1.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
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Lewisburg is a borough in Union County, Pennsylvania, United States,30 miles south by southeast of Williamsport and 60 miles north of Harrisburg. In the past, it was the center for a fertile grain. The population was 5,620 at the 2000 census and it is the county seat of Union County. Located in central Pennsylvania, on the West Branch Susquehanna River and it is home to Bucknell University and is near the Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. Its 19th-century downtown is on the National Register of Historic Places, Lewisburg is the principal city of the Lewisburg, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, and is also part of the larger Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury, PA Combined Statistical Area. Lewisburg was founded in 1785 by Ludwig Derr, a settler of the area, Derr had purchased several tracts of land from the William Penn family and other neighboring land owners, the largest of which was known as The Prescott. Having been on the land for such a time, Derr had befriended the local Native Americans of the area. Subsequently, in 1784, he worked with Samuel Weiser to lay out his combined land tracts, the name was later changed to Lewisburgh when Union County was separated from Snyder County. Much has been considered regarding how the name changed from Derrstown to Lewisburg, the most likely truth is that Derrs first name Ludwig translated into English as Louis but, being of German descent, it was spelled Lewis. Later, after Derrs death, the traditional Germanic burgh was appended to his first name to create Lewisburgh, note, U. S. Postal Service records contradict this story. The post office was named Lewisburgh when it was established in 1796, in 1893, the street names that run east and west are a local urban mystery. St. George, St. Catherine, and St. Louis etc. appear to be named for saints, however, since Derr was a Lutheran, and did not pay homage to Catholic saints, this is unlikely. George was Ludwigs son, his wife Catherine and Ludwig/Lewis himself, the other original street names that still exist are St. John, St. Mary and St. Anthony, which are probably the names of other children from families with whom Derrs own family were friends. However, there is an indication that Derr also had a daughter named Mary, overall, however, the premise is further supported by the notion that the German word for street is Strasse. At the time, street names were pronounced as Strasse Mary or Strasse George, later, when signs were made to note the street names, the abbreviation for Strasse was allowed to remain, but the US/English abbreviation was redundantly added to the signs. The second mystery surrounding Lewisburg is the disappearance of its founder Ludwig Derr, after selling several lots of land, Derr set off for Philadelphia to sell additional lots. Shortly after arriving, records some of his lots had sold. However, Ludwig Derr simply disappears from history in that city, Derrs son George went to Philadelphia to search for his father, but returned a short time later, unsuccessful
5.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
6.
Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 10th Congressional District is located in the central and northeast regions of the state. The district was one of the 12 original districts created prior to the 4th Congress and it is currently represented by Republican Tom Marino, who defeated Democratic incumbent Chris Carney during the 2010 U. S. House elections. In 2008, Carney won reelection by 12 points but the district back in 2010. The district is mostly Republican in its composition, an aspect of the district that is reflected especially well in presidential elections. In 2004, President George W. Bush won 60 percent of the vote in the district and in 2008, nonetheless, Carney easily won reelection as a Democrat the same year McCain won the district. However, in the 2010 midterm elections, Marino unseated Carney by a 55%–45% margin, in 2016, local business man and former mayor of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, Mike Molesevich challenged Marino for the seat. Despite the campaigns tireless efforts, Molesevich fell to Marino in November, Marino remains the congressman in the 10th district until his reelection campaign in 2018 in which a challenger hasnt yet be determined. The current representative has expressed interest in a gubernatorial run, on June 8,2012, The Pennsylvania Legislative Reapportionment Commission adopted a revised final redistricting plan. On May 8,2013, The PA Supreme Court unanimously approved the Legislative Reapportionment Commissions 2012 Revised Final Plan. Lycoming County Mifflin County Parts of Monroe County Including, Barrett, East Stroudsburg, Jackson, Mount Pocono, Paradise, Pocono, Price, Stroudsburg, Tom Marino declared his intent to run for his 4th term and was uncontested in the Republican Primary. Write-in candidates need over 1,000 votes in the Primary election to appear on the ballot in the 2016 general election, Mike Molesevich succeeded in his effort, receiving 2425 votes, earning a spot on the general election ballot. District created in 1795 from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
7.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
12.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
13.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
14.
Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
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Northumberland County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 94,528, the county was formed in 1772 from parts of Lancaster, Berks, Bedford, Cumberland, and Northampton Counties and named for the county of Northumberland in northern England. Northumberland County is a fifth class county according to the Pennsylvanias County Code, Northumberland County comprises the Sunbury, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury, PA Combined Statistical Area. Among its famous residents, Joseph Priestley, the enlightenment chemist and theologian, left England in 1796 due to religious persecution and his former house is a historical museum. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 478 square miles. The county has mountains in the south and north, with the rest being mostly rolling hills, Interstate 80 Interstate 180 U. S. Route 11 U. S. The population density was 206 people per square mile, there were 43,164 housing units at an average density of 94 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 09% White,1. 52% Black or African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 47% from other races, and 0. 58% from two or more races. 1. 10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 5% were of German,12. 9% Polish,9. 9% American,8. 2% Italian,8. 1% Irish and 5. 8% Dutch ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 8% spoke English and 1. 5% Spanish as their first language,30. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was out with 21. 90% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,27. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males, Northumberland Countys live birth rate was 1,167 births in 1990. Northumberland Countys live birth rate in 2000 declined to 919 births, over the past 50 years, rural Pennsylvania saw a steady decline in both the number and proportion of residents under 18 years old. In 1960,1.06 million rural residents, or 35 percent of the population, were children. 9% in 2014. The statewide poverty rate was 13. 6% in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, from 2009-2014 Northumberland County saw a 62% increase in the number of families in the federal food assistance program called SNAP. The number of people or families receiving monthly SNAP assistance dollars rose from 2,965 in 2009 to 4,814 people in 2014, teen Pregnancy rate The Pennsylvania Department of Health reports the annual teens aged 15–19 birth rate
15.
Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
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Bloomsburg is a town in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States, located 40 miles southwest of Wilkes-Barre along the Susquehanna River. It is the county seat of Columbia County and the incorporated town in Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, Bloomsburg had a population of 14,855, the first signs of European settlement date to the year 1772, when James McClure established a log cabin in the area. Until the mid-19th century, it was just a small village, traditionally, Bloomsburgs founding in 1802 has been ascribed to settler Ludwig Eyer, son of Johann Martin Eyer. For 75 years after the discovery of ore in the area, for more than a century, starting from its incorporation on March 4,1870, Bloomsburg held the distinction of being the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania. While other municipalities are commonly referred to as towns, they were all officially classified as either cities, boroughs. Bloomsburg still uses the slogan of The only incorporated TOWN in Pennsylvania, however, in 1975, McCandless Township in Allegheny County adopted a home rule charter under the name Town of McCandless. The Bloomsburg Historic District and Rupert Covered Bridge No.56 are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On 28 October 2015, a North American Aerospace Defense Command blimp broke free from Aberdeen Proving Ground and headed north, Bloomsburg is located west of the center of Columbia County, along the north bank of the Susquehanna River and on the east side of Fishing Creek. The southern half of the town occupies level ground along the Susquehanna, the campus of Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania occupies a large portion of the hill. According to the United States Census Bureau, Bloomsburg has an area of 4.7 square miles, of which 4.4 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles. Mount Pleasant Township Scott Township Catawissa Township Montour Township Hemlock Township In January the average temperature is 35 °F. In July the average temperature is 85 °F, while the average low temperature is 62 °F. The month with the least precipitation is February, which has 2.37 inches on average, the month with the most precipitation is June, which has 4.5 inches on average. As of the census of 2010, there were 14,855 people residing in the town, the population density was 3,414.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 89. 6% White,6. 2% African American,0. 10% Native American,1. 6% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander and 1. 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 4% of the population,35. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the family size was 2.83
16.
Berwick, Pennsylvania
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Berwick is a borough in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States,28 miles southwest of Wilkes Barre. As of the 2010 census, Berwick had a population of 10,477, Berwick was founded by Evan Owen, a Welsh Quaker and surveyor. He was the son of Hugh Owen from Trefeglwys, Montgomeryshire, Berwick was named after Berwick-upon-Tweed, England. Situated on the bank of the Susquehanna River, the borough was first settled in 1769, founded in 1786. The population of Berwick in 1910 was 5,357, in 1920, after consolidation, the population was 12,181, the population was 10,477 at the 2010 census. Berwick is famous for its high school team, the Bulldogs. Berwick is also the home of the 2008 PIAA AAA baseball state champions and it is the schools first ever baseball state championship. Since 1947, the Berwick Christmas Boulevard, created by the Jaycees, displays over a mile long Christmas show of lights, the Berwick Christmas Boulevard is seen by thousands of visitors every year, and it has been a regional favorite for over 60 years. Santa Claus is present every year to serve Berwicks famous Wise Potato Chips to everyone who drives past him, the Berwick Armory and Jackson Mansion and Carriage House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The borough of Nescopeck in Luzerne County is to the southeast, across the Susquehanna. According to the United States Census Bureau, Berwick has an area of 3.25 square miles, of which 3.08 square miles is land and 0.18 square miles. U. S. Route 11 runs through the center of Berwick as Front Street, US11 leads northeast 26 miles to Kingston, across the Susquehanna from Wilkes-Barre, and southwest 12 miles to Bloomsburg, the Columbia County seat. Pennsylvania Route 93 shares Front and Second Streets with US11 in the center of Berwick, in the other direction, PA93 splits west from US11 as Orange Street and leads 10 miles to Orangeville. Interstate 80 passes south of Berwick, with the closest exits being at US11,6 miles southwest of town, the eastern terminus of the Susquehanna, Bloomsburg, and Berwick Railroad used to be in Berwick. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,774 people,4,595 households, the population density was 3,477.0 people per square mile. There were 4,992 housing units at a density of 1,611.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 10% White,0. 88% African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 43% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 61% from other races, and 0. 65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 62% of the population, the Berwick area had a large influx of immigrants approximately between 1890–1920, which had a great impact on the current population that continues to this day
17.
Sunbury, Pennsylvania
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Sunbury /ˈsʌnbɛri/ is a city in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is on the east bank of the Susquehanna River, just downstream of the confluence of its main and it dates to the early 18th century and is the county seat of Northumberland County. Thomas Edison features in the history, and the historic Edison Hotel was renamed in his honor. Other historic sites include the Beck House, Northumberland County Courthouse, Sunbury is the principal city in the Sunbury, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area and one of three principal cities in the Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury, PA Combined Statistical Area. Sunburys population was 9,905 at the 2010 census, the first human settlement of Sunbury was probably Shawnee migrants. A large population of Delaware Indians was also resettled there in the early 18th century after they lost rights to their land in the Walking Purchase. From 1727 to 1756, Sunbury was one of the largest and most influential Indian settlements in Pennsylvania, at that time, it was known as Shamokin, not to be confused with the present-day city of Shamokin, Pennsylvania, which is located to the east. In 1745, Presbyterian missionary David Brainerd described the city as being located on both the east and west sides of the river, and on an island, as well. Brainerd reported that the city housed 300 Indians, half of which were Delawares, in 1754, much of the land west of the Susquehanna was transferred from the Six Nations to Pennsylvania at the Albany Congress. However, Shamokin was not sold and was reserved by the Six Nations, the French and Indian War brought fighting to much of the region. The Delaware Indian residents of Shamokin remained neutral for much of the part of the war, in part because a drought. However, the Delaware Indians at Shamokin joined the war against Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Fort Augusta was built in 1756 at Shamokin. Read more about history of Sunbury in Shamokin. On March 21,1772, Northumberland County was incorporated and subdivided, the settlement of Shamokin was renamed Sunbury that same year, and the present-day city of Sunbury identifies 1772 as the date of its establishment. It was named after Sunbury-on-Thames, a town in the Surrey borough of Spelthorne, England, lorenzo Da Ponte, the librettist of Mozart and of Salieri, lived in Sunbury for some years after his arrival in America. Thomas Edison installed the first successful three-wire electric lighting system in July 1883 at what was known as the City Hotel. At the citys 150th anniversary celebration in 1922, it was renamed the Edison Hotel and it is located at the point where the west and north branches of the Susquehanna converge. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.2 square miles
18.
Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
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Lycoming County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,111, Lycoming County comprises the Williamsport, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located about 130 miles northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles east-northeast of Pittsburgh, Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County on April 13,1795. The county was larger than it is today and it took up most of the land that is now north central Pennsylvania. Lycoming County was originally named Jefferson County in honor of Thomas Jefferson and this name proved to be unsatisfactory. The name change went through several steps,1615, The first European in Lycoming County was Étienne Brûlé. He was a voyageur for New France, brule descended the West Branch Susquehanna River and was held captive by a local Indian tribe near what is now Muncy before escaping and returning to Canada. 1761, The first permanent homes were built in Muncy, three log cabins were built by Bowyer Brooks, Robert Roberts and James Alexander. 1772, The first gristmill is built on Muncy Creek by John Alward 1775, the road followed Indian trails from Fort Augusta in what is now Sunbury to Bald Eagle Creek near modern-day Lock Haven. 1786, The first church built in the county was Lycoming Presbyterian church in what was known as Jaysburg and is now the Newberry section of Williamsport,1792, The first sawmill was built on Lycoming Creek by Roland Hall. 1795, The first elections for Lycoming County government are held soon after the county was formed from Northumberland County, the elected officers were Samuel Stewart, county sheriff and the first county commissioners were John Hanna, Thomas Forster and James Crawford. 1823, The county government funded the construction of the first bridges over Loyalsock,1839, The first railroad is built. It connected Williamsport with Ralston in northern Lycoming County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,244 square miles, of which 1,229 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. Lycoming County is the largest county in Pennsylvania by land area and second-largest by total area, Lycoming County is divided between the Appalachian Mountains in the south, the dissected Allegheny Plateau in the north and east, and the valley of the West Branch Susquehanna River between these. The West Branch of the Susquehanna enters Lycoming County from Clinton County just west of the borough of Jersey Shore, which is on the northwest bank of the river. The river flows just north of Bald Eagle Mountain through much of its course in Lycoming County and it continues south past the borough of Montgomery and leaves Lycoming County, where it forms the border between Union and Northumberland Counties. From there the West Branch merges with the North Branch Susquehanna River at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, the major creeks of Lycoming County are all tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River. Loyalsock and Muncy Creeks are also the major watersheds of Sullivan County, finally there is White Deer Hole Creek, the only major creek in Lycoming County on the right bank of the river
19.
Snyder County, Pennsylvania
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Snyder County is a county in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,702, Snyder County was formed in 1855 from parts of Union County. Snyder County comprises the Selinsgrove, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury. Snyder County was settled in the 1740s by Pennsylvania Germans from Berks and Lancaster counties, and became an independent political unit on March 2,1855, when formed under part of Union County. Snyder County took its name in honor of the citizen and political figure Simon Snyder. The county seat of Middleburg was laid out in 1800 and incorporated in 1864, According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 332 square miles, of which 329 square miles is land and 2.8 square miles is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Pennsylvania by area, Snyder County is in the Ridge and Valley region of the Appalachian Mountains. Two parallel mountain ridges, Shade Mountain and Jacks Mountain, run southwest to northeast, the Susquehanna River is the eastern border. Between the ridges are steep hills, gently rolling hills, with over 400 active farms in the county, agriculture plays an important role in the economy and environment. Roughly half the county remains forested with both softwoods and hardwoods and these woods provide a place for wildlife to roam which provides for the sport of hunting. Union County Northumberland County Juniata County Mifflin County According to the 2010 federal census, there were 39,702 people,14,414 households, the population density was 113 people per square mile. There were 14,890 housing units at a density of 45 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97% White,1. 2% Black or African American,0. 1% Native American,0. 42% Asian, two percent of the population were Hispanic or Latino. Median household income, 2010-2014 was reported as $48,718, in 2014, the median household income in the USA was $53,700. As of the census of 2000, there were 37,546 people,13,654 households, the population density was 113 people per square mile. There were 14,890 housing units at a density of 45 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 93% White,0. 82% Black or African American,0. 05% Native American,0. 42% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 48. 2% were of German,17. 2% American and 5. 5% English ancestry according to Census 2000,22. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
20.
Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
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Mifflin County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,682, the county was created on September 19,1789, from parts of Cumberland County and Northumberland County and named after Thomas Mifflin, the first Governor of Pennsylvania. Mifflin County comprises the Lewistown, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 415 square miles, of which 411 square miles is land and 3.7 square miles is water. Mifflin County is located in, and has its boundaries defined by, US Route 322, a major divided highway, connects the county to the rest of the state on its route between Harrisburg and State College. US Route 522 also connects the county to the rest of the state on its route between Selinsgrove and Mount Union, the population density was 112.5 people per square mile. There were 21,537 housing units at a density of 51.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 53% White,0. 64% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 31% from other races, and 1. 03% from two or more races. 1. 14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,38. 8% were of German,19. 2% American,8. 0% Irish and 7. 5% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 5. 7% report speaking Pennsylvania German, Dutch, or German at home,26. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the family size was 2.99. The median age was 39 years, the population was 48. 93% male, and 51. 07% female. The dominant form of speech in Mifflin County is the Central Pennsylvania accent, almost everyone in Mifflin County speaks English. The Amish and some Mennonites speak Pennsylvania German also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, a West Central German dialect, the Amish and Mennonites also can speak English. Few non-Amish or Mennonites in Mifflin County today speak Pennsylvania German, for the Amish and Mennonite settlement, see Kishacoquillas Valley. The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Mifflin County as the Lewistown, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 10th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania, Mifflin County School District Mount Union Area School District Head Start is a federally and state funded preschool program for low income children. The program serves 3- and 4-year-olds, in order to participate the family income must be below federal poverty guidelines. Coleman Head Start Center McVeytown Head Start Center Sacred Heart provides a private, belleville Mennonite School, Beth-El Christian Day School, and Valley View Christian School provide Mennonite education through grade twelve
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Centre County, Pennsylvania
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Centre County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 153,990, Centre County comprises the State College, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The lands of the future Centre County were first recorded by James Potter in 1764, having reached the top of Nittany Mountain, and. seeing the prairies and noble forest beneath him, cried out to his attendant, By heavens, Thompson, I have discovered an empire. Centre County was created on February 13,1800, from parts of Huntingdon, Lycoming, Mifflin, and Northumberland counties and named for its central location in the state. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,113 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in Pennsylvania by area, the population density was 139 people per square mile. There were 63,297 housing units at a density of 57 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 89. 4% White,3. 0% Black or African American,0. 1% Native American,5. 2% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 5% from two or more races. 2. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 2.91. In the county, the population was out with 15. 9% under the age of 18,28. 9% from 18 to 24,22. 6% from 25 to 44,21. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 29 years, for every 100 females there were 107.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.1 males, the United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Centre County as the State College, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the metropolitan area ranked 13th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania and the 259th most populous in the United States with a population of 155,403. Centre County is also a part of the larger State College-DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area, the Combined Statistical Area ranked 9th in the State of Pennsylvania and 123rd most populous in the United States with a population of 236,577. Michael Pipe, Chairman Mark Higgins, Vice-Chair Steven G. Wozniak, Democrat, Pennsylvanias 35th Senatorial District Michael K. Hanna, Sr. T. Thompson, Republican, Pennsylvanias 5th congressional district Pat Toomey, Republican Bob Casey, Jr. Democrat As of November 2014, there were 108,316 registered voters in Centre County. Democratic,44,051 Republican,41,771 Libertarian,685 No party affiliation,19,162 Other,2,647 Centre County had for years been a strongly Republican county like most of rural Pennsylvania
22.
Clinton County, Pennsylvania
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Clinton County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,238 and its county seat is Lock Haven. The county was created on June 21,1839, from parts of Centre and its name is in honor of the seventh Governor of New York State, DeWitt Clinton, however some sources suggest the namesake is Henry Clinton. Clinton County comprises the Lock Haven, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 897 square miles, of which 888 square miles is land and 8.9 square miles is water. The population density was 43 people per square mile, there were 18,166 housing units at an average density of 20 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 29% White,0. 52% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 52% from two or more races. 0. 54% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,36. 0% were of German,15. 6% American,9. 6% Irish,8. 6% Italian and 7. 4% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.90. In the county, the population was out with 21. 50% under the age of 18,13. 60% from 18 to 24,25. 50% from 25 to 44,22. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males, the United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Clinton County as the Lock Haven, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 16th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania, Clinton County is also a part of the Williamsport-Lock Haven, PA Combined Statistical Area, which combines the population of both Clinton County and the Lycoming County areas. The Combined Statistical Area ranked 11th in the State of Pennsylvania, as of February 24,2014, there were 20,246 registered voters in Clinton County. Each of the three statewide winners carried Clinton in 2008. In 2006, Democrat Bob Casey Jr. received 54% of its vote when he unseated incumbent Republican US Senator Rick Santorum, the conservative tendencies of the county were again reestablished in 2008 when then-Senator Obama lost the county vote 47. 98% to John McCains 50. 73%. This was followed in 2010 with U. S. Senate candidate, Republican Pat Toomey, receiving 58. 69% to 41. 31% for Democrat Joe Sestak. In 2012, Mitt Romney carried the county 55. 05% to President Obamas 43. 23%, while incumbent Democratic Senator Bob Casey, Jr. received 44. 47% to his Republican challenger, Tom Smiths 53. 29%. Bucktail State Park Natural Area is a 75-mile scenic route along Pennsylvania Route 120 stretching from Lock Haven to Emporium in Cameron County. S, Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data
23.
R. B. Winter State Park
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Winter State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on 695 acres in Hartley Township, Union County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is in the ridge and valley region of Pennsylvania and is surrounded by Bald Eagle State Forest, Winter State Park is in a shallow basin that is surrounded by ridges. Halfway Lake is the recreational focus of the park. The park is 18 miles west of Lewisburg on Pennsylvania Route 192, the park was originally called Halfway Dam State Park, but was renamed R. B. Winter State Park on May 23,1957 to honor state forester Raymond Burrows Winter, who was instrumental in establishing the park and had worked there, some examples of this dense forest still stand today at R. B. This natural area has been untouched since it was last logged for timber in 1850. Pileated woodpeckers can been seen in this area, barred owls also live in the Rapid Run Natural Area. Vernal pools fill each spring to water for fairy shrimp, caddis-flies, spotted salamanders. Halfway Lake is filled by spring fed mountain streams and it is contained by a hand-laid native sandstone dam, the first cement and stone dam ever built by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The temperature of the water in Halfway Lake is always about 50 °F and this is because much of the lake is filled with water that comes from directly underground. Little Bubbler is a spring that seeps up through the sand on the west end of the beach at R. B. Swimming is permitted but lifeguards are not provided as of 2008, Halfway Lake is a cold water fishery that is stocked with brook, brown and rainbow trout. Ice fishing is permitted when the lake is frozen and the ice is at least 4 inches thick, people interested in staying overnight at R. B. Winter State park have three options and they can stay at one of the 59 modern camp sites some of which are equipped with electricity. All the sites have access to restrooms with showers. Each camp site also has its own ring, picnic table. There are three cottages that sleep up to five people, the cottages have electric lights and a small baseboard heater as well as wooden floors, windows, skylights, porches, a picnic table and fire ring. There is one modern cabin that is available to rent year-round and it is two stories with a furnished living area, kitchen, one-and-a-half baths, four bedrooms and two porches
24.
Sand Bridge State Park
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Sand Bridge State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on 3 acres in Lewis Township, Union County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is the smallest state park in Pennsylvania and consists of an area just off Pennsylvania Route 192. It has three pavilions that were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression. Rapid Run, a stream that is stocked by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. The park attracted 17,000 visitors in 2008, the name Sand Bridge remains a mystery. No one, according to the official website knows why the area is known as Sand Bridge. The park is surrounded by Bald Eagle State Forest and became a Pennsylvania State park in 1978, media related to Sand Bridge State Park at Wikimedia Commons Sand Bridge State Park official map
25.
Shikellamy State Park
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Shikellamy State Park is a 132-acre Pennsylvania state park located at the confluence of the West Branch Susquehanna River and Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is divided two sections. The older part, on a bluff on the bank of the river, is the 78-acre Shikellamy overlook in Union Township. The newer part is the 54-acre marina on the end of Packer Island in Upper Augusta Township. Packers Island lies between the city of Sunbury and the borough of Northumberland at the confluence of the two branches of the river, Shikellamy State Park is named in honor of Shikellamy, an Iroquois chief. Chief Shikellamy played a role in the history of the frontier in Pennsylvania. He was a friend of the Native Americans and the American Colonists of the 18th century, shikellamys village was located near where the overlook section of the park is today. Shikellamy State Park was opened in two different phases, first the overlook was opened for visitors in 1960, followed by the marina for boaters in 1972. The Adam T. Bower Memorial Dam is the worlds longest inflatable dam, the dam is located just below the confluence of the West and North Branches of the Susquehanna, between the towns of Shamokin Dam and Sunbury. The dam is 2,100 feet long, when it is raised in the summer, it creates the 3, 000-acre Lake Augusta, which is used for recreation. The dam and lake are part of Shikellamy State Park, the dam was named for Adam T. There are plans underway to add a fish ladder to the dam, the fish ladder is primarily to allow the American shad to access the upper part of the Susquehanna. On this site there was the earlier Shamokin Dam and this dam maintained an adequate water level for ferry traffic across the Susquehanna from Shamokin to the west bank. It was destroyed in March,1904 by the breakup of 22 inches of ice in the spring thaw and this is the dam that the west bank town of Shamokin Dam is named after. There is another, existing, low head dam 1.2 miles down stream and they are 360 feet above the confluence of the West Branch Susquehanna River and North Branch Susquehanna River. One can get a view of the northern and western rivers as well as a view of Northumberland, Sunbury. A breeding pair of state-endangered peregrine falcons have established a successful nest on the cliffs below the scenic overlook and it is only the third known wild nest built by the birds in the state. Most other breeding pairs have been introduced to sites throughout the state by the Pennsylvania Game Commission, both sections of Shikellamy State Park have a hiking trail
26.
Marina
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A marina is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats. A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large ships or cargo from freighters. The word marina is also used for inland wharves on rivers, marinas may be located along the banks of rivers connecting to lakes or seas and may be inland. They are also located on coastal harbors or coastal lagoons, either as stand alone facilities or within a port complex, a marina may have refueling, washing and repair facilities, marine and boat chandlers, stores and restaurants. A marina may include facilities such as parking lots for vehicles. Slipways transfer a trailered boat into the water, a marina may have a boat hoist well operated by service personnel. A marina may provide in- or out-of-water boat storage, fee-based services such as parking, use of picnic areas, pubs, and clubhouses for showers are usually included in long-term rental agreements. Visiting yachtsmen usually have the option of buying each amenity from a fixed schedule of fees, arrangements can be as wide as a use, such as a shower. The right to use the facilities is frequently extended at overnight or period rates to visiting yachtsmen, since marinas are often limited by available space, it may take years on a waiting list to get a permanent berth. Boats are moored on buoys, on fixed or floating walkways tied to an anchoring piling by a roller or ring mechanism, buoys are cheaper to rent but less convenient than being able to walk from land to boat. Harbor shuttles, may transfer people between the shore and boats moored on buoys, the alternative is a tender such as an inflatable boat. Facilities offering fuel, boat ramps and stores will normally have a common-use dock set aside for such short term parking needs, where the tidal range is large, marinas may use locks to maintain the water level for several hours before and after low water. Marinas may be owned and operated by a club, especially yacht clubs —. Marinas may be private businesses, components of a resort. List of marinas MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority
27.
Susquehanna River
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The Susquehanna River is a major river located in the northeastern United States. At 464 miles long, it is the longest river on the American east coast that drains into the Atlantic Ocean, with its watershed, it is the 16th-largest river in the United States, and the longest river in the continental United States without commercial boat traffic today. The Susquehanna rises and flows through New York, Pennsylvania, and it forms from two main branches, the North Branch, which rises in upstate New York and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch, and the West Branch Susquehanna. Both of these waterways were improved by navigations throughout the 1820s and 1830s as the Pennsylvania Canal, together with facilities of the Allegheny Portage Railroad, loaded barges were transferred from the canal and hoisted across the mountain ridge into the Pittsburgh area. The 82-mile Union Canal was completed in 1828 to connect Schuylkill River in Reading to the Susquehanna above Harrisburg, an 82-mile leg connecting the Susquehanna with the Delaware River was instead developed as the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, built by the Pennsylvania Canal Commission. The shorter West Branch, which rises in western Pennsylvania, joins the stem of the Susquehanna near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania. The river drains 27,500 square miles, including half of the land area of Pennsylvania. The river empties into the end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace, Maryland. The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna, while less prevalent since their contraction in the 1950–1960s, the rivers shores still support a wide ranging rail transportation infrastructure. Also called the Main Branch Susquehanna, the branch of the river rises at the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown. From there, the branch of the river runs west-southwest through rural farmland and dairy country, receiving the Unadilla River at Sidney. It dips south into Pennsylvania briefly to turn north at Susquehanna Depot hooking back into New York. A couple miles south, just across the New York state line and it makes a right-angle curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania. The origin of the official West Branch is near Northern Cambria County, Pennsylvania near the junction of Mitchel Road and it travels northeasterly through Curwensville, into and through Clearfield, Pennsylvania, where its joined by the Clearfield Creek right bank tributary. The West Branch turns to the southeast and passes through Lock Haven, the North Branch joins the West Branch from the northwest at Northumberland, just above Sunbury. It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at Duncannon, then passes through its last water gap, downtown Harrisburg developed on the east side of the river, which is nearly a mile wide here. It crosses into northern Maryland approximately 30 miles northeast of Baltimore and is joined by Octoraro Creek, the river enters the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. Concord Point Light was built here in 1827 to accommodate the increasing navigational traffic, Susquehanna comes from the Lenapi term Sisawehakhanna, which means Oyster River
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Interstate 80 in Pennsylvania
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The transcontinental Interstate 80 is designated across northern Pennsylvania as the Keystone Shortway, officially the Z. H. Confair Memorial Highway. This route was mainly along a completely new alignment, not paralleling any earlier U. S. Routes, as a shortcut to the tolled Pennsylvania Turnpike. It does not serve any cities in Pennsylvania, and serves mainly as a cross-state route on the Ohio-New York City corridor. Most of I-80s path across the state goes through hilly and mountainous terrain, Interstate 80 intersects cities such as DuBois, Sharon, Hazleton, and Stroudsburg. I-80 enters the Western Pennsylvania area which encompasses Mercer, Venango, Butler, Clarion, Jefferson, I-80 intersects I-376 and I-79 in Mercer County in Shenango and Findley Township respectively. Jefferson County at mile marker 73 is known for the city of Punxsutawney and this point is just east of Exit 111. A sign prominently displays this fact about the Interstate. At mile marker 101, I-80 passes by the city of Dubois, I-80 enters Centre County around mile marker 138 and intersects I-99 at exit 161, the main connecting point to the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the Pennsylvania State University. US220 is concurrent between exits 161 and 178 where it heads towards Lock Haven, at mile marker 199, I-80 approaches the Williamsport area, the venue of the Little League World Series in Union County. I-80 intersects I-180 at exit 212, I-80 enters the Northeastern Pennsylvania area to include points Northumberland County and east to New Jersey. In Montour County at mile marker 224, it approaches the Bloomsburg area, home to the Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, I-80 also passes by the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton area in Luzerne County. At exit 260, a connection can be made via I-81 to Harrisburg to the south and Binghamton, I-80 intersects I-476 at exit 274 in Carbon County for connections to Allentown and Philadelphia to the south and I-380 for a connection to I-84 to New England and Scranton. Around mile marker 305, I-80 approaches Stroudsburg and East Stroudsburg, home to the East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, after passing by the Delaware Water Gap, I-80 enters the state of New Jersey via the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge. The corridor now served by I-80 was originally to be a branch of the Pennsylvania Turnpike from Sharon to Stroudsburg, planning was shifted to the Pennsylvania Department of Highways in 1956 with the passage of the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act. From Scranton a route went southeast along U. S. Route 611 to the Stroudsburg area, on May 22,1957, a request by Pennsylvania to move the corridor south was approved by the Federal Highway Administration. This was corrected the year, as the Keystone Shortway became part of I-80. I-84 was truncated to Scranton, and the Scranton-Stroudsburg connection became Interstate 81E, the first section of present I-80 to open was the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge, opened December 16,1953. This had been built as part of U. S. Route 611, construction on the rest of I-80 began in 1959 and was completed in 1970
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U.S. Route 15 in Pennsylvania
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U. S. Route 15 is a north-south U. S. Highway in Pennsylvania. US15 enters Pennsylvania south of Gettysburg, Adams County, from Frederick County, Maryland, the route heads to the north and bypasses Gettysburg, where the route interchanges with US30. The freeway alignment ends temporarily at York Springs, carrying US15 on a four-lane, the route continues toward Harrisburg, where the freeway terminates again as US15 joins with US11. The two routes follow the west shore of the Susquehanna River with limited-access sections until they split across the river from Sunbury, US15 continues north into Williamsport, joining I-180 and US220. The majority of US15 is four lanes, alternating between limited and unlimited access, the one leg that is only two lanes is between White Deer and South Williamsport. The segment between Williamsport and the New York state line will eventually be designated Interstate 99, the former alignment of US15 on the east side of the river became PA14. Central Susquehanna Valley Transportation Project U. S
30.
Pennsylvania Route 44
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Pennsylvania Route 44 is a 149.24 mi -long state highway in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The route is designated from Interstate 80 and Pennsylvania Route 42 in Buckhorn to the New York state line near New York State Route 417 in Ceres Township, commissioned in 1927 by the Pennsylvania Department of Highways, PA44 originally ran from the NY state line to Jersey Shore. Today, the highway is a route from Columbia County to Potter County. PA44 begins in the place of Buckhorn at an intersection with Pennsylvania Route 42. From there, the highway runs northwest as Buckhorn Road through the Appalachians, in Jerseytown, the route intersects Pennsylvania Route 642 and Pennsylvania Route 254. Outside of Jerseytown, PA44 turns westward as White Hall Road, the route enters Montour County passing through the Muncy Hills. From Schuyler to Turbotville, Route 44 is concurrent with Pennsylvania Route 54 at Continental Boulevard, PA44 enters Northumberland County running southwest through the mainly plain and agricultural sections of the county. In the village of Mcewensville briefly east of the Interstate 180 underpass, the route intersects Main Street, from Watsontown to Dewart, PA44 is concurrent with PA405 along Main Street. West of the bridge, PA44 is designated as a route to the intersection with PA144 in Potter County. After crossing the bridge, the route intersects U. S. Route 15 in the Union County community of Allenwood, West of the hamlet, PA44 runs mainly west along the banks of the White Deer Hole Creek in the White Deer Valley. The highway enters Lycoming County in the White Deer Valley area, in the hamlet of Washington at the intersection with Gap Road, PA44 turns north before intersecting the southern terminus of PA554 in Elimsport, on the intersection, the highway turns west. West of Elimsport, the crosses the North White Deer Ridge. West of the ridge, PA44 intersects the terminus of PA654 in the town of Collomsville. The route proceeds west and upon reaching a gap that cuts through the Bald Eagle Mountain range near the intersection with PA880, North of the gap, the highway turns west and crosses the West Branch Susquehanna River and enters the borough of Jersey Shore. Inside the borough, PA44 turns north onto Main Street for a short distance, the expressway runs mainly southwest, officially signed as the Frank D. Oreilly Highway. Southwest of the Pine Creek crossing, PA44 leaves US220, PA44 crosses the creek again and continues north along the western banks of the creek. In the village of Tomb, PA44 intersects the western endpoint of PA973, near the village of Cummings, PA44 turns west to cross the Pine Creek and intersect PA414. The highway proceeds west through the sections of the Tiadaghton State Forest
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Pennsylvania Route 45
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Pennsylvania Route 45 is an 86-mile-long state highway located in central Pennsylvania, United States. PA45 is called the Purple Heart Highway, the western terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 453 in the Morris Township near the community of Water Street. The eastern terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 642 west of the town of Mooresburg. From approximately 1830 to 1903, the section between Lewisburg and Mifflinburg was owned and operated by the Lewisburg and Mifflinburg Turnpike Company, the section west of Mifflinburg was built by the Bellefonte, Aaronsburg and Youngmanstown Turnpike Company, chartered in 1825. When Pennsylvanias traffic routes were established in 1925, PA45 was originally signed from Herndon to Easton, the 1928 revision expanded this route westward, PA45 was signed on two different sections, the connection between them being signed as part of US120. The middle section was signed from Water Street to Montandon, between Milton and Northumberland, and the east section from Ashland to Easton, in 1928, the route was under construction from Indianland to Beersville and completed the following year on the Ashland to Easton section. In 1930, the route was paved from Lehigh Gap to Indianland on the eastern section, in 1934, the eastern terminus was moved from Walnut Street to 13th Street in Easton. In 1932, a section of PA45 was opened from Belsano to US22 near Sankertown. The route replaced US422 from Belsano to Ebensburg and US22 from Ebensburg to Cresson when those designations were placed on a straighter route, in 1936, the eastern terminus of the middle section was moved from Montandon to Mausdale. In 1946, the terminus of the western section was truncated from Cresson to Ebensburg. Until 1952, the middle section entered Mooresburg on a different route, in 1951, construction began on a bypass which opened in 1952. In 1955, the terminus in the eastern section was moved from 13th Street to Third Street in Easton. Until 1961, there was a break between Mausdale and Ashland, that was connected when PA54 was truncated to Mausdale and this resulted in PA45 being a continuous route between Altoona and Easton. This change was undertaken as part of a plan to simplify route numbers across the state. Also in 1961, the section of PA45 was decommissioned. In 1962, the route was changed from going into State College via US322 and then PA26, in 1966 the eastern section was renumbered as PA248, leaving the current alignment the only one to hold the designation. The eastern terminus was fixed at its current location, with the road reverting to PA642 from Mooresburg to Mausdale, Pennsylvania Route 45 Truck is a 2-mile-long truck route in Mifflinburg, Union County, Pennsylvania. Narrow streets within the borough are avoided by this designation, and an intersection with Pennsylvania Route 304
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Pennsylvania Route 104
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Pennsylvania Route 104 is a 22-mile-long state highway located in Perry, Juniata, Snyder, and Union Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at US 11/US15 between McKees Half Falls and Liverpool, the northern terminus is at PA45 in Mifflinburg. PA104 begins at an intersection with US 11/US15 in Liverpool Township, Perry County, a short distance after beginning, the route crosses into Susquehanna Township in Juniata County and heads into agricultural areas with some homes, curving to the northwest. After passing through Meiserville, the heads into Perry Township. The route passes near Aline and Shadle before coming to an intersection with PA35, after this, PA104 passes through agricultural areas with some residences before heading into forested areas and crossing into Washington Township and passing to the east of Shade Mountain. As the road passes by the ridge, it turns to the northwest. The route becomes South Wausau Road and passes farms with some homes before heading into Middleburg. At this point, PA104 turns north and passes homes and businesses, here, PA104 turns northwest to form a concurrency with US522 on East Main Street, crossing Middle Creek. The road turns north and becomes South Main Street, passing more residential, in the commercial center of town, US522 splits to the west and PA104 continues north on North Main Street, passing more development. The route crosses back into Franklin Township and becomes an unnamed road, the road heads north through wooded areas, crossing into Center Township and heading into a mix of farmland and woodland with occasional residences. PA104 runs through farmland before coming into the residential community of Penns Creek, turning northeast. After leaving Penns Creek, the passes near more farms. At the crossing of the Penns Creek, PA104 continues into Limestone Township in Union County and heads north, running through farmland with some woods. The route heads into areas of woods before continuing into agricultural areas with a few residences. PA104 heads into Mifflinburg and becomes South 10th Street, passing homes before ending at PA45, roads portal Pennsylvania portal Pennsylvania Highways - Pennsylvania Route 104
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Pennsylvania Route 192
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Pennsylvania Route 192 is a state highway located in central Pennsylvania. The western terminus of the route is at Pennsylvania Route 144 in Centre Hall, the eastern terminus is at U. S. Route 15 in Lewisburg. PA192 begins at an intersection with PA144 in Centre Hall, Centre County, the route passes through more rural areas as it enters Gregg Township, where the name changes to Brush Valley Road. PA192 runs through farmland with occasional trees, passing to the north of Penns Cave Airport. At this point, PA445 turns east to form a concurrency with PA192, in this community, the route intersects PA880. Upon leaving Rebersburg, the road becomes Brush Valley Road again and heads through farmland with occasional homes. Farther east, PA192 heads into forested areas and comes to a junction with PA477 in Livonia, after this intersection, the route heads into the Bald Eagle State Forest. PA192 enters Hartley Township in Union County and becomes Buffalo Road, winter State Park and curving southeast. The road heads through more of the Bald Eagle State Forest and turns east again, PA192 curves to the southeast near some wooded residential areas and heads into a mix of fields and woods with occasional homes, passing through Forest Hill and Tannertown. The road heads into Buffalo Township and passes through Cowan, at which point it crosses Buffalo Creek, the route passes through Buffalo Cross Roads and continues through more rural areas with occasional residential and commercial development. Farther east, PA192 becomes the border between Buffalo Township to the north and Lewisburg to the south, passing residential areas with a few businesses. The route fully enters Lewisburg and passes homes before ending at US15. Until 1961, PA192 was designated Pennsylvania Route 95 along its entire length
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Pennsylvania Route 235
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Pennsylvania Route 235 is a 43 mile state highway in Pennsylvania. PA235 officially begins at an intersection with US 11/US15 in Liverpool, Perry County, the road heads into Liverpool Township and runs through wooded areas with some fields. PA17 splits to the west and PA235 becomes a route, passing through woodland before heading into open agricultural areas with a few homes. At Pfouts Valley, the turns to the north. PA235 crosses into Susquehanna Township in Juniata County and runs through a mix of farms and woods, the road heads through agricultural areas with some woodland and residences, making a right turn to continue west. The route enters Greenwood Township and heads through rural areas, turning northwest. PA235 curves to the west again and continues into Delaware Township, farther west, the route comes into the residential community of East Salem, where it turns north at an intersection with PA333. The road heads back into areas with some woods, curving west again. PA235 crosses into Fayette Township and becomes Westfall Street, turning north into open farmland, the route heads into the residential community of McAlisterville and intersects PA35, at which point it turns northeast to join that route on an unnamed road. PA235 splits from PA35 by heading to the northwest, leaving the community, the route heads north into woodland with some fields and homes before entering forested areas. At this point, the road crosses Shade Mountain and heads to the northeast, PA235 heads into West Beaver Township in Snyder County and continues through more forests, turning north. The road heads northeast again and crosses into Spring Township, where it heads north again, the route continues northeast into a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, reaching an intersection with US522. At this point, PA235 turns northeast to form a concurrency with US522 on Beaver Avenue, heading into Beaver Springs, PA235 splits from US522 by turning north onto an unnamed road, passing rural homes. The road passes through a gap in a ridge and winds north through agricultural areas with occasional trees and homes. The route passes through Benfer and continues north into Adams Township, in the residential community of Troxelville, PA235 turns to the northeast before making another turn to the north. The route heads through farmland with some prior to heading into forested areas. The road turns northeast into Bald Eagle State Forest before making another curve to the north, PA235 crosses into Hartley Township in Union County and winds across the summit of the mountain before descending it to the north, leaving the Bald Eagle State Forest. The road curves northwest and crosses Penns Creek, heading into the community of Glen Iron, here, the route turns east before curving north and heading through a mix of farmland, woodland, and homes
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Pennsylvania Route 304
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Pennsylvania Route 304 is a 12. 8-mile-long state highway located in Union County, Pennsylvania, United States. The western terminus is at PA45 in Mifflinburg, the eastern terminus is at US15 in Winfield. PA304 begins at an intersection with PA45 in Mifflinburg, Union County, the road heads through residential areas before crossing into Limestone Township. In this area, the route south into open agricultural areas with a few homes. PA304 curves southeast and reaches the community of Dice. The road turns northeast through open agricultural lands until it crosses into New Berlin. At this point, the name of the route becomes and it passes several homes, after passing through more of the town, PA304 heads back into agricultural areas with some residences and becomes County Line Road as it runs to the north of Penns Creek. The route becomes the border between Union Township, Union County to the north and Jackson Township, Snyder County to the south, with the creek turning south away from the road. PA304 splits from County Line Road and fully enters Union Township as it passes more rural areas on an unnamed road. The road continues northeast through farmland with occasional residences before coming to the community of Winfield. Here, PA304 turns north and passes homes prior to ending at US15, the entire route is in Union County. Pennsylvania Route 304 Truck is a 2. 2-mile-long truck route in, narrow streets within the borough are avoided by this designation, and a complicated intersection with Pennsylvania Route 45, which does not contain turning lanes, is bypassed. The route is concurrent with other highways for its length, It is cosigned with PA104 for the first 1.7 miles of the route. It is signed in the eastbound only, with the opposite direction signed as PA45 Truck
36.
1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
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Union County, Pennsylvania
