1.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
2.
Hanja
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Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
3.
McCune-Reischauer
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McCune–Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems. A modified version of McCune–Reischauer was the official system in South Korea until 2000. A variant of McCune–Reischauer is still used as the system in North Korea. The system was created in 1937 by George M. McCune, with a few exceptions, it attempts not to transliterate Korean hangul but to represent the phonetic pronunciation. McCune–Reischauer is widely used outside Korea, Korean has phonologically no distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants, but it phonetically distinguishes them. Aspirated consonants like p, k, and t are distinguished by apostrophe from unaspirated ones, the apostrophe is also used to mark transcriptions of ㄴㄱ as opposed to ㅇㅇ, 잔금 → changŭm vs. 장음 → changŭm). That can lead to confusion over whether the o being romanized is 오 or 어 or the u being Romanized is 우 or 으, casual users also often omit the apostrophe that differentiates aspirated consonants from their unaspirated counterparts, which can also lead to confusion. Such common omissions were the reason the South Korean government adopted a revised system of romanization in 2000. Critics of the system claim it fails to represent 어 and 으 in a way that is easily recognizable. Also, it misrepresents the unaspirated consonants the way that they are actually pronounced, also, North Korea uses a version of McCune–Reischauer. Even within South Korea, usage of the new system is less than universal and this is a simplified guide for the McCune–Reischauer system. It is often used for the transliteration of names but does not convert every word properly, ㅔ is written as ë after ㅏ and ㅗ. This is to distinguish ㅐ from ㅏ에, and ㅚ and ㅗ에, the combinations ㅏ에 and ㅗ에 very rarely occur except in sentences when a noun is followed by a postposition, as, for example, 회사에서 hoesaësŏ and 차고에 chagoë. In Sino-Korean words, lt and lch respectively, for ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㅈ, the letters g, b, d, or j are used if voiced, k, p, t, or ch otherwise. Pronunciations such as those take precedence over the rules in the table above, voiceless/voiced consonants 가구 kagu 등대 tŭngdae 반복 panbok 주장 chujang Of course, the initial consonant ㅇ is disregarded in romanization, since it is only used in order to indicate the absence of sound. For example, 평안 is written as Phyŏngan, the original system would have it written as Pyŏngan. A variant of McCune–Reischauer was in use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. The following are the differences between the original McCune–Reischauer and the South Korean variant, 시 was written as shi instead of the original systems si, when ㅅ is followed by ㅣ, it is realized as the sound instead of the normal sound
4.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
5.
Democratic Party of Korea
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Democratic Party is a social liberal political party in South Korea. The party was founded on 26 March 2014 as a merger of the Democratic Party, Ahn and Kim became joint leaders of the new party. The party performed poorly in by-elections that July, however, leadership of the party was assumed by an emergency committee. The next year, at a party convention on February 7, Moon, who had previously served as chief of staff for former president Roh Moo-hyun, was the leader of the partys pro-Roh faction, which was opposed to Ahn and Kim. Moon came under fire for imposing a pro-Roh hegemony in the party, as Ahn, the party hemorrhaged support as the factional conflict intensified, falling from around 40 to 30 percent in opinion polls. A survey conducted on November 12–14 showed that supporters of the party wanted Ahn, Moon rejected the demand, and Ahn left the party. Ahn was followed by a number of supportive NPAD assembly members, including his former co-leader Kim Han-gil, meanwhile, Ahn and Kim merged their group with that of another defector from the NPAD, Chun Jung-bae, to form the Peoples Party. Following the defections, the NPAD was renamed the Minjoo Party of Korea, Moon handed power to Kim Chong-in, an academic and former assemblyman who had more recently served as economic advisor to conservative President Park Geun-hye. Kim Chong-in viewed the pro–Roh Moo-hyun faction and what he considered the extremist wing of the party as responsible for the partys troubles, lee left the party in response. Kim offered to resign in March, but decided to stay on as leader after a visit from Moon. Kim affirmed that he would continue to attempt to change the partys image, lee Hae-chan returned to the Assembly as an independent representing Sejong City. Following its election victory, Kim Chong-in announced that the Minjoo Party would change its emphasis from welfare to economic growth, Kim stated that the party would also change its position to support the establishment of for-profit hospitals, in contrast to the partys earlier opposition to the policy
6.
Pyrus pyrifolia
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Pyrus pyrifolia is a species of pear tree native to East Asia. The trees edible fruit is known by names, including, Asian pear, Chinese pear, Korean pear, Japanese pear, Taiwanese pear. Along with cultivars of P. × bretschneideri and P. ussuriensis, cultivars derived from Pyrus pyrifolia are grown throughout East Asia, and in other countries such as India, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Traditionally in East Asia the trees flowers are a symbol of early spring, and it is a common sight in gardens. The fruits are not generally baked in pies or made into jams because they have a water content. They are commonly served raw and peeled, the fruit tends to be quite large and fragrant, and when carefully wrapped, it can last for several weeks or more in a cold, dry place. Due to their high price and the large size of the fruit of cultivars. In cooking, ground pears are used in vinegar- or soy sauce-based sauces as a sweetener and they are also used when marinating meat, especially beef. In Korea, the fruit is known as bae, and it is grown, in the South Korean city of Naju, there is a museum called The Naju Pear Museum and Pear Orchard for Tourists. In Australia, these pears have been produced for more than 25 years. In Japan, fruit is harvested in Chiba, Ibaraki, Tottori, Fukushima, Tochigi, Nagano, Niigata, Saitama and other prefectures, nashi may be used as a late Autumn kigo, or “season word”, when writing haiku. Nashi no hana is also used as a kigo of spring, at least one city has the flowers of this tree as an official city flower. The fruit are carried to nearby markets by human porters or, increasingly, by truck, in Taiwan, pears harvested in Japan have become luxurious presents since 1997 and their consumption has jumped. In China, it is considered a faux pas to share a pear with a friend or loved one. Sharing a pear is a homophone of separate, in Cyprus, the pears were introduced in 2010 after initially being investigated as a new fruit crop for the island in the early 1990s. They are currently grown in Kyperounta, cultivars are classified in two groups. Most of the cultivars belong to the Akanashi group, and have yellowish-brown rinds, carlos Castillo, Takeshi Takasaki, Toshihiro Saito, Shigemi Norioka, Tetsu Nakanishi Clonlng of the S8-RNase of Japanese Pear Plant Biotechnology,19, 1-6
7.
Ginkgo biloba
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Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as ginkgo or gingko, also known as the ginkgo tree or the maidenhair tree, is the only living species in the division Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct. It is found in dating back 270 million years. Native to China, the tree is cultivated and was introduced early to human history. It has various uses in medicine and as a source of food. The genus name Ginkgo is regarded as a misspelling of the Japanese gin kyo, the species was initially described by Carl Linnaeus in 1771, the specific epithet biloba derived from the Latin bis, two and loba, lobed, referring to the shape of the leaves. Two names for the species recognise the botanist Richard Salisbury, a placement by Nelson as Pterophyllus salisburiensis, the epithet of the latter may have been intended to denote a characteristic resembling Adiantum, the genus of maidenhair ferns. The relationship of ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain and it has been placed loosely in the divisions Spermatophyta and Pinophyta, but no consensus has been reached. Since its seeds are not protected by a wall, it can morphologically be considered a gymnosperm. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not fruits, but are seeds that have a shell consisting of a soft and fleshy section, and a hard section. It is one of the examples of a living fossil. Chinese scientists published a draft genome of Ginko biloba in 2016, the tree has an exceptionally large genome of 10.6 billion DNA letters and about 41,840 predicted genes which enable a considerable number of antibacterial and chemical defense mechanisms. The spelling pronunciation /ˈɡɪŋkɡoʊ/ is however so widespread that it is recorded in some dictionaries, especially British ones, the older Chinese name for this plant is 銀果, meaning silver fruit, pronounced yínguǒ in Mandarin or Ngan-gwo in Cantonese. The most usual names today are 白果, meaning white fruit, the former name was borrowed directly in Vietnamese as bạch quả. The latter name was borrowed in Japanese ぎんなん and Korean 은행, the scientific name Ginkgo is the result of a spelling error that occurred three centuries ago. Kanji typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ginnan can also be pronounced ginkyō, linné, who relied on Kaempfer when dealing with Japanese plants, adopted the spelling given in Kaempfers Flora Japonica. An extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf is marketed in dietary supplement form with claims it can enhance cognitive function in people without known cognitive problems, studies have failed to find such effects on memory or attention in healthy people. A standardized medicinal extract of Ginkgo biloba leaf originally called EGb 761 has been studied as a treatment for dementia and Alzheimers disease. Some reviews have concluded there is no evidence supporting the use of Ginkgo in dementia
8.
Great egret
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The great egret, also known as the common egret, large egret or great white heron, is a large, widely distributed egret, with four subspecies found in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and southern Europe. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer regions of the world. It builds tree nests in close to water. Like all egrets, it is a member of the heron family, traditionally classified with the storks in the Ciconiiformes, the Ardeidae are closer relatives of pelicans and belong in the Pelecaniformes instead. The great egret—unlike the typical egrets—does not belong to the genus Egretta, in the past, however, it was sometimes placed in Egretta or separated in a monotypic genus Casmerodius. The Old World population is referred to as the great white egret. This species is confused with the great white heron of the Caribbean. The scientific name comes from Latin ardea heron, and alba, there are four subspecies in various parts of the world, which differ but little. Standing up to 1 m tall, this species can measure 80 to 104 cm in length and have a wingspan of 131 to 170 cm, body mass can range from 700 to 1,500 g, with an average of around 1,000 g. It is thus only slightly smaller than the blue or grey heron. In breeding plumage, delicate ornamental feathers are borne on the back, males and females are identical in appearance, juveniles look like non-breeding adults. Differentiated from the intermediate egret by the gape, which extends well beyond the back of the eye in case of the great egret and it has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises, and spoonbills, the great egret walks with its neck extended and wings held close. The great egret is not normally a vocal bird, it gives a low croak when disturbed. The great egret is generally a successful species with a large and expanding range, occurring worldwide in temperate. It is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States, in North America, large numbers of great egrets were killed around the end of the 19th century so that their plumes could be used to decorate hats. Numbers have since recovered as a result of conservation measures and its range has expanded as far north as southern Canada. Nevertheless, the species adapts well to human habitation and can be seen near wetlands
9.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
10.
Busan
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Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas largest industrial area, The Southeast Economic Zone, the city is the cultural, educational and economic center of the region. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth busiest seaport by cargo tonnage. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and the Suyeong River, with mountains separating most of the districts, administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts, Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and the APEC2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, on November 14,2005, the city authorities officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchangs successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Busan is considering bidding to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics, Busan has Koreas largest beach and longest river, and is home to the worlds largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. Geochilsan-guk existed in the second and 3rd and 4th centuries as a chiefdom of Jinhan and it was absorbed by Silla and renamed Geochilsan-gun. The word Geochilsan means rough mountain, probably referring to Hwangbyeongsan, the mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No,38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. In 757, Geochilsan-gun was again renamed Dongnae, which it is still called, from the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement, called Waegwan at the time, after the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan Waegwan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, though relocated into Choryang later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876, in 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea. During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan, Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. During the Korean War, Busan was one of two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the War. As a result, the city became a camp site for Koreans during the war. As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and autumn of 1950
11.
Gyeongju
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Gyeongju, historically known as Seorabeol, is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang Province in South Korea. It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering 1,324 km2 with a population of 264,091 people Gyeongju is 370 km southeast of Seoul, and 55 km east of Daegu. The city borders Cheongdo and Yeongcheon to the west, Ulsan to the south and Pohang to the north, numerous low mountains—outliers of the Taebaek range—are scattered around the city. Gyeongju was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Silla which ruled about two-thirds of the Korean Peninsula between the 7th and 9th centuries, later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country, and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju was the fourth largest city in the world. A vast number of sites and cultural properties from this period remain in the city. Gyeongju is often referred to as the museum without walls, among such historical treasures, Seokguram grotto, Bulguksa temple, Gyeongju Historic Areas and Yangdong Folk Village are designated as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The many major sites have helped Gyeongju become one of the most popular tourist destinations in South Korea. The city of Gyeongju was united with the nearby rural Gyeongju County in 1995 and is now an urban–rural complex and it is similar to 53 other small- and medium-sized cities with a population under 300,000 people in South Korea. As well as its historical heritage, Gyeongju today is affected by the economic, demographic. Tourism remains the economic driver, but manufacturing activities have developed due to its proximity to major industrial centers such as Ulsan. Gyeongju is connected to the rail and highway networks, which facilitate industrial. The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom, Gyeongju first enters non-Korean records as Saro-guk, during the Samhan period in the early Common Era. Korean records, probably based on the chronicles of Silla, record that Saro-guk was established in 57 BCE. As the kingdom expanded, it changed its name to Silla, during the Silla period, the city was called Seorabeol, Gyerim or Geumseong. After the unification of the peninsula up to Taedong River in 668 AD, the city was home to the Silla court and the great majority of the kingdoms elite. Its prosperity became legendary, and was reported as far away as Persia according to the 9th century book The Book of Roads, records of Samguk Yusa give the citys population in its peak period as 178,936 households, suggesting that the total population was almost one million. Many of Gyeongjus most famous sites date from this Unified Silla period, in 940, the founder of Goryeo, King Taejo, changed the citys name to Gyeongju, which literally means Congratulatory district. In 987, as Goryeo introduced a system in three additional capitals were established in politically important provinces outside Gaegyeong, and Gyeongju was designated as Donggyeong
12.
Car
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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation and a product of the automotive industry. The year 1886 is regarded as the year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, passenger comfort and safety, and controlling a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by a combustion engine. Both fuels cause air pollution and are blamed for contributing to climate change. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries, electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008. There are costs and benefits to car use, the costs of car usage include the cost of, acquiring the vehicle, interest payments, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society of car use include, maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, health care, road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. The benefits may include transportation, mobility, independence. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies and it was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of 1986. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, the word car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum, or the Middle English word carre. In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word karros, the Gaulish language was a branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word Karr, the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh where Car llusg and car rhyfel still survive. It originally referred to any wheeled vehicle, such as a cart, carriage. Motor car is attested from 1895, and is the formal name for cars in British English. Autocar is a variant that is attested from 1895
13.
Hyundai Motor Company
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The Hyundai Motor Company is a South Korean multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. In 2008, Hyundai Motor was ranked as the eighth largest automaker, Hyundai sold 4.4 million vehicles worldwide in 2012, and with Kia, total sales were 7.12 million. Hyundai is the fourth largest vehicle manufacturer in the world, Hyundai operates the worlds largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, South Korea, which has an annual production capacity of 1.6 million units. The company employs about 75,000 people worldwide, Hyundai vehicles are sold in 193 countries through some 5,000 dealerships and showrooms. Genesis Motors is the luxury car branch of Hyundai, Chung Ju-Yung founded the Hyundai Engineering and Construction Company in 1947. Hyundai Motor Company was later established in 1967, the companys first model, the Cortina, was released in cooperation with Ford Motor Company in 1968. When Hyundai wanted to develop their own car, they hired George Turnbull in February 1974 and he in turn hired five other top British car engineers. They were Kenneth Barnett body design, engineers John Simpson and Edward Chapman, in 1975, the Pony, the first Korean car, was released, with styling by Giorgio Giugiaro of ItalDesign and powertrain technology provided by Japans Mitsubishi Motors. Exports began in the year to Ecuador and soon thereafter to the Benelux countries. In 1984, Hyundai exported the Pony to Canada, but not to the United States, Canadian sales greatly exceeded expectations, and it was at one point the top-selling car on the Canadian market. In 1985, the one millionth Hyundai car was built, in 1986, Hyundai began to sell cars in the United States, and the Excel was nominated as Best Product #10 by Fortune magazine, largely because of its affordability. The company began to produce models with its own technology in 1988, in the spring of 1990, aggregate production of Hyundai automobiles reached the four million mark. In 1991, the company succeeded in developing its first proprietary gasoline engine, the four-cylinder Alpha, in 1996, Hyundai Motor India Limited was established with a production plant in Irungattukottai near Chennai, India. In 1998, Hyundai began to overhaul its image in an attempt to itself as a world-class brand. Chung Ju Yung transferred leadership of Hyundai Motor to his son, Chung Mong Koo, Hyundais parent company, Hyundai Motor Group, invested heavily in the quality, design, manufacturing, and long-term research of its vehicles. It added a 10-year or 100, 000-mile warranty to cars sold in the United States, in 2004, Hyundai was ranked second in initial quality in a survey/study by J. D. Power and Associates. Hyundai is now one of the top 100 most valuable brands worldwide, since 2002, Hyundai has also been one of the worldwide official sponsors of the FIFA World Cup. In 2006, the South Korean government initiated an investigation of Chung Mong Koos practices as head of Hyundai, on 28 April 2006, Chung was arrested, and charged for embezzlement of 100 billion South Korean won
14.
Shipyard
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A shipyard is a place where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships, dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles. The shipbuilding industry tends to be fragmented in Europe than in Asia. In European countries there are a number of small companies. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are Naval facilities providing basing, support, Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. Sir Alfred Yarrow established his yard by the Thames in Londons Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at Scotstoun. Other famous UK shipyards include the Harland and Wolff yard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where Titanic was built, and the naval dockyard at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent. The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities, after a ships useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages, the worlds earliest known dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard, the dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the current of the river to avoid silting. The name of the ancient Greek city of Naupactus means shipyard, Naupactus reputation in this field extends to the time of legend, where it is depicted as the place where the Heraclidae built a fleet to invade the Peloponnesus. During its time of operation it was changed, rebuilt and modified. It is currently a maritime museum, ships were the first items to be manufactured in a factory, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, in the Venice Arsenal, Venice, Italy. The Arsenal apparently mass-produced nearly one every day using pre-manufactured parts. Chantiers de lAtlantique – established in 1861 Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the Deane, jean Street Shipyard 1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U. S. Located on the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida, Gloucester Marine Railways 1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England
15.
Oil refinery
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Oil refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, the crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products, an oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry. The lighter elements, however, form explosive vapors in the tanks and are therefore hazardous. Petroleum fossil fuels are burned in internal combustion engines to power for ships, automobiles, aircraft engines, lawn mowers, dirt bikes. Different boiling points allow the hydrocarbons to be separated by distillation, Oil can be used in a variety of ways because it contains hydrocarbons of varying molecular masses, forms and lengths such as paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes, alkenes, dienes, and alkynes. Once separated and purified of any contaminants and impurities, the fuel or lubricant can be sold without further processing, smaller molecules such as isobutane and propylene or butylenes can be recombined to meet specific octane requirements by processes such as alkylation, or more commonly, dimerization. The octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming, the final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings, vapor pressures, and other properties to meet product specifications. Another method for reprocessing and upgrading these intermediate products uses a process to separate usable oil from the waste asphaltene material. Oil refineries are large plants, processing about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil a day. Because of the capacity, many of the units operate continuously, as opposed to processing in batches. The high capacity also makes process optimization and advanced process control very desirable, petroleum products are usually grouped into four categories, light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and residuum. This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions as in the above drawing and these are not usually transported but instead are blended or processed further on-site. Chemical plants are often adjacent to oil refineries or a number of further chemical processes are integrated into it. For example, light hydrocarbons are steam-cracked in a plant. Using the Claus process, hydrogen sulfide is afterwards transformed to elementary sulfur to be sold to the chemical industry, the rather large heat energy freed by this process is directly used in the other parts of the refinery. Often an electrical plant is combined into the whole refinery process to take up the excess heat. Desalter unit washes out salt from the oil before it enters the atmospheric distillation unit
16.
SK Group
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SK Group, also known as SK Holdings, is one of the largest conglomerates in South Korea. SK Group is composed of 95 subsidiary and affiliate companies that share the SK brand and it changed its name from Sunkyoung Group to SK Group in 1997. SK Holdings ranked 57th in the 2013 Fortune Global 500, SK Group has more than 70,000 employees who work from 113 offices worldwide. SK has recently broadened its range of business to semiconductors, merging Hynix into SK Hynix. 20 March 2010 As with many other chaebols, SK Groups chairmanship was inherited from father to son, Chey Tae-won is married to the daughter of the former South Korean President Roh Tae-woo. SK Group began when the current founders acquired Sunkyong Textiles in 1953, in 1958, the company manufactured Koreas first polyester fiber on company grounds. It established Sunkyong Fibers Ltd. in July 1969, and started to produce original yarn, in 1973, SK then established Sunkyong Oil, beginning a vertical integration strategy to manage production, From Petroleum to Fibers”. That same year, the acquired the Walkerhill Hotel. In 1976, Sunkyong Corporation received an international trading company license from the Indian government, in December 1980 SK purchased privately run Korea National Oil, making it Korea’s fifth largest conglomerate. In January 1988, crude oil was imported for processing to Korea from Yemen’s Marib oil field, in June 1994, SK entered Korea’s telecommunications business by becoming Korea Mobile Telecommunication Services largest shareholder. In January 1996, SK Telecom launched Korea’s first commercial CDMA cellular phone service in Incheon and Bucheon, in 1998, Management re-branded Sunkyong to SK. In 1999, SK Chemicals developed third-generation platinum-complex anti-cancer agent, also, by focusing its research and development efforts on life sciences, SK Corporation developed YKP1358, a new drug candidate for schizophrenia, in 2003. In 2002, SK Telecom successfully launched the world’s first commercial CDMA 1X EV-DO technology, in 2004, SK Telecom enabled satellite DMB service by deploying the world’s first DMB satellite. Moreover, in 2006, SK began revitalizing the 3. 5-generation mobile phone market and in the following year, in May 2006, SK Telecom started the world’s first commercial 3. 5-generation HSDPA service, featuring high-quality video telephony and data transmission, and global roaming access. In 2005, SK Networks opened Chinas first two wholly foreign-owned, gas stations in Shenyang, then, after exploring Brazilian mining area BM-C-8, SK Corporation developed an oil field where it confirmed the existence of more than 50 million barrels of oil deposits. SK Gas began developing resources overseas when it participated in two mining areas to the west of Russia’s Kamchatka peninsula in March 2006, in early 2006, SK Networks also developed Ecol-Green, a biodegradable plastic material. Incheon Oil officially started using the SK name in March 2006. SK Energy is currently engaged in 27 oil fields in 15 countries worldwide SKC imported propylene oxide production technology from Germany in May 2006 and it is scheduled to produce 100,000 tons of PO from 2008
17.
GDP per capita
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The world sorted by their gross domestic product per capita at nominal values. Such fluctuations may change a countrys ranking from one year to the next, therefore, these figures should be used with caution. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a standard of living. Comparisons of national income are also made on the basis of purchasing power parity. PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem but not others, it does not reflect the value of output in international trade. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more spread than nominal GDP per capita figures. Non-sovereign entities are included in the list because they appear in the sources and these economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. All data are in current United States dollars
18.
Administrative divisions of South Korea
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South Korea is made up of 17 first-tier administrative divisions,6 metropolitan cities,1 special city,1 special self-governing city, and 9 provinces, including one special self-governing province. These are further subdivided into a variety of entities, including cities, counties, districts, towns, townships, neighborhoods and villages. The governors of the divisions are elected every four years. A si is one of the divisions of a province, along with gun, cities have a population of at least 150,000, once a county attains that population, it becomes a city. Cities with a population of over 500,000 are divided into districts, Gimhae, Hwaseong, gus are then further divided into neighborhoods, cities with a population of less than 500,000 do not have wards – these cities are directly divided into neighborhoods. A gun is one of the divisions of a province, and of the cities of Busan, Daegu, Incheon. A gun has a population of less than 150,000, is densely populated than a gu. Gun are comparable to British non-metropolitan districts, counties are divided into towns and districts. Specially, the size of a gun is less than a US county, a gu is equivalent to district in the West. Most cities are divided into gu, though the cities of Busan, Daegu, Incheon. Gu are similar to boroughs in some Western countries, and a gu office handles many of the functions that would be handled by the city in other jurisdictions, an eup is similar to the unit of town. Along with myeon, an eup is one of the divisions of a county, the main town or towns in a county—or the secondary town or towns within a citys territory—are designated as eup. In order to form an eup, the population required is 20,000. A myeon is one of the divisions – along with eup – of a county, myeons have smaller populations than eup and represent the rural areas of a county or city. The minimum population limit is 6,000, a dong is the primary division of districts, and of those cities which are not divided into districts. The dong is the smallest level of government to have its own office. In some cases, a legal dong is divided into several administrative dong. Administrative dong are usually distinguished from one another by number, in such cases, each administrative dong has its own office and staff
19.
Buk District, Ulsan
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Buk District is the northernmost district of Ulsan, South Korea. Its name literally means North Ward and it stretches roughly from the Ring Road to Mohwa into the north and out to the coast in the east. 149,676 people live in Ulsan Buk Gus 80.41 km².77,214 of these are Korean males,71,183 are Korean females,961 are foreign males and 318 are foreign females, in no dong do women outnumber men. Most people in Ulsan go here infrequently, however, as it lies at the end of a twisted road over the hills just south of Muryongsan. Ulsans domestic airport, which serves Seoul is located in Buk-gu, nokwon-gu List of districts in South Korea Everything you need to know about Ulsan Official site Official site
20.
Jung District, Ulsan
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Jung District is the central district of Ulsan, South Korea. Its name literally means Central Ward, most of the population live between the southern border of the River Taehwa and Ring Road. The current head of the district is Jo Yong-su,234,875 people live in Ulsan Jung-gu. 120,077 of these are Korean males,114,349 are Korean females,153 are foreign males and 296 are foreign females, in only one dong, namely Okgyo-dong, do women outnumber men. More details can be found in the Administrative Divisions section, here lies Dongheon, an old complex used by the Japanese as a base of government during the occupation of Korea. Also in Jung-gu are Hyanggyo, the old Confucian Academy, Byeongyeongseong, an old fortress of which very little remains today. This stupa is the one in South Korea to have the Oriental Zodiac figures carved around its base. Ulsan Central Market, the largest traditional market in Ulsan is located in Jung-gu, list of districts in South Korea Official site Official site
21.
Nam District, Ulsan
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Nam District is a district of Ulsan, South Korea. Its name literally means South Ward, Nam District was established on July 15,1985. On January 1,1995, Ulsan City Nam-gu was consolidated after the merging of Ulsan City, on July 15,1997, Ulsan Metropolitan City Namgu was established after Ulsan was elevated to Metropolitan status. Nam district is divided into neighbourhoods. Until 2013, Nam-gus mascot was Tabi, a 7-year-old boy, symbolizes the vision of a strong, healthy, the current mascot that is used since 2014 is Jangseng-i, symbolizes Korean gray whale motivated from Jangsaengpo Whale Special District. This is among the affluent areas of the city. There are twelve scenic areas in Ulsan and are advertised throughout the city, there is a tour bus leaving each day that will take a person to some of these sites for a fee. There is a tourist information building in Samsan-dong where you can get information on attractions. Ulsan University Ulsan College West Campus The Ulsan expressway runs west from Nam District, the Busan–Ulsan Expressway runs south through Ulju County to Haeundae District in Busan. Seocho-Gu, Seoul, South Korea Liaoyang city, China List of districts in South Korea Official site Official site
22.
Hyundai Group
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Hyundai Group is a South Korean conglomerate founded by Chung Ju-yung. The first company in the group was founded in 1947 as a construction company, with government assistance, Chung and his family members rapidly expanded into various industries, eventually becoming South Koreas second biggest chaebol. The company spun off many of its better known businesses after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, including Hyundai Automotive Group, Hyundai Department Store Group, the Hyundai Group now focuses on elevators, container services, and tourism to Mount Kumgang. As of March 2007, Hyundai Engineering and Construction is the main shareholder of Hyundai Merchant Marine, in 1947, Hyundai Togun, the initial company of the Hyundai Group, was established by Chung Ju Yung. In 1950, Hyundai Togun was renamed Hyundai Construction, in 1958, Keumkang Company was established to make construction materials. In 1965, Hyundai Construction begins its first overseas venture, a project in Thailand. In 1967, Hyundai Motors was established, in 1975, the group begins construction on an integrated car factory and launches a new Korean vehicle. In 1973, the shipyard is incorporated as Hyundai Shipbuilding and Heavy Industries. In 1976, Hyundai Corporation is established as a trading arm, the same year, Asia Merchant Marine Co. established, later renamed Hyundai Merchant Marine. In 1977, Asan Foundation was established, in 1983, Hyundai Elevators and Hyundai Electronics were established. In 1986, Hyundai Research Institute was established, in 1988, Asian Sangsun was established, renamed Hyundai Logistics in 1992. During 1997 Asian financial crisis, Hyundai acquired Kia Motors and LG Semi-Conductor, in 1998, Koreas economic crisis forced the group to begin restructuring efforts, which include selling off subsidiaries and focusing on five core business areas. Nevertheless, Hyundai began South Korean tourism to North Koreas Kumgangsan, in 1999, Hyundai Asan was established to operating Kumgang tourism, the Kaesong Industrial Complex, and other inter-Korean work. In 2001, the founder Chung Ju-yung died, and the Hyundai Group conglomerate continued to be dismantled, in 2007, Hyundai Construction Equipment India Pvt. Ltd. established in India. In 2010, Hyundai Group was selected as a preferred bidder by creditors for the acquisition of Hyundai Engineering & Construction, as of February 2007, these are the affiliated companies of the Hyundai Group. Hyundai Construction Equipment India Pvt. Ltd, after founder Chung Ju-yungs death in 2001, the component companies of Hyundai were split off into separate companies. Hyundai Group Website Hyundai Group Homepage Funding Universe profile Hyundai Power Equipment
23.
Shipbuilding
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Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history, Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as naval engineering. The construction of boats is an activity called boat building. The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking, the ancestors of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans also went across the Lombok Strait to Sahul by boat over 50,000 years ago. Evidence from Ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC, the Archaeological Institute of America reports that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the Abydos boats. These are a group of 14 ships discovered in Abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were sewn together, the ship dating to 3000 BC was about 25 m,75 feet long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. According to professor OConnor, the 5, 000-year-old ship may have belonged to Pharaoh Aha. Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints. The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast in India, other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade, ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia. Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India, native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by Alexander the Great to navigate across the Hydaspes and even the Indus, under Nearchos. The Indians also exported teak for shipbuilding to ancient Persia, other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr. The ships of Ancient Egypts Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters in length and they mounted a single square sail on a yard, with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar propelled, the ocean and sea going ships of Ancient Egypt were constructed with cedar wood, most likely hailing from Lebanon. The ships of Phoenicia seem to have been of a similar design, the naval history of China stems back to the Spring and Autumn period of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as ships, which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts. There is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean and this was dually met with the introduction of the Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century
24.
Ford River Rouge Complex
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The Ford River Rouge Complex is a Ford Motor Company automobile factory complex located in Dearborn, Michigan, along the Rouge River, upstream from its confluence with the Detroit River at Zug Island. Construction began in 1917, and when it was completed in 1928 it had become the largest integrated factory in the world and it served as an inspiration for the Russian GAZ factory in the 1930s, and the Hyundai factory complex in Ulsan, South Korea. Designed by Albert Kahn, it was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1978 for its architecture, the Rouge measures 1.5 miles wide by 1 mile long, including 93 buildings with nearly 16 million square feet of factory floor space. Over 100,000 workers were employed there in the 1930s, some of the Rouge buildings were designed by Albert Kahn. His Rouge glass plant was regarded at the time as an exemplary and humane factory building, more recently, several buildings have been converted to green structures with a number of environmentally friendly features. The Rouges first products were Eagle Boats, World War I anti-submarine warfare boats produced in Building B, the original Building B, a three-story structure, is part of the legendary Dearborn Assembly Plant, which started producing Model As in the late 1920s and continued production through 2004. After the war, production turned to Fordson tractors, although the Rouges coke ovens and foundry produced nearly all the parts of the Model T, assembly of that vehicle remained at Highland Park. It was not until 1927 that automobile production began there, with the introduction of the Ford Model A, later Rouge products included the 1932 Model B, the original Mercury, the Ford Thunderbird, and four decades of Ford Mustangs. The old assembly plant was idled with the construction and launch of a new facility on the Miller Road side of the complex. After the 1960s, Ford began to decentralize manufacturing, building factories in major metropolitan centers. The Rouge, too, was downsized, with many units sold off to independent companies, on May 26,1937, a group of workers attempting to organize a union at the Rouge were severely beaten, an event later called the Battle of the Overpass. Peter E. Martins respect for labor led to Walter Reuther, by 1992, only Mustang production remained at the Dearborn Assembly Plant. In 1987 Ford planned to replace that car with the front wheel drive Ford Probe, with the fourth-generation Mustang a success, the Rouge was saved as well. Ford decided to modernize its operations, a gas explosion on February 1,1999, killed six employees and injured two dozen more, resulting in the idling of the power plant. As it ended production, Dearborn Assembly Plant was one of six plants within the Ford Rouge Center, the plant was open from 1918 to May 10,2004, with a red convertible 2004 Ford Mustang GT being the last vehicle built at the historic site. Demolition of the historic DAP facility was completed in 2008, all that remains is a 3000 place parking lot to hold light truck production from the new Dearborn Truck Plant. Today, the Rouge site is home to Fords Rouge Center and this industrial park includes six Ford factories on 600 acres of land, as well as steelmaking operations run by AK Steel, a U. S. steelmaker. The new Dearborn Truck factory famously features a roof and rainwater reclamation system designed by sustainability architect William McDonough
25.
Dearborn, Michigan
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Dearborn is a city in the State of Michigan. It is located in Wayne County and is part of the Detroit metropolitan area, Dearborn is the eighth largest city in the State of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 98,153 and it later grew into a manufacturing hub for the automotive industry. The city was the home of Henry Ford and is the headquarters of the Ford Motor Company. It has a campus of the University of Michigan as well as Henry Ford Community College, Dearborn has The Henry Ford, the United States largest indoor-outdoor museum complex and Metro Detroits leading tourist attraction. Dearborn residents are primarily of European or Middle Eastern heritage, descendants of 19th, Middle Eastern ancestries make up the largest ethnic grouping with Lebanese, Yemeni, Iraqi, Syrian and Palestinian groups present. The primary European ethnicities are German, Polish, Irish and Italian, the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying indigenous peoples. Historical tribes belonged mostly to the Algonquian-language family, although the Huron were Iroquoian speaking, French colonists had a trading post and developed Detroit during the colonial period, trading with numerous regional tribes. This settlement was ceded to Britain in 1763 after its victory in the Seven Years War, the Dearborn area was settled permanently by Europeans in 1786, after the American Revolutionary War. The town of Dearborn was incorporated in 1893, in 1927 it was established as a city. Its current borders result from a 1928 consolidation vote that merged Dearborn and neighboring Fordson, the area between the two towns was, and still remains in part, undeveloped. Once farm land, this was bought by Henry Ford for his estate, Fair Lane, the open land is planted with sunflowers and often with Henry Fords favorite soybeans. The Arab American National Museum opened in Dearborn in 2005, the first museum in the devoted to Arab-American history. Arab Americans in Dearborn include ethnic Lebanese Christians who immigrated in the twentieth century to work in the auto industry as well as more recent Arab immigrants from other nations. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 24.5 square miles. The Rouge River runs through the city with an artificial waterfall/low head dam on the Henry Ford estate to power its powerhouse, the Upper, Middle, and Lower Branches of the river come together in Dearborn. The river is widened and channeled near the Rouge Plant to allow freighter access. Fordson Island is an 8.4 acre island about three miles inland from the Detroit River on the River Rouge, Fordson Island is the only major island in a tributary to the Detroit River
26.
SB LiMotive
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SB LiMotive was a 50,50 joint company of Bosch and Samsung SDI founded in June 2008. The joint venture developed and manufactured lithium-ion batteries for use in hybrid-, plug-in hybrid vehicles and it was officially ended in September 2012 with both companies focusing on automotive batteries alone. In September 2008, SB LiMotive Co. Ltd. started its operations in Korea, about one month later, the German subsidiary SB LiMotive Germany GmbH was founded. In July 2009, SB LiMotive acquired US-American battery manufacturer Cobasys LLC, the groundbreaking of the cell manufacturing plant in Ulsan, Korea was two months later. In November 2010, the inauguration took place. Headquarters and cell development are located in Giheung, at the second Korean site in Ulsan, the cell manufacturing plant was constructed in just 9 months. Lithium-ion cells for pre-series projects are being manufactured there since 2010, in Stuttgart-Feuerbach, Germany, battery systems are developed and prototypes built. At its location in Germany, SB LiMotive has also built up a team for sales, marketing. In 2009, SB LiMotive acquired the U. S. company Cobasys with its two sites in Orion Township, Michigan, and Springboro, Ohio. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are being manufactured there and the location is now used to support customers with the engineering of lithium-ion battery packs. At all locations, SB LiMotive employs worldwide some 700 associates in total, SB LiMotive provides lithium-ion energy storage solutions from single cells to complete battery systems. They can be used in all vehicles from micro-hybrid to full electric vehicles, additionally, the joint venture supports its customers with engineering services for software, battery management services and cooling systems. SB LiMotive is a 50,50 joint venture between Samsung SDI and Robert Bosch GmbH, mr. Jingun Lee is President of SB LiMotive and Dr. Joachim Fetzer is Executive Vice President. SB LiMotive will supply lithium-ion battery cells to BMW for its electric vehicles, the German automaker will install the battery cells into the EVs, which will go into series production in 2013. Secondly, SB LiMotive will supply complete lithium-ion battery systems for the Fiat 500 EV, the battery system will be developed in Orion, Michigan, the production of cells will be in Ulsan, and the assembly of the battery pack will be in Springboro, Ohio /USA. Chrysler intends to bring the Fiat 500EV to the US market from 2012 on, the drive train consists of a high power electric powertrain module, advanced lithium-ion battery and an EV control unit to manage power flows. Vehicle and powertrain will be developed at Chrysler headquarters in Auburn Hills, in March 2012, after four years, the dissolution of the joint venture was announced. Bosch received about 45 million Euros from Samsung, while Samsung kept the lithium-ion cell production site in Ulsan, Bosch absorbed the battery-system business section in Stuttgart-Feuerbach
27.
Lithium-ion battery
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A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, the electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell. Lithium-ion batteries are common in home electronics and they are one of the most popular types of rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge. Beyond consumer electronics, LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle, for example, lithium-ion batteries are becoming a common replacement for the lead–acid batteries that have been used historically for golf carts and utility vehicles. Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types, handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide, which offers high energy density, but presents safety risks, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate, lithium ion manganese oxide battery and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide offer lower energy density, such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment and other roles. NMC in particular is a contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide and lithium titanate are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles, the newer lithium–sulfur batteries promise the highest performance-to-weight ratio. Lithium-ion batteries can pose unique safety hazards since they contain a flammable electrolyte, an expert notes If a battery cell is charged too quickly, it can cause a short circuit, leading to explosions and fires. Because of these risks, testing standards are more stringent than those for acid-electrolyte batteries, there have been battery-related recalls by some companies, including the 2016 Samsung Note 7 recall for battery fires. This article covers just the topics and general principles of lithium-ion batteries. Nearly all facets have elements that are impacted by currently very active development or research, a cell is a basic electrochemical unit that contains the basic components, such as electrodes, separator, and electrolyte. In the case of cells, this is the single cylindrical, prismatic or pouch unit. In this regard, the simplest battery is a cell with perhaps a small electronic circuit for protection. In many cases, distinguishing between cell and battery is not important, however, this should be done when dealing with specific applications, for example, battery electric vehicles, where battery may indicate a high voltage system of 400 V, and not a single cell. The term module is used as an intermediate topology, with the understanding that a battery pack is made of modules. In electrochemistry, the anode is the electrode where oxidation is taking place in the battery, i. e. electrons get free, however, this happens on opposite electrodes during charge vs. discharge. Historically, for lithium cells, which started as single use discharge cells and this is true on discharge, but with a rechargeable system, the negative electrode chemically becomes the cathode while charging
28.
Samsung
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Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s, these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lees death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group, since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics, in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income. Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics, Samsung Heavy Industries, other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance, Samsung Everland and Cheil Worldwide. Samsung has an influence on South Koreas economic development, politics, media. Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Koreas total exports, Samsungs revenue was equal to 17% of South Koreas $1,082 billion GDP. On 17 February 2017, Vice Chairman Lee Jae-yong was arrested for bribery, embezzlement, hiding assets overseas, according to Samsungs founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung is tri-star or three stars. The word three represents something big, numerous and powerful, in 1938, Lee Byung-chull of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe. Samsung started out as a trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong. It dealt in dried-fish, locally-grown groceries and made noodles, the company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul and he started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong and it was the largest woollen mill ever in the country. Samsung diversified into different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a range of industries. Samsung moved into lines of such as insurance, securities. President Park Chung Hee placed great importance on industrialization and he focused his economic development strategy on a handful of large domestic conglomerates, protecting them from competition and assisting them financially. In 1947, Cho Hong-jai, the Hyosung groups founder, jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa, or the Samsung Trading Corporation, the trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation
29.
Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH, or Bosch, is a German multinational engineering and electronics company headquartered in Gerlingen, near Stuttgart, Germany. It is the worlds largest supplier of automotive components measured by 2011 revenues, the company was founded by Robert Bosch in Stuttgart in 1886. Bosch is 92% owned by Robert Bosch Stiftung, Boschs core products are automotive components, industrial products and building products. The history of the started in a backyard in Stuttgart-West as the Werkstätte für Feinmechanik und Elektrotechnik on November 15,1886. One year later, Bosch presented the first low voltage magneto for gas engines, twenty years later, the first magneto for automobiles followed. The first factory was opened by Bosch in Stuttgart in 1901, in 1906, the company produced its 100, 000-th magneto. In the same year, Bosch introduced the 8-hours day for workers, in 1910, the Feuerbach plant was founded and built close to Stuttgart. In this factory, Bosch started to produce headlights in 1913, in 1917, Bosch was transformed into a corporation. In 1926, Bosch started to produce windscreen wipers, and in 1927, Bosch bought the gas appliances production from Junkers & Co. in 1932. In the same year, the company developed its first power drill, in 1937, Bosch was transformed into a limited liability company. Boschs subsidiary, Dreilinden Maschinenbau GmbH was a manufacturer in Kleinmachnow. This subsidiary employed forced laborers, prisoners of war and concentration camp detainees, there are two books published by Angela Martin and Hanna Sjöberg that report about Boschs use of slave labor. Since 2006, there is a commemoration in the forced labor camp. On March 12,1942, the founder, Robert Bosch. After the second war, Bosch established a partnership with the Japanese company Denso. In 1964, the Robert Bosch Stiftung was founded, Bosch founded a new development center in Schwieberdingen in 1968, and headquarters moved to Gerlingen in 1970. In 1981, the company participated on an equity basis in the Telefonbau & Normalzeit GmbH that was renamed Telenorma in 1985, in 1994, this part of the company was renamed as Bosch Telecom GmbH. In 2000, Bosch sold the Private Networks area, in 2001, Bosch acquired the Mannesmann Rexroth AG which was later renamed to Bosch Rexroth AG
30.
Light rail
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Light rail, light rail transit or fast tram is urban public transport using rolling stock similar to a tramway, but operating at a higher capacity, and often on an exclusive right-of-way. A few light rail networks tend to have closer to rapid transit or even commuter rail. Other light rail networks are tram-like in nature and partially operate on streets, Light rail systems are found throughout the world, on all inhabited continents. They have been popular in recent years due to their lower capital costs. The term light rail was coined in 1972 by the U. S, Urban Mass Transportation Administration to describe new streetcar transformations that were taking place in Europe and the United States. In Germany the term Stadtbahn was used to describe the concept, and many in UMTA wanted to adopt the direct translation, however, UMTA finally adopted the term light rail instead. Light in this context is used in the sense of intended for light loads and fast movement, the infrastructure investment is also usually lighter than would be found for a heavy rail system. The Transportation Research Board defined light rail in 1977 as a mode of urban transportation utilizing predominantly reserved, electrically propelled rail vehicles operate singly or in trains. LRT provides a range of passenger capabilities and performance characteristics at moderate costs. Light rail is a generic international English phrase for these types of rail systems, the use of the generic term light rail avoids some serious incompatibilities between British and American English. The word trolley is used as a synonym for streetcar in the United States. A further difference arose because, while Britain abandoned all of its trams except Blackpool after World War II, when these cities upgraded to new technology, they called it light rail to differentiate it from their existing streetcars since some continued to operate both the old and new systems. Conventional rail technologies including high-speed, freight, commuter/regional, and metro/subway/elevated urban transit systems are considered heavy rail, people movers and personal rapid transit are even lighter, at least in terms of capacity. Monorail is a technology that has been more successful in specialized services than in a commuter transit role. Due to varying definitions, it is hard to distinguish between what is called light rail, and other forms of urban and commuter rail, a system described as light rail in one city may be considered to be a streetcar or tram system in another. Conversely, some lines that are called light rail are in very similar to rapid transit, in recent years. Some light rail systems, such as Sprinter, bear little similarity to urban rail, in the United States, light rail has become a catch-all term to describe a wide variety of passenger rail systems. There is a significant difference in cost between these different classes of light rail transit, tram-like systems are often less expensive than metro-like systems by a factor of two or more
31.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
32.
Gimpo International Airport
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Gimpo International Airport, commonly known as Gimpo Airport, is located in the far western end of Seoul, some 15 km west of the Central District of Seoul. Gimpo was the international airport for Seoul and South Korea before being replaced by Incheon International Airport in 2001. In 2015,23,163,778 passengers used the airport, making it the third largest airport in Korea, the airport is located south of the Han River in western Seoul. The name Gimpo comes from the city of Gimpo, of which the airport used to be a part. On 29 November 2003, scheduled services between Gimpo and Haneda Airport in Tokyo, Japan resumed, services to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport resumed on 28 October 2007. Services to Kansai International Airport in Osaka, Japan started on 26 October 2008, services to Beijing Capital International Airport started on 1 July 2011. Services to Taipei Songshan Airport started on 30 April 2012, the airfield was originally constructed in 1939–1942 during the Japanese Imperial period. Gimpo played a role during the Korean War, and the USAF designated the airfield as Kimpo Air Base or K-14. North Korean forces attacked South Korea on 25 June 1950 starting the Korean War, during one of the first Korean Peoples Air Force attacks on 25 June a Military Air Transport Service C-54 Skymaster was destroyed on the ground at Gimpo. On 27 June US naval and air forces began evacuating 748 US diplomats, military dependents, in the subsequent dogfights three LA-7s were shot down for the loss of no US aircraft in the first air battle of the war. Later that day four F-80Cs of the 35th Fighter-Bomber Squadron shot down four Ilyushin Il-10s for no losses over Gimpo in the USAFs first jet-aircraft victory, Gimpo was captured by the KPA shortly after the capture of Seoul on 28 June 1950. On 29 June eight B-29s of the 19th Bomb Group bombed Gimpo, by July the KPAF were using the base for attacks on UN forces, on 10 July, seven Yak-7s were hidden at Gimpo and used in strikes against UN positions at Cheongju. The next day they surprised and damaged several F-80s in the area, on 15 July the US launched an attack on Gimpo, destroying two or three of the seven Yak-7s there and damaging the runway. On 5 August 5th Air Force fighters strafed and bombed Gimpo, destroying 9 aircraft, following the Inchon landings on 15 September 1950, the 2nd Battalion 5th Marines was ordered to seize Gimpo on 17 September. Gimpo was defended by a conglomeration of half-trained fighting men and service forces, the airfield was in excellent shape as the North Koreans had not had time to do any major demolition. On 19 September, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers repaired the railroad up to eight miles inland and 32 C-54 transport planes began flying in gasoline. VMF-212 was one of the first units to operate from Gimpo before moving forward to Yonpo Airfield, on 25 September the 811th Engineer Aviation Battalion began repairing bomb damage on the 6,000 feet asphalt runway at Gimpo and covering it with Marsden Matting. On 6 October the USAF took control of Gimpo from the USMC, units based at Gimpo were withdrawn to the south and facilities were destroyed to prevent their use by Chinese and North Korean forces
33.
Jeju International Airport
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Jeju International Airport is the 2nd largest airport in South Korea, just behind Incheon Airport in Incheon. It is located in the city of Jeju, Jeju International Airport serves many mainland destinations in South Korea, as well as international destinations in China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan. In 2015,26,237,562 passengers used the airport, due to the large number of passengers using the airport and its limited capacity it was announced that a second airport would be constructed on the island near the southern city of Seogwipo. It is expected to open to the public in 2025, all 160 persons on board survived. In 2008, bodies of the victims of the Jeju massacre were discovered in a grave near the airport. com
34.
Korea Train Express
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Korea Train eXpress is South Koreas high-speed rail system, operated by Korail. Construction began on the line from Seoul to Busan in 1992. KTX services were launched on April 1,2004, a new line from Wonju to Gangneung is under construction to serve the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. Top speed for trains in service is currently 305 km/h. The initial rolling stock was based on Alstoms TGV Réseau, and was built in Korea. The domestically developed HSR-350x, which achieved 352.4 km/h in tests, resulted in a type of high-speed trains now operated by Korail. The Seoul-Busan axis is Koreas main traffic corridor, in 1982, it represented 65. 8% of South Koreas population, a number that grew to 73. 3% by 1995, along with 70% of freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic. With both the Gyeongbu Expressway and Korails Gyeongbu Line congested as of the late 1970s, the government saw the pressing need for form of transportation. During the following years, several feasibility studies were prepared for a line with a Seoul–Busan travel time of 1 hour 30 minutes. As planning progressed, the Korea High Speed Rail Construction Authority was established in March 1992 as a body with its own budget responsible for the project. In the 1993 reappraisal of the project, the date was pushed back to May 2002. 82% of the cost increase was due to a 90% increase in costs in the construction sector, mostly labour costs but also material costs. To finance the project, the option of a franchise was rejected as too risky. Funding included direct government grants, government and foreign loans, domestic bond sales, KHSRCA started construction of the Seoul–Busan Gyeongbu High Speed Railway on June 30,1992, on the 57 km long section from Cheonan to Daejeon, which was intended for use as test track. Construction started before the choice of the main supplier, thus alignment design was set out to be compatible with all choices. Of the planned 411 km line,152.73 km would be laid on bridges, however, plans were changed repeatedly, in particular those for city sections, following disputes with local governments, while construction work suffered from early quality problems. Planned operating speed was reduced from 350 km/h to the 300 km/h maximum of high-speed trains on the market. In 1994, the alliance of GEC-Alsthom and its Korean subsidiary Eukorail were chosen as winner, the technology was almost identical to that found on the high-speed lines of Frances TGV system
South Korea
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Uruguay
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