1.
Baseball park
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A baseball park, also known as a ballpark or diamond, is a venue where baseball is played. A baseball park consists of the field and the surrounding spectator seating. While the diamond and the areas denoted by white painted lines adhere to rules, guidelines for the rest of the field are flexible. The term ballpark sometimes refers either to the structure, or sometimes to just the playing field. A home run where the player makes it around the bases, sometimes a home run over the fence is called out of the ballpark, but that phrase more often means a home run that clears the stands and lands outside the building. The playing field is most often called the ballfield, though the term is used interchangeably with ballpark when referring to a small local or youth league facility. A baseball field can be referred to as a diamond, the infield is a rigidly structured diamond of dirt containing the three bases, home plate, and the pitchers mound. The space between the bases and home is normally a grass surface, save for the mound in the center. Some ballparks, like Torontos Rogers Centre, have grass or artificial turf between the bases, and dirt only around the bases and pitchers mound, others, such as Koshien Stadium in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, have an entirely dirt infield. Two white lines run out from the plate area, aligned with first. These are the lines or base lines, usually differentiated by referring to them as the first base line. If a ball hit by the lands outside of the space between these two lines, or rolls out of this space before reaching first or third base, the ball is foul. If it lands between or on the lines, it is fair, at the end of the lines are two foul poles, which help the umpires judge whether a ball is fair or foul. These foul poles are actually in fair territory, so a ball hits them on the fly is a home run. On either side of plate are the two batters boxes This is where the batter stands when at bat. Behind home is the box, where the catcher and the home plate umpire stand. Next to first and third base are two boxes, where the first and third base coaches guide the baserunners, generally with gestures or shouts. As the baserunner faces away from the outfield when running from second base to third, they see where the ball is
2.
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
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Part of Brooklyn Community Board 1, the neighborhood is served in the south by the NYPDs 90th Precinct and in the north by the 94th Precinct. On the New York City Council, the western and southern parts of the neighborhood are represented by the 33rd District, and its eastern part by the 34th District. As of the 2010 United States Census, the neighborhood had a population of 32,926, since the late 1990s, Williamsburg has undergone gentrification characterized by hipster culture, a contemporary art scene, and vibrant nightlife. During the early 2000s, the became a center for indie rock and electroclash. Numerous ethnic groups inhabit enclaves within the neighborhood, including Italians, Jews, Hispanics, Poles, Puerto Ricans, in 1638 the Dutch West India Company first purchased the areas land from the local Native Americans. In 1661, the company chartered the Town of Boswijck, including land that would later become Williamsburg, after the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the towns name was anglicized to Bushwick. During colonial times, villagers called the area Bushwick Shore and this name lasted for about 140 years. Bushwick residents called Bushwick Shore the Strand, farmers and gardeners from the other Bushwick villages sent their goods to Bushwick Shore to be ferried across the East River to New York City for sale via a market at present day Grand Street. Bushwick Shores favorable location close to New York City led to the creation of several farming developments, in 1802, real estate speculator Richard M. Woodhull acquired 13 acres near what would become Metropolitan Avenue, then North 2nd Street. He had Colonel Jonathan Williams, a U. S. Engineer, survey the property, Williamsburg was incorporated in as the, Village of Williamsburgh within the Town of Bushwick in 1827. In two years it had a company, a post office and a population of over 1,000. The deep drafts along the East River encouraged industrialists, many from Germany, raw material was shipped in, and finished products were sent out of factories straight to the docks. Several sugar barons built processing refineries, Now all are gone except the now-defunct Domino Sugar. Other important industries included shipbuilding and brewing, on April 18,1835, the Village of Williamsburg annexed a portion of the Town of Bushwick. The Village then consisted of three districts, the first district was commonly called the South Side, the second district was called the North Side, and the third district was called the New Village. The names North Side and South Side remain in common usage today, the New Village became populated by Germans and for a time was known by the sobriquet of Dutchtown. In 1845 the population of Williamsburgh was 11,500, reflecting its increasing urbanization, Williamsburg separated from Bushwick as the Town of Williamsburg in 1840. It became the City of Williamsburg in 1852, which was organized into three wards, the old First Ward roughly coincides with the South Side and the Second Ward with the North Side, with the modern boundary at Grand Street
3.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
4.
National Association of Base Ball Players
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The National Association of Base Ball Players was the first organization governing American baseball. The first convention of sixteen New York City area clubs in 1857 practically terminated the Knickerbocker era, the last convention, with hundreds of members represented only via state associations, provoked the establishment of separate professional and amateur associations in 1871. Because the amateur successor never attracted many members and it convened only a few times, beside the playing rules and its own organization, the Association governed official scoring, match play, a championship, amateurism, and hippodroming or the integrity of the contest. It permitted professionalism only for the 1869 and 1870 seasons, in its December 1867 meeting, its rules committee voted unanimously to bar any club composed of one or more colored persons, effecting the first known color line in baseball. By the end of 1865, almost 100 clubs were members of the organization, by 1867, it had over 400 members, including some clubs from as far away as San Francisco and Louisiana. Because of this growth, regional and state organizations began to assume a prominent role in the governance of the sport. The NABBP was initially established upon principles of amateurism, however, even early in its history some star players, such as James Creighton of Excelsior, received compensation, either secretly or indirectly. In 1866, the NABBP investigated Athletic of Philadelphia for paying three players including Lip Pike, but ultimately took no action against either the club or the players. To address this growing practice, and to restore integrity to the game, clubs desiring to pay players were now free to declare themselves professional. Cincinnati was the first to so declare and among the most aggressive in recruiting the best available players, twelve, including most of the strongest clubs in the NABBP, ultimately declared themselves professional for the 1869 season. Conflict arose, however, between amateur and professional interests, important issues included how the championship was to be decided and regulating players jumping from one team to another. As a result, in 1871 most of the professional clubs broke away to found the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. The NABBP continued for two years thereafter in a diminished status before disbanding into state and regional organizations. Contrary to the name, NABBP members were clubs not players. Generally the clubs joined the association and retained membership by sending delegates to the annual convention, the number of clubs at the convention, and thus in the association, increased from 16 to 25 to 50 by spring 1859. This list gives the sixteen who convened in 1857 followed by the three members who survived to be charter members of the National League in 1876, none of the sixteen did so. Dates refer to NABBP membership, not baseball activity or legal organization, but not all clubs retained membership annually, in particular, Newark, New Jersey is one of the cities across the Hudson River from New York. Eight Newark clubs were members and two more clubs from Newark, Empire in 1858 and Eckford in 1870, played matches with member clubs
5.
New York Mutuals
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The Mutual Base Ball Club of New York was a leading American baseball club almost throughout its 20-year history. It was established during 1857, the year of the first baseball convention and it was a charter member of both the first professional league in 1871 and the National League in 1876. Failing on the field and in the coffer, it declined to make its last western trip of the inaugural season, for the transgression it was expelled in December, and soon found itself defunct. The Mutuals chose open professionalism in 1869–70 after NABBP liberalization and they joined the first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, for its 1871 to 1875 duration. In 1876, the Chicago White Stockings initiated the National League and recruited its members from West to East, the Mutuals were one of eight charter members, six of whom were from the National Association. Weak and cash-poor, the club refused to complete its playing obligations in the West, on May 13,1876, the Mutuals executed the first triple play in major-league history in a game against the Hartford Dark Blues. Union Grounds proprietor William Cammeyer, often listed today as the Mutual club owner, the team was effectively a one-year replacement for the defunct Mutuals, and was sometimes called Hartford of Brooklyn. The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870, jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0779-4 New York Mutuals reenactors 1876 Mutuals at Baseball Reference
6.
Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey
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Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey is believed to be the site of the first organized baseball game, giving Hoboken a strong claim to be the birthplace of baseball. In 1845, Knickerbocker Club of New York City began using Elysian Fields in Hoboken to play due to the lack of suitable grounds across the Hudson River in Manhattan. On June 19,1846, the Knickerbockers played the New York nine on these grounds in the first organized game between two clubs, Alexander Cartwright was the umpire. By the 1850s, several Manhattan-based member clubs of the National Association of Base Ball Players were using the grounds as their home field, as Chadwick relates, I chanced to go through Elysian Fields during the progress of a contest between the noted Eagle and Gotham Clubs. The game was being played on both sides, and I watched it with deeper interest that any previous ball match between clubs I had seen. It was not long before I was struck with the idea that base ball was just the game for a sport for Americans. Chadwick went on to become the games preeminent reporter developing baseballs statistics, in 1859, an international cricket match was held with an All-England Eleven as part of an English tour of North America. With the construction of two significant baseball parks in Brooklyn enclosed by fences, enabling promoters there to charge admission to games, in 1868, the leading Manhattan club, the New York Mutuals, shifted its home games to the Union Grounds in Brooklyn. In 1880, the founders of the New York Metropolitans and New York Giants finally succeeded in siting a ballpark on Manhattan that became known as the Polo Grounds, the last recorded professional baseball game at Elysian Fields occurred in 1873. The large parkland area was developed for housing. A small remnant of the park bounded on the west by Hudson Street, on the north and east by Frank Sinatra Drive. To the west of Elysian Park at the intersection of 11th, a bronze plaque denoting the connection to early baseball was placed in the median strip of 11th Street between first and second bases. The restaurant and music club Maxwells front door is adjacent to where third base was located
