1.
Alabama
–
Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
2.
ZIP Code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
3.
Muscogee
–
The Muscogee, also known as the Creek and the Creek Confederacy, are a group of related Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands. Originally from Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and northern Florida, Muscogee people were relocated in the early 19th century to Indian Territory, Alabama, Louisiana. Their languages, Muscogee and Hitchiti-Mikasuki, belong to the Eastern Muskogean branch of the Muscogean language family, the Muscogee are descendants of the Mississippian culture peoples, who built earthwork mounds at their regional chiefdoms located throughout the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries. Early Spanish explorers encountered ancestors of the Muscogee when they visited Mississippian-culture chiefdoms in the Southeast in the mid-16th century, the Muscogee were the first Native Americans considered to be civilized under George Washingtons civilization plan. The result was a weakening of the Creek Nation and the ceding of Creek lands to the US. During the Indian Removal of the 1830s, most of the Muscogee Confederacy were forcibly relocated to Indian Territory, at least 12,000 years ago, Native Americans or Paleo-Indians lived in what is today the Southern United States. Paleo-Indians in the Southeast were hunter-gatherers who pursued a range of animals, including the megafauna. During the time known as the Woodland period, from 1000 BCE to 1000 CE, locals developed pottery, the Mississippian culture arose as the cultivation of maize from Mesoamerica led to population growth. Increased population density gave rise to urban centers and regional chiefdoms, stratified societies developed, with hereditary religious and political elites, and flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from 800 to 1500 CE. The early historic Muscogee were descendants of the builders of the Mississippian culture along the Tennessee River in modern Tennessee, Georgia. They may have related to the Tama of central Georgia. At the time the Spanish made their first forays inland from the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, many centers of the Mississippians were already in decline. The region is best described as a collection of moderately sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages. After Cabeza de Vaca, a castaway who survived the ill-fated Narváez expedition, returned to Spain, Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first expedition into the interior of the North American continent. De Soto, convinced of the riches, wanted Cabeza de Vaca to go on the expedition, from 1540–1543, de Soto explored through present-day Florida and Georgia, and then westward into the Alabama and Mississippi area. The areas were inhabited by historic Muscogee Native Americans, de Soto brought with him a well-equipped army. He attracted many recruits from a variety of backgrounds who joined his quest for riches in the Americas, as the de Soto expeditions brutalities became known to the indigenous peoples, they decided to defend their territory. The Battle of Mabila was a point for the de Soto venture, the battle broke the back of the Spanish campaign
4.
U.S. Route 82
–
U. S. Route 82 is an east–west United States highway in the Southern United States. Created on July 1,1931 across central Mississippi and southern Arkansas, US82 eventually became a 1, the highways eastern terminus is in Brunswick, Georgia, at an intersection with Interstate 95. It is co-signed for its last half-mile with U. S. Route 17 and its western terminus is in Alamogordo, New Mexico at an intersection with U. S. Route 54 and U. S. Route 70. US82 begins at an intersection with US highways 54 and 70 north of Alamogordo, heading east out of Alamogordo the road ascends into the Sacramento Mountains, traveling through the Lincoln National Forest. While climbing steep Mexican Canyon, the passes the abandoned railroad trestles of the El Paso and Northeastern Railway. US82 crosses into Texas from New Mexico at Texas Farm to Market Road 769, turning northeastward toward Plains, US82 is co-signed with US380 from Plains to Brownfield, where it joins US62, and US380 leaves the route. US 82/62 continues northeastward toward Lubbock, in Lubbock, US82 and US62 split, where US82 is a limited access freeway west of US Route 87. From Wolfforth to downtown Lubbock, US82 is named Marsha Sharp Freeway after Marsha Sharp, former basketball coach of the Texas Tech Lady Raiders. It once again merges with US62 east of the campus of Texas Tech University, where it continues eastward through Ralls, after climbing out of Blanco Canyon, US82 eventually exits the Llano Estacado and enters the rolling plains near Dickens, Texas. US 82/SH114 continues eastward as a route until Seymour. Highways 183,277 and 283, with US183 and 283 leaving the route at Mabelle, US 82/277 continues eastward to Wichita Falls, merging with US287 just south of downtown. US82 leaves US287 at Henrietta and continues east, signed independently across the remainder of Texas, US82 enters Arkansas in downtown Texarkana, then proceeds almost due east across the flat plains of the Red River. It crosses the Red River at Garland City on a new bridge, then passes through the towns of Lewisville, at Magnolia the route joins US79 for approximately two miles before continuing eastward. The route passes through the cities of El Dorado and Strong before crossing the Ouachita River just north of Lake Jack Lee, then continues through Crossett, the route continues from there across the Mississippi River to Greenville, MS. US82 closely follows the alignment of Arkansas Highway 2. Through the entire state, the highway is four-laned with interchanges at major junctions, according to the Mississippi Department of Transportations website www. gomdot. com, construction is now underway on a U. S.82 bypass around Greenville. The new road will commence at the recently opened MS River Bridge and terminate at the current U. S.82 near Leland, cloverleaf interchanges are presently being built at the freeways junctions with MS454 and MS1. This new bypass will be the terminus for the planned freeway connector to Interstate 69
5.
Eufaula, Alabama
–
Eufaula is the largest city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 13,137. The site along the Chattahoochee River that is now modern-day Eufaula was occupied by three Creek tribes, including the Eufaulas, by the 1820s the land was part of the Creek Indian Territory and supposedly off-limits to white settlement. By 1827 enough illegal white settlement had occurred that the Creeks appealed to the government for protection of their property rights. In July of that year, federal troops were sent to the Eufaula area to remove the settlers by force of arms, a conflict known as the Intruders War. The Creeks signed the Treaty of Washington in 1826, ceding most of their land in Georgia and eastern Alabama to the United States, but it was not fully effective in practice until the late 1820s. The 1832 Treaty of Cusseta, by which the Creeks ceded all land east of the Mississippi River to the United States, however, the treatys terms did not require any natives to relocate. By 1835 the land on which the town was built had been purchased by white settlers. By the mid 1830s downtown Irwinton was platted out and development was well underway, much of its historic character has been preserved and is now known as the Seth Lore and Irwinton Historic District. In 1842 or 1843 Irwinton was renamed Eufaula, possibly to end postal confusion ensuing from its proximity to Irwinton, the town was officially incorporated under that name in 1857. In 1850 secessionists in the town formed a committee which terrorized any white people who had abolitionist sympathies. Thus captain Elisha Bett was driven from the town and only returned after he had signed an agreement not to express his views again. By this time, planning for the Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad, by November 1859 the railroad company authorized its president to purchase slaves worth $150,000 to use for the construction of the railroad. Grading for the track bed began in January 1860, very little is known about the history of Eufaula during the American Civil War because very few contemporary records or newspapers survive. Alabama seceded from the United States on January 11,1861, by the end of the month a military encampment was founded at Eufaula with soldiers ready to decamp to Fort Pickens or elsewhere as needed at the onset of hostilities. Ultimately six companies of the Confederate States Army were raised at Eufaula, the CSA operated a military hospital in Eufaula during the conflict. Eufaulas strategic position on the Chattahoochee river involved it in the component of the Confederate war effort. By April 1865, the Union Army had occupied Selma, Alabama, on April 29,1865, Union general Benjamin Grierson had reached Clayton, Alabama, and word had finally made it to Eufaula that the war was over
6.
Tuskegee, Alabama
–
Tuskegee is a city in Macon County, Alabama, United States. It was founded and laid out in 1833 by General Thomas Simpson Woodward, a Creek War veteran under Andrew Jackson and it is also the largest city in Macon County. At the 2010 census the population was 9,865, down from 11,846 in 2000, Tuskegee has been an important site in African-American history and highly influential in United States history since the 19th century. Before the American Civil War, the area was used as a cotton plantation. After the war, many continued to work on plantations in the rural area. In 1881 the Tuskegee Normal School was founded and its director, Booker T. Washington developed a reputation and philanthropic network to support education of freedmen. Twenty-seven buildings were constructed on the 464-acre campus, the city was the subject of a notable civil rights case, Gomillion v. The citys boundaries were restored in 1961 after the ruling, the area was settled by European Americans in the 1830s after the Creek Native American tribes had been removed to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. Pioneer planters brought or purchased African-American slaves to develop the soil for cotton plantations. Invention of the gin at the end of the 18th century meant that this type of cotton could be processed profitably. Designated as the county seat of rural Macon County, Tuskegee developed as its only city, in 1881, the young Booker T. Washington was hired to develop the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers on the grounds of a former plantation. It was founded to train teachers for the school system. Washington established a program by which students practiced skills and trades. Over the decades, the programs were expanded and this was later named the Tuskegee Institute. Graduate courses were added and it became Tuskegee University, Washington was known for his emphasis on education and self-improvement. The institute became known for stressing a practical education with work experience by students, to them for the work available in the small towns. Teaching was a highly respected calling, as education was a major goal among the freedmen, Washington believed that African Americans would achieve acceptance by southern whites when they had raised themselves. Washington led the school for decades, building a national network of white industrialist donors among some of the major philanthropists of the era
7.
Troy, Alabama
–
Troy is a city in Pike County, Alabama, United States. The city is the county seat of Pike County and it was formally incorporated on February 4,1843. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,033, the 2015 estimated population was 18,696. The City of Troy is considered one of the fastest growing cities in Alabama, Troy is a college town and is home to Troy University, the second-largest university in total enrollment in the state of Alabama. Once part of territory belonging to the Creek Indian, the land that would later become Troy was settled in the early 1830s, originally known as Deer Stand Hill and first settled about 1824, it was later known as Zebulon and then Centreville before being renamed Troy. Troy burned down in 1901 and had to be rebuilt from scratch, Troy became the county seat in 1838 after being moved from Monticello. A hotel and taverns along with small stores were soon created. To promote movement of settlers and to speed mail from Washington City to New Orleans, the Federal Road was laid out after 1805. In 1824, a road was laid out from Fort Barrancas in Pensacola, Florida and ran on top of the ridges to Fort Mitchell in Russell County, Alabama. Captain Daniel E. Burch of the U. S. Army marked the route using three notches on trees for a crew under Lt. Elias Phillips to follow, the route was eventually cleared in 1824 at a cost of $1,130. It follows the ridge dividing the water sheds of the Conecuh River to the northwest, and this road became known as The Three Notch Road and ran through Troy and Pike County. While never being highly needed as a supply road, it became a boon to the settlers who used it to move into south-central and southeast Alabama. The Battle of Hobdy’s Bridge lasted less than 30 minutes and produced few casualties, Battle at Pea River Pea Creek Six weeks after the Battle at Hobdys Bridge, the Battle of Pea River Pea Creek occurred, which was a much bloodier battle. These attacks, several in number, took place in February 1837, the Indians, angry that the land that had been promised to them was being taken from them by local settlers by violent force, responded by striking homes and farms along the Pea River swamp. The Three Notch Trail that traversed through Troy was considered dangerous at this point, as local Creek Indians around the area were turning violent and burning log houses. Reaching Hobdys Bridge, then a wooden span and causeway. Sending part of his force up the east or Barbour County side of the Pea River, as he neared the site of the camp, gunfire erupted in the swamp. Correctly assuming that the party moving up the east bank under had encountered resistance, Wellborn ordered his men forward through the mud, the Creek warriors fought fiercely to hold off the whites while their families tried to flee the scene
8.
United States Postal Service
–
The United States Postal Service, is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution, Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress, where Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general. The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees, the USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world. The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans, regardless of geography, at uniform price, the USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked U. S. The USPS lost $5.5 billion in fiscal year 2014 and $5.1 billion in 2015, in the early years of the North American colonies, many attempts were made to initiate a postal service. These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony, Massachusetts Bay Colony for example, for example, informal independently-run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639, with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672. A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691, when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service, the patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. The tax was repealed a year later, Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton, Governor of New Jersey, as his deputy postmaster. The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692, rates of postage were fixed and authorized, and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia. Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed laws, and a very imperfect post office system was established. Neales patent expired in 1710, when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies, the chief office was established in New York City, where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic. Before the Revolution, there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies, most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London. The Revolution made Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress, News, new laws, political intelligence, and military orders circulated with a new urgency, and a postal system was necessary. Journalists took the lead, securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost, overthrowing the London-oriented imperial postal service in 1774-1775, printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership, and created a new postal system. The United States Post Office was created on July 26,1775, the official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department. It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress To establish post offices, the 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network, and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate. The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence, and provided the country with low-cost access to information on public affairs. Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger, Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi
9.
Alabama Department of Corrections
–
The Alabama Department of Corrections, is the agency responsible for incarceration of convicted felons in the state of Alabama in the United States. It is headquartered in the Alabama Criminal Justice Center in Montgomery, Alabama has struggled to handle a rising prison population after federal and state mandatory sentencing laws resulted in longer prison sentences. It operates the nations most crowded prison system, in 2015 it housed more than 24,000 inmates in a system designed for 13,318. In 2015 it settled a suit over physical and sexual violence against inmates at the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka. The department also spends the least of any state on a per-prisoner basis, additional lawsuits against ADOC allege that men also face physical and sexual violence in the overcrowded prisons. In October 2016, the US Department of Justice announced that it was conducting a statewide review, Alabama prisoners have been required to work at farming and cotton plantations since the 1840s. Throughout the systems history, prisoners have served as farm laborers, in 2007 the prison system ended its farming programs, rendering many prisoners idle. In 2016, Governor Robert Bentley proposed $800 million dollars in bonds to build four large prisons. This program would allow the state to close a number of older facilities. Press reports indicate the troubled Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women would be the first to be replaced, all female inmates are sent to the receiving unit in the Tutwiler Prison for Women. List of Alabama state prisons Unlike other states, Alabama has no provision to provide counsel to prisoners on Death Row, prisoners rights groups such as the Equal Justice Initiative based in Montgomery, Alabama, have worked to fill the need. They have gained the exoneration of numerous innocent men on death row, the US Supreme Court has ruled that persons convicted of crimes committed as children cannot be sentenced to death. In addition, it has ruled that persons convicted of crimes committed as children cannot be sentenced to life in prison without parole, saying that both kinds of sentences are unconstitutional. It has directed that its ruling on LWOP is to be applied retroactively, holman Correctional Facility is the site where all executions authorized by the state are conducted. Its male death row originally had a capacity of 20, in the summer of 2000, capacity was increased to 200 single cells. Donaldson Correctional Facility has a death row with a capacity of 24. Donaldsons death row houses prisoners who need to stay in the Birmingham judicial district, Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women holds the female death row. Since the establishment of the Alabama Department of Corrections, nine officers have died while on duty, List of law enforcement agencies in Alabama List of United States state correction agencies List of U. S. state prisons Prison Alabama DOC Website
10.
Unincorporated area
–
Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
11.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
12.
Hunting dog
–
A hunting dog refers to a canine that hunts with or for humans. There are several types of hunting dogs developed for various tasks, the major categories of hunting dogs include hounds, terriers, dachshunds, cur type dogs, and gun dogs. Among these categories further divisions can be based upon the dogs skill sets. For a list of breeds of each type, see the articles for each category. Spaniels are the oldest class of gundog in existence, going back at least to the late Renaissance, flushing spaniels combine hunting, flushing, and retrieving skills. The larger two chiefly are used for retrieveing and flushing game in thick grass or mild underbrush, with the Brittany having working habits closest to later developed pointers and they fall into the water spaniel category. Like spaniels, hounds generally fall into two types, Sighthounds and scenthounds, the scenthounds are the younger of the two classes. Typical examples of the family include the Beagle, Bloodhound, members of the Coonhound family. Coonhounds were originally bred in the American South, Sighthounds are different from scenthounds in their methods and adaptations. In many cases this class is older than the group, the greyhound, the Scottish Deerhound. They are independent in nature, and are worked singly or in a brace of two or three dogs, Sighthounds are generally quiet and placid dogs compared to other hunting breeds, but are capable of explosive speed. Rhodesian Ridgebacks are one of the few breeds with both capabilities, and, though they are not the fastest runners, they are notable for having exceptionable endurance. Water dogs fall into two categories, the retrievers and multi-purpose, Retrievers are excellent swimmers with characteristic webbed feet, and many derive from either Canadian, American, or British stock. Retrievers typically have oily coats that help repel icy water, and are noted for having high intelligence, standard Poodles fall into the water dog category because they originally were used by wealthy Germans to hunt ducks, they predate most types of water dogs. They are excellent swimmers whose coat requires a bath after a swim. Some weighed only 20 pounds and were easy to keep in small apartments and it became very profitable for working-class men to have a profession where they trained small dogs to sniff out and kill as many rats as they could as fast as they could. They required dogs that had very fast reflexes, had a high tolerance for pain, and a ruthless never say die attitude. In fox hunting, they are paired with hounds should prey go to ground, since most breeds of terrier will pull the fox out of its hole
.jpg)
