During the Umayyad Caliphate, the cursing of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia Imam, who was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, was a state
Shrine of Hujr ibn Adi in Syria
Battle of Siffin
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The Battle of Siffin was fought in 657 CE between the Iraqi Arab forces of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the Syrian Arab forces of the rebelling long-time governor of the Levant, Mu
Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali
…Rashidun caliph Uthman (r. 644–656), who was assassinated by rebels from the provinces angered by his policies. Ali and Mu'awiya fought the inconclusive Battle of Siffin in 657 CE and continued hostilities until the assassination of Ali in 661, which paved the way for Mu'awiya to takeover the caliphate in the same year…
Persian miniature, likely depicting Ali at the Battle of Siffin, created in Safavid Iran, dated 1516
Zulfiqar with and without the shield. The Fatimid depiction of Ali's sword as carved on the Gates of Old Cairo, namely Bab al-Nasr.