1.
Robert Wilkie
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Robert Leon Wilkie is an American lawyer who serves as Senior Advisor to U. S. He previously served as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs and he currently lives in Arlington, Virginia, with his wife and two children. Wilkie was born in Frankfurt West Germany, and attended Fayetteville North Carolinas Reid Ross Senior High School, as the son of an Army Artillery officer, he grew up in Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He received his bachelors degree from the Wake Forest University in North Carolina. C, mr. Wilkie developed strategic planning for the implementation of the Moscow Treaty, the Millennium Challenge Account, Iraqi Reconstruction and NATO Expansion. In 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates awarded him the Defense Distinguished Public Service Medal and he began his professional career on Capitol Hill as Counsel to Jesse Helms, and later served as legislative director for Rep. David Funderburk of North Carolina. He was assigned to the Committee on International Relations and the Commission on Security, in 1997, he began service as counsel and advisor on international security affairs to Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott. Wilkie gained attention for outlining guidelines that restricted congressional testimony to high-ranking officers, according to a Boston Globe article, both Democrats and Republicans in Congress saw this as a blatant attempt to bog down investigations of the war. In addition, there was an argument that the Pentagon had no authority to set those rules, once there was a change in the subcommittees leadership, the Pentagon reached an accommodation which gave the subcommittee access to the soldiers. DoD News ReleaseWilkie Named Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs United States Department of Defense, mike Soraghan, DoD braces for a fight with Pelosi, The Hill, June 2007. Robert L. Wilkie, White House biography Robert L. Wilkie, Department of Defense biography
2.
Office of the Secretary of Defense
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The Office of the Secretary of Defense is a headquarters-level staff of the Department of Defense of the United States of America. All of these positions are Presidential appointments which require U. S. Senate confirmation, the Secretary and Deputy Secretary manage several Under Secretaries each of whom in turn manage several Assistant Secretaries of Defense. There are also several special officers reporting directly to Secretary of Defense, during the Obama administration, Congress has sought to clarify the organization of OSD, and has worked with the Department to move toward a standardization of official naming conventions. S. Levin was concerned that the proliferation of DUSDs at multiple levels of the organization could muddy lines of authority, subsequent legislation established five Senate-confirmed Principal Deputies, one for each Under Secretary of Defense. The FY10 NDAA gave the Department of Defense until January 1,2011, the FY11 NDAA extended this deadline to January 1,2015. During that time, the Secretary may, at his or her discretion, the USD appears to be maintaining at least three non-PAS DUSDs, although they have been renamed. The USD has maintained the non-PAS DUSD for Installations and Environment, though the FY11 NDAA recommended merging this post with the newly created ASD for Operational Energy Plans and Programs. The USD has maintained a non-PAS DUSD for Strategy, Plans, and Forces, though the FY11 NDAA recommended eliminating this position
3.
United States Department of Defense
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The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified Combatant Commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University, the history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775 and this coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to federal government, to defend its citizens and this first Congress had a huge agenda, that of creating legislation to build a government for the ages. Legislation to create a military defense force stagnated, two separate times, President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military. In a special message to Congress on 19 December 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts, deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense, the National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the authority of the Military Departments. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized authority, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Act moved decision-making authority from the Military Departments to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and it also strengthened the command channel of the military over U. S. forces from the President to the Secretary of Defense. Written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, it was signed into law 6 August 1958, because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is the Secretary and Deputy Secretarys civilian staff. S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies, Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community and these are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence
4.
United States Secretary of Defense
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The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S
5.
United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
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The Deputy Secretary of Defense is a statutory office and the second-highest-ranking official in the Department of Defense of the United States of America. The Deputy Secretary is the civilian deputy to the Secretary of Defense. The Deputy Secretary of Defense position is held by Robert O. Work. Former Assistant to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Stephen Early, public Law 92-596, October 27,1972, established a Second Deputy Secretary of Defense position, with both deputies performing duties as prescribed by the Secretary of Defense. The second deputy position was not filled until December 1975, Robert F. Ellsworth, serving from December 23,1975 until 10 January 1977, was the only one to ever hold that office. Public Law 95-140,21 October 1977, the law establishing two Under Secretaries of Defense, abolished the second deputy position, the Deputy Secretary is first in the line of succession to the office of Secretary of Defense. Traditionally, the Deputy Secretary has been the civilian official guiding the process of the Quadrennial Defense Review.1, Functions of the Department of Defense, Department of Defense Key Officials 1947–2015. Washington DC, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office, Deputy Secretary of Defense position profile at Prunes Online defense. gov
6.
Recruitment
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Recruitment is a core function of human resource management. Recruitment refers to the process of attracting, selecting and appointing suitable candidates for jobs within an organization. Recruitment can also refer to processes involved in choosing individuals for unpaid positions, internet-based technologies to support all aspects of recruitment have become widespread. From these the relevant information is captured in such documents as job descriptions, often, a company already has job descriptions for existing positions. Where already drawn up, these documents may require review and updating to reflect current requirements, prior to the recruitment stage, a person specification should be finalized. Sourcing is the use of one or more strategies to attract or identify candidates to fill job vacancies and this initial research for candidates—also called name generation—produces contact information for potential candidates, whom the recruiter can then discreetly contact and screen. Various psychological tests can assess a variety of KSAOs, including literacy, assessments are also available to measure physical ability. Recruiters and agencies may use applicant tracking systems to filter candidates, along with tools for psychometric testing. In many countries, employers are legally mandated to ensure their screening and selection processes meet equal opportunity, employers are likely to recognize the value of candidates who encompass soft skills such as interpersonal or team leadership. Many companies, including organizations and those that recruit from a range of nationalities, are also often concerned about whether candidate fits the prevailing company culture. The word disability carries few positive connotations for most employers, research has shown that employer biases tend to improve through first-hand experience and exposure with proper supports for the employee and the employer making the hiring decisions. As for most companies, money and job stability are two of the factors to the productivity of a disabled employee, which in return equates to the growth. Hiring disabled workers produce more advantages than disadvantages, there is no difference in the daily production of a disabled worker. IRS grants companies Disabled Access Credit when they meet eligibility criteria, many major corporations recognize the need for diversity in hiring to compete successfully in a global economy. Other organizations, for universities and colleges, have been slow to embrace diversity as an essential value for their success. Recruitment Process Outsourcing, or commonly known as RPO is a form of business process outsourcing where a company engages a third party provider to all or part of its recruitment process. Advantages include the familiarity with the employee and their competencies insofar as they are revealed in their current job. It can be quicker and have a lower cost to hire someone internally, niche firms tend to focus on building ongoing relationships with their candidates, as the same candidates may be placed many times throughout their careers
7.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
8.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
9.
Defense Commissary Agency
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The Defense Commissary Agency, headquartered at Fort Lee, is an agency of the United States Department of Defense that operates more than 245 commissaries worldwide. The commissary benefit is not a recent innovation, no geographic restrictions were placed upon these sales, the commissary warehouse at every Army post could become a sales location, whether they were located on the frontier or near a large city. From the start, commissaries were meant to take on-post retail functions out of the hands of civilian vendors and post traders, the stores provided wholesome food beyond what was supplied in the official rations, and the savings they provided supplemented military pay. The modern concept of commissary sales stores, which were established to benefit military personnel of all ranks by providing healthful foods at cost, the commissary retail function developed and grew, roughly parallel to the development of the retail grocery industry. The commissaries’ 82-item stock list of 1868 was comparable to the assortment in a typical civilian dry goods grocery store at that time. Commissaries kept pace with developments in civilian supermarkets, and the average commissary today has more than 12,000 line items, the list of eligible shoppers has also grown. Originally, only active-duty Army personnel could shop, today, personnel in all services, including the Coast Guard and National Guard and Reserves, may shop in the commissary on any U. S. military installation, around the world. Military retirees – those who have served in uniform 20 years or more – were first allowed to make purchases in 1878. As the role of the American military grew larger, commissaries began to spread around the world, the first overseas stores opened in Cuba, the Philippines and in China between 1898 and 1904. They were soon followed by commissaries in Panama and Puerto Rico, eventually, all the services adopted the Armys concept of commissary sales stores and tailored the concept to their own needs. The Navy and Marine Corps opened their first commissaries in 1909 and 1910, in 1989, Congress directed DoD to conduct a study of the separate military commissary systems. The ensuing report by the Jones Commission recommended consolidating the service systems into one agency to improve service, DoD appointed Army Maj. Gen. John P. Dreska as the agencys first director in June 1990. 1,1991 at its headquarters in Fort Lee, Va, after leading DeCA through its initial year of operation, Dreska retired in 1992, and Army Maj. Gen. Richard E. Beale Jr. became the new director. Beale retired from the military Sept.30,1996, and he was succeeded by Air Force Maj. Gen. Robert J. Courter Jr. and Air Force Maj. Gen. Michael P. Wiedemer. Following Nixons retirement, Richard S. Page served as acting director until the arrival of director and CEO, thomas E. Milks was acting director and CEO, from Sakowitzs June 2010 retirement until Joseph H. Jeu succeeded Sakowitz 3 June 2011. Authority to shop at Commissaries is normally determined by presentation of the U. S, uniformed Services Privilege and Identification Card or a Common Access Card. At some military bases authorized patrons are allowed to bring guest into the commissaries, guest are not authorized to make commissary purchases, and patrons are not permitted to make commissary purchases for guest. Base commanders can order the restriction of guest to the commissaries, Commissary privileges overseas are covered under Status of Forces Agreements, Visiting Forces agreements, treaties, etc
10.
Department of Defense Education Activity
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DoDEA also provides support to more than one million military-connected students who attend public schools throughout the United States. It is headed by a director who oversees all functions from the Mark Center in Alexandria, Virginia. DoDEAs schools are divided into three areas, each of which is managed by an area director, within each of these three areas, schools are organized into districts headed by superintendents. DoDEAs schools serve the children of service members and Department of Defense civilian employees throughout the world. Children of enlisted military personnel represent 85 percent of the enrollment in DoDEA schools. The DoDEA instructional program provides a comprehensive prekindergarten through 12th grade curriculum that is competitive with that of any system in the United States. DoDEA maintains a school graduation rate of approximately 97 percent. The 3,102 graduating seniors in DoDEAs Class of 2002 earned more than $35 million in scholarships, DoDEA monitors student progress through the use of standardized tests. Students take the TerraNova achievement tests, a series of norm-referenced tests for students in grades 3 through 11, every year, at every grade level tested, and in every subject area, DoDEA students score above the national average. DoDEA 4th and 8th grade students take the National Assessment of Educational Progress. DoDDS and DDESS student scores consistently rank at or near the top of the scale when compared with the scores of participating states. Furthermore, the performance of African American and Hispanic students is among the highest in the nation, though achievement gaps persist between white and minority students, the academic performance gap is far narrower for DoDEA students than for students throughout the United States. Shortly after the end of World War II, the United States military established schools for the children of its servicemen stationed in Europe and East Asia. Schools for children of military members stationed in the United States were established in the South after President Trumans 1949 order desegregating the United State military services, the need for integrated schools can be seen in the pattern of todays Department of Defense Domestic Dependent Elementary and Secondary Schools. First administered by the branches they served, the growing number of schools was soon transferred to civilian managers. Overseas schools were often titled, American Dependent Schools and they were staffed mainly by teachers recruited from the United States. The European branch of the dependent schools was called the United States Dependents Schools. In 1994 the two systems were brought together under an agency, the Department of Defense Education Activity
11.
Military Health System
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The Military Health System is the enterprise within the United States Department of Defense that provides health care to active duty and retired U. S. Its mission is to provide support for the full range of military operations. Its primary mission is to maintain the health of personnel, so they can carry out their military missions. The MHS also provides, where space is available, health care to dependents of active duty members, to retirees and their dependents. Such care has made available since 1966, through the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services and its successor. In October 2001, TRICARE benefits were extended to retirees and their dependents aged 65, the MHS has a $50 billion budget and serves about 10 million beneficiaries, including active duty personnel and their families and retirees and their families. Before the Civil War, medical care in the military was provided largely by the regimental surgeon, while attempts were made to establish a centralized medical system, care provision was largely local and limited. Treatment for disease and injury was, by modern standards, primitive, the Civil War saw improvements in medical science, communications and transportation that made centralized casualty collection and treatment more practical. In World War I, the U. S. Army Medical Department expanded and developed its organization, Care began on the battlefield and was then transferred to successively better levels of medical capability. Much of this capability was located in the theater so that soldiers could be easily returned to duty if possible. Expansion continued during World War II, but without the benefit of an organizational plan, after World War II, the Executive Branch of the U. S. Government was reorganized. The Department of War and Department of the Navy were merged into a single Department of Defense and this caused friction between the Army and Navy medical corps. Furthermore, the Air Force, originally part of the Army, was created as a military service with its own separate Medical Service. Changes in tax law had induced business and industry to begin offering a health care benefit as an employment incentive, congress responded by passing the Dependents Medical Care Act of 1956 and the Military Medical Benefits Amendments of 1966. These acts created the known as the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services. In the late 1980s, because of escalating costs, claims paperwork demands and general beneficiary dissatisfaction, under a program known as the CHAMPUS Reform Initiative, a contractor provided both health care and administrative-related services, including claims processing. The CRI project was one of the first to introduce managed care features to the CHAMPUS program, foundation delivered services under this contract between August 1988 and January 1994. In late 1993, driven by requirements in the DOD Appropriation Act for Fiscal Year 1994, under this program, known as TRICARE, the United States would be divided into 12 health care regions
12.
National Guard of the United States
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All members of the National Guard of the United States are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U. S. C. National Guard units are under the control of the state. The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member, local militias were formed from the earliest English colonization of the Americas in 1607. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small older local units, the various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title National Guard was used from 1824 by some New York State militia units, National Guard became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control from 1933. The first muster of militia forces in what is today the United States took place on September 16,1565, appropriately enough, this muster occurred in the shadow of an oncoming hurricane. This Spanish militia tradition and the English tradition that would be established to the north would provide the nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World. The militia tradition continued with the first permanent English settlements in the New World, Jamestown Colony and Plymouth Colony both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company, as a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate the training and qualification of state militias. The first national laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792, in 1903, with passage of the Dick Act, the predecessor to the modern-day National Guard was formed. It required the states to divide their militias into two sections, the law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, and Reserve Militia for all others. During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards being deployed by the Federal Government. The National Guard of the states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first-line of defense for the United States. C. Where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee, the governors exercise control through the state adjutants general. The National Guard may be called up for duty by the governors to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods. The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, which is a joint activity of the Army, the National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD. S. C. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau, prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the US Government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard, today, ADTs bring an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan
13.
United States Army Reserve
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The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. On 30 June 2016, Lieutenant General Charles D. Luckey became the 33rd Chief of Army Reserve, on 23 April 1908 Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve. This organization provided a pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement, a tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps, prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions, three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry. These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C units, progressing to the categories as men and equipment became available. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers, by that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine areas of the prewar era. The First United States Army declined to support a division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, the Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Divisions area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, a major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, the army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training. They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a geographic distribution of the units
14.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
15.
Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute
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The Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute is a U. S. DEOMI was established in 1971 as the Defense Race Relations Institute based on lessons learned from the Civil Rights Movement. Consequently, a task force was convened to study causes. More than 20,000 reserve and active duty military members, phase II, programs of education, were initiated to deal with the situation of racial unrest. The establishment of the DRRI began this new phase in the history of race relations—and later, client nations have included Burundi, Canada, Russia, Rwanda, Solomon Island, South Africa, South Korea, Slovenia, Tobago, Trinidad, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. One example was the July 2009 symposium on cross-cultural competence for approximately 100 leaders, practitioners, operators, the Climate Study developed by DEOMI for military organizations is a crucial tool to assess problems in the equal opportunity arena. After using it to establish a line, follow-up surveys can also assess progress. The survey can be taken on line by military personnel, DEOMI is currently housed in a 90, 000-square-foot two-story building that houses classes, faculty offices, a library, computer rooms, research areas, and an auditorium. It is a facility in terms of audio-visual communications and presentation resources. It was dedicated on January 14,2004
16.
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
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Citizenship and Immigration Services is a component of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It performs many functions formerly carried out by the former United States Immigration and Naturalization Service. The stated priorities of USCIS are to promote national security, to eliminate immigration case backlogs, USCIS is headed by a director, currently James McCament, who reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. USCIS is charged with processing immigrant visa petitions, naturalization petitions, asylum applications and it also makes adjudicative decisions performed at the service centers, and manages all other immigration benefits functions performed by the former INS. The enforcement of immigration laws remains under Customs and Border Protection and Immigration, USCIS focuses on two key points on the immigrants journey towards civic integration, when they first become permanent residents and when they are ready to begin the formal naturalization process. USCIS handles all forms and processing materials related to immigration and naturalization and this is evident from USCISs predecessor, the INS, which is defunct as of May 9,2003. USCIS currently handles two kinds of forms, those relating to immigration, and those related to naturalization, forms are designated by a specific name, and an alphanumeric sequence consisting of one letter, followed by two or three digits. Forms related to immigration are designated with an I and forms related to naturalization are designated by an N. USCIS official website is USCIS. gov, the site was redesigned in 2009 and unveiled on September 22,2009. The redesign made the web page interface more similar to the Department of Homeland Securitys official website, the last major redesign before 2009 took place in October 2006. Also, USCIS runs an online appointment scheduling service known as INFOPASS and this system allows people with questions about immigration to come into their local USCIS office and speak directly with a government employee about their case and so on. This is an important way in which USCIS serves the public, USCIS maintains a blog entitled The Beacon as well as the @uscis Twitter account. Unlike most other agencies, USCIS is funded almost entirely by user fees. Under President George W. Bushs FY2008 budget request, direct congressional appropriations made about 1% of the USCIS budget, the total USCIS FY2008 budget was projected to be $2.6 billion. USCIS consists of 19,000 federal employees and contractors working at 223 offices around the world, the INS was widely seen as ineffective, particularly after scandals that arose after September 11,2001. On November 25,2002, President George W. Bush signed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 into law and this law transferred the Immigration and Naturalization Service functions to the Department of Homeland Security. Immigration enforcement functions were placed within the U. S. Customs and Border Protection at the border and Ports-of-Entry while U. S. Immigration, the immigration service functions were placed into the separate USCIS. USCIS was formerly and briefly named the U. S. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, on March 1,2003, the INS ceased to exist and services provided by that organization transitioned into USCIS. Eduardo Aguirre was appointed the first USCIS Director by President Bush, in December 2005, Emilio T. Gonzalez, Ph. D. was confirmed by the U. S. Senate as the Director of USCIS, and he held this position until April 2008
17.
United States Department of Homeland Security
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Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management. It was created in response to the September 11 attacks, in fiscal year 2017, it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense, Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice and its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism. On March 1,2003, DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations, additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U. S. Border Patrol, the U. S. Customs Service, the Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary, the Department contains the components listed below. Agencies, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Processes and examines citizenship, residency, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus, An agency that enforces U. S. It also investigates crimes against the U. S. monetary system including the crime of counterfeiting U. S. currency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, agency that oversees the federal governments response to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, etc. National Protection and Programs Directorate, risk-reduction, encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements, Federal Protective Service, Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U. S. federal buildings, properties, assets, and federal government interests. National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5,2002 speech, President Bush said, to secure freedom in the homeland. Prior to the creation of DHS, American presidents had referred to the U. S. as the nation or the republic, also unprecedented was the use, from 2002, of the phrase the homeland by White House spokespeople. In 2011 the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System with a two-level National Terrorism Advisory System, the system has two types of advisories, Alerts and Bulletins. Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States, Alerts themselves have two levels, Elevated and Imminent. An Elevated Alert is issued when there is information about an attack. An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific, many procedures at government facilities are tied in to the alert level, for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level. After resigning, Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies
18.
William Perry
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William James Perry is an American mathematician, engineer, and businessman who was the United States Secretary of Defense from February 3,1994, to January 23,1997, under President Bill Clinton. He also served as Deputy Secretary of Defense and Under Secretary of Defense for Research and he is also a senior fellow at Stanford Universitys Hoover Institution. He serves as director of the Preventive Defense Project and he is an expert in U. S. foreign policy, national security and arms control. In 2013 he founded the William J Perry Project, an effort to educate the public on the current dangers of nuclear weapons. Former Secretary Perry also has business experience and currently serves on the boards of several high-tech companies. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts, Perry later received a commission in the United States Army Reserve through ROTC, serving from 1950 to 1955. Perry received his B. S. and M. A. degrees from Stanford University, in 1967 he was hired as a technical consultant to the Department of Defense. Among other achievements, he was instrumental in the development of aircraft technology. Not all of the programs he developed were as well-received, however, on leaving The Pentagon in 1981, Perry became managing director until 1985 of Hambrecht & Quist, a San Francisco investment banking firm specializing in high-tech and defense companies. He was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1983 to serve on the Presidents Commission on Strategic Forces and he was also a member of the Packard Commission. Perry entered office with national security experience, both in industry and government, and with an understanding of the challenges that he faced. A hands-on manager, he paid attention both to internal operations in the Pentagon and to security issues. He worked closely with his deputy secretaries, and he met regularly with the secretaries, keeping them informed. He described his style as management by walking around, Perry adopted preventive defense as his guide to national security policy in the post-Cold War world. During the Cold War the United States had relied on deterrence rather than prevention as the principle of its security strategy. To carry out this strategy, Perry thought it necessary to maintain a modern, ready military force, as always with Secretaries of Defense, the formulation of the Defense budget and shepherding it through Congress was one of Perrys most important duties. The proposal, he said, maintained a force, redirected a modernization program, initiated a program to do business differently. Perry asked for $252.2 billion for FY1995, including funds for numerous systems, such as a new aircraft carrier
19.
William Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
20.
Rudy de Leon
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Rudolph Rudy F. de Leon is an American former senior Department of Defense official, military adviser, lobbyist, and foreign policy adviser. As of 2011, he is Senior Vice President of National Security, de Leon began his career in the federal government in 1975, and held various positions for 25 years until 2001. He had staff positions in the Senate and House of Representatives, from 1985 through 1993, he served on the Committee on Armed Services as a member of the professional staff and director. In 1986, he participated in the debate and passage of the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act and he was a top aide to Les Aspin in 1993. As Deputy Defense Secretary, he had authority over such as decisions by the Air Force regarding military spy planes. De Leon worked for the Boeing Corporation as a vice president from 2001 to 2006. De Leon has served as a lecturer as well as foreign policy expert for the Center for American Progress. He has written articles on matters of foreign policy and military policy
21.
William S. Cohen
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William Sebastian Cohen is an American politician and author from the U. S. state of Maine. A Republican, Cohen served as both a member of the United States House of Representatives and Senate, and as Secretary of Defense under Democratic President Bill Clinton, Cohen was born in Bangor, Maine. His mother, Clara, was of Protestant Irish ancestry, and his father, Reuben Cohen, was a Russian Jewish immigrant, after graduating from Bangor High School in 1958, Cohen attended Bowdoin College, graduating cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Latin in 1962. While a student at Bowdoin, Cohen was initiated as a brother of the Kappa chapter of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity, Cohen attended law school at the Boston University School of Law, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree cum laude in 1965. After graduating from law school, Cohen earned partnership in a Bangor law firm and he became an assistant county attorney for Penobscot County. In 1968 he became an instructor at Husson College in Bangor, Cohen served as the vice president of the Maine Trial Lawyers Association and as a member of the Bangor School Board. He became a fellow at the John F. Kennedy Institute of Politics at Harvard University in 1972, Cohen was elected to the Bangor City Council and served as Bangor Mayor in 1971-72. In the 1972 election, Cohen won a seat in the U. S. House of Representatives, representing Maines 2nd congressional district, succeeding Democrat William Hathaway, Cohen defeated Democratic State Senator Elmer H. Violette of Van Buren. During his first term in Congress, Cohen became deeply involved in the Watergate investigation, as a member of the House Judiciary Committee, he was one of the first Republicans to break with his party, and voted for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon. During this time, Time magazine named him one of Americas 200 Future Leaders, after three terms in the House, Cohen was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent William Hathaway in his first bid for reelection. Cohen was reelected in 1984 and 1990, serving a total of 18 years in the Senate, in 1990 he defeated Democrat Neil Rolde. He chose not to run for another Senate term in 1996, Susan Collins, on December 5,1996, President Clinton announced his selection of Cohen as secretary of defense. During his confirmation hearings, Cohen said he thought on occasion he might differ with Clinton on specific national security issues. He implicitly criticized the Clinton administration for lacking a clear strategy for leaving Bosnia and he supported the expansion of NATO and looked on the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction as the most serious problem the United States faced. After confirmation by a unanimous Senate vote, Cohen was sworn in as the 20th Secretary of Defense on January 24,1997 and he then settled into a schedule much fuller than he had followed in the Senate. Routinely he arrived at the Pentagon before 7 a. m. received a briefing, and then met with the Deputy Secretary of Defense. He also traveled abroad several times during his first months in office, One of Cohens first major duties was to present to Congress the Fiscal Year 1998 Defense budget, which had been prepared under Secretary Perry. Cohen requested a budget of $250.7 billion, which represented 3 percent of the estimated gross domestic product for FY1998
22.
Bernard D. Rostker
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From 1996 to 2001, he also served as Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illnesses. Bernard D. Rostker was educated at New York University, receiving a B. S. in 1964 and he next attended Syracuse University, earning an M. A. and then a Ph. D. in Economics. In 1968, he joined the Manpower Requirements Directorate of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis as an economist. Two years later, he joined RAND as a research economist, becoming Program Director of the Manpower Personnel and Training Program and he joined the United States Department of the Navy in 1977, upon being named Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. In 1979, he became Director of the Selective Service System, the selective service registration requirement for all U. S. Rostker thus oversaw the Selective Service Revitalization Plan which registered four million men for selective service. He is the defendant in the U. S. Supreme Court case of Rostker v. Goldberg,453 U. S.57. Rostker joined the Center for Naval Analyses in 1981, becoming Director for the Navys Management Program, in that capacity he conducted research into the major management issues facing the United States Navy. In 1983, he joined software development company SRA International as Director of the Systems Management Division and he returned to RAND in December 1984 to help establish the Arroyo Center, the Armys federally funded research and development center for studies and analysis. He served as Program Director of the Force Development and Employment Program, in January 1990, he shifted to RANDs National Defense Research Institute as Director of the Defense Manpower Research Center. In October 1994, President Bill Clinton nominated Rostker as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, after a nomination from President Clinton and confirmation by the United States Senate, Rostker was sworn in as the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness on May 23,2000. He was also responsible for overseeing research on the military readiness. Rostker was replaced by David S. C, chu, who was sworn in as Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness on June 1,2001. He was a resident of Great Falls, Virginia during his service in the Clinton Administration, the Evolution of the All-Volunteer Force, RAND Corporation,2006
23.
David S. C. Chu
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Chu is an American civil servant and consultant. He was born in New York, New York on May 28,1944 and he has served as the President and CEO of the non-profit Institute for Defense Analyses since 2009. From 2001 to 2008, he served as Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel, chu received a Bachelor of Arts Degree, magna cum laude, in Economics and Mathematics from Yale University in 1964 and a PhD in Economics, also from Yale, in 1972. In 1968 he was commissioned in the United States Army and became an instructor at the U. S. Army Logistics Management Center, Fort Lee, Virginia. He later served a tour of duty in the Vietnam War, working in the Office of the Comptroller, Headquarters and he obtained the rank of captain and completed his service with the Army in 1970. He was Director, Program Analysis and Evaluation and then Assistant Secretary of Defense from May 1981 to January 1993. In that capacity, he advised the Secretary of Defense on the size and structure of the armed forces, their equipment. Chu was appointed on June 1,2001 as Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel, in that position, he was responsible as the senior policy advisor on recruitment, career development, pay and benefits, and overseeing the state of military readiness. He left that position in 2008, and joined the Institute for Defense Analyses as President and he is a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration and a recipient of its National Public Senior Award. He holds the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public service with silver palm
24.
Donald Rumsfeld
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Donald Henry Don Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford and he is both the youngest and the second oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a three-term U. S, Congressman from Illinois, Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Counsellor to the President, the United States Permanent Representative to NATO, and White House Chief of Staff. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science, after serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. He was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act, called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, when Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993, Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. During his tenure he was one of the key responsible for the restructuring of the military in the new 21st century. Rumsfeld was crucial in planning the United States response to the September 11 attacks, Known in media circles for his outspokenness and candor, he gradually lost political support as the wars continued, and he resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography Known and Unknown, A Memoir as well as Rumsfelds Rules, Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life. He is involved with the Rumsfeld Foundations Fellowship program, which has advisors at dozens of universities across the United States, Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born on July 9,1932, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German-American family that had emigrated in the 1870s, Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational Church. From 1943–1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California while his father was stationed on a carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949, Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships and he graduated in 1954 with an A. B. in Political Science. During his time at Princeton, he was an amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team. His Princeton University senior thesis was titled The Steel Seizure Case of 1952, while at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci. Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27,1954 and they have three children, six grandchildren, and one great grandchild
25.
Robert Gates
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Robert Michael Bob Gates is an American statesman, scholar, and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was recruited by the CIA. Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, after leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election, replacing Donald Rumsfeld. He was confirmed with bipartisan support, in a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Time named Gates one of the years most influential people. In 2008, Gates was named one of Americas Best Leaders by U. S. News & World Report and he continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obamas administration. Hell be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy, Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony. According to a Washington Post book review, he is considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era. Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the BSA as an adult. He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961, Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Arrow, BSAs National Honor Society. Gates then received a scholarship to attend the College of William and Mary, at his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man. Gates then received an M. A. in history from Indiana University in 1966 and he completed his Ph. D. in Russian and Soviet history at Georgetown University in 1974. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from William & Mary and he married his wife Becky on January 7,1967. While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency, on January 4,1967, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force after attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship. After fulfilling his obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst. Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council and he returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, Gates was nominated to become the Director of Central Intelligence in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, according to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored reality
26.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts
27.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
28.
Clifford L. Stanley
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Clifford Lee Stanley was the United States Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, having resigned that office in 2011. Clifford L. Stanley was educated at South Carolina State University, upon graduation, Stanley was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps. After completing The Basic School in Quantico, Virginia, he served as a fiscal, Stanley was the first African American to command a United States Marine regiment. In 1977, Stanley was awarded an M. S. in counseling by Johns Hopkins University. He later attended the Amphibious Warfare School, the Naval War College, the U. S. Marine Corps Command and Staff College, commanding general of Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, and finally as commanding general of Marine Corps Base Quantico. Stanley retired in 2002, having achieved the rank of major general and he holds the Legion of Merit, Defense Meritorious Service Medal, Meritorious Service Medal with gold star, Navy Commendation Medal, and Navy Achievement Medal. Stanley attended the University of Pennsylvania, earning an Ed. D and he has also received honorary LL. D. s from Spalding University and his alma mater, South Carolina State University. In 2002, he became Executive Vice President at the University of Pennsylvania, in 2004, Stanley became president of Scholarship America, where he served until 2009. He has also served as a member of the Board of Directors of the White House Fellowship Association, in October 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Stanley as Undersecretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. After he was confirmed by the U. S. Senate, press reports in late 2011 indicated the Department of Defenses inspector general was investigating Stanleys office due to highly detailed allegations of gross mismanagement and abuse of power. His resignation was announced 27 October 2011, official Military Biography Biography from the Department of Defense
29.
Leon Panetta
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In January 2009, newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director. Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009, as director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down international terrorist Osama bin Laden. On April 28,2011, Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary, in June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1,2011. David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6,2011, the Institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process. He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues, Panetta was born in Monterey, California, the son of Carmelina Maria and Carmelo Frank Panetta, Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria, Italy. In the 1940s, the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey and he was raised in the Monterey area, and attended two Catholic grammar schools, San Carlos School and Junipero Serra School. He attended Monterey High School, a school where he became involved in student politics. As a Junior, he was Vice President of the Student Body, in 1956, he entered Santa Clara University, California, and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. In 1963, he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law, in 1964, he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant, where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence, and received the Army Commendation Medal. In 1966, he was discharged as a First Lieutenant, in 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H. Finch, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Nixon administration. Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights, Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him, threatening to resign if forced to do so. He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta, Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976, like Lindsay, Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971, because he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center. In 1976, Panetta was elected to the U. S. Congress to represent Californias 16th congressional district, unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote and he wrote the Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution. He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, working with Chancellor Barry Munoz of CSU, he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base. A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989 and his positions included, Chairman of the U. S. S. House Select Committee on Hunger Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress Member of the Presidents Commission on Foreign Language, in that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998. In 1994, President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new Chief of Staff, according to author Nigel Hamilton, Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clintons first term—and the rest is history. To be a leader, a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta
30.
Erin C. Conaton
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Erin Cathleen Conaton is a former United States Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. She previously served as Under Secretary of the Air Force, Conaton was born in Hackensack, New Jersey. After graduating from Immaculate Heart Academy in the Township of Washington, Bergen County, New Jersey, Conaton was educated at Georgetown University, receiving a B. S. in foreign service in 1992. She spent 1992-93 as a financial analyst at Salomon Brothers in New York City and she spent 1995 as an associate at the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. From 1996 to 1997, she completed an International Security Studies Fellowship at Tufts University, Conaton worked as research staff director and research associate for the US Commission on National Security/21st Century from 1998 to 2001. From 2001 to 2005, she was a member of the staff of the United States House Committee on Armed Services. In 2005, she became the Armed Service Committees Minority Staff Director, holding that position until 2007, Conaton was confirmed by the Senate on March 4,2010, and sworn into office on March 15. She was also responsible for overseeing the state of military readiness. On December 31,2012, Conaton resigned her position as Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and she had been on medical leave since October. In her letter to her staff she said, I believe this is a moment for me to return to private life and to continue to contribute to our national security from outside government. ”Profile from the United States Department of the Air Force Profile from the Department of Defense Office of Personnel
31.
Chuck Hagel
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A recipient of two Purple Hearts while an infantry squad leader in the Vietnam War, Hagel returned home to start careers in business and politics. A member of the Republican Party, Hagel was first elected to the United States Senate in 1996 and he was reelected in 2002, but did not run in 2008. On January 7,2013, President Barack Obama nominated Hagel to serve as Secretary of Defense, on February 12,2013, the Senate Armed Services Committee approved Hagels nomination by a vote of 14–11. On February 14,2013, Senate Republicans denied Democrats the 60 votes needed to end the debate on Hagels nomination and proceed to a final vote, citing the need for further review. It was the first time in U. S. history that a nominee for Secretary of Defense was filibustered, on February 26,2013, the Senate voted for cloture on Hagels nomination and confirmed his nomination by a vote of 58–41. He took office on February 27,2013, as his predecessor Leon Panetta stepped down, before his appointment as Secretary of Defense, Hagel served on a number of boards of directors, including that of Chevron Corporation. Hagel was born in North Platte, Nebraska, a son of Charles Dean Hagel and his father was of German heritage, while his mother was of Irish and Polish ancestry. Growing up, Hagel lived across Nebraska, in Ainsworth, Rushville, Scottsbluff, Terrytown, York and Columbus, Hagel was the oldest of four brothers. His father, a veteran of World War II, died suddenly on Christmas morning,1962, at the age of 39, Hagel volunteered to be drafted into the United States Army during the Vietnam War, rejecting a draft board recommendation that he go to college instead. He served in the United States Army infantry in Vietnam from 1967 to 1968, as a Sergeant, he served as an infantry squad leader in the 9th Infantry Division. Hagel served in the infantry squad as his younger brother Tom. They also saved each others lives on separate occasions, Hagel received the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry, two Purple Hearts, the Army Commendation Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge. After his discharge, he worked as a newscaster and talk show host in Omaha from 1969 to 1971 while finishing college on Veterans Administration assistance under the GI Bill. In 1971, Hagel was hired as a staffer for Congressman John Y, after Reagans inauguration as President, Hagel was named deputy administrator of the Veterans Administration. In 1982, however, he resigned his post over a disagreement with VA Administrator Robert P. Nimmo, Nimmo had referred to veterans groups as greedy, and to Agent Orange as not much worse than a little teenage acne. After leaving government employment, Hagel co-founded Vanguard Cellular, a phone service carrier that made him a multi-millionaire. He also served as Chairman of the Agent Orange Settlement Fund and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, on March 15,1995, Hagel resigned from the board of AIS as he intended to run for office. Michael McCarthy, the parent companys founder, was Hagels campaign treasurer, until at least 2003, he retained between $1 million and $5 million in stock in Election Systems & Softwares parent company, the McCarthy Group
32.
Ash Carter
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He was nominated by President Barack Obama, and confirmed in February 2015 by the Senate by a vote of 93–5, to replace Chuck Hagel as Secretary of Defense. Carter received a B. A. in his double-major of Physics and Medieval History from Yale University, summa cum laude and he then became a Rhodes Scholar and studied at the University of Oxford, from which he received his D. Phil. in theoretical physics in 1979. He worked on quantum chromodynamics, the field theory that was then postulated to explain the behavior of nuclear reactions. He was a fellow research associate in theoretical physics at Rockefeller University from 1979 to 1980. Carter taught at Harvard University, beginning in 1986, Carter is author or co-author of 11 books and more than 100 articles on physics, technology, national security, and management. For his service to national security, Carter has on five occasions been awarded the DOD Distinguished Public Service Medal and he has also received the CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award, and the Defense Intelligence Medal for his contributions to Intelligence. Ashton Baldwin Carter was born on September 24,1954, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and his father is William Stanley Carter, Jr. a World War II veteran, Navy neurologist and psychiatrist, and department chairman at Abington Memorial Hospital for 30 years. His mother is Anne Baldwin Carter, an English teacher and he has three siblings, including childrens book author Cynthia DeFelice. As a child he was nicknamed Ash and Stoobie and he was raised in Abington, Pennsylvania, on Wheatsheaf Lane. At age 11, working at his first job at a Philadelphia car wash, Carter was educated at Highland Elementary School and at Abington Senior High School in Abington. In high school he was a wrestler, lacrosse player, cross-country runner and he was inducted into Abington Senior High Schools Hall of Fame in 1989. He attended Edinburgh University in Scotland in the spring of 1975, in 1976 Carter received a B. A. in his double-major of Physics and Medieval History from Yale College, summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa. His senior thesis, “Quarks, Charm and the Psi Particle”, was published in Yale Scientific in 1975 and he was also an experimental research associate at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in 1975 and at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1976. Carter then became a Rhodes Scholar, studying at the University of Oxford and he was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow research associate in theoretical physics at Rockefeller University from 1979 to 1980, studying time-reversal invariance and dynamical symmetry breaking. Kennedy School of Government from 1988 to 1990, and director of the Center from 1990 to 1993, at the Kennedy School, he became chair of the International and Global Affairs faculty and Ford Foundation Professor of Science and International Affairs. He concurrently was co-director of the Preventive Defense Project of Harvard and Stanford Universities, from 1993 to 1996, Carter served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy during President Clintons first term. Carter directed military planning during the 1994 crisis over North Koreas nuclear weapons program and he also led the development and production of thousands of mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles, and other acquisitions. He instituted Better Buying Power, seeking smarter and leaner purchasing and he was confirmed by Senate voice vote for both positions
33.
Brad Carson
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Brad Rogers Carson is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Oklahoma who served as the Acting Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness from 2015 to 2016. In that role, he was, according to the New York Times, a member of the Democratic Party, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2005. He also served as Undersecretary of the Army from 2014-2015 and as General Counsel of the Army from 2012-2014, Carson is currently a senior advisor at the Boston Consulting Group. Carson was born in Winslow, Arizona and his father worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the family moved around Indian reservations in Nevada, Arizona, North Carolina and Kansas. As a teenager, Carson moved back to Oklahoma, where his family had roots in the historic Cherokee Nation. Carson was a top student at Jenks High School and won a National Merit Scholarship to attend Baylor University and he became the first student at Baylor in 75 years to be awarded a Rhodes Scholarship. As a Rhodes Scholar, Carson went to Trinity College, Oxford, and earned a second B. A. in Politics, Philosophy and he attended the University of Oklahoma College of Law, graduating at the top of his class in 1994. According to The Almanac of American Politics, Carson had originally intended to attend Yale Law School, after graduation from the University of Oklahoma, Carson took a job at a prestigious Oklahoma law firm, Crowe & Dunlevy. In 1996, his firm was awarded the Exceptional Contribution to Legal Services Award by Legal Services of Eastern Oklahoma, in 1997 Carson was selected as a White House Fellow, where he was assigned to The Pentagon as a Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense. In the primary, Carson defeated long-term state representative Bill Settle, in the general election, he defeated Republican Andy Ewing with 55 percent of the vote. The seat came open after three-term Republican Tom Coburn gave it up to honor a self-imposed term limit, after redistricting changed the political composition of his district to be much more favorable to a Democratic candidate, Carson was reelected in 2002 with nearly 75 percent of the vote. In that election, he had to fend off a challenge from Mike Mass. During his tenure in Congress, Carson was generally seen as a moderate Democrat and he was a member of the conservative Democratic Blue Dog Coalition. He served on the Transportation Committee, the Natural Resources Committee, on October 10,2002, Brad Carson was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq. In 2004, Carson sought the open U. S. Senate seat being vacated by retiring Republican Don Nickles, although he easily won the Democratic nomination, he faced a tough general election contest with Coburn, who had won the nomination by an unexpectedly large margin. Carson described himself as a Conservative Democrat, Carson distanced himself from the national Democratic Party on most public policy matters. He portrayed himself as more moderate than his Republican opponent, Coburn, by contrast was one of the true believers in the 1995 Republican House freshman class and its Contract With America. This race was considered one of a handful of races for the U. S. Senate in 2004
34.
Jim Mattis
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James Norman Jim Mattis is the 26th and current United States Secretary of Defense, serving in the Trump Administration. He was the first member of President Donald Trumps cabinet to be confirmed, prior to that, he commanded I Marine Expeditionary Force, United States Marine Forces Central Command, and 1st Marine Division during the Iraq War. Mattis was born on September 8,1950, in Pullman and he is the son of Lucille Mattis and John West Mattis, a merchant mariner. His mother immigrated to the United States as an infant and had worked in Army Intelligence in South Africa during the Second World War, Mattis was raised in Richland, Washington, and graduated from Columbia High School in 1968. He earned a BA degree in history from Central Washington University in 1971, James Mattis initially enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in 1969. He was commissioned a second lieutenant through the Reserve Officers Training Corps on January 1,1972, during his service years, Mattis was considered to be an intellectual among the upper ranks, with a personal library that once contained thousands of books. Robert H. Scales, a retired United States Army major general, one of the most urbane and polished men I have known. Reinforcing this intellectual persona was the fact he carried his own copy of the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius throughout his deployments. As a lieutenant, Mattis served as a rifle and weapons platoon commander in the 3rd Marine Division, upon promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel, Mattis commanded 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, which was one of Task Force Rippers assault battalions during the Persian Gulf War. As a colonel, Mattis commanded the 7th Marine Regiment and he led the 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade as its commanding officer upon promotion to brigadier general. While serving in Afghanistan as a general, he was known as an officer who engaged his men with real leadership. But there he was, in the middle of a freezing night, as a major general, Mattis commanded the 1st Marine Division during the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent stability operations during the Iraq War. Mattis stated that it had taken him 30 seconds to deliberate on bombing the location, describing the wedding as implausible, he said How many people go to the middle of the desert. To hold a wedding 80 miles from the nearest civilization and these were more than two dozen military-age males. The Associated Press obtained video footage appearing to show a wedding party, following a U. S. Department of Defense survey that showed only 55% of American soldiers and 40% of U. S. Marines would report a colleague for abusing civilians, Mattis told U. S, Marines in May 2007 that Whenever you show anger or disgust toward civilians, its a victory for al-Qaeda and other insurgents. Reflecting an understanding of the need for restraint in war as key to defeating an insurgency, he added that Every time you wave at an Iraqi civilian, al-Qaeda rolls over in its grave. This phrase later became widely publicized during the investigation into the conduct of Lieutenant Ilario Pantano, as his division prepared to ship out, Mattis called in experts on the Middle East for cultural sensitivity training
35.
Donald Trump
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Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
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