Underground education or clandestine education refers to various practices of teaching carried out at times and places where such educational activities were deemed illegal.
The Greek "Secret School" ("Krifó scholió"). Oil painting by Nikolaos Gyzis, 1885/86.
Monument to World War II-era underground teachers, Warsaw, Poland.
The Flying University was an underground educational enterprise that operated from 1885 to 1905 in Warsaw, the historic Polish capital, then under the control of the Russian Empire, and that was revived between 1977 and 1981 in the communist People's Republic of Poland.
Jadwiga Szczawińska