1.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
2.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
3.
Marriage
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The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity, when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, whom they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for womens rights and because of international law. These trends coincide with the human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, an authority, a tribal group. It is often viewed as a contract, Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce, some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of laws against the practice. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005 and these changes have occurred primarily in Western countries. The word marriage derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE and this in turn is derived from Old French, marier, and ultimately Latin, marītāre, meaning to provide with a husband or wife and marītāri meaning to get married. The adjective marīt-us -a, -um meaning matrimonial or nuptial could also be used in the form as a noun for husband. Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures, even within Western culture, definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between. The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries defined marriage as a union between a man and a such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners. In recognition of a practice by the Nuer people of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to a woman, none of these men had legal rights to the womans child. Economic anthropologist Duran Bell has criticized the definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried. In 1955 article in Man, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures and he offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures
4.
Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
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Susquehanna County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,356, the county was created on February 21,1810, from part of Luzerne County and later organized in 1812. It is named for the Susquehanna River, the first settlers began to move into the area from Philadelphia and Connecticut in the mid 1700s. At the time, the area was part of Luzerne County, as more and more people from Connecticut moved in, there began to be some conflict. Under Connecticuts land grant, they owned everything from present day Connecticut to the Pacific Ocean and this meant their land grant overlapped with Pennsylvanias land grant. In the end, the Connecticut government was asked to surrender their claim on the area, in 1810, Susquehanna County was formed out of Luzerne County and later in 1812, Montrose was made the county seat. Susquehanna County was one of the stops on the Underground Railroad. Although this is not completely backed up by fact, there are many pointers saying this is true and these pointers say Montrose was the main hub. Here slaves would take refuge in the homes of citizens, after the Civil War, coal started to be mined. Following this, railways and roads were built into the county allowing for people to come. At one point the county had nearly 50,000 people, coal became, as with neighboring counties, the back bone of the economy. This boom in coal would allow for an age of prosperity in the county, when the Great Depression hit, the coal industry suffered horribly. Within months the industry was struggling. During World War II the coal industry picked up again, soon after the economy in the county failed. Between the 1950s and 1990s many mines were closed, railways were torn apart, unemployment rose and population decline increased. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 832 square miles. Susquehanna County is very mountainous, with concentrations of mountains in the east and smaller. The highest mountain in the county is North Knob just west of Union Dale, most people live in one of the several long and mostly narrow valleys
5.
New Milford, Pennsylvania
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New Milford is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 868 at the 2010 census, children living in New Milford are served by the schools in the Blue Ridge School District, including Blue Ridge High School. New Milford is located at 41°52′35″N 75°43′35″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.0 square mile, all of it land. The borough of New Milford was formed part of New Milford Township in December 1859. As of the census of 2010, there were 868 people,379 households, the population density was 868 people per square mile. There were 421 housing units at a density of 421 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 2% White, 1% African American,0. 2% Asian,0. 8% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 5% of the population. 31. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85. In the borough the population was out with 22. 4% under the age of 18,62. 2% from 18 to 64. The median age was 40.6 years, the median income for a household in the borough was $38,611, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had an income of $40,870 versus $26,071 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $20,067, about 8. 3% of families and 11. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 4% of those under age 18 and 3. 6% of those age 65 or over. Page Lake Pratt Memorial Library Media related to New Milford, Pennsylvania at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
7.
Allegheny Plateau
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It is divided into the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau and the glaciated Allegheny Plateau. The plateau extends southward into western West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, the plateau terminates in the east at the Allegheny Mountains, which are the highest ridges just west of the Allegheny Front. The Front extends from central Pennsylvania through Maryland and into eastern West Virginia, the plateau is bordered on the west by glacial till plains in the north, generally north of the Ohio River, and the Bluegrass region in the south, generally south of the Ohio River. In the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, relief may only one hundred feet or less. In the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in southeastern Ohio and westernmost West Virginia, absolute highest elevations in this area are often in the range of 900 to 1,500 feet. By the Allegheny Front, however, elevations may reach well over 4,000 feet, one of the more notable geologic areas within the Allegheny Plateau is the Hocking Hills region of southeast Ohio. The Allegheny Plateau is a section of the larger Appalachian Plateau province. Allegheny Front — transition escarpment from the Allegheny Plateau to the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, a Geologic History of the North-Central Appalachians, Part 1, Orogenesis from the Mesoproterozoic through the Taconic Orogeny. A Geologic History of the North-Central Appalachians, Part 2, The Appalachian Basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous, a Geologic History of the North-Central Appalachians, Part 3, The Alleghany Orogeny. Photographs of the Allegheny Plateau and the Allegheny River watershed region
8.
Elk Mountain Ski Area
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Elk Mountain Ski Resort is a ski area in the Endless Mountains on the summit of North Knob in Herrick Township, Susquehanna County, near Union Dale, Pennsylvania. It is located 30 miles north of Scranton, PA, the mountain has been given favorable reviews from Ski Magazine, including a listing in Six Unsung Heroes, a roundup of hidden gems in skiing. The ski area provided a small lodge, a 2,200 ft T-Bar ski lift, tow rope lifts, in 1961 a double chair lift was installed, allowing for additional trails. A year later, in 1962, snowmaking was added along with a new A-frame lodge at the base of the mountain, night skiing came to Elk Mountain in 1966—expanding to more trails in 1972. Elk Mountain built a 4,000 ft long quad chairlift in 1994, North Chair at Elk Mountain accesses a top elevation of 2,667 ft —the highest lift-serviced skiing in eastern Pennsylvania. Elk has a 925 ft vertical drop,27 trails and two terrain parks, five double chair lifts and a fixed-grip quad chair lift provide access to the top of the mountain. Four of the lifts, including the quad, run from the base to just below the summit of the mountain, most ski runs are groomed, but a few are allowed to bump up, or become moguled, to allow for additional challenge. The mountain receives, on average,5 feet of snow per season. Snowmaking covers 100% of the 180 acres of skiable terrain, the base complex features a day lodge, guest services, ski school center, restaurant, rentals, and a ski-and-snowboard shop. Elk Mountain Ski Resort Elk Mountain Area Directory
9.
Hallstead, Pennsylvania
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Hallstead is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,303 at the 2010 census, what is now Hallstead was incorporated as Great Bend Village on November 28,1874. In 1887, it was renamed to Hallstead Borough in honor of William F. Hallstead, president of the Delaware, Lackawanna, Hallstead is located at 41°57′45″N 75°44′55″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 0.4 square miles. The boroughs of Hallstead and nearby Great Bend are bisected by both Interstate 81 and the Susquehanna River, as of the census of 2010, there were 1,303 people,572 households, and 347 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,257.5 people per square mile, there were 606 housing units at an average density of 1,515 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 5% White,0. 7% African American,0. 4% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1% of the population. 34. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.90. In the borough the population was out with 22. 7% under the age of 18,58. 4% from 18 to 64. The median age was 44 years, the median income for a household in the borough was $45,649, and the median income for a family was $46,313. Males had an income of $39,531 versus $21,481 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,181, about 10. 9% of families and 13. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 1% of those under age 18 and 10. 9% of those age 65 or over. Hallstead lies in Blue Ridge School District, the Elementary, Middle and High Schools are all located about 9 miles south of Hallstead. The Elementary School consists of Kindergarten to fifth grade with approximately 488 students in attendance, the Middle School consists of grades 6-8 and has approximately 297 students. The High School consists of grades 9-12 with approximately 429 students, the Foundry consists of 27 acres of land on Main Street in Hallstead. During the early 1900s it was a manufacturer of lead crystal, the Hallstead-Great Bend Branch Library is located on 201 Franklin Street, Hallstead PA
10.
1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
