 1992. Rowing at the Summer Olympics World Rowing Championships
27.
Coxed four
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A coxed four is a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. It is designed for four persons who propel the boat with oars and is steered by a coxswain. The crew consists of four rowers, each having one oar, there are two rowers on the stroke side and two on the bow side. The cox steers the boat using a rudder and may be seated at the stern of the boat there is a view of the crew or in the bow. With a bowloader, amplification is needed to communicate with the crew which is sitting behind, but the cox has a view of the course. When there is no cox, the boat is referred to as a coxless four, racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. Fours have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll and yaw. The riggers are staggered alternately along the boat so that the forces apply asymmetrically to each side of the boat, if the boat is sculled by rowers each with two oars the combination is referred to as a quad scull. In a quad scull the riggers apply forces symmetrically, a sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle the unmatched forces, and so requires more bracing, which means it has to be heavier than an equivalent sculling boat. Coxed four is one of the classes recognized by the International Rowing Federation and it was one of the original events in the Olympics but was dropped in 1992. Rowing at the Summer Olympics World Rowing Championships Britannia Challenge Cup
28.
Octuple scull
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An octuple scull is a racing shell or a rowing boat used in the sport of competitive rowing. The octuple is directed by a coxswain and propelled by eight rowers who move the boat by sculling with two oars, one in each hand, like a coxed eight, an octuple is typically 65.2 feet long and weighs 211.2 pounds. Racing boats are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to drag to a minimum. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to prevent roll. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a material for strength. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat, when there are eight rowers in a boat, each with only one sweep oar and rowing on opposite sides, the combination is referred to as a coxed eight. In sweep oared racing the rigging means the forces are staggered alternately along the boat, the symmetrical forces in sculling make the boat more efficient and so the octuple scull is faster than the coxed eight. Thames Ditton Regatta,11, Final, Junior Octuple Sculls Plate – Hampton Court
29.
Rowing Federation of India
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The Rowing Federation of India is the central body for the game of rowing in India. It was formed on August 30,1976 with a view to make the sport of Rowing popular in India and it is affiliated with the Indian Olympic Association and Fédération Internationale des Sociétés dAviron. The British brought this game to this sub-continent of India and it was organised wherever suitable stretches of water were found near their settlements, since then the RFI has been popularizing the game nationwide and producing distinct players from the country. Till date the RFI has 20 affiliated state and national bodies under it
30.
Rowing South Africa
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Rowing South Africa is sport governing body for rowing in South Africa. Rowing South Africa is the governing body for the sport of rowing in South Africa and is recognised with this status by SASCOC and Sport. The RowSA Council, made up of representatives of the constituent members, is the highest body of governance in RowSA, the Council meets at least four times a year. The Council elects an Executive Committee, with half of the positions being subject to election in any one year, rowing South Africa Rowers Almanac - South Africa
31.
Croatian Rowing Federation
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The Croatian Rowing Federation is the governing body of rowing in Croatia. It organizes the Croatian representation at international competitions and the Croatian national championships, the federation was formed on November 4,1939 in Zagreb. It became a member of the Croatian Olympic Committee in 1991 and it organized the World Rowing Championships on Jarun in 2000
32.
British Rowing
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British Rowing, formerly the Amateur Rowing Association, is the governing body for the sport of rowing. It is responsible for the training and selection of individual rowers and crews representing Great Britain and for participation in, Scottish Rowing and Welsh Rowing oversee governance in their respective countries, organise their own teams for the Home International Regatta and input to the GB team organisation. British Rowing is a member of the British Olympic Association and the International Rowing Federation, molesey Boat Club joined soon afterward. In 1886 the ARA issued General Rules for Regattas and this ruling was extremely socially divisive, effectively excluding any club with a socially mixed membership. It resulted in the formation of an organisation in 1890. The schism in English rowing was to remain for over half a century as a cause of controversy. The ARA and NARA finally amalgamated in 1956, in 1998, the ARA followed FISA in removing all references to amateurism from its rules. The name Amateur Rowing Association remained because of its heritage and because no agreement could be reached on alternatives, in 2009, a decision was taken to rename the organisation as British Rowing. Five English rowing clubs retained the right to appoint representatives directly to the Council of British Rowing and they were, London Rowing Club, Leander Club, Thames Rowing Club, Oxford University Boat Club and Cambridge University Boat Club. This right was, however, removed from the five clubs in September 2012, sir Steve Redgrave, multiple Olympic Gold medallist in rowing, was the Honorary President of British Rowing from 2001 until 2013. Di Ellis, former chairman of British Rowing, succeeds him as Honorary President, British Rowing operates a points system to allow rowers to compete with those of a similar standard. Competitors gain points in rowing and sculling by winning a qualifying race. When first joining British Rowing, all begin at zero points. Points are increased by winning qualifying regattas. The current status levels are Elite, Senior, Intermediate 1, Intermediate 2, Intermediate 3, each crew members points are added up and this determines the status of the crew. The crew is allowed to race at this level or higher. The table below indicates the number of points that may be held by a crew at each status level. Anyone who has competed for the Senior, Lightweight or U23 international squads will be given 12 points and those representing GB at the Junior World Rowing Championships have their points topped up to 6
33.
Royal Dutch Rowing Federation
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The Royal Dutch Rowing Federation is the federation of all Dutch rowing clubs. The federation is a member of the NOC*NSF, and is entitled to nominate candidates, the headquarters of the Royal Dutch Rowing Federation are located at the Bosbaan in Amstelveen. Royal Dutch Rowing Federation official site
34.
Rowing Australia
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Rowing Australia is the governing body for the sport of rowing in Australia. RA was initially established on 1 May 1925 as the Australian Amateur Rowing Council, prior to 1925, the Interstate Championships and representation at the Olympic Games were managed by the State Associations. A proposal to form the Australian Amateur Rowing Council failed at the 1909 inter-state conference, regulations were brought into effect for the conduct of the Intercolonial and Interstate Championships well prior to the formation of RA. Rowing Australia member associations operate in seven states with over 185 schools and 156 clubs offering rowing programs, RA is responsible for selection of representative Australian teams for the Olympic Games, World Championships, World Under 23 Championships, Trans Tasman teams and Junior World Championships
35.
Rowing New Zealand
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Rowing New Zealand is the sports governing body for rowing in New Zealand. Its purpose is to leadership and support to enable an environment of success for the New Zealand rowing community. This includes secondary schools, clubs, masters, universities and high performance, Rowing New Zealand was founded as the New Zealand Amateur Rowing Association on 16 March 1887. The New Zealand Amateur Rowing Association was formed by nine clubs in an effort to coordinate and regulate the sport of rowing in New Zealand. The aim is eventually to replicate the success of Great Britain and this increase in the number of active rowers has been attributed in particular to Rob Waddells gold medal victory at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. There have also been increases, particularly in the number of rowers, since Georgina Evers-Swindell. The 2008 Olympic trials gained intense public and media interest as previous Olympic champion Rob Waddell challenged current world champion Mahé Drysdale for the sole men’s single sculls spot. In the final race, Waddell suffered a repeat of his atrial fibrillation condition, resulting in Drysdale claiming the victory, Waddell was then selected into the double sculls with the young Nathan Cohen, world champion at the 2006 World University Games in single sculls, in early 2008. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park, Shunyi, Beijing in August 2008, Cohen won the gold medal in double sculls at the next Olympic Games in 2012, with rowing partner Joseph Sullivan. Cohen and Sullivan also won the World Championship in both 2010 and 2011, sixty-eight clubs are affiliated to Rowing New Zealand. RPCs provide a pathway for rowers to compete for selection in national representative crews as well as providing a performance training environment for rowers. Karapiro Rowing and Ruataniwha Rowing operate and maintain the two main rowing venues, Lake Karapiro near Cambridge in the North Island, and Lake Ruataniwha near Twizel in the South Island. National Club Championships – First held in 1888 and only fours, now it is held alternatively at Lake Karapiro, Cambridge, and Lake Ruataniwha, Twizel. The event is now held over 5 days and more than 60 events are raced, masters Championships – These are held annually and a rower may compete as a masters rower from the beginning of the year during which he or she reaches the age of 27. New Zealand University Championships – Are held annually and the top prizes include The Ashes, the Tamaki Cup, the Paul Griffiths Cup, and the Hebberley Shield. New Zealand Secondary School Championships – The regatta is the largest school sports event in New Zealand and is held alternatively at Lake Karapiro, Cambridge, and Lake Ruataniwha, Twizel. Maadi Cup is the given to the regatta and the cup for the New Zealand Secondary Schools Boys Under 18 Rowing Eights which is raced at the regatta. The top prizes at the regatta are the Maadi Cup, Springbok Shield, Levin Jubilee Cup, Dawn Cup, Rowing New Zealand selects Elite, Development, Under 23, Under 21, Junior and Under 18 National Teams through selection camps and trials process
36.
World Rowing Championships
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The World Rowing Championships is an international rowing regatta organized by FISA. It is an event held at the end of the northern hemisphere summer. The first event was held in Lucerne, Switzerland, in 1962, the event then was held every four years until 1974, when it became an annual competition. Also in 1974, Mens lightweight and Womens open weight events were added to the championships, in 1985 Womens lightweight events were added to the schedule. Since 1996, during Olympic years, the Junior World Rowing Championships are held at the same time, in 2002 adaptive rowing events were introduced for the following classes of disability, LTA, TA, and A. In 2009 the A category was replaced by AS, and an ID category was added, from 2017 the designations AS, TA, and LTA have been changed to PR1, PR2, and PR3. Rowing takes place in 21 different boat classes, apart from during Olympic years when only non-Olympic boat classes race, national teams generally take less interest in the non-Olympic events, as the Olympic events are considered the premier events. The table below shows the classes, O indicates the boat races at both the Olympics and World Championships. WC indicates this is only a World Championship event, after 2007, the coxed fours no longer runs as a world championship event. Similarly after 2011 the womens coxless four was no longer included, lightweight mens eight was removed after 2015. As a result of the IOCs aim for gender parity, it is likely that for 2020 onwards the lightweight coxless four will be removed from the Olympics
37.
United States Aquatic Sports
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United States Aquatic Sports is the national federation for aquatic sports which represents the United States in FINA. Five separate national governing bodies make up USAS, USA Swimming, USA Diving, United States Synchronized Swimming, USA Water Polo, of the five, only United States Masters Swimming is not a member of the United States Olympic Committee. Ostensibly, USAS will sign off on the selections of an NGBs delegation to an international competition, the reasoning behind this is to allow the NGBs to save money on their national conventions and to allow collaboration between the NGBs on common issues of interest. USAS meetings are held at the time. United States womens national water polo team Swimming #Swimwear United States Aquatic Sports official website USA Water Polo official website
38.
USA Diving
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It has helped a great deal in expanding the diving world, especially to more than just those who are chosen for special advanced teams. Divers of exceptional talent and ability are selected from the program to enter the senior program which identifies and develops top national. The masters program is available for divers 21 and over who no longer compete on the senior or junior level, USA Diving also serves as a source of news, educational materials and media for both divers and diving coaches, providing information on all aspects of the sport. The organizations official publication, Inside USA Diving provides continuing information on programs, events. Regular features include national and international meet results, general diving articles, competition articles, the 2011 AT&T National Diving Championships – August 9–14 in Los Angeles at UCLA. 125 divers compete for 10 national titles and will represent the United States at the 2011 Pan American Games, athletes will qualify for the 2012 US Olympic Team Trials. NBC Sports and Universal Sports broadcast the championships, List of Olympic medalists in diving List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in diving List of 10 meter diving platforms in the United States Official website
39.
USA Swimming
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USA Swimming is the national governing body for competitive swimming in the United States. The national headquarters is located at the U. S. Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs, USA Swimming was originally called United States Swimming upon its departure from the AAU. Thus, there are terms used to describe the organization at different times. These terms are, USA Swimming, USA-S, United States Swimming, USS, prior to the existence of USS, the AAU, or the Amateur Athletic Union, served as the governing body for swimming and other sports across the country. The Amateur Athletic Union was the organization responsible for the running of all amateur sports in the United States. The AAU was officially charged with the organization and operation of sports in the US. During this time, swimming was one of the committees in the organization and was not an independent governing body, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 enabled the governance of sports in the USA by organizations other than the AAU. This act made each sport set up its own National governing body, each of these governing bodies would be part of the United States Olympic Committee, but would not be run by the Committee. Thus, United States Swimming was born, from 1978 to 1980, the official responsibilities of governing the sport were transferred from the AAU Swimming Committee to the new United States Swimming. Bill Lippman, the last head of the Swimming Committee, and Ross Wales and this process was made more interesting because the United States boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics and, during this time, the leadership of the sport was in flux. The AAU still holds several events, but it is no longer the official governing body of the sport. Ray Essick Chuck Wielgus When it was part of the AAU to 1981, USA Swimming had its headquarters in Indianapolis, in 1981 USA Swimming moved to its present-day location in Colorado Springs. At the time of the 1981 move, it had four staff members, in 1997, work was completed on the official USA Swimming Headquarters. This now serves as the home of USA Swimming. Through the national headquarters, the provides various programs and services to its members, supporters, affiliates. This includes educational programs, fund-raising activities, general information, publications, resources, there are several parts and levels that make up USA Swimming. There is the National governing body level, the Zone level, USA Swimming’s Safe Sport program, established by USA Swimming Executive Director Chuck Wielgus, is designed raise awareness and reduce the risk and help prevent athletes from being sexually abused. The program includes training, background checks and an overall awareness of warning signs
40.
USA Track & Field
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USA Track & Field is the United States national governing body for the sports of track and field, cross country running, road running and racewalking. Based in Indianapolis, USATF is a organization with a membership of nearly 100,000. The organization is led by an elected President Stephanie Hightower and a full-time Executive Director/CEO. On April 23,2012, USATF announced the CEO position and it also organizes the annual USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. Through its sanctioning program, the body provides the insurance coverage necessary for members to rent facilities. On January 30,1878, in the city of New York, rower and runner William B. Curtis founded what became, in 1887. The Athletics Congress emerged from the AAU in late 1979, when its first annual meeting was conducted in Las Vegas, a constitutional convention was subsequently held in Dallas–Fort Worth in 1980. In 1992, TAC changed its name to USA Track & Field to increase recognition for the organization, however, USATF inherited from AAU the 57 regional associations which are responsible for promoting the sport in a particular state or locality. Many of these associations were viewed as unaccountable to their members, in addition, in some areas, the AAU continues to organize track and field events, including youth running programs. In May 2008, the United States Olympic Committee notified USATF that its governance was deficient, most of the new board members represented sponsoring organizations. On February 18,2009, the members of the new, at the 2014 annual meeting, the member delegates voted 392-70 to re-nominate Robert Hersh as the USATFs nominee to the IAAF council. At the time, Hersh was the sitting senior vice-president of the IAAF council and by virtue of that position, however, the reconstituted Board disregarded the vote of the member delegates and instead voted 11-1 to nominate president Stephanie Hightower as the nominee to the IAAF council. The Boards action caused such a controversy that USATF sent a two days later to all of its members attempting to explain its action. The email wrote, This is a different era and a different time and we think Stephanie Hightower provides us with the best chance to move forward as part of that change. The vote and email was immediately criticized by USATF members and athletes as it admitted that the Board acted in its own self-interest in defiance of the Amateur Sports act. USATF is a governing body created by the 1978 Amateur Sports Act. USATF is a member of the United States Olympic Committee and selects teams for Olympic, to select the athletes for the Olympic Games, every Olympiad USATF conducts the Olympic Trials. USATF is composed of 57 Associations, which are the administrative districts
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USA Basketball
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USA Basketball is a non-profit organization and the governing body for basketball in the United States. The organization represents the United States in FIBA and the mens and womens basketball teams in the United States Olympic Committee. Its chairman of the board is Jerry Colangelo and its director is Jim Tooley. The organization was founded in 1974 as the Amateur Basketball Association of the United States of America and it was renamed to USA Basketball on October 12,1989, after FIBA modified its rules to allow professional basketball players to compete in international competitions. In 2007, the USA was represented by the University of Northern Iowa, in 2003, the USA was represented by a Big 12 All Star team. In 2007, the USA was represented by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, william Jones Cup Team USA Womens Pan American Team United States womens national 3x3 team Official site Official facebook USA Basketball reports from Insidehoops. com
