1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
Nam District, Busan
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Nam District is a gu, or district, in south central Busan, South Korea. Much of Nam-gu sticks out into the Sea of Japan, forming a peninsula which separates Suyeong Bay from Busan Harbor and it has an area of 25.91 km². Nam-gu officially became a gu of Busan in 1975, in 1995 part of Nam-gu was divided to form Suyeong-gu. The Busan International Finance Center is located here, Nam-gu is home to some 300,000 people, for a population density exceeding 11,000 per square kilometer. Less than 1,000 of its inhabitants are non-Korean, the Busan Subway passes through Nam-gu, where an interchange connects it to the highway leading to the Gwangan Bridge. Four subway stations along Busan Subway are located Nam-gu, going from Kyungsung University · Pukyong National University Station to Jigegol Station, Nam-gu contains a total of 7 islands, all uninhabited, with a total area of only 0.3 km². Among these are the Oryukdo islets which mark the entrance to Busan Harbor, the highest point of Nam-gu lies inland, the peak of Hwangnyeongsan, at 427 meters above sea level. Hwangnyeong-san also marks the point where Nam-gus borders meet those of Yeonje-gu and Busanjin-gu and it includes Pusan University of Foreign Studies, Kyungsung University, Tongmyong University, and Pukyong National University. Qinhuangdao, China Geography of South Korea Subdivisions of South Korea ^ Nam-gu office population register, Nam-gu website ^ Nam-gu statistical yearbook 2004, 토지와 기후, table 3. Electronic version ^ Nam-gu statistical yearbook 2004, 인구, electronic version ^ Nam-gu statistical yearbook 2004, 토지와 기후, table 1. Electronic version Nam-gu website Central Busan travel guide from Wikivoyage
Nam District, Busan
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Nam 남구
Nam District, Busan
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UN Memorial Cemetery which is in the Nam District
3.
Busan
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Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas largest industrial area, The Southeast Economic Zone, the city is the cultural, educational and economic center of the region. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth busiest seaport by cargo tonnage. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and the Suyeong River, with mountains separating most of the districts, administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts, Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and the APEC2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, on November 14,2005, the city authorities officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchangs successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Busan is considering bidding to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics, Busan has Koreas largest beach and longest river, and is home to the worlds largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. Geochilsan-guk existed in the second and 3rd and 4th centuries as a chiefdom of Jinhan and it was absorbed by Silla and renamed Geochilsan-gun. The word Geochilsan means rough mountain, probably referring to Hwangbyeongsan, the mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No,38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. In 757, Geochilsan-gun was again renamed Dongnae, which it is still called, from the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement, called Waegwan at the time, after the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan Waegwan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, though relocated into Choryang later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876, in 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea. During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan, Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. During the Korean War, Busan was one of two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the War. As a result, the city became a camp site for Koreans during the war. As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and autumn of 1950
Busan
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Montage of Busan
Busan
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Gwangan Bridge
Busan
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Busan at night
Busan
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Panorama of Busan from
Busan Tower
4.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
South Korea
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Flag
South Korea
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Balhae and
Silla, 830 CE
South Korea
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Jikji, the first known book printed with movable metal type in 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris
5.
British Commonwealth Forces Korea
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British Commonwealth Forces Korea was the formal name of the Commonwealth army, naval and air units serving with the United Nations in the Korean War. Australian, British, Canadian, Indian and New Zealand units were part of BCFK, some Commonwealth units and personnel served with United States and/or other UN formations, which were not part of BCFK. In 1949, Australian units based with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan were among the first UN personnel to be deployed in South Korea. After the administrative role of BCOF in Japan to the fighting forces in Korea had been decided in November 1950. The position of BCFK Commander-in-Chief was always held by Australian Army officers, liaison between the Commonwealth C-in-C and the UN high command was provided by a subordinate headquarters in Tokyo. Lieutenant General William Bridgeford took over from Robertson in October 1951, Wells was succeeded by Lieutenant General Rudolph Bierwirth in 1954. The Royal Navy usually had at least one carrier on station during the war. Five British carriers, Glory, HMS Ocean, Theseus, Triumph, the Royal Australian Navy provided the carrier HMAS Sydney. The RN, RAN and Royal Canadian Navy also provided many other warships, the Royal New Zealand Navy deployed a number of Loch class frigates throughout the war. The RN carriers provided the only British fighter planes to take part in the war, British and Canadian aircrews also served with the RAAF. The only Royal Air Force contribution was a wing of Short Sunderland flying boats based at Iwakuni in Japan, 1st Commonwealth Division KATCOM United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan, Korea, where a total of 1589 Commonwealth casualties are buried. Korean War Memorial in London Lt Col. John C, allies provide a unique perspective of naval operation in the Korean War. EuroKorVet European Korean war Veterans website
British Commonwealth Forces Korea
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Two
Australian Army soldiers enjoy some recreation time at a sandbagged
Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes (NAAFI),
Korea, 1952
6.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
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Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
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Flag
United Kingdom
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The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
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The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
7.
Canada in the Korean War
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The Canadian Forces were involved in the 1950–1953 Korean War and its aftermath. 26,000 Canadians participated on the side of the United Nations, Canadian aircraft provided transport, supply and logistics. 516 Canadians died,312 of which were from combat, after the war, Canadian troops remained for three years as military observers. Japans defeat in World War II brought an end to 35 years of Japanese occupation of the Korean Peninsula, the Soviet forces entered the Korean Peninsula on 10 August 1945, followed a few weeks later by the American forces who entered through Incheon. U. S. Army Lieutenant General John R. Hodge formally accepted the surrender of Japanese forces south of the 38th Parallel on 9 September 1945 at the Government House in Seoul. Although both rival factions tried initially to diplomatically reunite the nation, the Northern faction eventually tried to do so with military force. North Korea had expanded their army and Korean volunteers fighting in Manchuria in the Chinese Civil War had given their troops battle experience, the North expected to win with the war in a matter of days. Troops from Kim Il Sungs North Korean Army crossed the 38th parallel on 25 June 1950 beginning a civil war, the invasion of South Korea came as a surprise to the United Nations. When the North Korean Army crossed into South Korea on 25 June 1950, they advanced for the capital Seoul, North Koreas forces continued toward the port of Pusan, a strategic goal and the seat of the ROK government. The forces of the North conquered all of Korea except for this tiny enclave at the end of the peninsula, the war was nearly won by the DPRK. In two days, the United States offered assistance and the United Nations Security Council asked its members to help repel the North Korean attack. Canada, the United States, New Zealand, South Africa, Lieutenant General Charles Foulkes, then Chief of the General Staff was in favour of Canada providing an infantry brigade for the 1st Commonwealth Division. Since Foulkes favoured keeping the Canadian Armys Mobile Striking Force intact for the defence of North America, recruits for the Special Force were enlisted for a period of eighteen months with recruits coming from both the Active Force, World War II veterans and adventure seeking young men. The normal recruitment standards were lowered since the army would not wish to retain the soldier of fortune type of personnel on a term basis. Units of the Special Force would be second battalions of the existing three Permanent Force regiments, the new battalion trained in Calgary and at CFB Wainwright, before boarding the USS Private Joe P. Martinez on 25 November 1950, to Pusan in South Korea. The 2nd Battalion of the PPCLI was the first Canadian infantry unit to take part in the Korean War, Special Force Second Battalions of the Royal Canadian Regiment and Royal 22nd Regiment were formed and sent to Korea in 1951. By spring 1951,8500 Canadians troops were supporting the United Nations, the Canadian war front was about 30 miles across and was a section of the United Nations front occupied by British Commonwealth forces. Most of the Canadians combat missions took place on the 30 mile zone, the Canadians two main adversaries during the war were the North Korean army and the Chinese in the Battle of Kapyong
Canada in the Korean War
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Two officers from the
25th Canadian Infantry Brigade (Lt. Green and Captain Claxton Ray) Korea
Canada in the Korean War
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Canadian artillery during the Korean War.
Canada in the Korean War
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Captain Petra Drabloe (left), of Halesund, is shown with a patient, Lance Corporal M.R. Stevens of North Bay, Ontario
Canada in the Korean War
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USS Buck transferring four-inch ammunition to
HMCS Haida
8.
Australia in the Korean War
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The military history of Australia during the Korean War was very eventful. Japans defeat in World War II heralded the end to 35 years of Japanese occupation of the Korean Peninsula, the Soviet forces entered the Korean peninsula on 10 August 1945, followed a few weeks later by the American forces who entered through Incheon. U. S. Army Lieutenant General John R. Hodge formally accepted the surrender of Japanese forces south of the 38th Parallel on 9 September 1945 at the Government House in Seoul. Although both rival factions tried initially to diplomatically reunite the nation, it was the Northern faction that eventually decided to try. Troops from the Soviet backed North Korean Army crossed the 38th parallel on 25 June 1950 beginning a civil war, the invasion of South Korea came as a surprise to the United Nations. The Liberal government of Australia, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies,17,000 Australians served in the Korean War between 1950 and 1953, and they suffered 339 dead, and 1200 wounded. They were called Korean Force or K-Force, a portion of the force were recruited in Great Britain. At the end of their enlistment, personnel recruited from the United Kingdom could elect to be discharged in Australia and their previous military experience would facilitate rapid deployment to Korea. When the North Korean Army crossed into South Korea on 25 June 1950, they advanced for the capital Seoul, North Koreas forces continued toward the port of Pusan, a strategic goal. In two days, the United States offered assistance and the United Nations Security Council asked its members to help repel the North Korean attack. Australia immediately contributed No.77 Squadron RAAF and the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, No.77 Squadron converted to P-51D Mustang fighters before arriving in Japan in February 1946 to participate in the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. Occupation duties proved uneventful, and No.77 Squadron was preparing to leave Japan for Australia when the Korean War broke out in June 1950. 77 Sqn was immediately dispatched to Korea, where became the first UN air unit to enter the war, primarily in ground support, combat air patrol. 3 RAR was rapidly committed as Australias main land force contribution to the United Nations forces in the Korean War, after a period of intensive training and reinforcement in Japan, the battalion arrived in South Korea in late September 1950. It was one of three units to receive the Presidential Unit Citation after the Battle of Kapyong, in addition to combat personnel, the Australian military provided the majority of supply and support personnel to BCOF, which was superseded in 1952 by British Commonwealth Forces Korea. Australian, British, Canadian, Indian and New Zealand units were part of BCFK, by the time 3 RAR arrived in Pusan on 28 September, the North Korean army was in retreat. As a part of the force under the UN Supreme Commander. By 21 October, the United States 24th Infantry Division, with the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade leading, crossed the Taedong River at Pyongyang and headed north
Australia in the Korean War
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RAN Firefly aircraft on board HMAS Sydney off Korea
Australia in the Korean War
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Australian soldiers firing a Vickers machine-gun.
Australia in the Korean War
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Troops from C Company, 3 RAR, watch for the enemy while a village in the valley below burns in November 1950
Australia in the Korean War
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Members of 3 RAR move forward in 1951
9.
New Zealand in the Korean War
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The involvement of New Zealand in the Korean War began in 1950 as a response to the United Nations Security Councils call for combat assistance in the erupting Korean War. New Zealand was one of the first nations to respond with support, on 3 July, these two first ships left Devonport Naval Base, Auckland and joined other Commonwealth forces at Sasebo, Japan, on 2 August. These vessels served under the command of a British flag officer and formed part of the US Navy screening force during the Battle of Inchon, performing shore raids and inland bombardment. Further RNZN Loch class frigates joined these later – Rotoiti, Hawea, Taupo and Kaniere, only one RNZN sailor, Able Seaman R. E. Marchioni, was killed throughout the conflict, during a raid on Sogon-ni on 26 August 1951 with HMNZS Rotoiti, after some debate, on 26 July 1950, the Government of New Zealand announced it would raise a volunteer military force to serve with UN forces in Korea. The idea was opposed initially by the Chief of the General Staff, Major General Keith Stewart and his opposition was ignored and the government raised what was known as Kayforce, a total of 1,044 men selected from among volunteers. 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery and support elements arrived later during the conflict from New Zealand, the force arrived at Pusan on New Years Eve and on 21 January joined the British 27th Infantry Brigade. Although overshadowed by 16 Field Regiment RNZAs contribution to the 1950–54 Korean War, New Zealand also contributed 10 Company, totalling 408 personnel of all ranks and would serve with distinction in Korea from 1951 until 1956 as part of the 1st Commonwealth Division. Following the armistice, RNZN deployments continued, together with Army support elements until 1957 as Kayforce was gradually reduced in size, the majority of Kayforce had returned to New Zealand by 1955, though it was not until 1957 that the last New Zealand soldiers had left Korea. A single New Zealand military liaison officer on the Commonwealth Liaison Mission, Korea, a total of 3,794 New Zealand soldiers served in Kayforce and 1,300 in the RNZN deployment. Thirty-three were killed in action and many were buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan. Other casualties included 79 wounded and 1 taken prisoner, the prisoner was held in North Korea for eighteen months and repatriated after the armistices. A New Zealander flying with the Royal Air Force was also captured when he was shot down near Pyongyang, No Royal New Zealand Air Force units were sent to Korea, but a number of New Zealanders flew with other air forces in the conflict. Two men flew Gloster Meteor jets with No.77 Squadron RAAF, one was shot down, a New Zealand Army artillery lieutenant was attached to a USAF tactical control unit as an observer in light aircraft. New Zealand born Alan Boxer, later a British air marshal, one New Zealander flying in Korea as a lieutenant in the British Royal Navy from HMS Ocean, was killed in February 1953 when his Hawker Sea Fury was shot down by ground fire. Five New Zealanders took part in Royal Australian Navy missions over Korea from the Australian carrier HMAS Sydney, some of these pilots were former RNZAF members, others joining directly the British and Australian forces. New Zealand in the Korean War – NZ History Online
New Zealand in the Korean War
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25 pounder guns of the New Zealand Field Battery, Korea 1951
10.
2 Squadron SAAF
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2 Squadron is a squadron in the South African Air Force which was formed in 1940. The squadron has a history, having been involved in every single combat action in which the SAAF has taken part. During the Second World War it made a name for itself in the battles for East Africa, before distinguishing itself in North Africa as part of the Desert Air Force, the squadron was established on 1 October 1940. During the initial years of the war,2 Squadron served as part of 1 Bomber Brigade in the East African Campaign, after August 1943, it also saw action in Sicily, Italy and Yugoslavia. 2 Squadron was attached to the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing U. S. Air Force for the duration of the war, initially flying the P-51 Mustang, the squadron re-equipped with the F-86 Sabre in February 1953. During the war the squadron flew a total of 12,067 sorties,74 of the 94 Mustangs and 4 out of the 22 Sabres were lost, along with 34 pilots. For its actions, the received the Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, United States Presidential Unit Citation. After the Korean War 2 Squadron, based at Waterkloof AFB, was equipped with Sabres, the first aircraft to fly through the sound barrier over South African soil was a Sabre piloted by Captain Gerrie Moolman. Conversion to the new Mirage III occurred in 1963 and the moved to AFB Hoedspruit at the end of 1978. The squadron fought in several engagements during the South-West Africa/Angola Border War and they continued to fly the Mirages until October 1990. They later re-equipped with the Atlas Cheetah C and D, reconnaissance was also performed using Vinten Vicon 18 Series 601 pod. Regular night flying was performed and the aircrew also performed air-to-air refuelling operations with the Boeing 707 aircraft of 60 Squadron, the squadron participated in the annual SANDF force preparation exercises which includes using live weapons. During joint exercises with the German Luftwaffe in 2006,40 live V3S Snake short-range air-to-air missiles were fired at the Denel Overberg Test Range, moving to Louis Trichardt in January 1993,2 Squadron became the sole front line combat jet squadron in the SAAF. Till 2 April 2008 the squadron operated the Cheetah C/D fighter aircraft and was equipped with 28 examples, the squadron flew 1010 hours in 2004. The last of the Cheetahs were retired on 2 April 2008, the SAAF accepted its first Gripen D in April 2008 and the final two Gripen D aircraft arrived in South Africa in July 2009. The first two Gripen Cs arrived on 11 February 2010 with deliveries ongoing as at October 2011, the squadron operates all the SAAFs Gripens except for the first Gripen D, which is assigned to the Test Flight and Development Centre at AFB Overberg. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918–1988, unofficial South African Air Force website
2 Squadron SAAF
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2 Squadron
Mustang fighters during the
Korean War
2 Squadron SAAF
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A No. 2 Squadron F-86F, 1953.
2 Squadron SAAF
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Memorial plaque,
Union Buildings
2 Squadron SAAF
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Cheetah C as flown by 2 Sqn
11.
Turkish Brigade
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The Turkish Brigade was a Turkish Army Infantry Brigade that served with the United Nations Command during the Korean War between 1950 and 1953. Attached to the U. S. 25th Infantry Division the Turkish Brigade fought in actions, and was awarded Unit Citations from Korea. The Turkish Brigade developed a reputation for its ability, stubborn defense, commitment to mission. On 29 June 1950 the government of the Republic of Turkey replied to the United Nations Resolution 83 requesting military aid to South Korea, the cable stated, Turkey is ready to meet his responsibilities. Turkey was the country to answer the UN call, after the United States. Three different Turkish Brigades served in the Korean War, the core of the 1st Turkish Brigade was the 241st Infantry Regiment based at Ayaş which was supplemented with volunteers to raise it to brigade level. Brigadier General Tahsin Yazıcı, a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign, the 1st Turkish Brigade consisted of three battalions, commanded by Major Imadettin Kuranel, Major Mithat Ulunu, and Major Lutfu Bilgon. The Turkish Armed Forces Command was a combat team with three infantry battalions, along with supporting artillery and engineers. It was the only brigade-sized unit attached permanently to a U. S. division throughout the Korean War, brigadier General Tahsin Yazici was highly regarded in the Turkish military establishment. He willingly stepped down a rank in order to command the first contingent of Turks in the Korean War, while there were cultural and religious differences between Turkish and American troops, both were disciplined forces capable of adapting. However, there was a barrier that was more difficult to overcome. Gen Yazici did not speak English, and Americans had overlooked the difficulty the language barrier would present The Brigade had a full turnover after a period of one years service, during the service of the 3rd Brigade in 1953, the Korean Armistice was signed. Thereafter, Turkey continued maintaining forces at full Brigade level for seven years. Kenan Evren, seventh President of Republic of Turkey, served in the Brigade from 1958–59, the advance party of the Turkish Brigade arrived in Pusan on 12 October 1950. The brigade was attached to the U. S. 25th Infantry Division, but in these concerned days, the heroism shown by the Turks has given hope to the American nation. It has inculcated them with courage, the American public fully appreciates the value of the services rendered by the Turkish Brigade and knows that because of them the Eighth American Army could withdraw without disarray. The American public understands that the United Nations Forces in Korea were saved from encirclement,125 Koreans were taken prisoner and many of them were slaughtered by the Turks. It the lack of information which caused the attack by the Turks
Turkish Brigade
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Turkish Brigade commander General Tahsin Yazıcı receiving the Silver Star from Lieutenant General Walton Walker (December 15, 1950).
Turkish Brigade
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Members of the Turkish Brigade move into position in December, 1950, shortly after suffering severe casualties attempting to block encirclement of the U.S. 2nd Division at the Chongchon river in North Korea.
Turkish Brigade
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Standard of Turkish Armed Forces in the Korean War in
Istanbul Military Museum in
Şişli,
Istanbul.
12.
Military history of the Netherlands
–
The Netherlands, as a nation-state, dates to 1568, when the Dutch Revolt created the Dutch Empire. This causes significant gaps in the historic timeline, Germanic wars against the Romans are fairly well documented from the Roman perspective, however, Germanic wars against the early Celts remain mysterious because neither side recorded the events. Wars between the Germanic tribes in Northern Belgium and the present day Netherlands, and various Celtic tribes that bordered their lands, are due to their geographical proximity. Belgium, a country with a Dutch-speaking majority, became an independent state in 1830 when it seceded from the Netherlands, despite the contemporary political boundaries, they share much of the same military history. Germanic tribes are thought to have originated during the Nordic Bronze Age in northern Germany, the tribes spread south, possibly motivated by the deteriorating climate of that area. They crossed the River Elbe, most likely overrunning territories formerly occupied by Celtic people, in the East, other tribes, such as Goths, Rugians and Vandals, settled along the shores of the Baltic Sea pushing southward and eventually settling as far away as Ukraine. The Angles and Saxons migrated to England, Germanic tribes often fought both against and for the Roman Empire. On Christmas Day 406, with the freezing of the Rhine, Franks, Allemanni, Burgundians, Suebi, the Franks later expelled the Goths from Aquitaine and absorbed the Burgundians. They were later to give their name to modern France, in 455, under the leadership of their King Gaiseric, the Vandals seized Rome, plundering it for 15 days. This led to the Latin name of Batavia for the area, the same name is used for several military units, originally raised among the Batavi. They were mentioned by Julius Caesar in his commentary Gallic Wars as living on a formed by the Meuse River after it is joined by the Waal,80 Roman miles from the mouth of the river. He said there were other islands formed by branches of the Rhine, inhabited by a savage, barbarous nation, some of whom were supposed to live on fish. Tacitus named the Mattiaci as a tribe under homage. The areas inhabited by the Batavians were never occupied by the Romans, the Batavians incorrectly became regarded as the sole and eponymous ancestors of the Dutch people. The Netherlands were briefly known as the Batavian Republic, moreover, during the time Indonesia was a Dutch colony, the capital was named Batavia. If the ancestry of most native Dutch people were traced back to Germanic tribes, most would lead to the Franks, Dutch is in fact a Low Frankish language, and is the only language to be a direct descendant of Old Frankish, the language of the Franks. Later, Tacitus described the Batavians as the bravest of the tribes of the area, hardened in the Germanic border wars and they were well regarded for their skills in horsemanship and swimming, for their men and horses could cross the Rhine without losing formation, according to Tacitus. Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood-tide forms a lake
Military history of the Netherlands
–
Funerary stela of one of
Nero 's Corporis Custodes (imperial bodyguard). The bodyguard, Indus, was of the Batavian tribe.
Military history of the Netherlands
Military history of the Netherlands
–
The United Provinces
Military history of the Netherlands
–
Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, Lieutenant-Admiral of the
United Provinces by
Ferdinand Bol, painted 1667
13.
French Battalion in the Korean War
–
The French Battalion arrived in Pusan, South Korea on November 29,1950 and was placed under the operational control of the 23rd U. S. Despite initial fears about French forces being on the rout, the battalion carried out several successful early actions and earned the respect of General Matthew Ridgway, commander of the U. S. From January 7–12,1951, the French Battalion participated in the First and it was followed by the Battle of the Twin Tunnels and of Chipyong-ni. These battles, during which the battalion resisted the attacks of four Chinese divisions for three days, allowed the 8th Army to score a victorious counter-offensive. Three weeks later, the battalion was engaged in combat for Hill 1037, in the spring of 1951, the battalion crossed the 38th parallel into the Hwacheon region. The destruction of a platoon led to a partial rout of the French Battalion. However it allowed U. S forces to stop the new Chinese offensive, in the fall of 1951, the French took part in the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge. In the course of these combats which lasted a month,60 French soldiers were killed and 200 were wounded. In the fall of 1952, after a war of positions, similar to the Battle of Verdun during World War I. This resistance resulted in 47 dead and 144 wounded, the total Chinese losses against the French battalion were estimated at 2000 men. In the winter and the spring of 1953, the took part in battles which kept the North Korean. Forty-four of the French casualties were buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan. Isolated far in advance of the battle line, completely surrounded in near-zero weather, they repelled repeated assaults by day. One member of the French Battalion, Louis Misseri, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by the United States for his actions. As a squad leader in an attack on Heartbreak Ridge, Sergeant Misseri led his squad through a barrage of enemy mortar. Dividing his squad into two sections, he led one section of three men in an assault upon the bunkers. While his comrades covered his advance, he moved forward alone through a hail of fire, attacked the first bunker and he continued his assault until the way had been cleared for his squad to advance and reorganize. When the enemy launched a counterattack, Sergeant Misseri, although wounded, drove them back
French Battalion in the Korean War
French Battalion in the Korean War
–
Bataillon français de l'ONU
14.
Republic of Korea Army
–
The Republic of Korea Army, also known as the ROK Army, is the army of South Korea, responsible for ground-based warfare. It is the largest of the branches of the South Korean armed forces with 495,000 members as of 2014. This size is maintained through conscription, South Korean men must complete 21 months of service between the age of 18 and 35. The army will take the brunt of the personnel reduction planned as part of the Defense Reform 307, the modern South Korean army traces its lineage back to the Gwangmu Reform, when the Beolgyegoon was established by Emperor Gojong in 1881. The 1st of every October is celebrated in South Korea as Armed Forces Day and it commemorates the day during the Korean War when units of the ROK Army first crossed the 38th Parallel, thus leading the UN Coalition north into North Korean territory for the first time. The ROK Army was formerly organized into 3 armies, the First Army, Third Army, each with its own headquarters, corps, and divisions. The Third Army was responsible for the defense of the capital as well as the section of the DMZ. The First Army was responsible for the defense of the section of the DMZ whereas the 2nd OC formed the rearguard. The army consists of 495,000 troops, approximately 2, 400-2,500 tanks,2,700 armored fighting vehicles,5,800 artillery pieces,60 guided missile systems, and 600 helicopters as of 2014. The future replacement for the K1 and K1A1 MBTs has been named the K2 Black Panther, the ROK Army is planning to field approximately 390 Black Panthers. A variation of the K200, the KAFVs can be retrofitted to bear a 90 mm cannon,40 mm grenade turret, M230-1 Chain gun Turret, or MK-30 Chaingun Turret. A replacement for K200 series IFVs are currently being tested, designated as K21 KNIFV, the initial production is set for 2008, with the ROKA planning to field approximately 1,000 units until 2015. The K21 KNIFVs chassis will be constructed out of fiberglass, reducing the vehicles load and enabling it to travel at higher speeds without bulky. When constructed, the NIFV will be lighter than other IFVs, including the American Bradley series and Russian BMP series, other notable foreign equipment in service with the ROK Army includes the Mistral MANPADS. A new infantry rifle, the Daewoo K11 entered service in 2010, the overall concept of this weapon is similar to the American OICW. So equals small, Jung equals medium, Dae equals large, jun equals equivalent, used for Warrant Officer and 1 star general to ensure that they are regarded as officer/general, although these ranks are lower than the same grade with So rank. Won equals principal, only used for Won-Su, General of the Army, each of these is coupled with wi equals company grade, ryung equals field grade, and jang equals general. NCO rank is same as officer, ha equals lower, Jung equals medium, Sang equals high, Won equals principal, because this title is named after Won-Su, to ensure that this rank is higher than Sang-sa
Republic of Korea Army
–
Type 88 K1 main battle tank during an amphibious beach assault exercise
Republic of Korea Army
–
Seal of the Republic of Korea Army
Republic of Korea Army
–
K-9 Thunder 155mm self-propelled howitzer
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
16.
Norway
–
The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
Norway
–
The
helmet found at Gjermundbu near
Haugsbygd,
Buskerud, is the only
Viking Age helmet that has been found.
Norway
–
Flag
Norway
–
The
Gokstad ship at the
Viking Ship Museum in
Oslo, Norway
Norway
–
The
Battle of the Sound between an allied Dano-Norwegian–
Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy, 8 November 1658 (29 October
O.S.)
17.
Hangul
–
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
Hangul
–
Korean writing systems
Hangul
–
Chosŏn'gŭl (top), and Hangul (bottom)
Hangul
–
A page from the Hunmin Jeong-eum Eonhae. The Hangul-only column, third from the left (나랏말 ᄊᆞ 미), has pitch-accent diacritics to the left of the syllable blocks.
Hangul
–
Calligraphy
18.
Hanja
–
Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
Hanja
–
Chinese characters
Hanja
–
Hanja
Hanja
–
Korean writing systems
Hanja
–
Calligraphy
19.
Revised Romanization of Korean
–
The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea proclaimed by Ministry of Culture and Tourism to replace the older McCune–Reischauer system. The new system eliminates diacritics in favor of digraphs and adheres closely to Korean phonology than to a suggestive rendition of Korean phonetics for non-native speakers. The Revised Romanization limits itself to the ISO basic Latin alphabet, apart from limited and it was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Koreas Ministry of Culture and Tourism in Proclamation No. 2000-8, which cites these reasons for the new system, It promotes consistent romanization by native Korean speakers by the transcription of important language characteristics. It reduces the confusion caused by the frequent omission of apostrophes and it rationalizes the Korean language with the plain ASCII text of internet domain names. Basic principles of romanization are, Romanization is based on standard Korean pronunciation, symbols other than Roman letters are avoided to the greatest extent possible. These are notable features of the Revised Romanization system, Vowels ㅓ/ʌ/ and ㅡ/ɯ/ are written as digraphs, however, ㅝ/wʌ/ is written as wo, and ㅢ/ɰi/ is written as ui. Unlike McCune–Reischauer, aspirated consonants have no apostrophe, k, t, p and their unaspirated counterparts are written with letters that are voiced in English, g, d, b, j. ㅅ/s/ is written as s regardless of the vowels and semivowels, there is no sh, 사 → sa. When followed by another consonant or when in position, it is written as t, 옷 → ot. ㄹ/l/ is r before a vowel or a semivowel and l everywhere else, 리을 → rieul, 철원 → Cheorwon, 울릉도 → Ulleungdo, other rules and recommendations include the following, A hyphen optionally disambiguates syllables, 가을 → ga-eul versus 개울 → gae-ul. However, few official publications make use of this provision since actual instances of ambiguity among names are rare, however, names for geographic features and artificial structures are not hyphenated, 설악산 → Seoraksan, 해인사 → Haeinsa Proper nouns are capitalized. Given names and commercial names are encouraged to change, but it is not required, all Korean textbooks were required to comply with the new system by February 28,2002. English-language newspapers in South Korea initially resisted the new system by citing its flaws, the Korea Times was the last major English-language newspaper to do so and switched only in May 2006. North Korea continues to use a version of the McCune–Reischauer system of Romanization, textbooks and dictionaries intended for students of the Korean language tend to include this Romanization. However, some publishers have acknowledged the difficulties or confusion it can cause for non-native Korean speakers who are unused to the conventions of style of Romanization. ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ, and ㄹ are usually transcribed as g, d, b, and r when appearing before a vowel, and as k, t, p, and l when followed by another consonant or when appearing at the end of a word. The revised romanization transcribes certain phonetic changes that occur with combinations of the consonant of a character
Revised Romanization of Korean
–
Korean writing systems
20.
Korean War
–
The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
Korean War
–
Clockwise from top: A column of the U.S.
1st Marine Division 's
infantry and
armor moves through Chinese lines during their
breakout from the Chosin Reservoir; UN landing at
Incheon harbor, starting point of the
Battle of Incheon; Korean refugees in front of an American
M26 Pershing tank; U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant
Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon;
F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft
Korean War
–
Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by the Japanese
Korean War
–
Soviet troops in Korea, October 1945
Korean War
–
U.S. troops in Korea, September 1945
21.
United Nations
–
The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
United Nations
–
1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the United Nations' original three branches: The
Four Policemen, an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states.
United Nations
–
Flag
United Nations
–
The
Chilean delegation signing the
UN Charter in San Francisco, 1945
United Nations
–
Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active Secretary-General from 1953 until his death in 1961.
22.
War grave
–
A war grave is a burial place for members of the armed forces or civilians who died during military campaigns or operations. A common difference between cemeteries of war graves and those of civilian peacetime graves is the uniformity of those interred and they generally died during a relatively short period, in a small geographic area and consist of service members from the few military units involved. In Spain, war graves are protected by the Law 60/1962, despite the protection afforded to war graves, companies such as Odyssey Marine Exploration have not hesitated to raid sunken vessels to gain access to their cargo. Brooke is himself buried in a war grave on Skyros in the Aegean Sea, having died whilst en route to fight in the Gallipoli Campaign
War grave
–
Normandy American Cemetery in 2003.
War grave
–
American Civil War graves,
Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery
War grave
–
A
CWGC cemetery from the
First World War:
Tyne Cot in the
Ypres Salient
War grave
–
Moorseele Military Cemetery from the First world War in
Moorsele,
Belgium
23.
Chilgok County
–
Chilgok County is a county in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. The seat of government is in Waegwan-eup, famous people from the county include Joseon Dynasty military officer Shin Ryu. In 1978, Indong-Myeon was joined to Gumi and in 1981, Chilgok-Eup was joined to Daegu
Chilgok County
–
Location in South Korea
24.
Battle of Pusan Perimeter
–
The Battle of Pusan Perimeter was a large-scale battle between United Nations and North Korean forces lasting from August 4 to September 18,1950. It was one of the first major engagements of the Korean War, an army of 140,000 UN troops, having been pushed to the brink of defeat, were rallied to make a final stand against the invading North Korean army,98,000 men strong. The massive North Korean assaults were unsuccessful in forcing the United Nations troops back further from the perimeter, North Korean troops, hampered by supply shortages and massive losses, continually staged attacks on UN forces in an attempt to penetrate the perimeter and collapse the line. However, the UN used the port to amass an overwhelming advantage in troops, equipment, and logistics, after six weeks, the North Korean force collapsed and retreated in defeat after the UN force launched a counterattack at Inchon on September 15. The battle would be the furthest the North Korean troops would advance in the war, the United States subsequently sent ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing. The division was understrength, and most of its equipment was antiquated due to reductions in military spending, regardless, the 24th Infantry Division was ordered into South Korea. Advance elements of the 24th Infantry Division were badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on July 5, for the first month after the defeat of Task Force Smith, 24th Infantry Division soldiers were repeatedly defeated and forced south by the North Korean forces superior numbers and equipment. The regiments of the 24th Infantry Division were systematically pushed south in battles around Chochiwon, Chonan, the 24th Infantry Division made a final stand in the Battle of Taejon, being almost completely destroyed but delaying North Korean forces from advancing until July 20. By that time, the Eighth Armys force of troops was roughly equal to North Korean forces attacking the region. Having captured Taejon, North Korean forces began surrounding the Pusan Perimeter from all sides in an attempt to envelop it, the North Korean 4th Infantry Division and the North Korean 6th Infantry Division advanced south in a wide maneuver. The two divisions were coordinating to envelop the UNs left flank and were spread out. They advanced on UN positions, repeatedly pushing back US and South Korean forces, in the east, the North Korean army,89,000 men strong, had advanced into South Korea in six columns, catching the Republic of Korea Army by surprise and completely routing it. The smaller South Korean army suffered from lack of organization and equipment. Numerically superior, North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38,000 South Korean soldiers on the front before moving steadily south, most of South Koreas forces retreated in the face of the advance. By June 28, the North Koreans had captured South Koreas capital of Seoul, forcing the government, though it was steadily pushed back, South Korean forces increased their resistance further south, hoping to delay North Korean units as much as possible. North and South Korean units sparred for control of several cities, the ROK Army defended Yongdok fiercely before being forced back, and managed to repel North Korean forces in the Battle of Andong. In the west, US forces were pushed back repeatedly before finally halting the North Korean advance, soon after, Chinju to the west was taken, pushing back the 19th Infantry Regiment and leaving open routes to Pusan. US units were able to defeat and push back the North Koreans on the flank in the Battle of the Notch on August 2
Battle of Pusan Perimeter
–
Troops of the
U.S. 27th Infantry await North Korean attacks across the
Naktong River from positions on the Pusan Perimeter, September 4, 1950.
Battle of Pusan Perimeter
–
US Forces retreat during the
Battle of Taejon
Battle of Pusan Perimeter
–
A map showing successive North Korean advance. The Pusan Perimeter is the border of the green portion of the peninsula.
Battle of Pusan Perimeter
–
Saddle Ridge near Taegu, one of the positions along Pusan Perimeter defended by the UN.
25.
Masan
–
Masan was a former capital city of South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. The city is located in the region along the Masan Bay. It was known for an industry, and now Hite Brewery is one of its major local business. Since 2010, two cities and Masan have been united into Changwon. During the control of the Mongolians, the town was known as Happo, therefore, the old and still frequently used name for Masan-man is Happo-man. With over 20,000 Mongol troops as well as 5,000 Korean, may 1,1899 - The port of Masan was opened with pressure from Japan. Among the initial trading goods were salt, fish, cotton, March 15,1960 - A protest against electoral corruption was spearheaded by the Democratic Party in Masan. Approximately 1000 residents attended the demonstration, which place at 19,30 in front of the Democratic Party Headquarters in Masan. The protest sparked violent clashes between demonstrators and police officers in several students were killed. To restore order, authorities blacked out Masan and General Carter B, magruder eventually dispatched US Marines to quell the unrest. April 12,1960 - The body of Kim Ju-yul was discovered in Masan Harbor, Kim - still dressed in his uniform from Masan Commercial High School - had disappeared in the March 15 clashes. Authorities claimed that he had drowned, but many Masan residents did not believe this explanation, at the hospital, they discovered that grenade fragments behind his eyes had actually killed him. In the following days, mass demonstrations broke out involving as many as 40,000 residents throughout the characteristically politically left-leaning city, during renewed clashes with police, police opened fire and killed several protesters. Once again, the US military was called in to restore order. At this point, public anger with the government had grown to new highs,1979 - Protests broke out in Masan against the regime of President Park Chung-hee following a brutal police crackdown on a sit-in strike of female textile workers from YH Trading Company. Workers in Masans Free-export Zone even managed to create four labor unions,2009 - On December 7, the city council approved a proposal to merge Masan with Changwon and Jinhae, to form an as-then yet-to-be-named city of over one million people. The city councils of the two cities had also approved the merger, which would bring national funds to the metropolis through a law designed to aid cities with populations of over one million. The Provincial Council of South Gyeongsang Province approved the merger, july 1,2010 - The three neighboring cities of Masan, Changwon and Jinhae unified to create Unified Changwon City, which has a population of 1.08 million
Masan
–
Aerial view of Masan harbor.
26.
Miryang
–
Miryang, often spelled Milyang, is a city in Gyeongsangnam-do Province, South Korea. Neighboring cities include Changnyeong to the west, Cheongdo to the north, Ulsan to the east, and Yangsan, Gimhae, the city bird is the Korean magpie, the city tree is the pine, and the city flower is the royal azalea. The recorded history of Miryang begins in the Samhan period, when it was known as Mirimidongguk, due to its strategic location near the Nakdong River, Miryang played an important role from the Silla period forward. It served as an important station on the Great Yeongnam Road during the later Joseon Dynasty, Miryang remains a key stop along that line, and is now the only city between Busan and Daegu served by KTX express trains. Miryang is known around Korea for the Miryang arirang and for the view from the Yeongnamnu pavilion, other noted landmarks include Eoreumgol and the temple of Pyochungsa. Famous people from Miryang include 15th-century Neo-Confucian scholar Kim Jong-jik and 16th-century warrior-monk Songun Yu Jeong, the city government works actively to maintain the memory of these figures, and of other local cultural features such as the tale of Arang. During the Samhan period, Miryang may have part of the territory of Mirimidongguk. Thereafter, it is believed to have ruled by Geumgwan Gaya before being annexed by Silla. The Samguk Sagi records Mirimidongguk as being annexed by Jijeung of Silla in 505 CE, in this period it was known as Chuhwa-gun. Under the general reformation of names carried out by King Gyeongdeok in the 8th century, in the Goryeo period, Miryang was elevated to the status of a ju, Mil-ju, by King Seongjong. In 1194, Miryang was the site of a battle between royal forces and a massive rebel army led by Kim Sami of Cheongdo and Hyosim of Ulsan. More than 7000 rebels were slain, under King Chungnyeol in the late 13th century, local residents led by Jo Cheon rose up against the government, in retaliation, Mil-ju was demoted to a tributary village of Gyeongju. Under King Gongyang, it was raised to the status of a bu, with the dawn of the Joseon period, Miryang first became known by its modern name. Initially demoted from bu to gun by King Taejo, it was raised back to bu. Under Taejos son King Taejong, it was again demoted to gun. Later it became a dohobu, or military protectorate, and in 1895 it became a gun once again, under Japanese rule, Miryang was the site of various clashes between the Korean independence movement and the occupation forces. During the March First Movement of 1919, approximately 13,500 Miryang residents took part in demonstrations in support of Korean independence. This led to the Miryang massacre, in which 150 Korean civilians were shot by occupation troops, in November 1920, independence fighter Choe Su-bong built and detonated two bombs at the Miryang police station, destroying the structure
Miryang
–
Miryang 밀양시
Miryang
–
Miryang city centre as seen from across the Miryang River.
Miryang
–
Miryang assembly building.
Miryang
–
Miryang Station.
27.
Taegu
–
Daegu is the principal city of the surrounding North Gyeongsang Province. The two areas combined are referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk, with a total population of over 5 million. Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 kilometres from the seacoast, near the Geumho River and its mainstream, the Daegu basin, where the city lies, is the central plain of the Yeongnam region. In ancient times, there was a proto-country named Jinhan, to which the current Daegu area belonged, Later Daegu was part of the Silla Kingdom which unified the Korean Peninsula. During the Joseon Dynasty period, the city was the capital of Gyeongsang-do which was one of the eight provinces of the country. Daegu was a motor of Korea during the 1960s–1980s period and was especially known for its electronics industry. The humid subtropical climate of Daegu is ideal for producing high quality apples, thus the nickname, Daegu is also known as Textile City. Textiles used to be the industry of the city. With the establishment of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone, Daegu is currently focusing on fostering fashion, Daegu was the host city of the 22nd World Energy Congress of 2013, the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and the 2003 Summer Universiade. It also hosted four matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Daegu hosts World Masters Indoor Championships on March 19–25,2017. More than 4600 athletes worldwide including 101 athletes from the USA will compete, archaeological investigations in the Greater Daegu area have revealed a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric Mumun Pottery Period. In fact, some of the earliest evidence of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsangdo have been excavated from Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong, Dongcheon-dong is one of the substantial Mumun agricultural villages that have been excavated. The Dongcheon-dong site dates back to the Middle Mumun and contains the remains of many prehistoric pit-houses, megalithic burials have also been found in large numbers in Daegu. It was absorbed into the kingdom of Silla no later than the fifth century, the vestiges of the wall can be seen, and relics have been excavated in the current Dalseong Park. Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean peninsula by defeating the other kingdoms of Baekje and Koguryo in the late 7th century, shortly thereafter, in 689, Sillas King Sinmun considered moving the capital from Gyeongju to Daegu but was unable to do so. The city was given its current name in 757, in the late 1990s archaeologists excavated a large scale fortified Silla site in Dongcheon-dong, Buk-gu. The site at Locality 2 consists of the remains of 39 raised-floor buildings enclosed by a formidable ditch-and-palisade system, the excavators hypothesize that the fortified site was a permanent military encampment or barracks. Archaeologists also uncovered a large Silla village dating to the 6th to 7th centuries AD at Siji-dong, during the Later Three Kingdoms period, 892–936, Daegu was initially aligned with Hubaekje
Taegu
–
Daegu 대구시
Taegu
–
Reliquary from 8th century Silla,
Daegu National Museum
Taegu
–
Daegu in the 18th century
Taegu
–
Daegu City Hall
28.
Kaesong
–
Kaesong is a city in North Hwanghae Province in the southern part of North Korea, a former Directly-Governed City, and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close to the border with South Korea, called Songdo while it was the ancient capital of Goryeo, the city prospered as a trade centre that produced Korean ginseng. Kaesong now functions as the DPRKs light industry centre and it was also known by the Japanese pronunciation of its name, Kaijō, during the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945. Due to the proximity to the border with South Korea. As of 2009 the city had a population of 192,578, the earliest archaeological signs of habitation in the Kaesong area date from the Neolithic. Artifacts such as Jeulmun pottery, stone ware, and stone axes have been excavated from Osongsan and Kaesong Nasong, as Kaesong has been occupied by various states throughout centuries, its name has changed. It was in the realm of Mahan confederacy, and was referred to as Busogap during the rule of Goguryeo. Before the strength of Baekje was retreated to the southwest of Jungnyeong, Mungyeong Saejae, and Asan Bay in 475, the area had been a part of Baekje for about 100 years. However, it became a territory of Silla in 555, the 16th year of Jinheung of Sillas reign, and its name was changed to Songak-gun during the period. According to the Samguk Sagi, when a castle was built in the site in 694, therefore, it is assumed that the name Songak had been used at least before the time. Silla began to decline in late 9th century, and a period of rival warlords ensued. In 898, Kaesong fell under the hand of Gung Ye, the founder of his state, Taebong, and then became a part of Goryeo in 919 by its founder, Wang Geon. Taejo established the capital in the south of Songak, and incorporated Kaesong into Songak under the name of Gaeju, in 919, Kaesong became the national capital. In 960, the 11th year of Gwangjong of Goryeos reign, the city was renamed Gaegyeong, and in 995, the Gaeseong-bu is a combined term of Songak-gun, and Gaesong-gun, which is different from the region of the pre-1945 Gaesong-ri, Seo-myeon, Kaepung-gun. In the late 12th century, there was instability in both the government and the countryside, a slave named Manjǒk led a group of slaves who gathered outside Kaesong in 1198. The revolt plot was suppressed by Choe Chung-heon, when Yi Songgye overthrew Goryeo in 1392 and established the Joseon as Taejo of Joseon, he moved the Korean capital from Kaesong to Hanyang in 1394. Kaesŏng remained a part of Gyeonggi Province until the Korean War, when Korea was partitioned at the 38th parallel after World War II, Kaesong was on the southern side of the line. However, the battle of Kaesong-Munsan was won by the Korean Peoples Army in the first days of the Korean War, the city was recaptured by UN Forces on 9 October 1950 during the pursuit of the KPA that followed the successful Inchon landings
Kaesong
–
The old town in Kaesong
Kaesong
Kaesong
–
Kaesong in Summer
Kaesong
–
A view towards the modern center of Kaesong, as seen towards the south from near the top of Mount Janam.
29.
Sukehon
–
Sŏnchŏn County is a kun, or county, on the coast of the Yellow Sea in west-central North Pyŏngan province, North Korea. To the north it borders Chŏnma, to the east Kusŏng and Kwaksan, Sŏnchŏn was reorganized in 1952, with two myŏn, or townships, being split off to form the new county of Tongrim. The terrain varies between hills and plains, numerous islands are found along the indented coastline. The highest point is Kainbong, which is the source of the Tongrae River, the year-round average temperature is 8.5 °C, with a January average of -9.2 °C and an August average of 23.6 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1192 mm, the island of Sinmido hosts a peak of 532 m, Unjongsan, and is also home to a variety of plants normally found only in warm areas. Some 45% of the area is forestland. Sŏnchŏn county is divided into 1 ŭp and 24 ri, The local economy relies on agriculture, including livestock-raising and sericulture, local crops include rice, maize, tobacco and soybeans. Factories in Sŏnchŏn manufacture ironware, ceramics, and tobacco products, Sŏnchŏn county is served by the Pyŏngŭi Line of the Korean State Railway, which runs between Pyŏngyang and Sinŭiju. In addition, a ferry operates between Sinmido and the mainland. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the area was a hotbed of Protestant Christian religious activity, there were also 13 Buddhist temples. These were all converted or destroyed following the establishment of the DPRK, in February 2011, the area and other cities in North Pyŏngan had rare protests, of a few score of people, calling for adequate provision of rice and power. At the time, news of the Arab Spring was spreading via Chinese TV channels and phone calls with defectors
Sukehon
–
Capital
30.
Pupchong
–
Pukchŏng County is a county in eastern South Hamgyŏng province, North Korea. It borders the Sea of Japan to the south, away from the coast, it is entirely mountainous. The Hamgyong Mountains traverse the county, chief streams include the Namdaechon and Pochonchon. It has a mild climate for the province. Pukchŏng county is divided into 1 ŭp,2 rodongjagu and 38 ri, Industry dominate the economy, although orcharding. Local crops include millet, barley, wheat, soybeans, maize, rice production is confined to the valleys. In addition, there are livestock and silkworm farms, pukchŏng county is served by the Tŏksŏng and Pyŏngra lines of the Korean State Railway, as well as by roads
Pupchong
–
Capital
31.
Pukchong County
–
Pukchŏng County is a county in eastern South Hamgyŏng province, North Korea. It borders the Sea of Japan to the south, away from the coast, it is entirely mountainous. The Hamgyong Mountains traverse the county, chief streams include the Namdaechon and Pochonchon. It has a mild climate for the province. Pukchŏng county is divided into 1 ŭp,2 rodongjagu and 38 ri, Industry dominate the economy, although orcharding. Local crops include millet, barley, wheat, soybeans, maize, rice production is confined to the valleys. In addition, there are livestock and silkworm farms, pukchŏng county is served by the Tŏksŏng and Pyŏngra lines of the Korean State Railway, as well as by roads
Pukchong County
–
Capital
32.
Battle of Chosin Reservoir
–
The Battle of Chosin Reservoir, also known as the Chosin Reservoir Campaign or the Changjin Lake Campaign, was a decisive battle in the Korean War. The name Chosin is derived from the Japanese pronunciation Chōshin of the Chinese word 長津, the UN forces relied on Japanese language maps dating from their occupation of Korea which had only ended five years earlier at the conclusion of World War II. Shortly after the Peoples Republic of China entered the conflict, the Peoples Volunteer Army 9th Army infiltrated the northeastern part of North Korea, on 27 November 1950, the Chinese 9th Army surprised the US X Corps commanded by Major General Edward Almond at the Chosin Reservoir area. A brutal 17-day battle in freezing weather soon followed, the UN forces were nonetheless able to make a fighting withdrawal and broke out of the encirclement while inflicting crippling losses on the Chinese. The evacuation of the X Corps from the port of Hungnam marked the withdrawal of UN troops from North Korea. By mid-1950 after the landing at Inchon by the US X Corps and the subsequent destruction of the Korean Peoples Army. United Nations forces advanced rapidly into North Korea with the intention of reuniting North and South Korea before the end of 1950, North Korea is divided through the center by the impassable Taebaek Mountains, which separated the UN forces into two groups. The US Eighth Army advanced north through the western coast of the Korean Peninsula, while the Republic of Korea I Corps, at the same time the Peoples Republic of China entered the conflict after issuing several warnings to the United Nations. On 19 October 1950, large formations of Chinese troops, dubbed the Peoples Volunteer Army, secretly crossed the border, one of the first Chinese units to reach the Chosin Reservoir area was the PVA 42nd Corps, and it was tasked with stopping the eastern UN advances. On 25 October, the advancing ROK I Corps made contact with the Chinese and halted at Funchilin Pass, south of the Chosin Reservoir. After the landing at Wonsan, the US 1st Marine Division of the X Corps engaged the defending PVA 124th Division on 2 November, and the ensuing battle caused heavy casualties among the Chinese. On 6 November, the PVA 42nd Corps ordered a retreat to the north with the intention of luring the UN forces into the Chosin Reservoir. By 24 November, the 1st Marine Division occupied both Sinhung-ni on the side of the reservoir, and Yudami-ni on the west side of the reservoir. Faced with the attacks by Chinese forces in the Eighth Army sector. To support the offensive, MacArthur ordered the X Corps to attack west from the Chosin Reservoir, as a response, Major General Edward M. Almond, commander of the US X Corps, formulated a plan on 21 November. It called for the US 1st Marine Division to advance west through Yudami-ni, the US 3rd Infantry Division would also protect the left flank while providing security in the rear area. By then the X Corps was stretched thin along a 400-mile front, under Maos urgent orders, the 9th Corps Army was rushed into North Korea on 10 November. Undetected by UN intelligence, the 9th Corps Army quietly entered the Chosin Reservoir area on 17 November, Chosin Reservoir is a man-made lake located in the northeast of the Korean peninsula
Battle of Chosin Reservoir
–
A column of the
U.S. 1st Marine Division move through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir
Battle of Chosin Reservoir
–
General Edward Almond (left) and General Oliver P. Smith (right), commander of US X Corps and US 1st Marine Division, respectively.
Battle of Chosin Reservoir
Battle of Chosin Reservoir
–
Song Shilun (middle), commander of the PVA 9th Army at Chosin Reservoir.
33.
Daegu, South Korea
–
Daegu is the principal city of the surrounding North Gyeongsang Province. The two areas combined are referred to as Daegu-Gyeongbuk, with a total population of over 5 million. Daegu is located in south-eastern Korea about 80 kilometres from the seacoast, near the Geumho River and its mainstream, the Daegu basin, where the city lies, is the central plain of the Yeongnam region. In ancient times, there was a proto-country named Jinhan, to which the current Daegu area belonged, Later Daegu was part of the Silla Kingdom which unified the Korean Peninsula. During the Joseon Dynasty period, the city was the capital of Gyeongsang-do which was one of the eight provinces of the country. Daegu was a motor of Korea during the 1960s–1980s period and was especially known for its electronics industry. The humid subtropical climate of Daegu is ideal for producing high quality apples, thus the nickname, Daegu is also known as Textile City. Textiles used to be the industry of the city. With the establishment of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone, Daegu is currently focusing on fostering fashion, Daegu was the host city of the 22nd World Energy Congress of 2013, the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and the 2003 Summer Universiade. It also hosted four matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Daegu hosts World Masters Indoor Championships on March 19–25,2017. More than 4600 athletes worldwide including 101 athletes from the USA will compete, archaeological investigations in the Greater Daegu area have revealed a large number of settlements and burials of the prehistoric Mumun Pottery Period. In fact, some of the earliest evidence of Mumun settlement in Gyeongsangdo have been excavated from Siji-dong and Seobyeon-dong, Dongcheon-dong is one of the substantial Mumun agricultural villages that have been excavated. The Dongcheon-dong site dates back to the Middle Mumun and contains the remains of many prehistoric pit-houses, megalithic burials have also been found in large numbers in Daegu. It was absorbed into the kingdom of Silla no later than the fifth century, the vestiges of the wall can be seen, and relics have been excavated in the current Dalseong Park. Silla succeeded in unifying the Korean peninsula by defeating the other kingdoms of Baekje and Koguryo in the late 7th century, shortly thereafter, in 689, Sillas King Sinmun considered moving the capital from Gyeongju to Daegu but was unable to do so. The city was given its current name in 757, in the late 1990s archaeologists excavated a large scale fortified Silla site in Dongcheon-dong, Buk-gu. The site at Locality 2 consists of the remains of 39 raised-floor buildings enclosed by a formidable ditch-and-palisade system, the excavators hypothesize that the fortified site was a permanent military encampment or barracks. Archaeologists also uncovered a large Silla village dating to the 6th to 7th centuries AD at Siji-dong, during the Later Three Kingdoms period, 892–936, Daegu was initially aligned with Hubaekje
Daegu, South Korea
–
Daegu 대구시
Daegu, South Korea
–
Reliquary from 8th century Silla,
Daegu National Museum
Daegu, South Korea
–
Daegu in the 18th century
Daegu, South Korea
–
Daegu City Hall
34.
Mortuary Affairs
–
Until 1991, it was known as the Graves Registration Service. The Graves Registration Service was created several months after the United States entered World War I, the current Army Military Occupational Specialty for the career field is 90A and 92M for enlisted personnel. Mortuary Affairs is responsible for retrieval, identification, transportation, retrieval can be further subdivided into, Combat Recovery – Recovery while combat is still ongoing. Post-Combat Recovery – Recovery of the immediately after combat has ceased. Danger from mines and enemy snipers is quite high. Until the 20th century, it was commonplace for combatants to call battlefield truces and this practice has ceased in modern warfare. Area/Theater Recovery Historical Recovery The role of the Mortuary Affairs service is defined in the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Mortuary Affairs has historically tied with investigation of war crimes. Following World War II, Graves Registration Personnel were instructed to forward all pathological evidence indicating war crimes to the War Crimes Commission, the Mortuary Affairs Creed is Dignity, Reverence, Respect. In the Seminole Wars and Mexican–American War, American soldiers were buried near where they fell, with no effort made to return, the American Civil War marked the first time the United States made a concerted effort to identify dead soldiers. General Order No.33 specified that field commanders were responsible for identification, however, these efforts were not well organized or executed, and were often given low priority. After the war, remains of Union soldiers were disinterred and reburied in National Cemeteries, during the Spanish–American War, the United States initiated a policy of returning soldiers killed on foreign soil back to next-of-kin in the United States, the first country in the world to do so. Ludington spoke words that became a harbinger of U. S. retrieval efforts in world conflicts only a few years later. To their native land for return to their relatives and friends or their reinternment in the cemeteries which have been provided by our Government for its defenders. During the Philippine–American War, the Burial Corps and United States Army Morgue, the Graves registration service was created by General Order #104, issued on August 7,1917, several months after the United States entered World War I. It consolidated the departments into the Graves Registration Service. At its inception, the Graves registration service consisted of the 301st, 302nd, 303rd and they were deployed to Europe during the war. Many of the men served in these units had been incapacitated for field service
Mortuary Affairs
–
A burial detail from the US 42nd division during
World War I, July 30, 1918
Mortuary Affairs
–
A soldier from a graves registration unit attempts identification of a skull during
World War II
Mortuary Affairs
–
Remains returning to
Dover Air Force Base 's
Charles C. Carson Center for Mortuary Affairs
35.
Yokohama, Japan
–
Yokohama is the second largest city in Japan by population and most populous municipality of Japan. It is the city of Kanagawa Prefecture. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the island of Honshu. It is a commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area. Yokohamas population of 3.7 million makes it Japans largest city after the Special Wards of Tokyo, Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal Edo period, when Japan held a policy of national seclusion, having little contact with foreigners. It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to ships would be the bustling town of Kanagawa-juku on the Tōkaidō. However, the Tokugawa shogunate decided that Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, the Port of Yokohama was officially opened on June 2,1859. Yokohama quickly became the base of trade in Japan. Kannai, the trade and commercial district, was surrounded by a moat. To protect British commercial and diplomatic interests in Yokohama a military garrison was established in 1862, with the growth in trade increasing numbers of Chinese also came to settle in the city. Recreational sports introduced to Japan by foreign residents in Yokohama included European style horse racing in 1862, cricket in 1863, after the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the port was developed for trading silk, the main trading partner being Great Britain. In 1887, a British merchant, Samuel Cocking, built the citys first power plant, at first for his own use, this coal-burning plant became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was incorporated on April 1,1889. The early 20th century was marked by growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city toward Kawasaki, much of Yokohama was destroyed on September 1,1923 by the Great Kantō earthquake. The Yokohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, fuelled by rumours of rebellion and sabotage, vigilante mobs thereupon murdered many Koreans in the Kojiki-yato slum. Many people believed that Koreans used black magic to cause the earthquake, martial law was in place until November 19. Rubble from the quake was used to land for parks
Yokohama, Japan
–
Landing of Commodore
Perry, officers, and men of the squadron to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yokohama 14 July 1853. Lithograph by Sarony & Co., 1855, after
Wilhelm Heine
Yokohama, Japan
–
From top left:
Minato Mirai 21,
Yokohama Chinatown,
Nippon Maru,
Yokohama Station,
Yokohama Marine Tower
Yokohama, Japan
–
Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor
Yokohama, Japan
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A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861
36.
Hungnam
–
Hŭngnam was the third largest city in North Korea. It is a city on the eastern coast on the Sea of Japan. The city covers an area of 250 square kilometers and it is only eight miles from the slightly inland city of Hamhung. In 2005 it became a ward of Hamhung, the port at Hŭngnam was the site of the Hŭngnam evacuation, a major evacuation of both United Nations military and North Korean civilians during the Korean War in late December 1950. The evacuation included 14,000 refugees who were transported on one ship and this was made possible by a declaration of national emergency by President Truman issued on 16 December 1950 with Presidential Proclamation No. This operation was the culmination of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, in late 2005, Hŭngnam was demoted from Hŭngnam-si to Hŭngnam-kuyok within Hamhung-si. The population has been estimated at 200,000 or 450,000, the city is home to the Hungnam Fertilizer Complex, which has allegedly also been used to manufacture chemical weapons. Other industrial facilities include the February 8 Vinylon Factory Complex and it is also home to Hungnam Chemical Engineering College. Hungnam Station is on the Pyongra Line railway
Hungnam
–
Inside the Hungnam Fertilizer Complex by Ray Cunningham
Hungnam
–
U.S. Navy and
U.S. Army explosives teams destroy facilities and abandoned
United Nations supplies in Hungnam on 24 December 1950, the last day of the amphibious evacuation of U.N. forces from Hungnam during the
Korean War. The U.S. Navy
high-speed transport USS Begor (APD-127) stands by in the foreground.
Hungnam
–
The entrance of the February 8 Vinylon Complex by Ray Cunningham
37.
Pyongyang
–
Pyongyang is the capital and largest city of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The city was split from the South Pyongan province in 1946 and it is administered as a directly governed city on the same level as provincial governments, as opposed to a special city as Seoul is in South Korea. Pyongyang literally means Flat Land in Korean, one of Pyongyangs many historic names is Ryugyong, or capital of willows, as willow trees have always been numerous throughout the citys history, this served as an inspiration for many poems. Even today, the city has numerous trees, with many buildings. The most notable of these is the impressive Ryugyong Hotel, started in 1987, the citys other historic names include Kisong, Hwangsong, Rakrang, Sŏgyong, Sodo, Hogyong, Changan, and Heijō. During the early 20th century, Pyongyang came to be known among missionaries as being the Jerusalem of the East, due to its status as a stronghold of Christianity. In 1955, archaeologists excavated evidence of occupation in a large ancient village in the Pyongyang area, called Kŭmtan-ni. North Koreans associate Pyongyang with Asadal, or Wanggomsŏng, the first second millennium BC capital of the Gojoseon kingdom according to Korean history books, notably Samguk Yusa. Many South Korean historians deny this claim because other Chinese history books such as the Guanzi, Shanhaijing, Shiji, the connection between the two therefore may have been asserted by North Korea for the use of propaganda. Nevertheless, Pyongyang became a city under Gojoseon. Pyongyang was founded in 1122 BC on the site of the Tangun Dynastys capital and it is likely that the area of Pyongyang belonged to Wiman Joseon, the shortest-lasting part of Gojoseon if both Dangun and Gija Joseon were real, which fell in the Gojoseon–Han War in 108 BC. Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty ordered four commanderies be set up, with Lelang Commandery in the center, several archaeological findings from the later, Eastern Han period in the Pyongyang area seems to suggest that Han forces later launched brief incursions around these parts. The area around the city was called Nanglang during the early Three Kingdoms period, as the capital of Nanglang kingdom, Pyongyang remained an important commercial and cultural outpost after Lelang Commandery was destroyed by an expanding Goguryeo in 313. Goguryeo moved its capital there in 427, according to Christopher Beckwith, Pyongyang is the Sino-Korean reading of the name they gave it in their language, Piarna, or level land. In 668, Pyongyang became the capital of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East established by the Tang dynasty of China, however, by 676, it was taken by Silla, but left on the border between Silla and Balhae. This lasted until the time of the Goryeo dynasty, when the city was revived as Sŏgyŏng although it was never actually a capital of the kingdom and it was the provincial capital of the Pyeongan Province during the Joseon dynasty. During the Japanese invasions of Korea, Pyongyang was captured by the Japanese until the Japanese were defeated in the Siege of Pyongyang, later in the 17th century, it became temporarily occupied during Second Manchu invasion of Korea until peace arrangements were made between Korea and the Manchus. While the invasions made Koreans suspicious of foreigners, the influence of Christianity began to grow after the country opened itself up to foreigners in the 16th century
Pyongyang
–
Clockwise from top left: Pyongyang's Skyline;
Juche Tower;
Arch of Triumph; Tomb of
King Dongmyeong; Puhŭng Station,
Pyongyang Metro;
Arch of Reunification; and
Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
Pyongyang
–
Korean and Chinese offensive during the
Siege of Pyongyang (1593)
Pyongyang
–
The aftermath of the Wanpaoshan Incident
Pyongyang
–
Mansudae Assembly Hall, seat of the
Supreme People's Assembly, the North Korean parliament
38.
2nd Infantry Division (United States)
–
The 2nd Infantry Division is a formation of the United States Army. Its current primary mission is the defense of South Korea in the stages of an invasion from North Korea until other American units can arrive. There are approximately 17,000 soldiers in the 2nd Infantry Division, with 10,000 of them stationed in South Korea, accounting for about 35% of the United States Forces Korea personnel. The 2nd Infantry Division is unique in that it is the only U. S. Army division that is made up partially of South Korean soldiers and this program began in 1950 by agreement with the first South Korean president, Syngman Rhee. Some 27,000 KATUSAs served with the U. S. forces at the end of the Korean War, as of May 2006, approximately 1,100 KATUSA soldiers serve with the 2ID. There were also more than 3,000 Dutch soldiers assigned to the division between 1950 and 1954, combined Division, the division is augmented by rotational BCTs from the rest of the U. S. Armys divisions. The 2nd Division was first constituted on 21 September 1917 in the Regular Army and it was organized on 26 October 1917 at Bourmont, Haute Marne, France. The division spent the winter of 1917–18 training with French and Scottish veterans, though judged unprepared by French tacticians, the American Expeditionary Force was committed to combat in the spring of 1918 in a desperate attempt to halt a German advance toward Paris. Major General Edward Mann Lewis Commanded the 3rd Brigade as they deployed to reinforce the battered French along the Paris to Metz road, the Division first fought at the Battle of Belleau Wood and contributed to shattering the four-year-old stalemate on the battlefield during the Château-Thierry campaign that followed. On 28 July 1918, Marine Corps Major General Lejeune assumed command of the 2nd Division and remained in that capacity until August 1919, the division went on to win hard-fought victories at Soissons and Blanc Mont. Finally the Indianhead Division participated in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive which ended any German hope for victory, on 11 November 1918 the Armistice was declared, and the 2nd Division entered Germany, where it assumed occupation duties until April 1919. 2nd Division returned to U. S. in July 1919, the 2nd Division was three times awarded the French Croix de guerre for gallantry under fire at Belleau Wood, Soissons, and Blanc Mont. This entitles current members of the division and of those regiments that were part of the division at time to wear a special lanyard, or fourragère. The division lost 1,964 killed in action and 9,782 wounded in action, third Battle of the Aisne Belleau Wood Château-Thierry campaign St. S. Government Printing Office,1950, pp. 510–592 and it remained there for the next 23 years, serving as an experimental unit, testing new concepts and innovations for the Army. Indianhead soldiers pioneered concepts of air mobility and anti-tank warfare, which served the army for the two decades on battlefields in every corner of the globe. The 2nd Division started participated in maneuvers at Christine, Texas between 3 and 27 January 1940 and it then moved to Horton, Texas for maneuvers from 26 April to 28 May 1940, followed by maneuvers at Cravens, Louisiana from 16 to 23 August 1940. It returned to Fort Sam Houston, where it continued training and refitting, until it moved to Brownwood, Texas for the VIII Corps maneuvers from 1 June through 14 June 1941 at Comanche, Texas
2nd Infantry Division (United States)
–
Preston Brown, wearing the 2nd Division insignia
2nd Infantry Division (United States)
–
Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 2nd Infantry Division
2nd Infantry Division (United States)
–
Omar Bundy & John A. Lejeune
2nd Infantry Division (United States)
–
Second Division Memorial, dedicated in 1936, is located in
President's Park, Washington, D.C.
39.
Inchon Invasion
–
The Battle of Inchon was an amphibious invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations. The operation involved some 75,000 troops and 261 naval vessels, the code name for the operation was Operation Chromite. The battle began on 15 September 1950 and ended on 19 September, the battle ended a string of victories by the invading North Korean Peoples Army. The subsequent UN recapture of Seoul partially severed the NKPAs supply lines in South Korea, the United Nations and South Korean forces were commanded by General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of the United States Army. MacArthur was the force behind the operation, overcoming the strong misgivings of more cautious generals to a risky assault over extremely unfavorable terrain. The North Korean strategy was to aggressively pursue U. N, from their initial 25 June offensive to fights in July and early August, the North Koreans used this tactic to defeat any UN force they encountered and push it south. When the North Koreans approached the Pusan Perimeter on 5 August, on the east coast of the Korean Peninsula, the South Koreans repulsed three North Korean divisions at the Battle of Pohang-dong. The North Korean attacks stalled as U. N. forces, well equipped and with reserve units to draw upon. All along the front, the North Korean troops reeled from these defeats, by the end of August the North Korean troops had been pushed beyond their limits and many of the original units were at far reduced strength and effectiveness. Logistic problems racked the North Korean army, and shortages of food, weapons, equipment, however, the North Korean force retained high morale and enough supply to allow for another large-scale offensive. The attack caught U. N. forces by surprise and almost overwhelmed them, North Korean troops attacked Kyongju, surrounded Taegu and Ka-san, recrossed the Naktong Bulge, threatened Yongsan, and continued their attack at Masan, focusing on Nam River and Haman. However, despite their efforts, in one of the most brutal fights of the Korean War, unable to hold their gains, the North Korean army retreated from the offensive a much weaker force, and vulnerable to counterattack. Days after the beginning of the war, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, the city had fallen in the first days of the war in the First Battle of Seoul. MacArthur later wrote that he thought the North Korean army would push the Republic of Korea Army back far past Seoul. MacArthur felt that he could turn the tide if he made a troop movement behind enemy lines. He had originally envisioned such a landing, code named Operation Bluehearts, for 22 July, however, by 10 July the plan was abandoned as it was clear the 1st Cavalry Division would be needed on the Pusan Perimeter. MacArthur decided instead to use the U. S. Armys 7th Infantry Division, his last reserve unit in East Asia, in preparation for the invasion, MacArthur activated the U. S. Throughout August, MacArthur faced the challenge of re-equipping the 7th Infantry Division as it had sent 9,000 of its men to reinforce the Pusan Perimeter and was far understrength and he also faced the challenge that the U. S. S
Inchon Invasion
–
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (center) grasps
General J. Lawton Collins (the
Army Chief of Staff, left) and
Admiral Forrest Sherman (the
Chief of Naval Operations, right) upon their arrival in
Tokyo,
Japan. MacArthur used their meeting to convince other military leaders that the assault on Incheon was necessary.
Inchon Invasion
–
Four
tank landing ships unload men and equipment on Red Beach one day after the amphibious landings on Inchon.
Inchon Invasion
–
A
Vought F4U-4B Corsair of
Fighter Squadron 113 (VF-113) (the "Stingers") flies over U.N. ships off Inchon, Korea, on 15 September 1950. VF-113 was assigned to Carrier Air Group Eleven (CVG-11) aboard the
aircraft carrier USS Philippine Sea (CV-47). The
battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) is visible below the Corsair.
Inchon Invasion
–
The beach of Pohang in 2008. Here, U.N. forces landed unopposed in 1950
40.
Unexploded ordnance
–
Unexploded ordnance from at least as far back as the American Civil War still poses a hazard worldwide, both in current and former combat areas and on military firing ranges. There are countless examples of people tampering with unexploded ordnance that is many years old – often with fatal results, believing it to be harmless they handle the device and it explodes, killing or severely injuring them. For this reason it is recommended that unexploded ordnance should not be touched or handled by unqualified persons. Instead, the location should be reported to the police so that bomb disposal or Explosive Ordnance Disposal professionals can render it safe. German EOD experts were notified and attended the scene, whilst residents living nearby were being evacuated and the EOD personnel were preparing to disarm the bomb, it detonated, killing three of them and severely injuring 6 others. The dead and injured each had over 20 years of hands-on experience, in November 2013, four US Marines were killed by an explosion whilst clearing unexploded ordnance from a firing range at Camp Pendleton. A dramatic example of MEC threat is the wreck of the SS Richard Montgomery off the coast of Kent, when a similar World War II wreck, the Polish Kielce exploded in 1967, it produced an earth tremor measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale. In the Ardennes region of France, large-scale citizen evacuations were necessary during MEC removal operations in 2001, in the forests of Verdun French government démineurs working for the Département du Déminage still hunt for poisonous, volatile, and/or explosive munitions and recover about 900 tons every year. The most feared are corroded artillery shells containing chemical agents such as mustard gas. French and Flemish farmers still find many UXOs when ploughing their fields, in Belgium, Dovo, the countrys bomb disposal unit recovers between 150 and 200 tons of unexploded bombs each year. Over 20 members of the unit have been killed since it was formed in 1919, thousands of UXOs from the Second World War are still uncovered each year in Germany. The daily average is 15, most of aerial bombs. Concentration is especially high in Berlin, where many artillery shells, while most cases only make local news, one of the more spectacular finds in recent history was an American 500-pound aerial bomb discovered in Munich on 28 August 2012. In 2011, a 1. 8-tonne RAF bomb from the Second World War was uncovered in Koblenz on the bottom of the Rhine River after a prolonged drought. It caused the evacuation of 45,000 people from the city and was called the biggest bomb-related evacuation in Germanys post-war history. On December 20,2016 another 1. 8-tonne RAF bomb was found in the city centre of Augsburg, one of the largest individual pieces ever found was an unexploded Tallboy bomb uncovered in the Sorpe Dam in 1958. Thousands of tons of UXOs remain buried across Japan, particularly in Okinawa, from 1945 until the end of the U. S. occupation of the island in 1972, the JSDF and US military disposed of 5,500 tons of UXO. Over 30,000 UXO disposal operations have been conducted on Okinawa by the JSDF since 1972, no injuries or deaths have been reported as a result of UXO disposal, however
Unexploded ordnance
–
British and Belgian officers stand beside an unexploded German shell in
Flanders, during the
First World War.
Unexploded ordnance
–
Extremely corroded
Iraqi artillery shell dating from the
Gulf War of 1991. Live and dangerous.
Unexploded ordnance
–
Discarded
RGD-5 hand grenade (live but un
fuzed) in Northern
Kuwait dating from 1991.
Unexploded ordnance
–
A man holding an unexploded
mortar shell during a
United Nations Mine Action Service demonstration in Mogadishu
41.
Booby-traps
–
A booby trap is a device or setup that is intended to kill, harm or surprise a person, unknowingly triggered by the presence or actions of the victim. As the word implies, they sometimes have some form of bait designed to lure the victim towards it. At other times, the trap is set to act upon trespassers that violate personal or restricted areas, the device can be triggered when the victim performs some type of everyday action e. g. opening a door, picking something up or switching something on. They can also be triggered by driving along a road as in the case of victim-operated improvised explosive devices. Booby traps should not be confused with mantraps which are designed to catch a person, booby traps which merely cause discomfort or embarrassment are a popular form of practical joke. The Spanish word bobo translates to stupid, daft, naïve, simple, fool, idiot, clown, funny man, one who is easily cheated, the slang of bobo, bubie, translates to dunce. Variations of this word exist in other languages, with their meaning being to stammer, the word has also been applied to the Sula genus of sea birds, with their common name being boobies. These birds, adapted for sea flight and swimming, have flat feet and wide wingspans. As a result, they are considered clumsy and easy to catch when onshore and they are also known for landing aboard seagoing vessels, whereupon they have been eaten by the crew. In approximately 1590, the word appearing in the English language as booby, meaning stupid person. The phrase booby trap originally applied to schoolboy pranks, but took on its more sinister connotation during World War I. A military booby trap may be designed to kill or injure a person who activates its trigger, most, but not all, military booby traps involve explosives. There is no division between a booby trap and buried conventional land mines triggered by a tripwire or directional mine. Other, similar devices include spring-guns and mechanisms such as the SM-70 directional antipersonnel mine, what distinguishes a booby trap is that its activation is intended to be unexpected to its victim. Thus booby trap design is varied, with traps or their trigger mechanisms often hidden. Frequently at least part of the device is improvised from standard ordnance, such as a shell, grenade. Part of the skill in placing booby traps lies in exploiting natural human behaviors such as habit, self-preservation, an example that exploits an instinct for self-preservation was used in the Vietnam War. Spikes known as Punji sticks were hidden in grassy areas, when fired upon soldiers instinctively sought to take cover by throwing themselves down on the ground, impaling themselves on the spikes
Booby-traps
–
A group of 105mm
artillery shells with
plastic explosive stuffed into their
fuze pockets. Each of the 5 shells has been linked together with red
detcord to make them
detonate simultaneously. To turn this assembly into a booby trap, the final step would be to connect an M142 firing device to the detcord and hide everything under some form of cover e.g. newspapers or a bed-sheet.
Booby-traps
–
Boobytrap firing devices, c. 1941: Press, pull and release switches; mass-produced components intended for the construction of booby traps.
Booby-traps
–
USSR booby trap firing device - pull
fuze: normally connected to a
tripwire
Booby-traps
–
Alternative design of USSR booby trap firing device - pull fuze: normally connected to tripwire
42.
Matthew Ridgeway
–
General Matthew Bunker Ridgway was a senior United States Army officer. He held several major commands after the war and was most famous for resurrecting the United Nations war effort during the Korean War, several historians have credited Ridgway for turning the war around in favor of the UN side. Ridgway was born March 3,1895 in Fort Monroe, Virginia, to Colonel Thomas Ridgway, an artillery officer and he lived in various military bases all throughout his childhood. He graduated in 1912 from English High School in Boston and applied to West Point because he thought that would please his father, Ridgway failed the entrance exam the first time due to his inexperience with mathematics, but after intensive self-study he succeeded the second time. At West Point he served as a manager of the football team, in 1917, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U. S. Army. The same year he married Julia Caroline Blount and they had two daughters, Constance and Shirley, and divorced in 1930. Shortly after his divorce, Ridgway married Margaret Wilson Dabney, the widow of a West Point graduate, Ridgway and Peggy divorced in June,1947. Later that year he married Mary Princess Anthony Long, who was nicknamed Penny and they remained married until his death. He was disappointed that he was not assigned to duty during the war. This was followed by a posting to Nicaragua, where he helped supervise free elections in 1927, in 1930, he became an advisor to the Governor-General of the Philippines. He graduated from the U. S. Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and from the U. S. Army War College at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, in 1937. During the 1930s he served as Assistant Chief of Staff of VI Corps, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Second Army, and Assistant Chief of Staff of the Fourth Army. General George Marshall, the U. S. Army Chief of Staff and he served in the War Plans Division until January 1942, and was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general that month. The division was under the command of Major General Omar Bradley, the two men trained the thousands of men joining the division over the next few months. In August, two months after Bradleys reassignment to command of the 28th Infantry Division, Ridgway was promoted to the rank of major general and was given command of the 82nd Division. The 82nd, having finished all of its training and already established an excellent combat record in World War I, had earlier been chosen to become one of the armys five new airborne divisions. The conversion of an infantry division to airborne status was an unprecedented step for the U. S. Army, and required much training, testing. Thus the division was, on August 15,1942, redesignated as the 82nd Airborne Division, unlike his men, Ridgway did not first go through airborne jump school before joining the division
Matthew Ridgeway
–
General Matthew Bunker Ridgway
Matthew Ridgeway
–
Ridgway and staff outside of
Ribera, Sicily on July 25, 1943.
Matthew Ridgeway
–
Battle of Chipyong-ni
Matthew Ridgeway
–
Ridgway in the 1940s
43.
Korean Armistice Agreement
–
The Korean Armistice Agreement is the armistice which ended the Korean War. The armistice was signed on July 27,1953, and was designed to insure a complete cessation of hostilities, No final peaceful settlement has been achieved yet. The signed armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone, put into force a cease-fire, the Demilitarized Zone runs not far from the 38th parallel, which separated North and South Korea before the Korean War. By mid-December 1950, the United States was discussing terms for an agreement to end the Korean War, the desired agreement would end the fighting, provide assurances against its resumption, and protect the future security of UNC forces. The United States asked there needed to be a military commission of mixed membership that would supervise all agreements. Both sides would need to agree to cease the introduction into Korea of any reinforcing air, and to refrain from increasing the level of war equipment and material existing in Korea. The U. S. also desired to make a demilitarized zone that would be roughly 20 miles wide, the agreement would address the issue of prisoners of war which the U. S. believed should be exchanged on a one-for-one basis. While talks of an armistice agreement were circulating, in late May and early June 1951. He believed the ROK should continue to expand its army in order to all the way to the Yalu River. The UNC did not endorse Rhee’s position, even without UNC support, Rhee and the South Korean government launched a massive effort to mobilize the public to resist any halt in the fighting short of the Yalu River. Other ROK officials supported Rhee’s ambitions and the National Assembly of South Korea unanimously passed a resolution endorsing a continued fight for an “independent and unified country. ”At the end of June, however, like Syngman Rhee, North Korean leader Kim Il-sung also sought complete unification. North Korea was pressured to support armistice talks by allies the Peoples Republic of China, talks concerning an armistice started July 10,1951, in Kaesŏng, a city occupied by North Korea in North Hwanghae Province near the South Korean border. The two primary negotiators were Chief of Army Staff General Nam Il, a North Korean Deputy Premier, and United States Vice Admiral Charles Turner Joy. After a period of two weeks, on June 26,1951, an agenda was agreed upon and this guided talks until signing of the armistice on July 27,1953. The items to be discussed were, Adoption of agenda, fixing a military demarcation line between both sides so as to establish a demilitarized zone as a basic condition for cessation of hostilities in Korea. Arrangements relating to prisoners of war, recommendations to the governments of the countries concerned on both sides. After the agenda was decided, talks proceeded slowly with off, the longest gap between discussions started on August 23,1951, during the morning before sunrise, when North Korea and its allies claimed the conference site in Kaesŏng had been bombed. North Korea requested the UNC conduct an investigation, which concluded there was evidence a UNC aircraft had attacked the conference site
Korean Armistice Agreement
–
Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in
P’anmunjŏm
Korean Armistice Agreement
–
Site of negotiations in 1951
Korean Armistice Agreement
–
Colonel level discussions on 11 October 1951
Korean Armistice Agreement
–
The building where the armistice was signed, now housing the
North Korea Peace Museum
44.
UN General Assembly Resolution
–
A United Nations General Assembly Resolution is voted on by all member states of the United Nations in the General Assembly. General Assembly resolutions usually require a majority to pass. 1946 Resolution 1, Established the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission to deal with the problems raised by the discovery of atomic energy, for the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction, among other issues regarding nuclear technology. This resulted in the creation of the Nuremberg Principles, Resolution 181, The 1947 UNGA Partition resolution regarding the British Mandate of Palestine. 1948 Resolution 194, Recommends the Right of return for Palestinian refugees, Resolution 217, Universal Declaration of Human Rights Resolution 260, Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 1949 Resolution 273, Admits the State of Israel to membership in the United Nations and its armed forces continue their invasion of Korea and their large-scale attacks upon United Nations forces there. 1960 Resolution 1514, Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples, Resolution 1541, United Nations definition of what a colony is, and what self-determination is. Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter,1961 Resolution 1631, Admission of Mauritania to membership in the United Nations. 1962 Resolution 1761, Recommended sanctions against South Africa in response to the policy of apartheid. 1963 Resolution 1962, One of the earliest resolutions governing Outer space, Resolution 1991, Amended the UN Charter, enlarging the Security Council to fifteen members. 1971 Resolution 2758, Expelled the Republic of China and replaced it with the Peoples Republic of China and it also recognized the PRC as the sole legal authority of China. 1972 Resolution 3010, Adopted to make the year 1975 International Womens Year,1974 Resolution 3275, Adopted 1975, International Womens Year, as a period of intensified action with regards to equal rights and recognition of women. 1975 Resolution 3379, Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination, Resolution 3520, Adopted the World Plan of Action and related resolutions from the International Womens Year Conference. 1978 Resolution 33/75, Urges the Security Council, especially its permanent members, to all necessary measures for insuring UN decisions on he maintenance of international peace. United States and Israel were the no vote. 1979 Resolution 34/37, Deplored Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara and urged to terminate it,1981 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 36/3, Admission of Belize to membership in the United Nations. 1989 Resolution 44/34, The UN Mercenary Convention 1991 Resolution 46/86,1993 Resolution 47/121, condemned ethnic cleansing of the Bosnian Muslims by the Bosnian Serbs as genocide. Resolution 48/114, Emergency international assistance to refugees and displaced persons in Azerbaijan,2007 Resolution 61/295, Establishes the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
UN General Assembly Resolution
–
Organisations
45.
Pacific Rim
–
The Pacific Rim are the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Basin includes the Pacific Rim and the islands in the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacific Ring of Fire. This is a list of countries that are considered to be a part of the Pacific Rim. The Pacific is a hotbed of overseas shipping, the top 10 busiest container ports, with the exception of Dubais Port of Jebel Ali, are in the Rim nations. In addition, the RIMPAC naval exercises are coordinated by United States Pacific Command, the Pacific Asian Countries, A Force For Growth in the Global Economy. Los Angeles, World Affairs Council,1984, the Future of the Pacific Basin, A Keynote Address. New Zealand, Conference on New Zealands Prospects in the Pacific Region,1983, the Pacific Basin Alliances, Trade and Bases. New York, Foreign Policy Association,1987, rogers, Theodore S. and Robert L. Snakenber. Language Studies in the Schools, A Pacific Prospect, wedemeyer, Dan J. and Anthony J. Pennings, Eds. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Pacific Telecommunications Council, Honolulu, the Pacific Rim and the Bottom Line. Phillips, Douglas A. and Steven C, the Pacific Rim Region, Emerging Giant
Pacific Rim
–
Countries in blue border the Pacific Rim.
46.
United Nations Secretary-General
–
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. The Secretary-General serves as the administrative officer of the United Nations. The role of the United Nations Secretariat, and of the Secretary-General in particular, is out by Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter. As of 2017, the Secretary-General is António Guterres, appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016, according to the UN website, their roles are further defined as diplomat and advocate, civil servant, and CEO. Nevertheless, this more abstract description has not prevented the office holders from speaking out, responsibilities of the Secretary-General are further outlined in Articles 98 through 100. They are also responsible for making a report to the General Assembly. According to Article 99, they may notify the Security Council on matters which in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace, other than these few guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter. Interpretation of the Charter has varied between Secretaries-General, with some being more active than others. The Secretary-General is highly dependent upon the support of the states of the UN. The personal skills of the Secretary-General and their staff are crucial to their function, the central position of the UN headquarters in the international diplomatic network is also an important asset. The Secretary-General has the right to place any dispute on the agenda of the Security Council. However, they work mostly behind the scenes if the members of the council are unwilling to discuss a dispute. Most of their time is spent on good offices missions and mediation, sometimes at the request of deliberative organs of the UN and their function may be replaced or supplemented by mediation efforts by the major powers. UN peacekeeping missions are often linked to mediation. The recent improvement in relations between the permanent members of the Security Council has strengthened the role of the Secretary-General as the worlds most reputable intermediary, in the early 1960s, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person leading council, one member from the West, one from the Eastern Bloc and this idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal. Article 97 of the United Nations Charter determines that the Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council, as the recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination. Most Secretaries-General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame, unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections
United Nations Secretary-General
–
Incumbent
Ban Ki-moon since 1 January 2007
United Nations Secretary-General
–
Emblem of the United Nations
United Nations Secretary-General
–
The
Secretariat Building is a 154 m (505 ft) tall
skyscraper and the centerpiece of the
Headquarters of the United Nations.
United Nations Secretary-General
–
–
47.
Ban Ki-Moon
–
Ban Ki-moon is a South Korean diplomat who was the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 2007 to December 2016. Before becoming Secretary-General, Ban was a diplomat in South Koreas Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He entered diplomatic service the year he graduated university, accepting his first post in New Delhi. Ban was the minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. In February 2006 he began to campaign for the office of Secretary-General, Ban was initially considered to be a long shot for the office. As foreign minister of South Korea, however, he was able to travel to all the countries on the United Nations Security Council, on 13 October 2006, he was elected to be the eighth Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly. On 1 January 2007, he succeeded Kofi Annan, as Secretary-General, he was responsible for several major reforms on peacekeeping and UN employment practices. Ban was named the worlds 32nd most powerful person by the Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People in 2013, in 2014, he was named the third most powerful South Korean after Lee Kun-hee and Lee Jae-yong. In 2016, Foreign Policy named Ban one of the Top 100 Global Thinkers for his achievement of making the Paris Agreement a legally binding treaty less than a year after it was adopted. António Guterres was appointed by the General Assembly on 13 October 2016 to be the successor of Ban Ki-moon as he stepped down on 31 December 2016. He was widely considered to be a candidate for the 2017 South Korean presidential election, before announcing, on February 1. Ban was born on 13 June 1944 in the farming village of Haengchi, Wonnam Township, in Eumseong County. His family then moved to the town of Chungju, where he grew up. During Bans childhood, his father had a business, but the warehouse went bankrupt. When Ban was six, his family fled to a mountainside for much of the Korean War. After the war ended, his family returned to Chungju, Ban has said that, during this time, he met American soldiers. In secondary school, Ban became a student, particularly in his studies of the English language. In 1962, Ban won an essay contest sponsored by the Red Cross, as part of the trip, Ban met U. S. President John F. Kennedy
Ban Ki-Moon
–
Ban in April 2015
Ban Ki-Moon
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Ban Ki-moon with
U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in January 2006
Ban Ki-Moon
–
Ban Ki-moon with the
President of Russia Vladimir Putin in
Moscow on 9 April 2008
Ban Ki-Moon
–
U.S. President
George W. Bush talks with
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of
South Korea in October 2006. In their early meetings, Ban stressed the importance of confronting global warming.
48.
Present arms (command)
–
Present arms is a two-part drill command used by many militaries in the world as a sign of respect. It comes from the old British command Arms to the present and this was used especially between 1700 and about the late nineteenth century in Great Britain and later the United Kingdom. Within the Australian Defence Force, the command Present Arms is executed using the following procedures, If unarmed, a salute is rendered If armed with a F88 Austeyr, the command is PRESENT - ARMS. For instructional purposes the movement is divided into two parts, PRESENT ARMS BY NUMBERS - ONE. Move the right forearm smartly upward, bringing the rifle to a vertical position, raise the right foot through the position of mark time and place it on the ground with the instep against the left heel, the foot at the same angle as for the position of attention. If armed with a 7. 62mm SLR the command is Present - Arms and this movement is divided up into 2 parts. On the first 1, the rifle is flung from the shoulder to a position directly centered, at the same time, the left hand is brought up sharply and is to grasp the rifle just above the magazine. On the second 1, the hand moves sharply from a grasp around the pistol grip to a goose neck grip directly above the rear sight or directly below the rear sight on the small of the butt. At the same time, the right moves to the break step position. If armed with a sword, the command is Present - Arms and this movement is divided into 2 parts. As with the SLR, the timing is 1, 2-3,1, on the first 1, the sword is brought to the recover position. On the second 1, the sword is lowered in a sweeping motion towards the front, the current standard weapon of the French Military is the FAMAS, a short, bullpup assault rifle worn slung in diagonal over the chest, consequently, at the command Présentez. French military personnel will put the right hand flat over the handle of the weapon, the rifle itself does not move. Officers and non-commissioned officers holding a sword or sabre present it vertically, absent a weapon, the standard military salute is rendered, hand above the right eye, palm facing forward. In Indonesia, present arms is given the command in Indonesian, Hormat Senjata, the command Hormat, Gerak. is the command for personnel not carrying arms and is to execute a hand salute. For commands only to officers carrying swords, the command would be, Hormat Pedang, but when officers who parade with men carrying rifles, the Hormat Senjata, Gerak. command is used for both officers carrying swords and men carrying rifles to execute the present arms position. Within the United States Military, it is executed in the procedures, If unarmed, or armed with only side arm. If armed with a firearm, present the underside of the firearm towards the one receiving the honour, If bearing a guidon, lower the guidon to a horizontal position with the lower portion of the staff resting in the pit of the right arm
Present arms (command)
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Sailors of US Navy present arms during burial on sea on aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman
Present arms (command)
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Soldiers of Japan Ground Self-Defense Force present arms with bayonets fixed
Present arms (command)
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A sailor of the Ballistic Submarine Squadron presenting arms with his FAMAS-G2
Present arms (command)
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A Lieutenant of Brest Naval Base presenting arms with his sabre
49.
Guard of honour
–
A guard of honour is a ceremonial event practised in the military and sports throughout the Commonwealth of Nations as a mark of respect. In military weddings, especially those of commissioned officers, a guard, comprising usually of service members of the same branch, a half guard is a colloquial term describing a guard of honour of not more than 50 personnel. A guard of honour could have a single service contingent or it could be a tri service affair, the guard commander, after saluting the dignitary, marches up to him or her and escorts him or her to inspect the guard. During the salute, the anthems of both the dignitarys country and the host country are usually played by a ceremonial band. Only a standard, guidon, Queens Colour, or a banner presented by either a member of the Royal Family or the governor-general may be carried by a guard of honour. Only a regimental colour or a banner presented by an other than a member of the Royal Family may be carried on a half guard of honour. A smaller unit honouring distinguished visitors at an installation is known as a quarter guard. The commander is three paces in front of the file from the right and accompanies the personage for whom the guard is mounted. An officer carrying the Colour stands three paces in front of the centre, if there is an officer he will be three paces in front of the second file from the other flank. The tri-service Federation Guard, consisting of members of the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Air Force, all members of the guard are enlisted in their respective areas before volunteering for service in the guard. The rifle of choice is the L1A1 SLR, the Canadian guard of honour is formed from members of the Ceremonial Guard, which comprises persons drawn for a limited time from all branches of the Canadian Forces. The guard of honour is mounted on such as Canada Day and Remembrance Day. It can also be formed for repatriation ceremonies for fallen soldiers reurning from combat areas abroad, in India, the guard of honour is provided by men or women drawn from three services of the Indian military, the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy. The RMR also mounts the guard during state visits to the Ministry of Defense, visits to the MoD building by naval and air general and flag officers are also accompanied by the guard of honor units of these services. Guard of honour units are found in the Royal Malaysia Police, the Fire and Rescue Department. In Pakistan, the guard of honour is provided by men drawn from three services of the Pakistan Armed Forces, The Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, and the Pakistan Navy. The guards of honour of Singapore are handpicked from all three services to be at the forefront of major parades and state events, such as the National Day and they dress in ceremonial attire and will have bayonets attached to their rifles. They will usually be contrasted by one or more contingents of men in regular uniform, for state visits and ceremonial duties in the Istana, the guard of honour that is mounted is provided by personnel from the Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
Guard of honour
–
The Canadian Grenadier Guards mounting the guard of honour at the funeral of
Ernest "Smokey" Smith in
Ottawa, Ontario
Guard of honour
–
Members of the Indian
IAF during a guard of honour ceremony at the
Rashtrapati Bhavan to
Brazilian President Inácio Lula
Guard of honour
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A Pakistani Honour Guard prepares for the arrival of U.S. Defense Secretary
Robert M. Gates at the Army's Martyr's Monument
Guard of honour
–
Coldstream Guards performing the guard change at
Windsor Castle
50.
Flag-raising ceremony
–
A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is used as a symbol, as a signaling device, or as decoration. National flags are patriotic symbols with varied wide-ranging interpretations, often including strong military associations due to their original, flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes. The study of flags is known as vexillology, from the Latin word vexillum, due to the use of flags by military units, flag is also used as the name of some military units. A flag is equivalent to a brigade in Arab countries, and in Spain, in antiquity, field signs or standards were used in warfare that can be categorized as vexilloid or flag-like. During the High Middle Ages flags came to be used primarily as a device in battle. Already during the medieval period, and increasingly during the Late Middle Ages. Regimental flags for individual units became commonplace during the Early Modern period, flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea, resulting in various systems of flag signals, see, International maritime signal flags. One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country, some national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations, countries, or subnational entities in the design of their own flags. Some prominent examples include, The flag of Denmark, the Dannebrog, is attested in 1478, the flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolour. Its three colours of red, white and blue go back to Charlemagnes time, the 9th century, the coastal region of what today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth in these colours. Maps from the early 16th century already put flags in these colours next to this region, a century before that, during the 15th century, the three colours were mentioned as the coastal signals for this area, with the three bands straight or diagonal, single or doubled. As state flag it first appeared around 1572 as the Princes Flag in orange–white–blue, soon the more famous red–white–blue began appearing, becoming the prevalent version from around 1630. Orange made a comeback during the war of the late 18th century. During World War II the pro-Nazi NSB used it, any symbolism has been added later to the three colours, although the orange comes from the House of Orange-Nassau. This use of orange comes from Nassau, which today uses orange-blue, not from Orange, however, the usual way to show the link with the House of Orange-Nassau is the orange pennant above the red-white-blue. It is said that the Dutch Tricolour has inspired many flags but most notably those of Russia, New York City, the national flag of France was designed in 1794. As a forerunner of revolution, Frances tricolour flag style has been adopted by other nations, examples, Italy, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ireland, Haiti, Romania and Mexico. The Union Flag of the United Kingdom is the most commonly used, british colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the ensigns based on this flag, and many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history
Flag-raising ceremony
–
ASEAN members'
national flags in
Jakarta
Flag-raising ceremony
–
Setting up a flag could also possess the meaning of conquering something.
Jaan Künnap with the
flag of Estonia in the top of
Lenin Peak (7134 m) in 1989.
Flag-raising ceremony
–
Bronze flag found in
Iran, 3rd millennium BC
Flag-raising ceremony
–
Sujagi of
Eo Jae-yeon, captured in 1871
Australia
Canada
France
Netherlands
New Zealand
South Africa
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
Norway
Belgium
Colombia
Ethiopia
Greece
Luxembourg
Philippines
Thailand
Italy
Denmark
India
Sweden
UN Total
Korea, South
Media from Commons
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
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