1.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
2.
West Bengal
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West Bengal is an Indian state, located in East India on the Bay of Bengal. It is Indias fourth-most populous state, with over 91 million inhabitants and it has a total area of 34,267 sq mi, making it similar in size to Serbia. A part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region, it borders Bangladesh in the east and Nepal and it also has borders five Indian states, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata, the seventh-largest city in India, the geography of West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in its extreme north, the Ganges delta, the Rarh region and the coastal Sundarbans. The main ethnic group are the Bengali people, with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority, Ancient Bengal was the site of several major janapadas, including Vanga, Radha, Pundra and Suhma. In the 2nd century BC, the region was conquered by the emperor Ashoka, in the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Between 1977 and 2011, the state was administered by the worlds longest elected Communist government, a major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to Indias net domestic product. It is noted for its activities and the presence of cultural and educational institutions. The states cultural heritage, besides varied folk traditions, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artists. West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing football besides cricket. The origin of the name Bengal is unknown, one theory suggests that the word derives from Bang, a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BC. The word might have derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga. Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name, the early history is obscure. At the end of British Rule over the Indian subcontinent, the Bengal region was partitioned in 1947 along religious lines into east and west, the east came to be known as East Bengal and the west came to known as West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state. In 2011, the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the name of the state to Poschimbongo. This is the name of the state, literally meaning western Bengal in the native Bengali language
3.
Hooghly River
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The Hooghly River or the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, called Ganga traditionally, is an approximately 260-kilometre-long distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India. It splits from the Ganges as a canal in Murshidabad District at the Farakka Barrage, the town of Hugli-Chinsura, formerly Hooghly, is located on the river, in the Hooghly. The origins of the Hooghly name are uncertain, whether the city or the river was named first, the Farakka Barrage is a dam that diverts water from the Ganges into a canal near the town of Tildanga in Murshidabad district. This supplies the Hooghly with adequate water even in the dry season and it parallels the Ganges, past Dhulian, until just above Jahangirpur where the canal ends and the river takes its own course. Just south of Jahangirpur it leaves the Ganges area and flows south past Jiaganj Azimganj, Murshidabad, the river then flows south past Katwa, Navadwip and Kalna. At Kalna it originally formed the border between Nadia District and Hooghly District, and then further south between Hooghly District and North 24 Parganas District and it flows past Halisahar, Chinsurah, Serampore, and Kamarhati. Then just before entering the cities of Kolkata and Howrah. At Nurpur it enters an old channel of the Ganges and turns south to empty into the Bay of Bengal through the estuary of about 20 mi wide, two of its primary tributaries are Damodar and Rupnarayan. The tide runs rapidly on the Hooghly, and produces an example of the fluvial phenomenon known as a tidal bore. This consists of the head-wave of the tide, hemmed in where the estuary narrows suddenly into the river. It is felt as high up as Kolkata, and frequently destroys small boats, the difference from the lowest point of low-water in the dry season to the highest point of high-water in the rains is reported to be 20 ft 10 in. The greatest mean rise of tide, about 16 ft, takes place in March, April or May - with a declining range during the season to a mean of 10 ft. In its upper reaches the river is known as the Bhāgirathi. In 1974, the Farakka Barrage began diverting water into the Hooghly during the dry season so as to reduce the difficulties at Kolkatas port. Like the rest of the Ganges, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly is considered sacred to Hindus, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly river system is an essential lifeline for the people of West Bengal. It was through this river that the East India company sailed into Bengal and established their settlement, Calcutta. People from other such as the French, Dutch, Portuguese. The river provides a supply of water to the plain of West Bengal for irrigation
4.
Naihati
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Naihati is a town and an important railway junction station on the Indian Railways network, in the district of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. Naihati municipality is one of the oldest in the country and was established in 1869. It is the birthplace of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, the author of Indias national song Vande Mataram, Naihati is located at 22. 9°N88. 42°E /22.9,88.42. It has an elevation of 15 metres. Being situated in the tropics, the climate of Naihati is primarily hot and humid summers and cool, the rain bearing clouds from the Bay of Bengal brings torrential rain in the monsoon. In the summer temperature goes as high as 40 degree Celsius, as of 2011 India census, Naihati had a population of 221,762. Males constitute 50. 87% of the population and females 49. 13%, Naihati has an average literacy rate of 89. 79%, higher than the national average of 75. 06%, male literacy is 93. 16%, and female literacy is 86. 31%. In Naihati,7. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age and population density 18, 641/km2, with the partition of India there was a massive influx of refugees from East Pakistan into Kolkata and its peripheral areas. Naihati Railway Station is 38 km from Sealdah on the Sealdah-Ranaghat Line and 16 km from Barrackpore and it is part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway system. It is connected to Bandel on the Howrah-Bardhaman main line, the journey takes about 20 minutes. Naihati is also connected to Chuchura by ferry, the road transport is chiefly via the well known 85 route which operates between Barrackpore and Kanchrapara. There are also some other bus routes like Naihati to Habra, Naihati to Barasat, a new state and also Private Bus has started from Naihati to Digha, from Kanthal Para Railway Bridge. In 1857, the Eastern Bengal Railway was formed to lay the tracks along the east bank of the Hooghly River to Kushtia, the Jubilee Bridge linking Bandel and Naihati was opened on 21 February 1887, so that up country freight traffic could run through to Kolkata port. A new bridge is being built up beside the existing Jubilee bridge by Indian Railways, the bridge is already started functioning and it has two tracks, one for UP and another for down route trains. Due to the introduction of new route one can travel between Naihati and Bandel within 15 minutes. Noted historian and linguist Haraprasad Shastri, a descendant of Vidyadhar, was born here nearly a century. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Sahitya samrat one of the graetest Bengali novelist of all time, was born in Naihati. He was an author of novels, and authored Vande Mataram
5.
Rajpur Sonarpur
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Rajpur Sonarpur, popularly known as Sonarpur, is a southern neighbourhood of Kolkata, India and a municipality under Sonarpur police station. While they form a common municipality both the places are also identified individually and it is bounded by Baghajatin, Bansdroni to the north, Barisha, Pailan to the west, Chakberia to the east and Baruipur to the south. The name Rajpur has been derived from the Bengali words Rajar Puri to Rajpuri. Being on the banks of the Adi Ganga, Rajpur was one of the locations of Bengal at that time. The proximity to Kolkatas southern district and being on the banks of Adi Ganga, the old jamindars house in Rajpur Harinavi is like the Roy Choudhurys. The Ramakrishna Mission, Belur Math set up an ashram in the Narendrapur area and made the school, Rajpur is the ancestral place of the renowned Indian patriot and freedom fighter Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Rajpur is located at 22. 41°N88. 42°E /22.41,88.42 It has an elevation of 8 m. Sonarpur is located at 22. 43°N88. 42°E /22.43,88.42 It has an elevation of 9 m. Boral is another locality of the area. A very old temple namely of historical importance - Tripurasundari Temple near Boral High School, in early 1953, the principal photography of the Satyajit Rays debut film Pather Panchali was done at Boral, then a small village on the outskirts of Kolkata, now a locality of Sonarpur. A decade later, Ray again shot a scene of Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne in the bamboo groves near a local pond. Before the State Highway 1 project Rajpur Sonarpur was connected to Kolkata by N. S. C Bose Road, Eastern Metropolitan Bypass are famous for their congested rush hour traffic. As a result of that the place has got an attention recently over again, the city of Rajpur Sonarpur saw an immediate rush for land. It has also turned up in the recent real estate boom of the metropolis over the last 10 years Rajpur Sonarpur has developed into a residential community. Many multi-storied apartment complexes have been attracted by the amenities, as well as by the easy connectivity over the E M Bypass. Newly constructed roads have access to the area very easy. Many parts have turned up as a gateway to Kolkata. The Hardware Park at the Sonarpur Chowhati, initiated by the Government of West Bengal is being built up in rapid speed, peerless had built an excellent housing complex namely PRANTIK HOUSING COMPLEX located at Sonarpur Station Road. S. C Bose Road and E M Bypass
6.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
7.
South Eastern Railway zone
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The South Eastern Railway is one of the 17 railway zones in India and Part of Eastern Railways. It is headquartered at Garden Reach, Kolkata, West Bengal and it comprises Adra railway division, Chakradharpur railway division, Kharagpur railway division and Ranchi railway division. The Bengal Nagpur Railway Company was incorporated in 1887 to take over from the Nagpur Chhattisgarh Railway, the work was completed in 1888. The extension of the line from Nagpur to Asansol was completed by 1891. A 161-mile branch line that connected Bilaspur to Umaria coal mine was built, by the turn of the twentieth century, work on the Calcutta–Bombay and Calcutta–Madras lines was completed. Through the first half of the century work on the BNR lines progressed steadily. In 1921 the Talcher coalfields were connected by a line starting from Nergundi. In 1931, the Raipur–Vizianagaram line was set up, which connected the east coast with the Central Province, by the end of the 1930s the BNR owned the largest narrow-gauge network in the country. On 1 August 1955, the erstwhile Bengal Nagpur Railway portion was separated and a new zone, in July 1967, the South Eastern Railway took over the Bankura Domodar River line. Till April 2003, the South Eastern Railway comprised eight divisions, Kharagpur, Adra, Sambalpur, Khurda Road, Visakhapatnam, in April 2003 two new zones were carved out from the SER. On 13 April 2003 the SER reorganized Adra and Chakradharpur divisions to form the new Ranchi division, the South Eastern Railway has electric multiple unit sheds in Tikiapara and Panskura. Electric locomotive sheds are in Santragachi, Tatanagar, Bokaro Steel City, diesel locomotive sheds are located in Kharagpur, Bokaro Steel City, and Bondamunda. The coach maintenance yard is in Santragachi, the South Eastern Railway has a major workshop located in Kharagpur. The South Eastern Railway caters to the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, S. E. also runs regular electric multiple units services to areas adjacent to Kolkata, from Howrah to Kharagpur, Amta, Medinipur, Tatanagar, Balasore Rourkela and Santragachi to Shalimar. It also handles freight traffic to Kolkata and Haldia. Howrah Station Eastern Railway zone Official website
8.
Andul
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Andul is a census town in the Sankrail block under the Sadar sub-division in Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a hub of commercial and industrial activity within. It is considered as one of the towns in the district. Andul is located at 22. 58°N88. 24°E /22.58,88.24, as per 2011 Census of India Andul had a total population of 6,302 of which 3,182 were males and 3,120 were females. Population below 6 years was 397, the total number of literates in Andul was 5,626. Andul was part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census, as of 2001 India census, Andul had a population of 5677. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%, Andul has an average literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, with 53% of the males and 47% of females literate. 6% of the population is under 6 years of age, Kamal Nursery and The Indian Nursery two of the most famous names in the Indian horticulture industry are situated at Andul. Howrah Flower Growers Association organize flower exhibition at Kamal Nursery every year, the State Highway 6 passes through Andul
9.
Domjur
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Domjur is a census town in Domjur in Sadar subdivision of Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Domjur is located at 22. 64°N88. 22°E /22.64,88.22 and it has an average elevation of 11 metres. As per 2011 Census of India Domjur had a population of 18,433 of which 9,040 were males and 9,393 were females. Population below 6 years was 1,725, the total number of literates in Domjur was 14,396. Domjur was part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census, as of 2001 India census, Domjur had a population of 16,822. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%, Domjur has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 73% and, female literacy is 65%. In Domjur, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age, sastitala is the most biggest area of Domjur. Domjur has a number of population belonging to Schedule Caste group. Hindus form about the two-thirds of the population, whereas Muslims make up about one-third, similar to the rest of Bengal, Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Eid al-Fitr and Christmas are the major festivals celebrated here. Domjur Road is 25.29 kilometres and Domjur is 26.23 kilometres from Howrah Station, Domjur is part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway railway system. B. D. Apart from that, there are nursing homes and polyclinics in the area
10.
Howrah
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Howrah or Haora is an industrial city, a municipal corporation in the Howrah district, West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the district, and of the Howrah Sadar subdivision of the district, located on the west bank of the Hoogli River, it is a twin city to Kolkata. Howrah is the second smallest district after Kolkata, currently the state secretariat and the Chief Ministers Office in also located in Nabanna in Howrah. Howrah Station serves as a terminal for two railway zones of India, the Eastern Railway and the South Eastern Railway. There are six railway stations with the city, including the railway junction at Santragachhi. Dinabandhu Institution, an Institute of National Importance and a research institution, is also situated in Shibpur. Two national highways—NH2 and NH 6—are connected to Vidyasagar Setu via Kona Expressway, one endpoint of the Grand Trunk Road is at the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden here, where the Great Banyan tree stands. Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, over 150 years old, the name came from the word Haor—Bengali word for a fluvial swampy lake, which is sedimentologically a depression where water, mud and organic debris accumulate. The word itself was used in eastern part of Bengal. Venetian explorer Cesare Federici, who travelled in India during 1565–79, as per his description, this was the a location into which large ships could travel and perhaps a commercial port. This place is identifiable with the modern day neighbourhood of Bator, Bator was also mentioned in the Bengali poetry Manasamangal written by Bipradas Pipilai in 1495. The list of villages appeared in the Consultation Book of the Council dated 4 May 1714, the five villages on the west bank on Hooghly river were, Salica, Harirah, Cassundeah, Ramkrishnopoor, and Battar, all identifiable with localities of modern-day Howrah city. The deputation was successful except for five villages. By 1728, most of the present-day Howrah district was part of either of the two zamindaris, Burdwan or Muhammand Aminpur. After Battle of Plassey, as per the treaty signed with the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim, on 11 October 1760, in 1787, the Hooghly district was formed, and till 1819, the whole of the present day Howrah district was added to it. The Howrah district was separated from the Hooghly district in 1843, by 1914 almost every major city in India was served by the Railways and the increased demand for its rolling stocks and repair works resulted in the establishment of railway workshop in Howrah. The light engineering industry grew up after 1914, Howrah is located at 22. 59°N88. 31°E /22.59,88.31. It has an elevation of 12 metres As of 2011 India census
11.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
India
