1.
Mansard roof
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A mansard or mansard roof is a four-sided gambrel-style hip roof characterized by two slopes on each of its sides with the lower slope, punctured by dormer windows, at a steeper angle than the upper. The steep roof with windows creates a floor of habitable space. The upper slope of the roof may not be visible from street level when viewed from close proximity to the building, the earliest known example of a mansard roof is credited to Pierre Lescot on part of the Louvre built around 1550. This roof design was popularized in the early 17th century by François Mansart and it became especially fashionable during the Second French Empire of Napoléon III. Mansard in Europe also means the attic space itself, not just the roof shape and is used in Europe to mean a gambrel roof. Two distinct traits of the mansard roof – steep sides and a double pitch – sometimes lead to it being confused with other roof types. Since the upper slope of a roof is rarely visible from the ground. The gambrel roof style, commonly seen in barns in North America, is a cousin of the mansard. Both mansard and gambrel roofs fall under the classification of curb roofs. However, the mansard is a hip roof, with slopes on all sides of the building. French roof is used as a synonym for a mansard but is also defined as an American variation of a mansard with the lower pitches nearly vertical. In France and Germany, no distinction is made between gambrels and mansards – they are both called mansards, in the French language, mansarde can be a term for the style of roof, or for the garret living space, or attic, directly within it. The mansard style makes use of the interior space of the attic. Often the decorative potential of the Mansard is exploited through the use of convex or concave curvature, one frequently seen explanation for the popularity of the mansard style is that it served to shelter its owners against taxes as well as rain. Later examples suggest that either French or American buildings were taxed by their height to the base of the roof and this last explanation is the nearest to the truth, a Parisian law had been in place since 1783, restricting the heights of buildings to 20 metres. The height was measured up to the cornice line, making any living space contained in a mansard roof exempt. A1902 revision of the law permitted building three or even four stories within such a roof, the style was popularized in France by architect François Mansart. Although he was not the inventor of the style, his extensive and prominent use of it in his designs gave rise to the mansard roof
2.
Solna Municipality
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Solna Municipality is a municipality in Stockholm County in south-east Sweden, located just north of the Stockholm City Centre. Its seat is located in the town of Solna, which is a part of the Stockholm urban area, the municipality is a part of Metropolitan Stockholm. None of the area is considered rural, which is unusual for Swedish municipalities, Solna is the third smallest municipality in Sweden in terms of area. There are two parishes in Solna Municipality, Råsunda and Solna, Solna is divided into eight traditional parts with no administrative functions, Bergshamra, Haga, Hagalund, Huvudsta, Järva, Råsunda, Skytteholm and Ulriksdal. The largest districts are Råsunda, Hagalund and Huvudsta, with the Solna Centrum in between them, the final matches of both the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 1995 FIFA Womens World Cup were played at Råsunda Stadium, the national football stadium from 1937 to 2012. Solna has very low tax rates and has attracted a range of companies and authorities. Among the most important employers are the medical university Karolinska Institutet, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute are also located in Solna. As with all 290 municipalities of Sweden, Solna has a municipal assembly, an executive committee is appointed by its members. It was served by trams until 1959, trams returned after 54 years of absence when Tvärbanan was extended from Alvik to Solna centrum. A further extension will be opened in 2014, skanska has its head office in Solna. NextJet has its office in Solna. Mall of Scandinavia has opened in November 2015 and is located in Solna, the head office of Scandinavian Airlines and SAS Group is located in Solna. The airline head office was located on the property of Stockholm Arlanda Airport in Sigtuna Municipality. Haga Park, part of the Royal National City Park, was initiated by king Gustav III, the city features three of Swedens royal palaces. Friends Arena, the Swedish national arena of association football, the Solna Church was constructed in the 12th century. For defensive purposes, it was built as a round church, the following football clubs are located in Solna, AIK Blue Hill KF Råsunda IS Vasalunds IF Solna Gymnasium is the senior high school/sixth form college of Solna
3.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
4.
Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie
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Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie was a Swedish statesman and military man. He also served as Governor-General in the Swedish dominion of Livonia, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie was born on 15 October 1622. The place of his birth was Reval, Estonia, which at the time was a Swedish dominion where Magnus Gabriels father Jacob De la Gardie served as governor. Jacob De la Gardie, Count of Läckö, was a prominent military commander who served as Lord High Constable of Sweden from 1620 until his death in 1652, Pontus married Sofia Gyllenhielm, the daughter of King John III, in 1580. Magnus Gabriels mother was Ebba Brahe, daughter of Lord High Steward Magnus Brahe, Ebba had a relationship with young King Gustavus Adolphus, probably during the years 1613–1615. Gustavuss mother, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, ruined her sons wish to marry Ebba Brahe, Ebba and Jacob had 14 children, of whom seven lived to maturity. These seven were Magnus Gabriel, Maria Sofia, Jacob Casimir, Pontus Frederick, Christina Catharina, Axel Julius, being a member of a wealthy family of the highest esteem, De la Gardie was predestined for an eminent career. He received an education from his teacher Mattias Björnklou and was in 1639 elected rector illustris at Uppsala University. The next year, he travelled abroad to complete his training, much of this period was spent in France and the Netherlands. When the Torstenson War between Sweden and Denmark broke out in 1643, De la Gardie returned to his native Sweden, early on during the reign of Queen Christina De la Gardie became the queens favourite. Being, reportedly, both well-mannered and good looking might have helped De la Gardie to gain the queens favour, in 1645 he was promoted to colonel of the Life Guards. In 1646, De la Gardie was head of a mission to France in order to find Queen Christina musicians for her Swedish court. The mission was a success for De la Gardie, who upon his return to Sweden received distinctions of an unparalleled amount, furthermore, the queen arranged a wedding for him and the queens cousin Maria Eufrosyne of Zweibrücken at the Royal Palace. After the wedding, De la Gardie was made a Privy Councillor, despite making only a slight contribution in the war, De la Gardie was eventually rewarded 22,500 riksdaler, more than any other general. The same year, he was created count of Arensburg, De la Gardie began his first of two terms as Governor-General of the Swedish dominion of Livonia in 1649. At the coronation of Queen Christina, in 1650, he was entrusted with carrying the royal banner, a year later, in 1651, he ended his first term in Livonia and was appointed Marshal of the Realm. Also in 1652, De la Gardie was appointed lawspeaker of Västergötland and Dalsland, when his father Jacob died that year, Magnus Gabriel inherited Läckö Castle and became Count of Läckö. In 1653, De la Gardie fell out of favour with the queen and he and his family had to leave the court and for the rest of Christinas reign, De la Gardie lived on his manors in some kind of an exile
5.
Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
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Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp was Queen of Sweden from 1654 until 1660. She was the wife of Charles X Gustav of Sweden, and she served as regent during the minority of her son from 1660 until 1672, and during the minority of her grandson Charles XII in 1697. She also represented Charles XII during his absence in the Great Northern War from 1700 until the regency of her granddaughter Ulrika Eleonora in 1713. Hedwig Eleonora was described as a dominant personality, and was regarded as the de facto first lady of the court for 61 years. Hedwig Eleonora was born on 23 October 1636 to Duke Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp and she was the sixth of the couples sixteen children. One day after her birthday, she was married to King Charles X Gustav of Sweden on 24 October 1654. The marriage was arranged as an alliance between Sweden and Holstein-Gottorp against their mutual enemy Denmark, Queen Christina of Sweden met Hedwig Eleonora in Holstein-Gottorp on her way to Rome after her abdication. Christina was concerned that Charles was unmarried, and so she suggested the match, the suggestion was immediately accepted by Holstein-Gottorp, who agreed to all demands from Sweden, which made the negotiations quick. Hedwig Eleonora was at the time engaged to Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, after having seen portraits of both sisters, however, Charles X chose Hedwig Eleonora because of her beauty, and her current fiancé was instead married to Magdalena Sibylle. In the marriage contract, Hedwig Eleonora was granted a dowry of 20.000 riksdaler,32.000 riksdaler as a dower, and the incomes of the fiefs of Gripsholm, Eskilstuna and Strömsholm. Hedwig Eleonora was welcomed by Charles X at Dalarö in Sweden 5 October 1654 and she was greeted, dressed in silver brocade, by queen dowager Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg at the Stockholm Royal Palace, where the wedding was celebrated the same day. She was crowned queen at Storkyrkan 27 October, shortly after, Charles X left for Poland to participate in the Deluge. Hedwig Eleonora remained in Sweden for the birth of the future Charles XI the 24 November 1655, the spring of 1656, she left Sweden and followed Charles X during his campaign, during which she displayed both physical and mental strength. She was present during the Battle of Warsaw, during which she received the praise from the Swedish army alongside her spouse. She returned to Sweden in the autumn of 1656, in Sweden, she took control over her dower lands, which she strictly controlled during her life. After the Dano-Swedish War ), she was called to join Charles X at Gothenburg, then she followed him to Gottorp and Wismar. During the Dano-Swedish War, she and her sister-in-law Maria Eufrosyne of Pfalz lived at Kronborg in Denmark after it had taken by the Swedish general Carl Gustaf Wrangel. At Kronborg, Hedwig Eleonora was visited by Charles X and entertained the foreign ambassadors and she visited Frederiksborgs Palace and hunted in the woods with the English ambassador
6.
Johan Christoffer Boklund
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Johan Christoffer Boklund was a Swedish history, genre, and portrait painter from Kulla-Gunnarstorp in Scania. He was the son of a gardener, at the age of fifteen, Boklund came to Lund, where he worked on illustrations for Sven Nilssons works on Scandinavian fauna. He then became a student at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen where J. L. Lund was his teacher, in 1837, Boklund went to Stockholm and began studying at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. He made a living as a lithograph and drawing teacher, and produced several small genre paintings of the everyday life, together with fellow Swedish painter Johan Fredrik Höckert, Boklund traveled to Munich in Germany in 1846 and stayed there for eight years. During the summers he went on trips to Bavaria, Tyrol. During this period, Boklund primarily devoted his painting to the genre with subjects from the 17th century. In 1853, he sent his painting Den nyfikne trumpetaren home to Sweden and this allowed Boklund to move to Paris, where he worked at Thomas Coutures atelier from 1854 to 1855. In December 1855 he returned to Sweden, Boklund became a teacher in painting at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in 1856, and was later appointed as professor. He taught, among others, King Charles XV of Sweden between 1856 and 1872, in 1866 he became curator at the Swedish National Museum of Fine Arts, and the following year he was appointed as director of the academy. Boklund was also a member of the committee organized the 1866 Nordic Art Exhibition in Stockholm. Around the same time, he helped establish the womens section at the academy, Boklund died on 9 December 1880 in Stockholm. Carola Stuttgardter from Munich became Boklunds wife in 1858 and this article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok, a Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain
7.
Louisa Ulrika of Prussia
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Louisa Ulrika of Prussia was Queen of Sweden between 1751 and 1771 by her marriage to King Adolf Frederick, and queen mother during the reign of King Gustav III. She was given the Swedish name Ulrika because Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden had been her god mother, Louisa Ulrika was described as beautiful, intelligent, with a fierce temperament and a strong will. She was given an education in accordance with the French age of enlightenment by the governess Marthe de Roucoulle. She and her eldest brother, the future Frederick the Great, had a good relationship, sharing their interest in science. Her favorites among her siblings were her younger brother Prince Augustus William of Prussia, at the court of her mother, she was introduced to Voltaire, with whom she engaged in a lifelong correspondence, and Maupertuis. Several dynastic marriages were considered for her from 1732 onward, including Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, Charles III of Spain and Louis of Hesse-Darmstadt, but none came to fruition. She was appointed co-adjutrix of Quedlinburg Abbey with the prospect of becoming a reigning princess-abbess in 1743 and this plans discontinued when Christian lost the election to the Russian candidate, Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp. When negotiations were made to arrange a marriage for the elected crown prince Adolf Frederick of Sweden. These plans were revoked when a decision was made to create an alliance between Sweden, Russia and Prussia through dynastic marriage. The heir to the Swedish throne was therefore to marry a member of the Prussian royal house, in accordance with this agreement, Louisa Ulrika or her sister Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia were to be selected for the Swedish match. The Swedish envoy in Berlin, Carl Rudenschöld, inspected them an recommended that the proposal be made to Louisa Ulrika, after having consulted Adolf Frederick, however, the Swedes chose Louisa Ulrika, and her brother gave his consent on 1 March 1744. She was given tuition about Sweden, was advised not to get involved in politics, on 17 July 1744, Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick were married per procura in Berlin, with her favorite brother August Wilhelm as proxy for the absent groom. She was escorted from Berlin to Swedish Pomerania by the Swedish envoy count Carl Gustaf Tessin, his spouse Ulla Tessin and his wifes niece Charlotta Sparre, who was appointed her maid of honor. The entourage left from Perth on Rügen and arrived in Sweden in Karlskrona, Louisa Ulrika and Adolf Frederick reportedly had a mutually good impression of each other at their first meeting, and their personal relationship is described as mutually happy and harmonious. Adolf Frederick is described as introverted, gentle, and submissive, reportedly, Louisa Ulrika was pleased with him because she immediately felt secure in the fact that she was his superior. Louisa Ulrika was received with enthusiasm in Sweden as the hope for the salvation of succession crisis, Carl Gustaf Tessin described her as the wisdom of a god in the image of an angel. Despite French being her native language, she was tutored in the Swedish by Carl Jesper Benzelius and she studied Swedish literature and gathered a Swedish language library, she corresponded with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and created a nature scientific collection. Her arrogant and haughty demeanor, however, eventually made her less popular outside of the royal court, the crown princes court was dominated by Carl Gustaf Tessin, who escorted Louisa Ulrika to Sweden and remained an influential favorite during her years as crown princess
8.
Gustav III of Sweden
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Gustav III was King of Sweden from 1771 until his assassination in 1792. Gustav was an opponent of what he saw as the abuse of political privileges seized by the nobility since the death of King Charles XII. Nonetheless, his leadership in the Battle of Svensksund averted a complete military defeat. The much-praised Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 was severely curtailed, however, by amendments in 1774 and 1792, effectively extinguishing independent media. Gustavs immense powers were placed in the hands of a regency under his brother Prince Carl and Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm until his son, the Gustavian autocracy thus survived until 1809, when his son was ousted in another coup detat, which definitively established parliament as the dominant political power. A patron of the arts and benefactor of arts and literature, Gustav founded the Swedish Academy, in 1772 he founded the Royal Order of Vasa to acknowledge and reward those Swedes who had contributed to advances in the fields of agriculture, mining and commerce. In 1782, Gustav III was the first formally neutral head of state in the world to recognize the United States during its war for independence from Great Britain. Nonetheless, he perhaps owed most of what shaped him during his education to the poet. State interference with his education as a child caused significant political disruptions within the royal family. Even his most hostile teachers were amazed by his combination of natural gifts, on the whole, Gustav cannot be said to have been well educated, but he read widely, there was scarcely a French author of his day with whose works he was not intimately acquainted. His enthusiasm for the ideas of the French enlightenment was as sincere as that of his mother, if more critical. Gustav married Princess Sophia Magdalena, daughter of King Frederick V of Denmark, by proxy in Christiansborg Palace, Copenhagen, on 1 October 1766 and in person in Stockholm on 4 November 1766. The match was not a one, owing partly to an incompatibility of temperament. The marriage produced two children, Crown Prince Gustav Adolf, and Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland, for the consummation of the marriage, the king and queen requested actual physical instruction by Count Adolf Munck, reportedly because of anatomical problems of both spouses. There were also rumors that the queen was pregnant by Munck. Gustavs mother supported rumors that he was not the father of his first son and it was rumored at the time that Gustav was homosexual, a possibility asserted by some writers. The close personal relationships which he formed two of his courtiers, Count Axel von Fersen and Baron Gustav Armfelt, were alluded to in that regard. His sister-in-law Charlotte implied as much in her famous diary, professor Erik Lönnroth of the Swedish Academy, who described the assistance provided by Munck, has concluded that there is no factual basis for the assumption that Gustav III was homosexual
