1.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
2.
United States Army Center of Military History
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The United States Army Center of Military History is a directorate within the Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army. The center is responsible for the use of history and military records throughout the United States Army. Traditionally, this mission has meant recording the history of the army in both peace and war, while advising the army staff on historical matters. CMH is the organization leading the Army Historical Program. The center traces its lineage back to historians under the Secretary of War who compiled the Official Records of the Rebellion, a similar work on World War I was prepared by the Historical Section of the Army War College. They began publication of the United States Army in World War II series, since then, the Center has produced detailed series on the Armys role in the Korean and Vietnam Wars and has begun a series on the U. S. Army in the Cold War. These works are supplemented by monographs and other publications on a mix of topics and it has expanded its role in the areas of military history education, the management of the armys museum system, and the introduction of automated data-retrieval systems. The centers work with army schools ensures that the study of history is a part of the training of officers, much of this educational work is performed at field historical offices and in army museums. Under the direction of the chief of military history and his principal adviser and those works under way and projected are described in the Army Historical Program, an annual report to the Chief of Staff on the Army’s historical activities. All center publications are listed in the catalog Publications of the United States Army Center of Military History, CMH also serves as a clearinghouse for the oral history programs in the army at all levels of command. It also conducts and preserves its own oral history collections, including those from the Vietnam War, Desert Storm, in addition, the center’s end-of-tour interviews within the Army Secretariat and Staff provide a basis for its annual histories of the Department of the Army. As tangible representations of the mission, military artifacts and art enhance the soldier’s understanding of the profession of arms. CMH manages a system of more than 120 army museums and their holdings, current projects include the establishment of a National Army Museum at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, and a complementary Army Heritage and Educational Center at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. The Chief of Military History is responsible for ensuring the use of military history in the teaching of strategy, tactics, logistics. This mission includes a requirement that military leaders at all levels be aware of the value of history in advancing military professionalism, in this effort, the chief of military history is assisted by a historical advisory committee that includes leading academic historians and representatives of the army school system. Staff rides enable military leaders to retrace the course of a battle on the ground, as one of the army’s major teaching devices, staff rides are particularly dependent on a careful knowledge of military history. Center historians lead rides directed by the Secretary of the Army and it administers the army’s Command History Program, to provide historical support to army organizations worldwide. To stimulate interest in history in the army and the nation
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World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
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American official war artists
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American official war artists have been part of the American military since 1917. Artists are unlike the objective lens which records only a single instant. The war artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the scene within one compelling image. In World War I, eight artists commissioned as captains in the U. S and these men were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1941, the Navy Combat Art Program was founded in order to ensure that competent artists would be present at the scene of history-making events. Eight active duty artists developed a record of all phases of World War II, during the Korean War, the program was revived with two military artists in combat contexts. Since then, artists have been sent to combat zones. The U. S. Army War Art Unit was established in late 1942, in May 1943, Congress withdrew funding the unit was inactivated. The Armys Vietnam Combat Art Program was started in 1966, teams of soldier-artists created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history. These teams of five soldier-artists typically spent 60 days of duty in Vietnam embedded with various units. The U. S. Army Center of Military History currently includes an Army Art Collection with about 40 representative war artists, in 1992, the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History. Army artists are a permanent part of the Museum Divisions Collections Branch, there are significant differences in the artwork created by the branches of the U. S. military, Military art and the work of American military artists includes both peacetime and wartime. For example, USMC combat artist Kristopher Battles deployed with American forces in Haiti to provide relief as part of Operation Unified Response after the disastrous earthquake in 2010. William James Aylward Walter Jack Duncan Harvey Thomas Dunn Kerr Eby Marines George Matthews Harding Wallace Morgan Ernest Clifford Peixotto John Singer Sargent J. Andre Smith. Murray, 1906–1992 Henry Varnum Poor, 1887–1970 Dwight Shepler, 1905–1974 Mitchell Siporin, 1910–1976 Taro Yashima CAT I,15 Aug -15 Dec 1966, Roger A. Blum, Robert C. Knight, Ronald E. Pepin, Paul Rickert, Felix R. Sanchez, John O. Wehrle, and supervisor, Frank M. Sherman. CAT II,15 Oct 1966 -15 Feb 1967, Augustine G. Acuna, Alexander A. Bogdanovich, Theodore E. Drendel, David M. Lavender, Gary W. Porter, and supervisor, Carolyn M. OBrien. CAT III,16 Feb -17 June 1967, Michael R. Crook, Dennis O. McGee, Robert T. Myers, Kenneth J. Scowcroft, Stephen H. Sheldon, and supervisor, C. Bruce Smyser
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United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon
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American Expeditionary Forces
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The American Expeditionary Forces was the expeditionary force of the United States Army during World War I. It was established on July 5,1917, in France under the command of Gen. John J. Pershing, during the United States campaigns in World War I it fought, alongside French and British troops, against the German Empire. Some of the troops fought alongside Italian forces in that same year and it helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive in June 1918, and fought its major actions in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives in late 1918. Pershing insisted that American soldiers be well-trained before going to Europe, as a result, few troops arrived before 1918. This attitude was not always received by the Allied leaders who distrusted the potential of an army lacking experience in large-scale warfare. In addition the British tried to bargain their spare shipping to make the US put its soldiers into British ranks. The French harbors of Bordeaux, La Pallice, Saint Nazaire and Brest became the points into the French railway system which brought the US forces. American engineers in France built 82 new ship berths, nearly 1,000 miles of additional tracks and 100,000 miles of telephone. The first American troops, who were often called Doughboys, landed in Europe in June 1917, a formation of regular soldiers and the first division to arrive in France, entered the trenches near Nancy. The AEF used French and British equipment, particularly appreciated were the French canon de 75 modèle 1897, the canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider and the canon de 155mm GPF. American aviation units received the SPAD XIII and Nieuport 28 fighters, Pershing established facilities in France to train new arrivals with their new weapons. A fifth division, the 41st Division, had converted into a depot division near Tours. After the first offensive action and American-led AEF victory on 28 May 1918 at the Battle of Cantigny, the rest followed at an accelerating pace during the spring and summer of 1918. The training took a minimum of six due to the inexperience of the servicemen. The first offensive action by AEF units serving under command was 1,000 men. This battle took place under the command of the Australian Corps commander. The Allied force in this battle combined artillery, armor, infantry, and air support, U. S. Army and Marine Corps troops played a key role in helping stop the German thrust towards Paris, during the Second Battle of the Marne in June 1918. The first major and distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the Saint Mihiel salient in September 1918, during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, beginning September 12,1918, Pershing commanded the U. S
7.
Smithsonian Institution
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The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the United States National Museum, that ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Texas, Virginia, more than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates. The Institutions thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge and its annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institutions endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines. The British scientist James Smithson left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford, Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1,1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest, Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns. Once the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithsons rather vague mandate for the increase, unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U. S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842, in 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation, in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research. The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, the Smithsonian played a critical role as the U. S. partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba. The Smithsonian Institution Building began construction in 1849, designed by architect James Renwick Jr. its interiors were completed by general contract Gilbert Cameron and the building opened in 1855. The Smithsonians first expansion came with construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881, Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonians Department of Living Animals and this structure was designed by the D. C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall. More than 40 years would pass before the museum, the Museum of History. It was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building on October 7,1968. The first new building to open since the National Museum of Natural History was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
8.
Reginald Marsh (artist)
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Reginald Marsh was an American painter, born in Paris, most notable for his depictions of life in New York City in the 1920s and 1930s. Crowded Coney Island beach scenes, popular entertainments such as vaudeville and burlesque, women and he painted in egg tempera and in oils, and produced many watercolors, ink and ink wash drawings, and prints. Reginald Marsh was born in an apartment in Paris above the Café du Dome and he was the second son born to parents who were both artists. His mother, Alice Randall was a miniaturist painter and his father, Frederick Dana Marsh, was a muralist, the family was well off, Marshs paternal grandfather had made a fortune in the meat packing business. Marsh attended the Lawrenceville School and graduated in 1920 from Yale University, at Yale Art School he worked as the star illustrator and cartoonist for campus humor magazine The Yale Record. Marsh was noted to have enjoyed his time at Yale. He moved to New York after graduation, where his ambition was to work as a freelance illustrator. Although not primarily remembered as a cartoonist, he was a prolific and he also created illustrations for the New Masses. A casual interest in learning to paint led Marsh, in 1921, to taking classes at the Art Students League of New York. By 1923 Marsh began to paint seriously, in 1925 Marsh visited Paris for the first time since he had lived there as a child and he fell in love with what the city had to offer him. While exploring the works of European painters such as Titian, Tintoretto, Benton, known today as a social realist, and regionalist painter, was also a great student of the Baroque masters. The resemblance Marsh saw between Tintorettos famous works and Bentons motivated Marsh to try to paint in a similar way, Marsh then studied under Kenneth Hayes Miller and George Luks, and chose to do fewer commercial assignments. Miller, who taught at the Art Students League of New York, instructed Marsh on the basics of form and design and he looked at Marshs early, awkward burlesque sketches and at his more conventional landscape watercolors and said, These awkward things are your work. Stick to these things and dont let anyone dissuade you, by the beginning of the 1930s Marsh began to express himself fully in his art. As late as 1944 Marsh wrote, “I still show him every picture I paint, Marsh began to work with John Steuart Curry after his training with Miller. Both Marsh and Curry took lessons from Jacques Maroger, whom Marsh met in New York City in 1940, Maroger provided a body of material documenting his work for Marsh and Curry to study, and they adopted his ideas. Marshs etchings were his first work as an artist, in the early 1920s he also made several linocuts, and later produced lithographs and engravings. When making prints of the etchings Marsh recorded how long the paper soaked for, the heating of the plate, Marsh enjoyed experimentation with all his artworks and was therefore renowned for his unique techniques
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Jack Levine
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Jack Levine was an American Social Realist painter and printmaker best known for his satires on modern life, political corruption, and biblical narratives. He first studied drawing with Harold K. Zimmerman from 1924-1931, at Harvard University from 1929 to 1933, Levine and classmate Hyman Bloom studied with Denman Ross. As an adolescent, Levine was already, by his own account, in 1932 Ross included Levines drawings in an exhibition at the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard, and three years later bequeathed twenty drawings by Levine to the museums collection. Levines early work was most influenced by Bloom, Chaim Soutine, Georges Rouault, along with Bloom and Karl Zerbe, he became associated with the style known as Boston Expressionism. From 1935 to 1940 he was employed by the Works Progress Administration. His first exhibition of paintings in New York City was at the Museum of Modern Art, with the display of Card Game and Brain Trust, the latter drawn from his observation of life in the Boston Common. In 1937 his The Feast of Pure Reason, a satire of Boston political power, was placed on loan to the Museum of Modern Art. In the same year String Quartet was shown at the Whitney Museum of American Art, the death of his father in 1939 prompted a series of paintings of Jewish sages. From 1942 to 1945 Levine served in the Army, in 1946 he married the painter Ruth Gikow and moved to New York City. After returning he continued to paint biblical subjects, and also produced Gangster Funeral, further commentary on American life was furnished by Election Night, Inauguration, and Thirty- Five Minutes from Times Square. Also in the late 1950s, Levine painted a series of portraits of his wife. Following the death of his wife in the 1980s came an increased interest in Hebraism, in 1979 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1982. In 1973 the Vatican purchased Cain and Abel, to the satisfaction of Pope Paul VI, in 1978 a retrospective of Levines work was held at the Jewish Museum. Levine was the subject of a 1989 film documentary entitled Feast of Pure Reason, Levine died at his home in Manhattan, New York on November 8,2010 at the age of 95. DC Moore Gallery represents the Estate of Jack Levine, the first exhibition of his works at the gallery was in January 2010
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Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
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The Pacific Ocean theater, during World War II, was a major theater of the war between the Allies and Japan. It officially came into existence on March 30,1942, when US Admiral Chester Nimitz was appointed Supreme Allied Commander Pacific Ocean Areas. In the other theatre in the Pacific region, known as the South West Pacific theatre. Both Nimitz and MacArthur were overseen by the US Joint Chiefs, most Japanese forces in the theater were part of the Combined Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which was responsible for all Japanese warships, naval aircraft, and marine infantry units. The Rengō Kantai was led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, until he was killed in an attack by U. S. fighter planes in April 1943, Yamamoto was succeeded by Admiral Mineichi Koga and Admiral Soemu Toyoda. The General Staff of the Imperial Japanese Army was responsible for Imperial Japanese Army ground and air units in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. The IJN and IJA did not formally use joint/combined staff at the level, and their command structures/geographical areas of operations overlapped each other. In the Pacific Ocean theater, Japanese forces fought primarily against the United States Navy, US Marine Corps, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, Canada and other Allied nations also contributed forces. Pacific Crucible, War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942, the Official Chronology of the U. S. Navy in World War II. In the Service of the Emperor, Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army, a History of Us, War, Peace and all that Jazz. Kafka, Roger, Pepperburg, Roy L. Warships of the World, the Campaigns of the Pacific War
11.
Life (magazine)
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Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox
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Abbott Laboratories
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Abbott Laboratories is an American worldwide health care company. It has 74,000 employees and operates in more than 150 countries, the company headquarters are in Lake Bluff, Illinois. It split off the research-based pharmaceuticals into Abbvie in 2013, in 2015, revenues were $20.4 billion. Abbott has a range of branded generic pharmaceuticals, medical devices, diagnostics. The companys in-vitro diagnostics business performs immunoassays and blood screening, in 1985, the company developed the first HIV blood-screening test. Abbott Point-of-Care manufactures diagnostic products for blood analysis to provide health care professionals diagnostics information at the point of patient care, Abbott also provides point-of-care cardiac assays to the emergency room. In 1888 at the age of 30, Wallace Abbott, an 1885 graduate of the University of Michigan, at the time, he was a practicing physician and owned a drug store. His innovation was the use of the part of a medicinal plant, generally an alkaloid. This approach was successful since it produced consistent and effective dosages for patients. Abbotts first international affiliate was in London in 1907, and the later added an affiliate in Montreal. Abbott started operations in Pakistan as an affiliate in 1948. Currently two manufacturing facilities located at Landhi and Korangi in Karachi continue to produce pharmaceutical products, expansion continued in 1962 when Abbott entered into a joint venture with Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. of Osaka, Japan, to manufacture radio-pharmaceuticals. In 1965, Abbotts expansion in Europe continued with offices in Italy, Abbott Laboratories has been present in India for over 100 years through its subsidiary Abbott India Limited and it is currently Indias largest healthcare products company. In 2009, Abbott opened a research and development facility at Research Park. In June 2014 the company entered into an agreement to take over Russian pharmaceutical manufacturer Veropharm in a deal worth $631 million. Abbott, which already employs 1,400 people in Russia, Abbotts core businesses focus on pharmaceuticals, medical devices and nutritional products, which have been supplemented through acquisitions. Medical Devices Medical Optics Nutrition, baby nutrition, adult health products and special dietary needs The company has divested itself of less profitable businesses through sales, in 1964, it acquired Ross Laboratories, making Ross a wholly owned subsidiary of Abbott. In 2001, the company acquired Knoll, the division of BASF
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Surgeon General of the United States
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The Surgeon General of the United States is the operational head of the U. S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of health in the federal government of the United States. The Surgeon Generals office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General, the U. S. Surgeon General is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. The current Surgeon General is Vivek Murthy, who was confirmed on December 15,2014, the Surgeon General is also the ultimate award authority for several public health awards and decorations, the highest of which that can be directly awarded is the Surgeon Generals Medallion. The Surgeon General also has many duties, such as educating the American public about health issues. The office also periodically issues health warnings, perhaps the best known example of this is the Surgeon Generals warning label that has been present on all packages of American tobacco cigarettes since 1966. A similar health warning has appeared on alcoholic beverages labels since 1988, in 1798, Congress established the Marine Hospital Fund, a network of hospitals that cared for sick and disabled seamen. The Marine Hospital Fund was reorganized along military lines in 1870, the service became a separate bureau of the Treasury Department with its own staff, administration, headquarters in Washington, D. C, and the position of Supervising Surgeon. Some Surgeons General are notable for being outspoken and/or advocating controversial proposals on how to reform the U. S. health system. On January 11,1964, Rear Admiral Luther Terry, M. D. published a report saying that smoking may be hazardous to health. Terry and his committee defined cigarette smoking of nicotine as not an addiction, the committee itself consisted largely of physicians who themselves smoked. This report went uncorrected for 24 years, in 1994, Vice Admiral Dr. Joycelyn Elders had spoken at a United Nations conference on AIDS. Elders had also spoken in favor of studying drug legalization, in a reference to the national abortion issue, she said We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children. She was fired by President Bill Clinton in December 1994, after the resignation of Dr. Regina Benjamin in July 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Dr. The U. S. Army, Navy, and Air Force also have officers overseeing medical matters in their respective services who hold the title Surgeon General, the insignia of the Surgeon General, and the USPHS, use the caduceus as opposed to the Rod of Asclepius. The Surgeon General is an officer in the U. S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, one of the seven uniformed services of the United States, officer members of these services wear uniforms that are similar to those worn by the United States Navy, except that the commissioning devices, buttons, and insignia are unique. Public Health Service wear unique devices that are similar to U. S. Navy, the only Surgeon General to actually hold the rank of a four-star admiral was David Satcher
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Medical Corps (United States Army)
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The MC traces its earliest origins to the first physicians recruited by the Medical Department of the Army, created by the Continental Congress in 1775. The US Congress made official the designation Medical Corps in 1908, currently, the MC consists of over 4,400 active duty physicians representing all the specialties and subspecialties of civilian medicine. They may be assigned to fixed military medical facilities, to combat units or to military medical research. They are considered fully deployable soldiers, the Chief of the Medical Corps Branch is a colonel and the senior-most Medical Corps officer in the Army is the U. S. Army Surgeon General, a lieutenant general. The language of the Congressional resolution spoke of “an Hospital” which in those days meant a system or medical department. Among the accomplishments of Army surgeons during the years of the Revolution was completion of the first pharmacopoeia printed in America, in 1789, the Department of the Hospital was disbanded and a system of Regimental Surgeons was established in its place. During the period that followed Congress provided for an organization for the Army only in time of war or emergency. For example, in 1812 Congress established the Medical Department of the Northern Army as a response to the need for support during operations in the War of 1812. In 1816, medical officers were given uniforms for the first time, a permanent and continuous Medical Department was not established until 1818. That year a “Surgeon General” was appointed and since then a succession of Surgeons General, Physicians assigned to the U. S. Army were finally accorded military rank in 1847, although the old Regimental Surgeon system of additional designations was also retained until 1908. It was over 30 years, however, before Surgeon General George M. Sternberg would found the Army Medical School, Congress made official the designation Medical Corps in 1908, although the term had long been in use informally among the Medical Departments regular physicians. Meanwhile, part of the role of the AMS was taken over by the new Medical Field Service School which opened at Carlisle Barracks and its purpose was to train both new medical officers and newly enlisted medics in the practice of field medicine. The first woman to receive a Regular Army commission in the MC was Major Margaret D. Craighill in 1943 and she was assigned as Chief Surgeon to the Women’s Army Corps. In 1946, Army residency programs for MC officers were introduced into the Medical Department, in 1954, a prominent thoracic surgeon and Harvard graduate, Frank Berry, was appointed as the second Assistant Secretary of Defense. The “Berry Plan” deferred doctors who were taking their residency, so that the Army would get the benefit of their advanced education, eventually, GME became both a recruiting and a retention tool for the AMEDD, and board-certified specialists were attracted in steady numbers. Those MC officers who did not elect Option 1, or who were not needed immediately, were “deferred. ”Some were allowed Option 3, to complete their residency training and then entered active duty as a fully trained specialist. Those who were deferred for one year of residency were termed “partially trained specialists” and were usually given military assignments that allowed them to work within their specialty. Many residency programs would give a credit toward completion of residency for their time in military service to physicians who served under Option 2
15.
The Farm Is a Battleground, Too
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This page explores the notable artwork by John Steuart Curry. During Currys lifetime he was prolific in a number of mediums, including painting, mural work, the page captures the most notable works, alongside many of his other works and describes their publication context. A list begins each section talking about the works contained within that medium or genre and are sorted by date, following each list is a discussion of the context in which that work was produced. Currently the list is incomplete and does not include images of the pieces of artwork because much of it is still under copyright. The references on each citation for works links to websites for the holding the collection, or, if not available. The Homestead, and The Oklahoma Land Rush, were painted with oil and tempera on canvas, created during the Great Depression, the murals are the product of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. The two murals depict events of the period, the Homestead Acts and the Oklahoma Land Run of 1889. Early sketches of figures and ideas are held by archives located at the Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art at Kansas State University and this mural is nine foot by 19 feet eight inch. It represents a homestead with the features that make up its ideal of blessed peace, happiness. The Homestead features a mother and her daughter paring potatoes near a small garden for the family meal, a young son holds the fence posts while his father drives them into the ground. An older sister drives the wagon full of spikes while she cares for the youngest child. Each member of the family is working and contributing its energies to the productive whole. Near the bottom left of the mural, roosters, chicks, just two inches taller than its partner painting, this nine feet two inch by 19 feet eight inch mural represents another historical event from the time period. Anxious but looking forward to eventual security, an 1889 pioneer mother, perched on a broken-down wagon, she clutches her small son while waving and calling out to her certificate-holding husband, who, astride their rearing horse, is to ride on to claim a new farm site. His hellbent competition includes a cyclist riding a high, ordinary safety bicycle from the 1880s and she rolls back in an open wagon driven frantically by her balding husband, and, if nothing else, lends comic relief to balance the anxious sincerity of the mother on the ground. John Steuart Currys Oklahoma Land Rush repeated an important theme of the time, by emphasizing the rush of figures across the land, Curry shared his concern with capturing the energy and vigor of American pioneers. One of Currys most famous works are the murals designed for the Kansas State Capitol, in Topeka, in June 1937, newspaper editors raised money to commission John Steuart Curry to paint murals in the statehouse. Curry wanted to be free to express his own ideas regarding the murals, I want to paint this war with nature and I want to paint the things I feel as a native Kansan
16.
Adolf Hitler
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Adolf Hitler was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator of the German Reich, he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and was central to the Holocaust, Hitler was born in Austria, then part of Austria-Hungary, and raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I and he joined the German Workers Party, the precursor of the NSDAP, in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power, the failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy, by 1933, the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag, which led to Hitlers appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain, Hitler sought Lebensraum for the German people in Eastern Europe. His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British, in June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe, failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time lover, on 30 April 1945, less than two days later, the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians, in addition,29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II. The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare, Hitlers father Alois Hitler Sr. was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, in 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Aloiss mother Maria Anna. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedlers brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, in 1876, Alois was legitimated and the baptismal register changed by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Aloiss father. Alois then assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled Hiedler, Hüttler, the Hitler surname is probably based on one who lives in a hut. Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Aloiss mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz, and that the familys 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois. No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of Leopold Frankenbergers existence, Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary, close to the border with the German Empire. He was one of six born to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl
17.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
18.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
19.
Gulf War
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The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost, the war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 and this was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself, Gulf War, a problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts, see Gulf War. The use of the term Persian Gulf is also disputed, see Persian Gulf naming dispute, with no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Other language terms include French, la Guerre du Golfe and German, Golfkrieg, German, Zweiter Golfkrieg, French, most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the wars operational phases. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the conflict from 17 January 1991. Operation Desert Sabre was the US name for the offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations from 24–28 February 1991, in itself. Operation Desert Farewell was the given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwaits liberation. Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations, Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict. Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta was the Italian name for the operations, in addition, various phases of each operation may have a unique operational name. The US divided the conflict into three campaigns, Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991
20.
War on Terror
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The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is a metaphor of war referring to the international military campaign that started after the September 11th attacks on the United States. U. S. President George W. Bush first used the term War on Terror on 20 September 2001 and it was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with Islamic terrorist organizations including al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations. In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror, in 2017 Donald Trump assumed presidency of the United States and vowed that the fight against ISIL is his number one priority. Trump has also agreed to work together and carry joint operations with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the war on terror. The phrase War on Terror has been used to refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U. S. The conflict has also referred to by names other than the War on Terror. Author Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e. g. of the Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again, on 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, Bush stated that ur war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, in April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful. This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller, in her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror. U. S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, in March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation. In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term, basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism are diffuse, jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage. Administration officials also described terrorists as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, a small number of Afghan Arab volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U. S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, the plant produced much of the regions antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudans pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban, next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport
21.
Vietnam Combat Artists Program
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The concept of the Vietnam Combat Art Program had its roots in WW II when the U. S. Congress authorized the Army to use soldier-artists to record military operations in 1944. During the Vietnam Era, the U. S. Army Chief of Military History asked Marian McNaughton, then Curator for the Army Art Collection, to develop a plan for a Vietnam soldier art program. The result was the creation in 1966 of the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Art Program under the direction of the Office of Chief of Military History and her plan included involving the U. S. Army Arts and Crafts Program, then headed by Eugenia Nowlin. The U. S. Army provided logistics support as the teams of artists were sent to Vietnam, artists interested in joining the program were asked to submit applications through the Army Arts and Crafts Program facilities nearest their unit. Applications were to contain samples of drawings, photographs of paintings, selections were made by a committee composed of designated representatives from the Office, Chief of Military History and the Adjutant Generals Office. Supervised by Army Art Curator Marian McNaughton, the program was the joint responsibility of the Office, Chief of Military History, and the Adjutant Generals Office with support from the Office, Chief of information. Nine Combat Artist Teams operated in Vietnam, typically, each team consisted of five soldier artists who spent 60 days of temporary duty in Vietnam gathering information and making preliminary sketches of U. S. Army related activities. The teams then transferred to Hawaii for an additional 75 days to finish their work, artists were given artistic freedom and encouraged to depict subjects in their own individual styles. Art created by soldier artists became a part of the U. S. Army Art Collection maintained by the U. S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, coverage was expanded to include portraying the U. S. Army worldwide. List of U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artist Team members and supervisors from 15 August 1966 –14 January 1970, CAT I,15 Aug -15 Dec 1966, Roger A. Blum, Robert C. Knight, Ronald E. Pepin, Paul Rickert, Felix R. Sanchez, John O. Wehrle, and supervisor, Frank M. Sherman. CAT II,15 Oct 1966 –15 Feb 1967, Augustine G. Acuna, Alexander A. Bogdanovich, Theodore E. Drendel, David M. Lavender, Gary W. Porter, and supervisor, Carolyn M. OBrien. CAT III,16 Feb -17 June 1967, Michael R. Crook, Dennis O. McGee, Robert T. Myers, Kenneth J. Scowcroft, Stephen H. Sheldon, and supervisor, C. Bruce Smyser. CAT IV,15 Aug -31 Dec 1967, Samuel E. Alexander, Daniel T. Lopez, Burdell Moody, James R. Pollock, Ronald A. Wilson, and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas. CAT V,1 Nov 1967 –15 March 1968, Warren W. Buchanan, Philip V. Garner, Phillip W. Jones, Don R. Schol, John R. Strong, and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas. CAT VI,1 Feb -15 June 1968, Robert T. Coleman, David N. Fairrington, John D. Kurtz IV, CAT VII,15 Aug -31 Dec 1968, Brian H. Clark, William E. Flaherty Jr. William C. Harrington, Barry W. Johnston, Stephen H. Randall, CAT VIII,1 Feb -15 June 1969, Edward J. Bowen, James R. Drake, Roman Rakowsky, Victory V. Reynolds, Thomas B. CAT IX,1 Sept 1969 -14 Jan 1970, David E. Graves, James S. Hardy, William R. Hoettels, Bruce N. Rigby, Craig L. Stewart, James Pollock, who in 1967 served as a soldier artist on U. S
22.
National Constitution Center
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The National Constitution Center is a nonprofit, nonpartisan institution devoted to explaining the United States Constitution. The center houses the Annenberg Center for Education and Outreach, which offers civic learning resources both onsite and online and it does not contain the original Constitution, which is stored at the National Archives Building in Washington, D. C. The groundbreaking ceremony, attended by President Bill Clinton, was held on September 17,2000, the center was created by the Constitution Heritage Act in 1988. Approved on September 16,1988, and signed by President Ronald Reagan, the architectural firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners designed the center, and Leslie E. Robertson Associates are the structural engineers for this project. Ralph Appelbaum Associates designed the centers visitor experiences and exhibition hall, the public space comprises 160,000 square feet, including galleries. The center has 75,785 square feet of exhibit space, the center is made of American products, including 85,000 square feet of Indiana limestone,2.6 million pounds of steel, and a half-million cubic feet of concrete. The museums main exhibition features three main attractions, The first exhibit is Freedom Rising, a 17-minute, 360° theatrical production in the Sidney Kimmel Theater, the production traces the American quest for freedom. The Signers Hall is an evocation of the Assembly Room in the Pennsylvania State House where the signers of the Constitution met on September 17,1787. The room is occupied by life-sized bronze statues, the museums feature exhibition is Constituting Liberty, From the Declaration to the Bill of Rights, in which the center displays one of the 12 surviving copies of the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is displayed alongside a first-edition Stone engraving of the Declaration of Independence, Constitution in the George H. W. Bush Gallery. The exhibition runs from December 2014 to December 2017, headed to the White House is the only exhibit of its kind, uniquely created to engage students, teachers and families with the election season. Starting from the U. S. Constitution, this hands-on exhibit takes visitors from the trail to Inauguration Day in one visit. This exhibition ran from February 12,2016 through December 31,2016, as a national town hall, the center has welcomed former presidents, Supreme Court justices, journalists, pundits, scholars and entertainers at political discussions and book events. The guests who have appeared at the center include Presidents Barack Obama, George H. W. Liberty Medal recipients have included Hillary Clinton, Muhammad Ali, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, Bono, Mikhail Gorbachev, Nelson Mandela, Steven Spielberg, Tony Blair and Dr. Robert M. Gates. Former President George H. W. Bush served as chairman of the centers Board of Trustees beginning in 2007 and his successor, Bill Clinton, served from 2009 until 2012. Jeffrey Rosen has served as President since 2013, on March 18,2008, Senator Barack Obama delivered a speech on race issues entitled A More Perfect Union at the Center, while campaigning for the presidency. The National Constitution Center hosted then-Senators Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton for the Pennsylvania presidential primary debate on April 16,2008, two days after the Constitution was signed, the documents full text was printed in a local newspaper, The Pennsylvania Packet & Daily Advertiser
23.
United States Air Force Art Program
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The USAF Art Program of the United States Air Force was begun in 1950, with the transfer of ~800 works of art from the United States Army. Today the program maintains its headquarters and museum in New York City, artists were selected from the various professional groups around the nation, such as the Societies of Illustrators in New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. The Society has its headquarters and museum located in New York City, additionally, all work is donated to the Air Force without any permissible tax deductions. Artists of the Air Force Art Program where actually caught in the fighting of Hue, Vietnam, every eighteen months, a tuxedo banquet was held in Washington DC, for the participating artists of that period. Hosted by the Secretary of the Air Force, the Program lost considerable funding during the Reagan administration military cutbacks in the late 1980s. United States Army Art Program American official war artists Air Force Art Collection
24.
West Point Museum
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It sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River,50 miles north of New York City. It is one of the four U. S. military service academies, the entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campuss Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray, the campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington, puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, the academy bases a cadets leadership experience as a development of all three pillars of performance, academics, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries, since 1959, cadets have also been eligible to cross-commission, or request a commission in one of the other armed services, provided that they meet that services eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of cadets do this. The academys traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and it was the first American college to have an accredited civil-engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum was a model for later engineering schools. West Points student body has a rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast, the academy fields fifteen mens and nine womens National Collegiate Athletic Association sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club and its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778, between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, after Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance, Cadets underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794. In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy and he selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent
25.
United States Secretary of the Army
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The Secretary of the Army is nominated by the President and confirmed by the U. S. Senate, the Secretary of the Army is a non-Cabinet position serving under the Secretary of Defense. Robert M. Speer took office as Acting Secretary on January 20,2017 and he will perform his duties until the U. S. Senate confirms a new Army Secretary, Karl M. Schneider will perform the duties of Undersecretary of the Army. Mr. Speer was formerly Assistant Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Army is in effect the chief executive officer of the Department of the Army, and the Chief of Staff of the Army works directly for the Secretary of the Army. The Secretary presents and justifies Army policies, plans, programs, and budgets to the Secretary of Defense, other executive branch officials, the Secretary also communicates Army policies, plans, programs, capabilities, and accomplishments to the public. As necessary, the Secretary convenes meetings with the leadership of the Army to debate issues, provide direction. The Secretary is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, other offices may be established by law or by the Secretary of the Army. No more than 1,865 officers of the Army on the active-duty list may be assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army and on the Army Staff
26.
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
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The Chief of Staff of the Army is a statutory office held by a four-star general in the United States Army. As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army, the CSA is the military advisor. The CSA is typically the officer on active-duty in the U. S. Army unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers. The Chief of Staff of the Army is a position based in the Pentagon. While the CSA does not have command authority over Army forces proper. The current Chief of Staff of the Army is General Mark A. Milley, the CSA also directs the Inspector General of the Army to perform inspections and investigations as required. In addition, the CSA presides over the Army Staff and represents army capabilities, requirements, policy, plans, under delegation of authority made by the Secretary of the Army, the CSA designates army personnel and army resources to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands. Like the other counterparts, the CSA has no operational command authority over army forces. The CSA is served by a number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff of the Army, such as G-1, Personnel. The CSA base pay is $21,147.30 per month plus Personal Money Allowance of $333.33, basic allowance for subsistence of $253.38, the Chief of Staff of the Army is nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. By statute, the CSA is appointed as a four-star general, the Chief of Staff of the Army has an official residence, Quarters 1 at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall, Virginia. The Chief of Staff holds an annual future study program called Unified Quest, prior to 1903, the senior military officer in the army was the Commanding General, who reported to the Secretary of War. The first chief of staff moved his headquarters to Fort Myer in 1908, the rank listed is the rank when serving in the office. Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army Bell, appendix B, Chronological List of Senior Officers of the United States Army. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Armys Senior Officer, United States Army Center of Military History. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Armys Senior Officer, United States Army Center of Military History. Chief of Staff, Prewar Plans and Preparations, United States Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History, - full text The short film Big Picture, Top Soldier is available for free download at the Internet Archive
27.
Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army
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The Vice Chief of Staff generally handles the day-to-day administration of the Army Staff, freeing the Chief of Staff to attend to the interservice responsibilities of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. By statute, the Vice Chief of Staff is appointed as a general in the United States Army while so serving. The incumbent Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, since August 2014, is General Daniel B, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of the Army the Vice Chief of Staff assists the Chief of Staff on missions and functions related to their duties. The Vice Chief of Staff also assists the Chief of Staff in the management/oversight of U. S. Army installations, the Vice Chief of Staff is the designated Army representative to the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. If the Chief of Staff is incapacitated or otherwise relieved of duty, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from among the general officers of the Army
28.
Sergeant Major of the Army
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The Sergeant Major of the Army is a unique non-commissioned rank and position of office in the United States Army. The SMA is appointed to serve as a spokesman to address the issues of enlisted soldiers to all officers, from warrant officers, as such, he is the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army. The exact duties vary depending on the chief of staff, though much of the SMAs time is spent traveling throughout the Army, observing training and talking with soldiers and their families. Kenneth O. Preston held the rank from 15 January 2004, through 28 February 2011, SMA Raymond F. Chandler III was succeeded by Command Sergeant Major Daniel A. Dailey, on 30 January 2015. While the SMA is an officer, the billet is the protocol equivalent of a lieutenant general. The rank and position were based on those of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, the Chief of Staff of the Army created the position in 1966 after asking leaders of the major commands for a personal recommendation. He asked that it not be considered a near-retirement type assignment and he listed seven duties and functions he expected the Sergeant Major to perform, including service as a personal adviser and assistant on matters pertaining to enlisted soldiers. From 4,700 proposed candidates,21 nominees were selected, finally chosen was the only one then serving in Vietnam, Sergeant Major William O. Wooldridge of the 1st Infantry Division. These six positions are referred to as senior enlisted advisors. The collar insignia of the SMA is the portion of the collar insignia of an aide-de-camp to the Army Chief of Staff, placed upon an enlisted collar disk of gold color. The insignia worn by SMA Wooldridge was hand-soldered by Colonel Jasper J. Wilson from the cannibalized insignia, the insignia was approved on 4 July 1966. Originally, the SMA would wear the device on each collar and this insignia is also worn in place of a unit insignia on the SMAs beret, garrison cap, and pull-over sweater. The SMAs cap device, worn on the front of the service cap is a gold-colored rendering of the United States coat of arms. The cap device for all other U. S. Army enlisted soldiers is a rendering of the United States coat of arms on a gold-colored disk or surrounded by a gold colored ring. The chief master sergeant of the Air Force has the same cap device as the SMA, first considered in 1992, the SMAs color has been authorized since 22 March 1999. It is based on the design of his insignia and the positional flag of the Chief of Staff. Like the SEACs collar brass, the SEACs positional color was patterned after the SMAs color
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United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
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The Armed Services Committee was created as a result of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 following U. S. victory in the Second World War. It merged the responsibilities of the Committee on Naval Affairs and the Committee on Military Affairs, Department of Defense, the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, generally. Maintenance and operation of the Panama Canal, including administration, sanitation, national security aspects of nuclear energy. Naval petroleum reserves, except those in Alaska, pay, promotion, retirement, and other benefits and privileges of members of the Armed Forces, including overseas education of civilian and military dependents. Strategic and critical materials necessary for the common defense
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United States Army Reserve
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The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. On 30 June 2016, Lieutenant General Charles D. Luckey became the 33rd Chief of Army Reserve, on 23 April 1908 Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve. This organization provided a pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement, a tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps, prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions, three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry. These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C units, progressing to the categories as men and equipment became available. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers, by that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine areas of the prewar era. The First United States Army declined to support a division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, the Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Divisions area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, a major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, the army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training. They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a geographic distribution of the units
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Army National Guard
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The Army National Guard, in conjunction with the Air National Guard, is a militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States. They are simultaneously part of two different organizations, the National Guard of the states, territories and the District of Columbia. The Army National Guard is divided into units stationed in each of the 50 states. Members or units of the Army National Guard may be ordered, temporarily or indefinitely, if mobilized for federal service, the member or unit becomes part of the Army National Guard of the United States, which is a reserve component of the United States Army. Individuals volunteering for active service may do so subject to the consent of their governors. Governors generally cannot veto involuntary activations of individuals or units for federal service, the President may also call up members and units of the Army National Guard, in its status as the militia of the several states, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws. The Army National Guard of the United States is one of two organizations administered by the National Guard Bureau, the other being the Air National Guard of the United States. The Director of the Army National Guard is the head of the organization, Militia members were required to equip themselves, take part in regular training, and report to their units when called. This war resulted in hundreds of deaths, hundreds of Native Americans sold into slavery or scattered throughout North America, the militias of the Southern New England colonies fought Native Americans again in King Philips War from 1675 to 1676. This conflict led to the defeat of the Narragansets, further straining relationships between Native Americans and white Europeans, but enabling continued white settlement of New England. In addition, the colonists had little interest in paying the taxes to maintain permanent garrisons of British troops, the militias were also an early experiment in democracy, with company grade officers often elected by their men, and the higher officers appointed by colonial governors or legislatures. The colonies did not exert centralized control over the militias or coordinate their efforts, Training typically took place during musters each summer, with militia members reporting for inspection and undergoing several days of training in drill and ceremony. Militia members served throughout the Revolution, often near their homes, Militia units served in combat, as well as carrying out guard duty for prisoners, garrisoning of forts, and local patrols. On some occasions, militia members performed ineffectively, as at the Battle of Camden in North Carolina, on other occasions they performed capably, including the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Battles of Saratoga, and Battle of Cowpens. Perhaps the most important role played by the militia was off the battlefield, during the period of the Articles of Confederation, the weak federal government reduced the Continental Army to a handful of officers and soldiers. The Articles of Confederation required each state to maintain a militia, such consent was not forthcoming in an era when the population still harbored a distrust of a standing army, so Congress largely left the defense of the new nation to the state militias. During the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Federalist delegates argued for a federal government. Federalists anticipated using the military to defend the country if it were attacked, anti-Federalists advocated limited federal government, and wanted continued state control over the militias
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Reorganization plan of United States Army
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In 2006 a new deployment scheme known as Grow the Army was adopted that enabled the Army to carry out continuous operations. The plan was modified several times including an expansion of numbers in 2007. On 25 June 2013, plans were announced to disband 13 modular brigade combat teams and expand the remaining brigades with a maneuver battalion, extra fires batteries. Up to 60% of the budget is spent on personnel. On November 22 and 23,2002, the Belfer Center for Science, the conference was held at the Belfer Center at Harvard Universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government. The United States Army War College and the Dwight D. Eisenhower National Security Series were co-sponsors, in some respects this could be said to have been the birthplace of Transformation as a formal paradigm. In March 2004, a contract was awarded to Anteon Corporation to provide Modularity Coordination Cells to each transforming corps, division, each MCC contained a team of functional area specialists who provided direct, ground-level support to the unit. The MCCs were coordinated by the Anteon office in Atlanta, Georgia, history of ARFORGEN The Secretary of the Army approved implementing ARFORGEN, a transformational force generation model, in 2006. In support of transformation for the future, TRADOC, upon the advice of the Armys stakeholders, has assembled 20 warfighting challenges and these challenges are under evaluation during annual Army warfighting assessments, such as AWA17.1, held in October 2016. AWA17.1 is an assessment by 5,000 US Soldiers, Special Forces, Airmen, and Marines, as well as by British, Australian, Canadian, Danish, and Italian troops. Grow the Army was a transformation and re-stationing initiative of the United States Army which began in 2007 and was scheduled to be completed by fiscal year 2013. This grew the force from 42 Brigade Combat Teams and 75 modular support brigades in 2007 to 45 Brigade Combat Teams and 83 modular support brigades by 2013. On 25 June 2013, US Army Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno announced plans to disband 13 brigade combat teams, while the number of BCTs will be reduced, the size of remaining BCTs will increase, on average, to about 4,500 soldiers. That will be accomplished, in cases, by moving existing battalions. Two brigade combat teams in Germany had already been deactivated and a further 10 brigade combat teams slated for deactivation were announced by General Odierno on 25 June, eleven brigades were inactivated by 2015. The remaining brigades as of 2015 are listed below, the fact that this modernization is now in place has been acknowledged by the renaming of the Brigade Modernization Command to the U. S. Army Joint Modernization Command, on 16 February 2017. Modular combat brigades are self-contained combined arms formations and they are standardized formations across the active and reserve components, meaning an Armored BCT at Fort Hood will be the same as one at Fort Stewart. Reconnaissance plays a role in the new organizational designs
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United States Army Forces Command
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United States Army Forces Command is the largest United States Army command and provider of expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM consists of more than 750,000 Active Army, U. S. Army Reserve, and Army National Guard soldiers. Its organizations are expeditionary, campaign focused, and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations, FORSCOM was created on July 1,1973, from the former Continental Army Command. The mission of the command, Forces Command trains and prepares a combat ready, globally responsive Total Force in order to build and sustain readiness to meet Combatant Command requirements. The vision of the command is, Combat ready and globally responsive Total Army Forces that are led, disciplined, trained. The Army command provides Army forces to the joint war fight, FORSCOM prepares U. S. Army conventional forces to provide a sustained flow of trained and ready land power to combatant commanders in defense of the nation at home and abroad. Organizations will be expeditionary, campaign focused, and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations, FORSCOM has defined the sustainment mission command capability which institutionalizes the sustainment mission at brigade combat team level. Sustainment brigades, formerly reporting directly to FORSCOMs deputy commanding general, are assigned to individual installations. S. Those requirements range from preparing soldiers to fight on the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, the command remains at the point of the effort to transform the Army into a more deployable and maneuverable lethal force. This shift to a modular force design increases the number of available to support regional combatant commanders. It will expand the available force pool and mandate a set of force structures organized and equipped to be interchangeable. FORSCOM has major units located at 15 installations, including the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California and they present training scenarios constantly updated to reflect changing battlefield conditions and to incorporate lessons learned. Soldiers are presented with complex, cross-cultural challenges by large numbers of players who act as combatants. NTC and JRTC have urban combat landscapes and cave and tunnel complexes to simulate current, Army Reserve Command Headquarters facility completed construction at Fort Bragg, in June 2011. Forces Command hosted an Army Casing of Colors ceremony on 24 June 2011 at Fort McPherson, U. S. Army Forces Command 1993 – present U. S. Forces Command 1987 –1993 U. S and their responsibilities varied over time, but from the 1980s to the mid-1990s covered Reserve Component training supervision. FORSCOM currently commands U. S. Army Reserve Command, FORSCOM also commands three Army corps, I Corps at Fort Lewis, Washington, III Corps at Fort Hood, Texas, and XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. First U. S. Army is responsible for training, mobilization and deployment support to Reserve Component and they also execute FORSCOM missions within their geographic areas of responsibility
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United States Army Materiel Command
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The U. S. Army Materiel Command is the primary provider of materiel to the United States Army. The Commands mission includes the research & development of systems as well as maintenance. It was established on 8 May 1962 and was activated on 1 August of that year as a field command of the U. S. Army. The command is also the Department of Defense Executive Agent for the chemical weapons stockpile, AMC is currently headquartered at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, and is located in approximately 149 locations worldwide, including more than 49 American States and 50 countries. AMC maintains employment of upwards of 70,000 military and civilian employees, the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission decision relocated AMC to Redstone Arsenal in Alabama. AMC was previously headquartered on Ft. Belvoir, VA, for fifty years. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document
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United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
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Established 1 July 1973, the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command is a command of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Eustis, Virginia. It is charged with overseeing training of Army forces and the development of operational doctrine, TRADOC operates 37 schools and centers at 27 different locations. TRADOC schools conduct 1,304 courses and 108 language courses, the 1,304 courses include 516,000 seats for 443,231 soldiers,36,145 other-service personnel,8,314 international soldiers, and 28,310 civilians. The current commanding general of TRADOC summarizes its function as an organization to design, develop, thus, the three major commands of the Army shape its present and future men and materiel. S. Army as Americas Force of Decisive Action, TRADOC was established as a major U. S. Army command on 1 July 1973. The new command, along with the U. S. Army Forces Command, was created from the Continental Army Command located at Fort Monroe, Virginia. That action was the innovation in the Armys post-Vietnam reorganization, in the face of realization that CONARCs obligations. The new organization functionally realigned the major Army commands in the continental United States, CONARC, and Headquarters, U. S. Army Combat Developments Command, situated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, were discontinued, with TRADOC and FORSCOM at Fort Belvoir assuming the realigned missions. FORSCOM assumed CONARCs operational responsibility for the command and readiness of all divisions and corps in the continental U. S. joined under TRADOC, the major Army missions of individual training and combat developments each had its own lineage. The individual training responsibility had belonged, during World War II, in 1946 numbered army areas were established in the U. S. under AGF command. At that time, the AGF moved from Washington, D. C. to Fort Monroe, in March 1948, the AGF was replaced at Fort Monroe with the new Office, Chief of Army Field Forces. OCAFF, however, did not command the training establishment and that function was exercised by Headquarters, Department of the Army through the numbered armies to the corps, division, and Army Training Centers. In February 1955, HQ Continental Army Command replaced OCAFF, assuming its missions as well as the missions from DA. In January, HQ CONARC was redesignated U. S, Combat developments emerged as a formal Army mission in the early 1950s, and OCAFF assumed that role in 1952. In 1955, CONARC assumed the mission, in 1962, HQ U. S. Army Combat Development Command was established to bring the combat developments function under one major Army command. Army Capabilities Integration Center Brigade Modernization Command U. S. S, Army Recruiting Command Sustainment Center of Excellence Ordnance School Transportation School Quartermaster School The current Commanding General is GEN David G. Perkins. The Command Sergeant Major is currently CSM David S. Davenport, TRADOC COMMAND OVERVIEW VIDEO on YouTube Human dimension Force2025 Command Overview Brief Fact Sheet Organization Chart TRADOC Website TRADOC history Joint Base Langley - Eustis
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United States Army Africa
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United States Army Africa, also known as the Southern European Task Force, is the United States Army service component command of United States Africa Command. USARAFs headquarters are located on Caserma Ederle and Caserma Del Din, Vicenza, the current commanding officer|commanding general of USARAF is Major General Major General Joseph P. Harrington. SETAF, now known as USARAF/SETAF has been stationed in Italy since 1955 and has a history of operating on the African continent. During the past 15 years, SETAF has provided crisis response, disaster relief, according to the Army Times, this marked the end of the airborne chapter of the unit’s history and the beginning of its new role as the Army component of AFRICOM. The vision for U. S. Army Africa is to be a trusted and respected partner, ultimately, when these items mentioned are met, American interests are protected and African land forces are able to address African security challenges. Means by which the DoD encourages and enables countries and organizations to work with the U. S. to achieve strategic objectives, consists of official, cooperative and generally non-combat interactions between Army elements, active duty, or U. S. National Guard and Reserve components. Department of State managed program that trains 20-30 battalions of peacekeepers throughout Africa annually, ACOTA trains and equips contingents from selected African militaries with enhanced capacity to respond quickly and effectively to peace support and humanitarian relief situations on the continent. ACOTA is a part of Global Peace Operations Initiative, ADAPT is a theater logistics engagement activity that helps build deployment capacity for African partners who conduct peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, or humanitarian relief operations in Africa. Funded by the Department of State, the ADAPT program aims to enhance the capabilities of African militaries to support these mission requirements. Provides assistance to enhance the capabilities of a foreign national military forces. Designed to build relationships and satisfy the Army’s Title 10 responsibilities and this is typically a five-day event where the team participates with partner nation’s military on different types of non-training related events. S. Bi-lateral and multi-lateral exercises where U. S. forces train with and these are designed to train U. S. medical elements and specialists as well as host nation personnel. This increases interoperability and enhances relationships, reform or rebuild a state’s security sector. Focuses on where a security sector is unable to provide security to the state and its people effectively. Multiple week-long training program with the goal of establishing a self-sustaining indigenous HMA program in select partner nations, engagement opportunity that brings together land forces chiefs of staff from African nations and military leadership from the U. S. Army to discuss African security challenges. The unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local and this is a National Guard Bureau program. This program provides unique partnership capacity building capabilities to combatant commanders through partnerships between U. S. states and partner nations and this is a U. S. Army Cadet Command program. This program utilizes immersion training within a deployment to a partner nation, in the fall of 2008, SETAF went through major organizational changes as it restructured to support AFRICOM
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United States Army Central
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The United States Army Central is a military formation of the United States Army, which saw service in World War I and World War II, in the 1991 Gulf War, and in the coalition occupation of Iraq. It is best known for its campaigns in World War II under the command of General George S. Patton, Third Army is currently denoted USARCENT, headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina with a forward element at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. On the 15th, Major General Joseph T. Dickman assumed command, the third Army consisted of three corps and seven divisions. On 15 November 1918, Major General Dickman was given the mission to move quickly and he was to disarm and disband German forces as ordered by General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces. The march into Germany for occupation duty was begun on 17 November 1918, by 15 December the Third Army Headquarters at Mayen opened at Coblenz. Two days later, on 17 December 1918, the Coblenz bridgehead, consisting of a pontoon bridge, Third Army troops had encountered no hostile act of any sort. In the occupied area, both food and coal supplies were sufficient, the crossing of the Rhine by the front line divisions was effected in good time and without confusion. Troops, upon crossing the Rhine and reaching their assigned areas, were billeted preparatory to occupying selected positions for defense. The strength of the Third Army as of 19 December, the date the bridgehead occupation was completed, was 9,638 officers and 221,070 enlisted men, the southern boundary was as has been previously mentioned. Before the advance, the 1st Division passed to the command of the III Corps, the four bridges available for crossing the river within the Coblenz bridgehead were the pontoon bridge and railroad bridge at Coblenz, the railroad bridges at Engers and Remagen. On 13 December the advance began with the American khaki crossing the Rhine into advanced positions. On the same day the 42d Division passes to the command of the IV Corps, which, in support of the III Corps, continued its march to occupy the Kreise of Mayen, Ahrweiler, Adenau, and Cochem. The VII Corps occupied under the order that portion of the Regierungsbezirk of Trier within army limits. On 15 December, Third Army Headquarters at Mayen opened at Coblenz, III Corps Headquarters at Polch opened at Neuwied and IV Corps Headquarters remained at Cochem, with the VII Corps at Grevenmacher. In crossing the Rhine on the shortened front—from Rolandseck to Rhens on the west bank—the Third Army encountered no hostile act of any sort, in the occupied area both food and coal supplies were sufficient. By the night of 14 December, Third Army troops had occupied their positions on the perimeter of the Coblenz bridgehead, during January 1919, the Third Army was engaged in training and preparing the troops under its command for any contingency. A letter of instruction was circulated to lower commanders prescribing a plan of action in case hostilities were resumed, installations were set up throughout the Army area to facilitate command. On 4 February, the control of the Stadtkreis of Trier was transferred from GHQ to the Third Army
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United States Army Europe
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United States Army Europe is an Army Service Component Command of the United States Army. It is responsible for directing US Army operations throughout the United States European Command Area of Responsibility, during the Cold War, HQ USAREUR supervised ground formations primarily focused upon the Warsaw Pact militaries to the east as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisations Central Army Group. Since the Revolutions of 1989, USAREUR has greatly reduced its size, dispatched US forces to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm, and increased security cooperation with other NATO land forces. Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, United States Army was a United States Army formation which directed U. S. Army operations in parts of Europe from 1942 to 1945. It commanded Army Ground Forces, United States Army Air Forces, and Army Service Forces operations north of Italy and it was bordered to the south by the North African Theater of Operations, US Army, which later became the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. As the armies advanced, both these zones and the areas into which they were divided would shift forward to new areas of control. The Seventh Army landed on beaches in southern Sicily and captured the city of Palermo on 22 July. During the fighting, the elements of the Seventh Army killed or captured over 113,000 enemy soldiers, the invasion was originally given the code name of Operation ANVIL but was changed to Operation DRAGOON before the landing. In March 1944, Lt. General Alexander Patch was assigned to command the Army which moved to Naples, Italy, on 15 August 1944, Seventh Army units assaulted the beaches of southern France in the St. Tropez and Saint-Raphaël area. Within one month, the Army employing three American Divisions, five French Divisions, and the First Airborne Task Force had advanced 400 miles and had joined with the Normandy forces. In the process, the Seventh Army had liberated Marseilles, Lyon, Toulon, Seventh Army then assaulted the German forces in the Vosges Mountains, broke into the Alsatian Plain, and reached the Rhine River after capturing the city of Strasbourg. During the Battle of the Bulge, the Seventh Army extended its flanks to take much of the Third Army area which allowed the Third to relieve surrounded U. S. forces at Bastogne. Along with the First French Army, the Seventh went on the offensive in February 1945 and eliminated the enemy pocket in the Colmar area. The Seventh then went into the Saar River valley, crossed the Rhine, captured Nuremberg and Munich, crossed the Brenner Pass, when the war ended in Europe on 8 May 1945, the ETOUSA headquarters was located in Versailles, France, just outside Paris. ETOUSA was redesignated Headquarters, United States Forces European Theater on 1 July 1945, within a year rapid redeployments had brought the occupation forces down to fewer than 290,000 personnel, and many of the larger formations had departed or been inactivated. Seventh Army headquarters remained in control of the portion of the American zone. In November 1945, the two army commanders organized district constabularies based on cavalry groups, and on 1 May 1946. Seventh Army was inactivated in March 1946, in Germany, reactivated for a time at Atlanta, Georgia
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document "Army Art Program".
