1.
Shoulder sleeve insignia
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A shoulder sleeve insignia, is an embroidered patch used by major formations of the United States Army. Each formation has a unique formation patch, and the U. S. Army is unique among the U. S, armed Forces in that all soldiers are required to wear the patch of their headquarters as part of their military uniforms. Shoulder sleeve insignia worn on the right shoulders on Army uniforms denote former wartime service. These combat patches are worn on the Army Combat Uniform but are not worn on the Army Service Uniform, instead a 2 inch metal replica is worn on the right breast pocket and is officially known as the Combat Service Identification Badge. Shoulder sleeve insignia were designed with intricate designs including bright colors. However, with the retirement of the Army Green Uniform in 2015, for combat uniforms, subdued versions have been created for wear on the battlefield. Full color SSI were only worn on the green Class A uniform, however, with the ACU, the MP brassard was replaced by a rectangular patch made of fabric or infrared-reflective material, reading MP. The subdued version of the SSI created for the Battle Dress Uniform features patches that are primarily olive, dark brown and black, in general, this version is obsolete because the Army phased out the BDU in favor of the Army Combat Uniform. A few examples remain, as older accessories, such as BDU winter weather jackets and coats are still in use by some units. These jackets still use the subdued BDU SSI, the subdued version created for the Desert Camouflage Uniform is primarily tan and Spice brown, to match the uniforms design. This version is obsolete, as the Army phased out DCUs in favor of ACUs. The subdued version created for the Army Combat Uniform is the widely used in the field today. Since the Army-wide adoption of the ACU, SSI for the ACU have been developed and these SSI are primarily foliage green, light brown, and black, though a few patches also feature red and maroon colors for some details. Unlike previous patches, the ACU SSI are velcro, designed to attach to the velcro pockets on the shoulder of the uniform and this makes them easier to remove and replace. Since the development of the Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern uniform new SSI have been procured where the Foliage green of the ACU SSI is replaced by Bagby green, velcro remains the method for attaching the SSI to the uniform. Well-recognized examples are the shoulder insignia for the 1st Infantry Division. In the U. S. Army, the SSI is worn on the upper arm, just below the uniforms shoulder seam on all. On the Army Combat Uniform the SSI is attached to a backing and is then centered on rectangle of velcro on the arm
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
4.
Fort Belvoir
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Fort Belvoir /ˈbɛlvwɑːr/ is a United States Army installation and a census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Originally, it was the site of the Belvoir plantation, today, Fort Belvoir is home to a number of important United States military organizations. With nearly twice as many workers as The Pentagon, Belvoir is the largest employer in Fairfax County, Fort Belvoir actually comprises three geographically distinct properties, the main base, Davison Army Airfield, and the Fort Belvoir North Area. The base was founded during World War I as Camp A. A. Humphreys, named for Union Civil War general Andrew A. Humphreys, who was also Chief of Engineers. Fort Belvoir was initially the home of the Army Engineer School prior to its relocation in the 1980s to Fort Leonard Wood, as a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Fort Belvoir had a substantial increase in the number of people stationed or employed there. The cost of the new center was $2.4 billion, in addition, Fort Belvoir is home to National Reconnaissance Offices Aerospace Data Facility-East. Lord Fairfax came to America in 1747 and stayed less than a year at the Belvoir estate before moving to Greenway Court, the Fairfax family lived at Belvoir for over 30 years, but eldest son George William Fairfax sailed to England on business in 1773, never to return. The manor home was destroyed by fire in 1783, the ruins of the Belvoir Mansion and the nearby Fairfax family grave site are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. William Fairfax served in the Royal Navy as a man and all of his sons served in uniform. The Army Historical Foundation announced in March 2017 that construction will begin on the National Museum of the United States Army on Fort Belvoir. The museum, set on 84 acres, will tell the stories of the 30 million men and women who have served in the Army since 1775. The 185,000 square-foot museum will feature state-of-the-art technology throughout the dramatic historical galleries, an interactive Experiential Learning Center, there will also be outdoor venues including a Memorial Garden, Amphitheater, Parade Ground, and Army Trail. It is expected to open in late 2019, Fort Belvoir is also a census-designated place. Neighboring CDPs are Mount Vernon to the east, Woodlawn and Groveton to the northeast, Hayfield and Kingstowne to the north, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,100 people,1,777 households, and 1,700 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 809.9 people per square mile, there were 2,018 housing units at an average density of 230. 2/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 64. 9% White,21. 7% African American,0. 6% Native American,2. 5% Asian,0. 5% Pacific Islander,2. 5% some other race, and 7. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 2% of the population,4. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0. 1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.80, and the family size was 3.90
5.
Virginia
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Virginia is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, as well as in the historic Southeast. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, the capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond, Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealths estimated population as of 2014 is over 8.3 million, the areas history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony, slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colonys early politics and plantation economy. Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, the Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World. The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008 and it is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginias economy changed from agricultural to industrial during the 1960s and 1970s. Virginia has an area of 42,774.2 square miles, including 3,180.13 square miles of water. Virginias boundary with Maryland and Washington, D. C. extends to the mark of the south shore of the Potomac River. The southern border is defined as the 36° 30′ parallel north, the border with Tennessee was not settled until 1893, when their dispute was brought to the U. S. Supreme Court. The Chesapeake Bay separates the portion of the Commonwealth from the two-county peninsula of Virginias Eastern Shore. The bay was formed from the river valleys of the Susquehanna River. Many of Virginias rivers flow into the Chesapeake Bay, including the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, the Tidewater is a coastal plain between the Atlantic coast and the fall line. It includes the Eastern Shore and major estuaries of Chesapeake Bay, the Piedmont is a series of sedimentary and igneous rock-based foothills east of the mountains which were formed in the Mesozoic era. The region, known for its clay soil, includes the Southwest Mountains around Charlottesville. The Blue Ridge Mountains are a province of the Appalachian Mountains with the highest points in the state. The Ridge and Valley region is west of the mountains and includes the Great Appalachian Valley, the region is carbonate rock based and includes Massanutten Mountain. The Cumberland Plateau and the Cumberland Mountains are in the southwest corner of Virginia, in this region, rivers flow northwest, with a dendritic drainage system, into the Ohio River basin
6.
Major general (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star general-officer rank, with the pay grade of O-8. Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general, a major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers. Major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps, some of these slots are reserved or finitely set by statute. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the Joint Chiefs of Staff for review before it can be sent to the President, through the Secretary of Defense for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once confirmed, the nominee is promoted to rank on assuming a position of office that requires an officer to hold the rank. For positions of office that are reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, since the grade of major general is permanent, the rank does not expire when the officer vacates a two-star position. Tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, and/or when the officer receives a new assignment or a promotion, in the case of the Air National Guard, they may also serve as The Adjutant General for their state, commonwealth or territory. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement of general officers, all major generals must retire after five years in grade or 35 years of service, whichever is later, unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense may defer a general officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, because there are a finite number of General Officer positions, one officer must retire before another can be promoted. As a result, general officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. The rank of general was abolished in the U. S. Army by the Act of March 16,1802. Major general has been a rank in the U. S. Army ever since, to address this anomaly, Washington was posthumously promoted by Congress to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The position of Major General Commanding the Army was entitled to three stars according to General Order No.6 of March 13,1861
7.
Sergeant major
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Sergeant major is a senior non-commissioned rank or appointment in many militaries around the world. In Commonwealth countries, the degrees of sergeant major are appointments held by warrant officers. In the United States, there are various grades of sergeant major. In 16th century Spain, the mayor was a general officer. He commanded an infantry, and ranked about third in the armys command structure. In the 17th century, sergeant majors appeared in individual regiments and these were field officers, third in command of their regiments, with a role similar to the older, army-level sergeant majors. The older position became known as sergeant major general to distinguish it, over time, the term sergeant was dropped from both titles, giving rise to the modern ranks of major and major general. It is about time that the U. S. and British histories of the title diverge. A sergeant major is an appointment, not a rank and it is normally held by the senior warrant officer of an army or marine unit. These appointments are made at several levels, for example, the warrant officer of a company, battery or squadron. The title normally consists of the title followed by sergeant major. A sergeant major of a regiment or battalion is known as a sergeant major. In the Australian Defence Force, in addition to CSMs and RSMs, Sergeant majors are normally addressed as sir or maam by subordinates, and by Mr or Ms by superiors, with the term RSM/CSM/etc reserved for the sergeant majors commanding officer. In the British Armed Forces, the plural is sergeant majors, the appointment of sergeant major is given to the senior non-commissioned member within sub-units, units and some formations of the Canadian Army. The regimental sergeant-major is the sergeant major in a battalion-sized unit, including infantry battalions and artillery, armoured, engineer. This appointment is held by a chief warrant officer. The same position can also be held by a warrant officer in anticipation of promotion. In artillery batteries, this appointment is known as battery sergeant-major, while in units with a cavalry heritage, company sergeant-majors and their equivalents are normally addressed as Sergeant-Major or by rank
8.
Distinctive unit insignia
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A distinctive unit insignia is a metallic heraldic badge or device worn by soldiers in the United States Army. The DUI design is derived from the coat of arms authorized for a unit, DUIs may also be called distinctive insignia, a crest or a unit crest by soldiers or collectors. The term crest however, in addition to being incorrect, may be misleading, the term crest properly refers to the portion of an achievement of arms which stands atop the helmet over the shield of arms. The U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry is responsible for the design, development, Distinctive ornamentation of a design desired by the organization was authorized for wear on the Mess Jacket uniform by designated organizations per General Order 132 dated December 31,1902. The distinctive ornamentation was described later as coats of arms, pins, the authority continued until omitted in the Army uniform regulation dated December 26,1911. Various organizations which carry colors or standards have generally submitted coats of arms having certain historical significance, as fast as approved these coats of arms will for the basis for regimental colors or standards which will eventually replace the present regimental colors or standards when these wear out. The use of coats of arms as collar ornaments in lieu of the insignia of corps, departments. The first unit to wear this insignia was the 51st Artillery which received approval for wear on March 18,1922 and it was designed by Master Gunner and Master Sergeant Edward C. Kuhn, the artist responsible for creating all authorized coats of arms, up until 1965, only regiments and separate battalions were authorized a coat of arms and distinctive units insignia. Now all major commands, field hospitals, corps, logistics commands and certain other units – groups, the unit commanding officer requests approval of a distinctive unit insignia. A check is made by the Institute of Heraldry to determine the availability of a current copy of the lineage, if such is not available, one is requested from the United States Army Center of Military History. The units history is reviewed to determine if the unit may inherit a previously approved distinctive unit insignia or if a new design should be made, if a new design is to be made, careful study is made of the history and battle honors of the unit. The most important decorations, honors, combat service and missions are represented in the design of the insignia, sometimes two centuries of history are condensed into symbolism for distinctive unit insignia. A proposed design is created and sent to the officer for review. Upon concurrence by the commander an official letter of approval of the distinctive unit insignia is sent to the unit. Manufacturing drawings and specifications are sent to a manufacturer which provides samples of the finished distinctive unit insignia to the Institute of Heraldry for approval. Once approved the manufacturer may produce this insignia, each manufacturer has an identifying hallmark assigned by the Institute of Heraldry which is applied to the back of the insignia. The shield shape design is used to identify color bearing organizations, other design patterns will be used for non-color bearing units
9.
Military intelligence
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Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions. In order to provide an analysis, the information requirements are first identified. These information requirements are incorporated into intelligence collection, analysis. Areas of study may include the environment, hostile, friendly and neutral forces, the civilian population in an area of combat operations. Intelligence activities are conducted at all levels, from tactical to strategic, in peacetime, the period of transition to war, most governments maintain a military intelligence capability to provide analytical and information collection personnel in both specialist units and from other arms and services. The military intelligence capabilities interact with civilian intelligence capabilities to inform the spectrum of political, personnel selected for intelligence duties may be selected for their analytical abilities and personal intelligence before receiving formal training. Intelligence operations are carried out throughout the hierarchy of political and military activity, strategic intelligence is concerned with broad issues such as economics, political assessments, military capabilities and intentions of foreign nations. Operational intelligence is focused on support or denial of intelligence at operational tiers, operational tier is below strategic level of leadership and refers to the design of practical manifestation. Tactical intelligence is focused on support to operations at the tactical level, at the tactical level, briefings are delivered to patrols on current threats and collection priorities. These patrols are then debriefed to elicit information for analysis and communication through the reporting chain, Intelligence should respond to the needs of the commander, based on the military objective and the outline plans for the operation. The military objective provides a focus for the process, from which a number of information requirements are derived. In response to the requirements, the analysis staff trawls existing information. Where gaps in knowledge exist, the staff may be able to task collection assets to collect against the requirement, analysis reports draw on all available sources of information, whether drawn from existing material or collected in response to the requirement. The analysis reports are used to inform the planning staff. This process is described as Collection Co-ordination and Intelligence Requirement Management, the process of intelligence has four phases, collection, analysis, processing and dissemination. In the United Kingdom these are known as direction, collection, processing, many of the most important facts are well known or may be gathered from public sources. This form of collection is known as open source intelligence. For example, the population, ethnic make-up and main industries of a region are important to military commanders
10.
National Security Agency
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NSA is concurrently charged with protection of U. S. government communications and information systems against penetration and network warfare. Moreover, NSA maintains physical presence in a number of countries across the globe. SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, breaking and entering, additionally, the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service. Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, NSA surveillance has been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, such as its spying on anti-Vietnam-war leaders or economic espionage. In 2013, the extent of some of the NSAs secret surveillance programs was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden, internationally, research has pointed to the NSAs ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries through boomerang routing. The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28,1917, a code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau. It was headquartered in Washington, D. C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization, during the course of the war it was relocated in the armys organizational chart several times. On July 5,1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit, at that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the navys cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918, World War I ended on November 11,1918, and MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20,1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley. MI-8 also operated the so-called Black Chamber, the Black Chamber was located on East 37th Street in Manhattan. Its purpose was to crack the codes of foreign governments. Other Black Chambers were also found in Europe, during World War II, the Signal Security Agency was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers. When the war ended, the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency, on May 20,1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency. This organization was established within the U. S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, in December 1951, President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency. The agency was established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24,1952. Since President Trumans memo was a document, the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time
11.
Signals intelligence
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Signals intelligence is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people or from electronic signals not directly used in communication. Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management, as sensitive information is often encrypted, signals intelligence in turn involves the use of cryptanalysis to decipher the messages. Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling whom and in what quantity—is also used to derive information, electronic interception appeared as early as 1900, during the Boer War of 1899-1902. The British Royal Navy had installed wireless sets produced by Marconi on board their ships in the late 1890s, the Boers captured some wireless sets and used them to make vital transmissions. Since the British were the only people transmitting at the time, the birth of signals intelligence in a modern sense dates from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Over the course of the First World War, the new method of signals intelligence reached maturity, in 1918, French intercept personnel captured a message written in the new ADFGVX cipher, which was cryptanalyzed by Georges Painvin. This gave the Allies advance warning of the German 1918 Spring offensive, the British in particular built up great expertise in the newly emerging field of signals intelligence and codebreaking. On the declaration of war, Britain cut all German undersea cables and this forced the Germans to use either a telegraph line that connected through the British network and could be tapped, or through radio which the British could then intercept. Rear-Admiral Henry Oliver appointed Sir Alfred Ewing to establish an interception and decryption service at the Admiralty, an interception service known as Y service, together with the post office and Marconi stations grew rapidly to the point where the British could intercept almost all official German messages. The German fleet was in the each day of wirelessing the exact position of each ship. Whenever a change to the pattern was seen, it immediately signalled that some operation was about to take place. Detailed information about submarine movements was also available, the use of radio receiving equipment to pinpoint the location of the transmitter was also developed during the war. Captain H. J. Round working for Marconi, began carrying out experiments with direction finding equipment for the army in France in 1915. By May 1915, the Admiralty was able to track German submarines crossing the North Sea, some of these stations also acted as Y stations to collect German messages, but a new section was created within Room 40 to plot the positions of ships from the directional reports. Room 40 played an important role in naval engagements during the war. The battle of Dogger Bank was won in no small part due to the intercepts that allowed the Navy to position its ships in the right place. It played a role in subsequent naval clashes, including at the Battle of Jutland as the British fleet was sent out to intercept them. The direction-finding capability allowed for the tracking and location of German ships, submarines, however its most astonishing success was in decrypting the Zimmermann Telegram, a telegram from the German Foreign Office sent via Washington to its ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt in Mexico
12.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
13.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
14.
Marine Corps Intelligence
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Marine Corps Intelligence, is an element of the United States Intelligence Community. S. Marine Corps as well as supervising the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity and it supports the development of service doctrine, force structure, training and education, and acquisition. The MCISR-E is an enterprise that supports decision-making through the provision of tailored intelligence that is timely, relevant. The multi-domain, collaborative, worldwide construct of the MCISR-E provides the crucial edge across the spectrum for both deployed and CONUS-based MAGTFs, IN THE FUTURE, INTELLIGENCE WILL REMAIN THE INDISPENSABLE PRECURSOR TO OPERATIONS. TO CONTINUE AND SUSTAIN THIS PROGRESS, I HAVE DIRECTED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT AT HQMC AND WILL ASSIGN A GENERAL OFFICER TO SERVE AS THE DIRECTOR, INTELLIGENCE. The Intel Plan was announced in March 1995 via All Marine message 100/95 which noted, THEY FORM THE FOUNDATION UPON WHICH THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN BUILT. THE INTELLIGENCE FOCUS MUST BE DOWNWARD, THE INTELLIGENCE EFFORT MUST BE DIRECTED AND MANAGED BY A MULTI-DISCIPLINE TRAINED AND EXPERIENCED INTELLIGENCE OFFICER. INTELLIGENCE STAFFS USE INTELLIGENCE - INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS PRODUCE INTELLIGENCE, THE INTELLIGENCE PRODUCT MUST BE TIMELY AND TAILORED TO BOTH THE UNIT AND ITS MISSION. THE LAST STEP IN THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE IS UTILIZATION - NOT DISSEMINATION, the Marine Corps Director of Intelligence position has been filled since April 1939, Major David A. STAFFORD Apr 39 – Aug 40 Captain William B. STEINER Aug 40 – Oct 40 Major Harold D. HARRIS Oct 40 – Jun 42 Lieutenant Colonel John C, according to HQ Memo 1-1939, dtd 21 Apr 1939, CMC redesignated the Division of Operations and Training as the Division of Plans and Policies. This MI Section is viewed by some as the establishment of Marine Corps Intelligence
15.
Central Security Service
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In 2002, the CSS had about 25,000 uniformed members. The latter was deactivated and reorganized into the much smaller Communications Support Activities in 1946, additionally, the air force established its own US Air Force Security Service for the collection of communications intelligence in 1948. However, at the tactical level these tasks continued to be performed by the army, navy and air force agencies. In trying to get control over the military SIGINT elements, AFSA was replaced by the new, tactical military intelligence was traditionally collected by specialized soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines and coast guardsmen deployed around the world. According to James Bamford, NSA/CSS was initially conceived as a fourth service beside the three United States Armed Forces. The latter resisted this idea, and therefore the CSS was founded as an inter-service organization, the new NSA/CSS solution increased performance standards and training and was the foundation for further centralization of NSA and the various military cryptologic elements and capabilities. The current Chief of the CSS is Admiral Michael S. Rogers, a function specific for the CSS is that of Deputy Chief CSS, who is the principal advisor on military cryptologic issues to the Director of NSA in his role as Chief of CSS. The Deputy Chief oversees the military system and manages the partnerships between NSA/CSS and the Service Cryptologic Elements. He also ensures military capabilities to fulfill the National Cryptologic Strategy, the current Deputy Chief of the CSS is Brig. Gen. D. Scott George, USAF. Currently, the Central Security Service comprises the military intelligence and security organisations, U. S. Army Intelligence. For administrative matters and logistic support, these organizations are part of their respective parent service of the United States Armed Forces. Other SIGINT-related units and resources from the military can be subordinated to the Chief of the CSS by the Secretary of Defense with the advice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the day-to-day work of the CSS is to capture enemy signals using the means of the involved service. After its creation, the CSS had no emblem of its own for years, so in 1996
16.
Counterintelligence
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Modern tactics of espionage and dedicated government intelligence agencies were developed over the course of the late 19th century. A key background to this development was the Great Game, a period denoting the strategic rivalry, as espionage became more widely used, it became imperative to expand the role of existing police and internal security forces into a role of detecting and countering foreign spies. The Austro-Hungarian Evidenzbureau was entrusted with the role from the late 19th century to counter the actions of the Pan-Slavist movement operating out of Serbia. The Okhrana was initially formed in 1880 to combat terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity throughout the Russian Empire. Its main concern was the activities of revolutionaries, who worked and plotted subversive actions from abroad. It created an antenna in Paris run by Pyotr Rachkovsky to monitor their activities, the agency used many methods to achieve its goals, including covert operations, undercover agents, and perlustration—the interception and reading of private correspondence. The Okhrana became notorious for its use of provocateurs who often succeeded in penetrating the activities of revolutionary groups including the Bolsheviks. Integrated counterintelligence agencies run directly by governments were also established, the British Secret Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as the first independent and interdepartmental agency fully in control over all government counterintelligence activities. Its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming alias C, the Secret Service Bureau was split into a foreign and counter intelligence domestic service in 1910. The latter was headed by Sir Vernon Kell and was aimed at calming public fears of large scale German espionage. Many governments organize counterintelligence agencies separate and distinct from their intelligence services for specialized purposes. In most countries the counterintelligence mission is spread over multiple organizations, there is usually a domestic counterintelligence service, usually part of a larger law enforcement organization such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the United States. The Russian Federations major domestic security organization is the FSB, which came from the Second Chief Directorate. Canada separates the functions of general defensive counterintelligence, security intelligence, law enforcement intelligence, military organizations have their own counterintelligence forces, capable of conducting protective operations both at home and when deployed abroad. Depending on the country, there can be various mixtures of civilian, for example, while offensive counterintelligence is a mission of the US CIAs National Clandestine Service, defensive counterintelligence is a mission of the U. S. Diplomatic Security Service, Department of State, who work on security for personnel. In the United States, there is a careful line drawn between intelligence and law enforcement. In the United Kingdom, there is a distinction between the Security Service and the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police, other countries also deal with the proper organization of defenses against FIS, often with separate services with no common authority below the head of government
17.
Electronic warfare
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Electronic warfare is any action involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack of an enemy, or impede enemy assaults via the spectrum. The purpose of warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of, and ensure friendly unimpeded access to. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems, Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment. Within the information operations construct, EW is an element of warfare, more specifically. NATO has a different and arguably more encompassing and comprehensive approach to EW, a Military Committee conceptual document from 2007 recognised the EME as an operational manoeuvre space and warfighting environment/domain. In NATO, EW is considered to be warfare in the EME, NATO has adopted simplified language which parallel those used in the other warfighting environments like maritime, land and air/space. For example, Electronic Attack is offensive use of EM energy, ED is electronic defence and ES electronic surveillance. The use of the traditional NATO EW measures has been retained as they contribute to and support EA, ED, besides EW, other EM operations include ISTAR and SIGINT. Subsequently NATO has issued EW Policy and Doctrine and is addressing the other NATO defence lines of development, Electronic warfare is any military action involving the use of the EM spectrum to include directed energy to control the EM spectrum or to attack an enemy. This is not limited to radio or radar frequencies but includes IR, visible, ultraviolet and this includes self-protection, standoff, and escort jamming, and antiradiation attacks. EW is a tool that enhances many air and space functions at multiple levels of conflict. The purpose of EW is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EM spectrum, EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems. EW is employed to support operations involving various levels of detection, denial, deception, disruption, degradation, protection. Expanding reliance on the EM spectrum increases both the potential and the challenges of EW in information operations, all of the core, supporting, and related information operations capabilities either directly use EW or indirectly benefit from EW. The principal EW activities have developed over time to exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of EM energy. Electronic warfare includes three major subdivisions, electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support, in the case of EM energy, this action is referred to as jamming and can be performed on communications systems or radar systems. Jamming is not part of EP, it is an EA measure, the use of flare rejection logic on an Infrared homing missile to counter an adversary’s use of flares is EP
18.
Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)
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The Military Intelligence Corps is the intelligence branch of the United States Army. The Army’s intelligence components produce intelligence both for Army use and for sharing across the intelligence community. Approximately 28,000 military personnel and 3,800 civilian personnel are assigned to intelligence duties, some of the key components include, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence. The current G-2 is Mary A. Legere, United States Army Intelligence and Security Command, located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It is the Armys major intelligence command, United States Army Military Intelligence Readiness Command, located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. It is the Army Reserves intelligence command, United States Army Intelligence Center of Excellence, located at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. It is the Armys school for training of military intelligence personnel. Intelligence personnel were a part of the Continental Army from its founding in 1775, in January 1863, Major General Joseph Hooker established the Bureau of Military Information for the Union Army during the Civil War, headed by George H. Sharpe. Allan Pinkerton and Lafayette C. Baker handled similar operations for their respective regional commanders, all of those operations were shut down at the end of the Civil War in 1865. In 1885, the Army established the Military Intelligence Division, in 1903, the MID was placed under the new general staff in an elevated position. In March 1942, the Military Intelligence Division was reorganized as the Military Intelligence Service, originally consisting of just 26 people,16 of them officers, it was quickly expanded to include 342 officers and 1,000 enlisted personnel and civilians. It was tasked with collecting, analyzing, and disseminating intelligence, on January 1,1942, the U. S. Army Corps of Intelligence Police, founded in World War I, was re-designated as the US Army Counter Intelligence Corps. In 1945, the Special Branch became the Army Security Agency, on 1 July 1962, the Army Intelligence and Security Branch was established as a basic Army branch to meet the increased need for national and tactical intelligence. It was in July 1967, that a number of intelligence, in 1977 they eventually recombined with the Army Intelligence Agency and Army Security Agency to become the US Army Intelligence and Security Command. The Military Intelligence Corps is one of the branches of the United States Army. In 1971, the United States Army Intelligence Center was established at Fort Huachuca, on 1 July 1987 the Military Intelligence Corps was activated as a regiment under the U. S. Army Regimental System. All United States Army Military Intelligence personnel are members of the Military Intelligence Corps, for this the Battlefield Surveillance Brigades can deploy unmanned aerial vehicles, signals gathering equipment, human intelligence collectors and long range surveillance patrols. A fourth brigade is scheduled to activate at Fort Polk in 2013 but is not yet named, the Army National Guard has additional seven BfSBs
19.
1st Information Operations Command (Land)
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The 1st Information Operations Command, formerly the Land Information Warfare Activity Information Dominance Center, is an information operations command of the U. S. Army Cyber Command. It provides multi-disciplinary Information Operations support to the component and major commands of the United States Army, 1st IO Command is composed of two battalions. They conduct the command’s Information Operations, Vulnerability Assessment and Computer Network Operations mission, the Army Reserve Element augments and supports the battalions and Brigades. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company provides Command and Control, military justice, administration, training, the 1st IO Command’s brigade staff sections support soldiers and staff to carry out 1st IO Commands Mission. The CJA is the legal advisor to the commanders legal matters in the command. Resource Management provides budgetary support and oversight, contracting staff is directly responsible for the command’s services contract administration. The brigade’s S1 through S6 provide support in the areas of personnel, intelligence, operations, logistical, on December 3,2013, the ARE won 1st and 3rd places in the annual DC3 Digital Forensic Challenge. The Defense Cyber Crime Center Digital Forensic Challenge, provides digital artifacts comparable to what Soldiers might examine in a real-world cybersecurity situation, DC3 asked players to identify hidden files, perform analysis of suspicious network traffic, analyze registry entries and recover user passwords. 1st IO CMD teams deployed worldwide are continuously linked to the IDC via a number of means, common user circuits, strategic communications links. The IOC performs as a command operations center, maintaining the status of IO events worldwide. As an analysis center, the IDC provides dedicated support to 1st IO CMDs deployed teams, tailored analytical products are generated, frequently on a quick-response basis, to meet a deployed teams immediate needs. The IDC also monitors potential trouble spots worldwide, preparing to support operations with IO-related products should the need arise. The IDC uses high-capacity communications links to access selected information from a number of databases maintained by a number of commands, agencies. In addition to providing IO support to the process, the IDC provides an advanced environment to leverage new technologies. The IDC is also prepared to support to exercises. The IDCs communications capability serves both operational and analytical functions by using a variety of links to supported commands and deployed 1st IO CMD teams, collectively, the ability to communicate worldwide permits the small number of analysts resident in the IDC to provide tailored assessments rapidly and efficiently. Finally, in support of the Army Computer Emergency Response Team, the IDC uses communications to flash computer intrusion alerts and countermeasures across the Army
20.
66th Military Intelligence Brigade
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The 66th Military Intelligence Brigade is a United States Army brigade, subordinate to United States Army Intelligence and Security Command and based at Wiesbaden Army Airfield, Wiesbaden, Germany. Reformed again as a group in 2002, it became a brigade again in 2008. The unit’s mission is to provide support to U. S. Army Europe. Part of the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade supports near real-time missions for deployed soldiers such as operations in Afghanistan, members of the brigade provide mission support by utilizing databases running on computer clusters and communicate on encrypted networks, such as the NSA-certified TACLANE encrypted network. Soldiers of the 2nd Military Intelligence Battalion also are individually attached to other U. S. Army units in the course of their duties, members are also on duty at U. S. Air Force installations, such as RAF Mildenhall. One brigade soldier was killed in action near a Forward Operating Base in Afghanistan in 2010, unit members analyze sources in - among other languages - Russian and Persian. Soldiers in the brigade ideally hold qualifications in military intelligence and counter-intelligence, some also hold military and/or civilian academic degrees. Entrance and intermediate training of intelligence personnel is provided by the United States Army Intelligence Center at Fort Huachuca. The current head of the unit is the Brigade Commander, COL Devon M. Blake, symbolism Oriental blue and silver gray, representing loyalty and determination, are the colors of the Military Intelligence branch. The hexagon borders reflect the designation of the unit. The sphinx, a military intelligence symbol, indicates observation, wisdom. The unsheathed dagger reflects the aggressive and protective requirements and the element of danger inherent in the mission of the unit. Background The shoulder sleeve insignia was approved on 27 August 1987 for the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade and it was cancelled on 17 July 2002. The insignia was reinstated effective 18 June 2003 and redesignated as an exception to policy for the 66th Military Intelligence Group, with description, symbolism The black and white symbolize enlightenment and knowledge both day and night around the world. The chequy represents the units tactical and strategic capabilities in counterintelligence, the sphinx is a traditional intelligence symbol and indicates observation, wisdom and discreet silence. The hexagon within a hexagon 6-6 further distinguishes the numerical designation of the organization, background The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 66th Military Intelligence Group on 16 July 1969. It was redesignated for the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade on 8 October 1986, the insignia was redesignated effective 16 October 2002, with the description updated, for the 66th Military Intelligence Group. Constituted 21 June 1944 in the Army of the United States as the 66th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment, activated 1 July 1944 at Camp Rucker, Alabama
21.
United States Army Europe
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United States Army Europe is an Army Service Component Command of the United States Army. It is responsible for directing US Army operations throughout the United States European Command Area of Responsibility, during the Cold War, HQ USAREUR supervised ground formations primarily focused upon the Warsaw Pact militaries to the east as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisations Central Army Group. Since the Revolutions of 1989, USAREUR has greatly reduced its size, dispatched US forces to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm, and increased security cooperation with other NATO land forces. Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, United States Army was a United States Army formation which directed U. S. Army operations in parts of Europe from 1942 to 1945. It commanded Army Ground Forces, United States Army Air Forces, and Army Service Forces operations north of Italy and it was bordered to the south by the North African Theater of Operations, US Army, which later became the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. As the armies advanced, both these zones and the areas into which they were divided would shift forward to new areas of control. The Seventh Army landed on beaches in southern Sicily and captured the city of Palermo on 22 July. During the fighting, the elements of the Seventh Army killed or captured over 113,000 enemy soldiers, the invasion was originally given the code name of Operation ANVIL but was changed to Operation DRAGOON before the landing. In March 1944, Lt. General Alexander Patch was assigned to command the Army which moved to Naples, Italy, on 15 August 1944, Seventh Army units assaulted the beaches of southern France in the St. Tropez and Saint-Raphaël area. Within one month, the Army employing three American Divisions, five French Divisions, and the First Airborne Task Force had advanced 400 miles and had joined with the Normandy forces. In the process, the Seventh Army had liberated Marseilles, Lyon, Toulon, Seventh Army then assaulted the German forces in the Vosges Mountains, broke into the Alsatian Plain, and reached the Rhine River after capturing the city of Strasbourg. During the Battle of the Bulge, the Seventh Army extended its flanks to take much of the Third Army area which allowed the Third to relieve surrounded U. S. forces at Bastogne. Along with the First French Army, the Seventh went on the offensive in February 1945 and eliminated the enemy pocket in the Colmar area. The Seventh then went into the Saar River valley, crossed the Rhine, captured Nuremberg and Munich, crossed the Brenner Pass, when the war ended in Europe on 8 May 1945, the ETOUSA headquarters was located in Versailles, France, just outside Paris. ETOUSA was redesignated Headquarters, United States Forces European Theater on 1 July 1945, within a year rapid redeployments had brought the occupation forces down to fewer than 290,000 personnel, and many of the larger formations had departed or been inactivated. Seventh Army headquarters remained in control of the portion of the American zone. In November 1945, the two army commanders organized district constabularies based on cavalry groups, and on 1 May 1946. Seventh Army was inactivated in March 1946, in Germany, reactivated for a time at Atlanta, Georgia
22.
U.S. European Command
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The United States European Command is one of nine Unified Combatant Commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers 21,000,000 square miles and 51 countries and territories, including Europe, Russia, Greenland, the Commander of the United States military EUCOM simultaneously serves as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe within NATO—an intergovernmental military alliance. During the Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch, EUCOM controlled the forces flying from Incirlik Air Base, prior to 1952, the title European Command referred to a single-service, United States Army command. The first unified command in the European area was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 August 1952, European Command, it was established to provide unified command and authority over all U. S. forces in Europe. Prior to 1 August 1952, the U. S. Air Force, U. S. Navy, in line with the creation of the joint-service European Command, the Army command in Europe was redesignated U. S. Army Europe on 1 August 1952. The unified command structure was born of the need to address changes wrought not only by Americas rapid post-war demobilization, questions arose over the U. S. commitment to the defense of Western Europe against the Soviet Union. In 1949 the allies established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, in 1952 the area of responsibility included continental Europe, the United Kingdom, North Africa and Turkey. The AOR was subsequently expanded to include Southwest Asia as far east as Iran, in early 1951, NATO established Allied Command Europe and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was called from retirement to become the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe, the United States sent massive reinforcements to Europe designed to deter the Soviet Union. From 1950 to 1953 United States military personnel in Europe grew from 120,000 to over 400,000, United States Air Forces in Europe grew from three groups with 35,000 personnel to eleven wings with 136,000 personnel. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean doubled to more than 40 warships, the Army activated the 10th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg in 1952 and deployed it to Bad Tölz in November 1953 for unconventional warfare missions in the Soviet Bloc countries. To provide for national command within NATO and to control this build-up of forces. Because the senior United States commander would continue as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, Eisenhower returned to the United States just as the new command was established. The first United States Commander-in-Chief Europe was General Matthew Ridgway, former commander of Eighth Army and his deputy was General Thomas T. Handy, commander of United States Army, Europe. Headquarters EUCOM initially shared the I. G, farben Building in Frankfurt, Germany, with Headquarters United States Army, Europe. By 1953 over 400,000 U. S. troops were stationed in Europe, in 1954, the headquarters moved to Camp des Loges, a French Army base west of Paris and a short distance from SHAPE. There, EUCOM prepared plans for the defense of Western Europe within the NATO framework against the Soviet Union, EUCOM used the Military Assistance Program to help its NATO partners build their military capabilities, including after 1955 the German Bundeswehr. In 1955, EUCOM established a Support Operations Command Europe, soon renamed Support Operations Task Force Europe for special operations missions, in 1961, EUCOM began operating an airborne command post, Operation Silk Purse
23.
Fort Gordon
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Fort Gordon, formerly known as Camp Gordon, is a United States Army installation established in 1917. It is the current home of the United States Army Signal Corps, the fort is located next to Augusta, Georgia to the southwest of the city. The main component of the post is the Advanced Individual Training for Signal Corps military occupational specialities, in 1966–68 the Armys Signal Officer Candidate School graduated over 2,200 Signal officers. Signals Intelligence has become visible and comprises more and more of the forts duties. Georgia established many war-training camps during World War I, chamblee, northeast of Atlanta, was selected for one of the states largest army cantonments. It was named Camp Gordon in honor of John Brown Gordon, who was a general in the Confederate army, a Georgia governor, a U. S. senator. The camp opened in July 1917, becoming a training site, the division was composed of men from several different states, but men from Georgia made up almost half its number. Camp Gordon was approved for reconstruction in July 1941, War Department approved a contract to construct facilities on a new training area near Augusta, in Richmond County, Georgia that had been selected several months earlier. A groundbreaking and flag-raising ceremony took place in October, in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor Colonel Herbert W. The post was home to three divisions during the war, the 4th Infantry, the 26th Infantry, and the 10th Armored, from October 1943 to January 1945 Camp Gordon served as an internment camp for foreign prisoners of war. From May 1945 until April 1946 the U. S. Army Personnel, from early 1946 to June 1947, the U. S. Army Disciplinary Barracks for convicted criminals was located at Camp Gordon, and the installation was scheduled for deactivation. In September 1948 the Army relocated the Military Police School from Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, to Camp Gordon, on 21 March 1956, the post was renamed Fort Gordon. During the 1950s and into the 1980s Fort Gordon served as a basic-training camp and it also provided advanced individual training for troops. Since June 1985 Fort Gordon has housed the U. S. Signal Corps, the Signal Corps training centers primary purpose is to conduct specialized instruction for all Signal Corps military and civilian personnel. The location closed as the war ended and today the site is overgrown with pine trees, Fort Gordons official name is the U. S. Army Cyber Center of Excellence & Fort Gordon, or CyberCoE&FG. Considered a mission partner on Fort Gordon is the Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center as well as a dental laboratory, the facility treats active duty military and their families, as well as many of the military retiree community in the Central Savannah River Area. Fort Gordon has approximately 30,000 military and civilian employees, due to increases in the need and use of cyber technology the US Army is consolidating the United States Army Cyber Command into one location. Fort Gordon along with Fort George Meade were in the running to receive the command, in December 2013 it was announced that Fort Gordon was selected
24.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee
25.
Distributed Common Ground System
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The Distributed Common Ground System is a weapons system which produces military intelligence for multiple military branches. S. Air Force use, the system produces intelligence collected by the U-2 Dragonlady, RQ-4 Global Hawk, MQ-9 Reaper, the previous system of similar use was the Deployable Ground Station, which was first deployed in July 1994. Subsequent version of DGS were developed from 1995 through 2009, the 480th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing of the Air Combat Command operates and maintains the USAF system. A plan envisioned in 1998 was to develop systems for the Army and Navy. By 2006, version 10.6 was deployed by the Air Force, and a version known as DCGS-A was developed for the Army. After a 2010 report by General Michael T. Flynn, the program was intended to use computing and be as easy to use as an iPad. By April 2011, project manager Colonel Charles Wells announced version 3 of the Army system was being deployed in the US war in Afghanistan, in January 2012, the United States Army Communications-Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Center hosted a meeting based on the DCGS-A early experience. It brought together technology providers in the hope of developing more integrated systems using cloud computing with open architectures, a major contractor was Lockheed Martin, with computers supplied by Silicon Graphics International out of its Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin office. Software known as the Analysts Notebook, originally developed by i2 Limited, was included in DCGS-A, some US Army personnel reported using a Palantir Technologies product to improve their ability to predict locations of improvised explosive devices. An April 2012 report recommending further study after initial success, Palantir software was rated easy to use, but did not have the flexibility and wide number of data sources of DCGS-A. In July 2012, Congressman Duncan D, hunter complained of US DoD obstacles to its wider use. A set of improvements was identified in November 2012, the press reported some of the shortcomings uncovered by General Genaro Dellarocco in the tests. The ambitious goal of integrating 473 data sources for 75 million reports proved to be challenging, in May 2013 Politico reported that Palantir lobbyists and some anonymous returning veterans continued to advocate the use of its software, despite its interoperability limits. In particular, members of special forces and US Marines were not required to use the official Army system, similar stories appeared in other publications, with Army representatives citing the limitations of various systems. The Senate Defense Appropriations Subcommittee included testimony from Army Chief of Staff General Ray Odierno, the 130th Engineer Brigade has found the system to be unstable, slow, not friendly and a major hindrance to operations. The equivalent system for the United States Navy was planned for deployment by 2015. Some early testing was announced in 2009 aboard the aircraft carrier USS Harry Truman, a portion of the software, a distributed data framework for the DCGS integration backbone version 4, was submitted to an open-source software repository of the Codice Foundation on GitHub. The framework was new for DIB version 4, replacing the legacy DIB portal with an Ozone Widget Framework interface and it was written in the Java programming language
26.
Caserma Ederle
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Caserma Ederle is a post in Vicenza, Italy where the U. S. Army has troops stationed. The Vicenza Military Community is composed of soldiers, family members, civilians and retirees with a number of airmen. The post serves as the headquarters of United States Army Africa, Caserma Ederle serves as the headquarters of U. S. Army Garrison Vicenza of the United States Army Installation Management Command, an umbrella for all U. S. military properties in Vicenza. The post is named after Major Carlo Ederle, an Italian hero of World War I and recipient of the French Croix de Guerre, among other military honors. Soldiers assigned to a tour of duty at Caserma Ederle are normally permitted to bring family members when being reassigned there upon a Permanent Change of Station, still, many of the military personnel assigned to Caserma Ederle are unaccompanied. The post offers virtually all of the standard amenities present on most U. S. military installations, such as a Post Exchange, commissary, theater, etc. Single or unaccompanied junior enlisted soldiers live primarily in barracks located on the post itself, government-owned housing units for accompanied soldiers and their dependents are located in a separate and gated/secure area of Vicenza known as Villaggio della Pace. Single officers live on the economy, on 25 October 1955, the Southern European Task Force was first established at Camp Darby, located in Pisa, Italy. In 1951, the U. S. and Italy signed an agreement that the U. S. would operate lines of communication across Italy, and that the U. S. would occupy land near Livorno. This land became Camp Darby, named for Brigadier General William O. Darby, in 1955, all U. S. occupation forces in Austria were withdrawn upon the entry into force of the Austrian State Treaty. Under provisions of the agreement with Italy, Camp Darby was the reception station for soldiers, equipment. With Austria now neutral, northern Italys eastern flank became vulnerable to attack, to reduce the danger in that area, the U. S. agreed to establish a force there and on 2 October 1955, the U. S. Army Southern European Task Force was activated. SETAFs first headquarters was on Camp Darby, but the largest number of soldiers has always been in Vicenza, shortly after activation, USASETAF headquarters moved to Verona, Italy. Troop strength reached 10,000 and USASETAF was formally established via a U. S. -Italian agreement, in 1959, following President Dwight D. Eisenhowers visit to Rome, a third agreement brought significant changes to USASETAF. As a result of agreement, the 62nd Engineers and an artillery company were moved to Caserma Passalacqua. The artillery companys Sergeant missiles had nuclear warheads and the company was an ADM engineering unit. The headquarters moved again in 1965 from Verona to Caserma Ederle, Caserma Ederele had already existed as an Italian post. Soldier strength dropped to 2,500 in 1970 and civilian employment went down 70 percent in a unilateral cost-reduction effort, the port opened by 8th Area Support Group in Livorno was returned to Italian control
27.
Vicenza
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Vicenza listen is a city in northeastern Italy. It is in the Veneto region at the base of the Monte Berico. Vicenza is approximately 60 kilometres west of Venice and 200 kilometres east of Milan, Vicenza is a thriving and cosmopolitan city, with a rich history and culture, and many museums, art galleries, piazzas, villas, churches and elegant Renaissance palazzi. With the Palladian Villas of the Veneto in the area, and his renowned Teatro Olimpico. In December 2008, Vicenza had an population of 115,927. Additionally, about one fifth of the gold and jewelry is made in Vicenza. Another important sector is the engineering/computer components industry, vicentia was settled by the Italic Euganei tribe and then by the Paleo-Veneti tribe in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The Romans allied themselves with the Paleo-Veneti in their fight against the Celtic tribes that populated north-western Italy, the Roman presence in the area grew exponentially over time and the Paleo-Veneti were gradually assimilated. In 157 BC, the city was a de facto Roman centre and was given the name of Vicetia or Vincentia, the citizens of Vicetia received Roman citizenship and were inscribed into the Roman tribe Romilia in 49 BC. It was also an important Lombard city and then a Frankish center, numerous Benedictine monasteries were built in the Vicenza area, beginning in the 6th century. In 899, Vicenza was destroyed by Magyar raiders, in 1001, Otto III handed over the government of the city to the bishop, and its communal organization had an opportunity to develop, separating soon from the episcopal authority. When peace was restored, however, the old rivalry with Padua, Bassano, and other cities was renewed, besides there were the internal factions of the Vivaresi. The tyrannical Ezzelino III from Bassano drove the Guelphs out of Vicenza, the independent commune joined the Second Lombard League against Emperor Frederick II, and was sacked by that monarch, after which it was annexed to Ezzelinos dominions. Vicenza came under rule of Venice in 1404, and its subsequent history is that of Venice and it was besieged by the Emperor Sigismund, and Maximilian I held possession of it in 1509 and 1516. Vicenza was a candidate to host the Council of Trent, after 1797, under Napoleonic rule, it was made a duché grand-fief within Napoleons personal Kingdom of Italy for general Caulaincourt, also imperial Grand-Écuyer. After 1814, Vicenza passed to the Austrian Empire, in 1848, however, the populace rose against Austria, more violently than in any other Italian centre apart from Milan and Brescia. As a part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, it was annexed to Italy after the Third War of Italian independence, after the end of the latter, what followed was a period of depression following the devasatation caused by two world wars. In the following years, the development grew vertiginously
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United States Army Africa
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United States Army Africa, also known as the Southern European Task Force, is the United States Army service component command of United States Africa Command. USARAFs headquarters are located on Caserma Ederle and Caserma Del Din, Vicenza, the current commanding officer|commanding general of USARAF is Major General Major General Joseph P. Harrington. SETAF, now known as USARAF/SETAF has been stationed in Italy since 1955 and has a history of operating on the African continent. During the past 15 years, SETAF has provided crisis response, disaster relief, according to the Army Times, this marked the end of the airborne chapter of the unit’s history and the beginning of its new role as the Army component of AFRICOM. The vision for U. S. Army Africa is to be a trusted and respected partner, ultimately, when these items mentioned are met, American interests are protected and African land forces are able to address African security challenges. Means by which the DoD encourages and enables countries and organizations to work with the U. S. to achieve strategic objectives, consists of official, cooperative and generally non-combat interactions between Army elements, active duty, or U. S. National Guard and Reserve components. Department of State managed program that trains 20-30 battalions of peacekeepers throughout Africa annually, ACOTA trains and equips contingents from selected African militaries with enhanced capacity to respond quickly and effectively to peace support and humanitarian relief situations on the continent. ACOTA is a part of Global Peace Operations Initiative, ADAPT is a theater logistics engagement activity that helps build deployment capacity for African partners who conduct peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, or humanitarian relief operations in Africa. Funded by the Department of State, the ADAPT program aims to enhance the capabilities of African militaries to support these mission requirements. Provides assistance to enhance the capabilities of a foreign national military forces. Designed to build relationships and satisfy the Army’s Title 10 responsibilities and this is typically a five-day event where the team participates with partner nation’s military on different types of non-training related events. S. Bi-lateral and multi-lateral exercises where U. S. forces train with and these are designed to train U. S. medical elements and specialists as well as host nation personnel. This increases interoperability and enhances relationships, reform or rebuild a state’s security sector. Focuses on where a security sector is unable to provide security to the state and its people effectively. Multiple week-long training program with the goal of establishing a self-sustaining indigenous HMA program in select partner nations, engagement opportunity that brings together land forces chiefs of staff from African nations and military leadership from the U. S. Army to discuss African security challenges. The unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local and this is a National Guard Bureau program. This program provides unique partnership capacity building capabilities to combatant commanders through partnerships between U. S. states and partner nations and this is a U. S. Army Cadet Command program. This program utilizes immersion training within a deployment to a partner nation, in the fall of 2008, SETAF went through major organizational changes as it restructured to support AFRICOM
29.
United States Africa Command
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The United States Africa Command is one of nine unified combatant commands of the United States Armed Forces, headquartered at Kelley Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany. It is responsible for U. S. military operations and military relations with 53 African nations and its area of responsibility covers all of Africa except Egypt, which is within the area of responsibility of the United States Central Command. U. S. AFRICOM headquarters operating budget was $276 million in fiscal year 2012, the Commander of U. S. AFRICOM reports to the Secretary of Defense. Ambassadors continue to be the diplomatic representative for relations with host nations. In 2007, the White House announced, will strengthen our security cooperation with Africa, Africa Command will enhance our efforts to bring peace and security to the people of Africa and promote our common goals of development, health, education, democracy, and economic growth in Africa. General Carter F. Ham said in a 2012 address at Brown University that U. S. strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa is to strengthen democratic institutions, prior to the creation of AFRICOM, responsibility for U. S. A U. S. military officer wrote the first public article calling for the formation of a separate African command in November 2000 and these locations, along with Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti, would form the basis of AFRICOM facilities on the continent. The website Magharebia. com was launched by USEUCOM in 2004 to provide news about North Africa in English, French, when AFRICOM was created, it took over operation of the website. Information operations of the United States Department of Defense was criticized by the Senate Armed Forces Committee, the site was closed down in February 2015. This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative, which concluded in December 2004 and focused on weapon and drug trafficking, previous U. S. military activities in Sub-Saharan Africa have included Special Forces associated Joint Combined Exchange Training. Letitia Lawson, writing in 2007 for a Center for Contemporary Conflict journal at the Naval Postgraduate School, in mid-2006, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld formed a planning team to advise on requirements for establishing a new Unified Command for the African continent. In early December, he made his recommendations to President George W. Bush, on, Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced to the Senate Armed Services Committee that President George W. Bush had given authority to create the new African Command. U. S. Navy Rear Admiral Robert Moeller, the director of the AFRICOM transition team, arrived in Stuttgart, on 1 October 2008, the command separated from USEUCOM and began operating on its own as a full-fledged combatant command. The territory of the consists of all of the African continent except for Egypt. Most of Africa was transferred from the United States European Command with the Horn of Africa, responsibility for U. S. military operations in the islands of Madagascar, the Comoros, the Seychelles and Mauritius was transferred from the United States Pacific Command. The AFRICOM headquarters is located at Kelley Barracks, an urban facility near Stuttgart, Germany. It was reported in June 2007 that African countries were competing to host the headquarters because it would bring money for the recipient country, however, of all the African nations, only Liberia has publicly expressed a willingness to host AFRICOMs headquarters. The U. S. declared in February 2008 that AFRICOM would be headquartered in Stuttgart for the foreseeable future, nigeria announced it will not allow its country to host a base and opposed the creation of a base on the continent
30.
Draper, Utah
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Draper is a city in Salt Lake and Utah counties in the U. S. state of Utah, located about 20 miles south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 42,274, Draper is part of two metropolitan areas - the Salt Lake County portion is included in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, while the Utah County portion is part of the Provo-Orem metropolitan area. The Utah State Prison is located in Draper, near Point of the Mountain, the execution of Gary Gilmore took place there on January 17,1977. American Indian groups living in Utah include the Ute, Paiute, Goshute, Shoshone, a group of Shoshone people near Hoytsville, Utah. The Utes, Paiutes, Goshutes, and Shoshone people speak languages from a family known as the Numic Language Family. In the fall of 1849, Ebenezer Brown brought cattle to graze along the stream of South Willow Creek. The next spring, he brought his family and sold his cattle to immigrants heading to the fields of California along what became the Mormon Road. More settlers came in the few years to the new settlement first known as Sivogah, meaning Willows. At the end of 1852,20 families lived along South Willow Creek, in 1854, the first post office was established with the name Draperville for William Draper III, the first presiding elder of the towns Mormon congregation. The name of the town in years was shortened to Draper. Hostilities with the Native Americans began in 1854, and a fort was established were the settlers lived. The fort was never completed, as the hostilities did not materialize. Draper lies roughly midway between Salt Lake City and Provo, Draper is bordered by Riverton and Bluffdale to the west, South Jordan to the northwest, Sandy to the north, Alpine to the southeast, Highland to the south, and Lehi to the southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 30.1 square miles, of which 30.1 square miles is land and 0.015 square miles. The winds on Traverse Ridge make it an area for hang gliding and paragliding. In 2004, Draper citizens voted for a tax increase that would pay for the purchase of key pieces of property in the Corner Canyon area. The aim of this measure was to protect and preserve the Corner Canyon area for the enjoyment of citizens of the city. In the fall of 2005,1,021 acres of property were identified and purchased for the development of Corner Canyon Regional Park, which will consist of parks, trails, drapers climate is roughly identical to that of other Salt Lake City suburbs
31.
Fort Sam Houston
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Fort Sam Houston is a U. S. Army post in San Antonio, Texas. Known colloquially as Fort Sam, it is named for the U. S. Senator, Texas Governor, on October 1,2010, Fort Sam Houston joined Lackland and Randolph Air Force Bases to create Joint Base San Antonio, under Air Force administration. Army Institute of Surgical Research U. S. S, because Fort Sam Houston is part of Joint Base San Antonio, the installation commander is the commander of the 502d Air Base Wing. Fort Sam Houston is known as the Home of Army Medicine, at the end of World War II, the Army decided to make Fort Sam Houston the principal medical training facility. In conjunction with this came the determination to develop Brooke General Hospital into one of the Armys premier medical centers. Despite the installation transitioning to Air Force control, the command, the command and other key positions will rotate between the Army and Air Force. Staffing consist of members of both services, as well as a number of civilians. As of 2011, Fort Sam Houston is the largest and most important military training facility in the world. As a result of the Base Realignment and Closure Commission 2005 recommendations and this consolidation concluded with the opening of the Military Education and Training Campus in 2011. The Navy moved its medical training from San Diego, California, Great Lakes, Illinois, the Air Force moved its medical training from Sheppard Air Force Base in Wichita Falls, Texas. This increased the student load and required additional support staff. The expansion in training has required construction approaching one billion dollars, the Sundry Civil Service Bill of 3 March 1873, included a $100,000 for a new army post in San Antonio, on 93 acres of land deeded by the city on Government Hill. Edward Braden Construction Co. won the contract to build the post on 7 June 1876, included on the Quadrangle was a combination 87 foot watch tower and 6,400 gallon water tank designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs, based on one he had seen in Europe, on 19 Feb.1877, the new train station on Austin Street opened, connecting San Antonio to Galveston. The quartermasters soon moved their supplies from the Alamo to the Quadrangle. The hospital, now known as Sam Houston House, was built in 1886, the post was formally named Fort Sam Houston on September 11,1890. The Gift Chapel was dedicated by President William Taft on 17–18 Oct.1909, Construction at Fort Sam Houston began in the middle 1870s under the supervision of the military commander of the Department of Texas, Major General Edward Ord, a West Point-trained army engineer. The significant contributions of Fort Sam Houston to the United States were recognized in 1975 when the post was designated as a National Historic Landmark, the Fort Sam Houston Quadrangle, built by George Henry Griebel, is the oldest structure at Fort Sam Houston
32.
United States Army South
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It is headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. U. S. Army South conducts and supports multinational operations, Southern Command area of responsibility in order to counter transnational threats and strengthen regional security in defense of the homeland. On 8 Mar.1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed an Isthmian Canal Commission, composed primarily of Army officers, to govern the Canal Zone and to report directly to the Secretary of War. In 1907, President Roosevelt appointed Army Lt. Col. George W. Goethals to the post of Chief Engineer of the ICC, on 4 Oct.1911, a regiment of the U. S. Army 10th Infantry arrived at Camp E. S. Otis, on the Pacific side of the isthmus, together these troops, under the control of the ICC, were known as the Panama Canal Guard. On 1 July 1917, the Panama Canal Department was established as a geographic command with headquarters at Quarry Heights. Units included the 19th Brigade, composed of the 14th and 33rd Infantry, the 42nd Field Artillery, the 11th Engineers, and special troops. By 1939, the strength in the Canal Zone was about 14,000 and by early 1940. In January 1943, the troop strength peaked at just over 67,000, as the Coastal Defense Network grew to include guns, barrage balloons. Army aircraft patrolled the Caribbean Sea searching for enemy German submarines, thus was the principle of unified commands established and the U. S. Caribbean Command was designated on 1 Nov.1947. On 15 Nov.1947, the Panama Canal Department became U. S. Army Caribbean, one of its primary missions, from 1951 to 1999, was the task of keeping jungle warfare alive in the Army. Fort Sherman became the home for USARCARIB’s Jungle Warfare Training Center, many Soldiers destined for Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War first received their jungle training at Fort Sherman. On 6 June 1963, the United States Caribbean Command was re-designated as the United States Southern Command, to reflect primary responsibility in Central and South America, meanwhile, the United States Army Caribbean was re-designated the United States Army Forces Southern Command. During the 1970s, the troop strengths averaged between 10,000 and 14,000 soldiers. On 4 December 1986, the United States Army South was activated as a Major Army Command, operation Just Cause, the United States military action used to depose Panamanian dictator, General Manuel Antonio Noriega, was officially conducted from 20 December 1989 to 31 January 1990. United States Army South Headquarters became the Headquarters for Joint Task Force-South, during the Panama Invasion the total troop numbers increased to 27,000. Of these,13,000 were already stationed in Panama and 14,000 were flown in from the United States. As part of a larger Army transformation in response to the demands of post-9/11 operations worldwide, in addition, U. S. Army South incorporated the lineage and hearldry from Sixth U. S. Army
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U.S. Southern Command
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The United States Southern Command, located in Doral, Florida in Greater Miami, is one of nine Unified Combatant Commands in the United States Department of Defense. USSOUTHCOM is also responsible for ensuring the defense of the Panama Canal, under the leadership of a four-star Commander, USSOUTHCOM is organized into a headquarters with six main directorates, component commands and military groups that represent SOUTHCOM in the region. Civilians working at USSOUTHCOM are, for the most part, civilian employees of the Army, USSOUTHCOM exercises its authority through the commanders of its components, Joint Task Forces/Joint Interagency Task Force, and Security Cooperation Organizations. The USSOUTHCOM Area of Responsibility encompasses 32 nations, of which 31 are democracies, as of October 2002, the area of focus covered 14. ARSOUTH supports regional disaster relief and counterdrug efforts, ARSOUTH provides Title 10 and Executive Agent responsibilities throughout the Latin American and Caribbean region. At any given moment, four troops are deployed in Latin America. AFSOUTH also provides oversight, planning, execution, and logistical support for humanitarians, Twelfth Air Force is also leading the way in bringing the Chief of Staff of the Air Forces Warfighting Headquarters concept to life. The WFHQ is composed of a command and control element, an Air Force forces staff, operating as a WFHQ since June 2004, Twelfth Air Force has served as the Air Force model for the future of Combined Air and Space Operations Centers and WFHQ Air Force forces. Located at Naval Station Mayport, Florida, USNAVSO exercises command and control over all U. S. naval operations in the USSOUTHCOM area including naval exercises, maritime operations, and port visits. USNAVSO is also the agent for the operation of the cooperative security location at Comalapa, El Salvador. Rear Admiral Joseph D. Kernan was named as the commander and Commander. Up to four ships are deployed in the waters in and around Latin American, USSOCSOUTH controls all Special Operations Forces in the region and also establishes and operates a Joint Special Operations Task Force when required. As a Theater Special Operations Command, USSOCSOUTH is a command of USSOUTHCOM. There are also three task forces with specific missions in the region that report to U. S, Southern Command, Located at Soto Cano Air Base, Honduras, JTF -Bravo operates a forward, all-weather day/night C-5-capable airbase. Located at U. S. JTF – Guantanamo is also prepared to support mass migration operations at Naval Station GTMO, jIATF- South also collects, processes, and disseminates counter-drug information for interagency operations. Manta Air Base was one of JIATF-Souths bases, in Ecuador until September 19,2009, even senior leaders used inappropriate hand gestures, it said, and mentioned simulations of masturbation. Patrick Leahy, D-Vermont, the author of the Leahy Law prohibiting U. S. assistance to military units, on March 10,2017, Daniel P. While this has taken longer than we would have preferred, we want to ensure that consideration is given
34.
Schofield Barracks
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Schofield Barracks is a United States Army installation and census-designated place located in the City and County of Honolulu and in the Wahiawa District of the American island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Schofield Barracks lies adjacent to the town of Wahiawā, separated from most of it by Lake Wilson, Schofield Barracks is named after Lieutenant General John McAllister Schofield, Commanding General United States Army August 1888 to September 1895. He had been sent to Hawaiʻi in 1872 and had recommended the establishment of a base at Pearl Harbor. Schofield Barracks has an area of 17,725 acres on Central Oʻahu, the post was established in 1908 to provide mobile defense of Pearl Harbor and the entire island. It has been the home of the 25th Infantry Division, known as the Tropic Lightning Division, the population was 16,370 at the 2010 census. Schofield Barracks is located at 21°29′52″N 158°3′48″W, the Main Gate used to be off Wilikina Drive, however, now only the Foote and Lyman gates located along Kunia Road are used for controlled access. Proceeding north on Wilikina Road leads to intersections with Kaukonahua Road to Waialua, east on Wilikina leads to Interstate H-2 and Kamehameha Highway to Wahiawā and Mililani Town. Proceeding south on Kunia Road past Schofield leads to the Kunia Gate on Wheeler, Kunia, according to the United States Census Bureau, the post has a total area of 2.8 square miles, all of it land. Schofield Barracks has a savanna climate. This climate type is shared with Honolulu but is in slightly cooler year round owing to the elevation. Precipitation patterns closely resemble those of mediterranean climates being found in mainland California, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,428 people,2,965 households, and 2,902 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,251.5 people per square mile, there were 3,733 housing units at an average density of 1,358.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 56. 4% White,21. 9% African American,1. 1% Native American,3. 9% Asian,1. 7% Pacific Islander,8. 6% from other races, and 6. 5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 2% of the population,2. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.55 and the family size was 3.58. In the CDP the population was out with 32. 1% under the age of 18,29. 8% from 18 to 24,36. 6% from 25 to 44,1. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 22 years, for every 100 females there were 152.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 183.6 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $33,788, and the median income for a family was $32,970
35.
United States Army Pacific
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The United States Army Pacific is an Army Service Component Command of the United States Army and is the army component unit of the United States Pacific Command. The main areas that this command has jurisdiction in include Hawaii, Alaska and it also performs missions in Southeast Asia, in the countries such as the Philippines and Bangladesh. The United States Eighth Army in Korea has operational command and control on US Forces in Korea since January 2012, however, subordinate units of this command sometimes perform humanitarian missions in places such as Haiti, Cuba, and the Middle East. Command Group Commanding General, General Robert B. Brown Deputy Commanding General - South, Major General Deputy Commanding General - North and this became the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, which was finally deactivated in 2001. Treat 1917 BG John Philip Wisser 1917 BG Augustus P. Blocksom 1918 BG John W. Heard 1918–1919 MG Henry C, winans 1930 MG William Lassiter 1930–1931 MG Briant H. Wells 1931–1934 MG Halstead Dorey 1934–1935 MG Hugh A. Drum 1935–1937 MG Andrew Moses 1937–1938 LTG Charles D. Herron 1938–1941 LTG Walter C, richardson, Jr. 1943–1945 LTG Robert C. Rosson 1970–1973 GEN Donald V. Bennett 1973 GEN Frederick C, weyand 1973 GEN Donald V. Bennett 1973–1974 GEN Richard G. Stilwell 1974 MG Donnelly P. Bolton 1975 MG Thomas U
36.
United States Pacific Command
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United States Pacific Command is a unified combatant command of the United States armed forces responsible for the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. It is the oldest and largest of the combatant commands. The Commander reports to the President of the United States through the Secretary of Defense and is supported by Service component and subordinate unified commands, including U. S. Army Pacific, Pacific Air Forces, U. S. Marine Forces Pacific, U. S. Forces Korea, Special Operations Command Korea, and Special Operations Command Pacific, USPACOM also has three direct reporting units, including Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, U. S. Pacific Command Joint Intelligence Operations Center, Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance, the USPACOM headquarters building, the Nimitz-MacArthur Pacific Command Center, is located on Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii. United States Pacific Command protects and defends, in concert with other U. S. Government agencies, the territory of the United States, its people and this approach is based on partnership, presence and military readiness. We recognize the significance of the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and understand that challenges are best met together. Consequently, we will remain an engaged and trusted partner committed to preserving the security, stability and we will collaborate with the Services and other Combatant Commands to defend Americas interests. Its origins can be traced to the structure established early in World War II to wage the war in the Pacific. Each had command of all U. S. armed forces assigned to his area, efforts to establish a unified command for the entire Pacific AOR proved impossible during the war. The divergent interests of the Army and the Navy precluded the subordination of either of the two commanders in the Pacific Theatre. The plan called for the establishment of seven unified combatant commands as a measure for the immediate postwar period. The first three unified commands were established in the Pacific, the Joint Chiefs of Staff implementing directive of 16 December 1946 established the Far East Command, Pacific Command, and Alaskan Command effective 1 January 1947. The commands, their areas of responsibility, and their missions were as follows, Far East Command, U. S. forces in Japan, Korea, the Ryukyus, the Philippines, Forces in China in an emergency. Pacific Command, U. S. forces allocated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff within the Pacific Area, Alaskan Command, U. S. forces in Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was appointed CINCFE, Army Major General Howard A. Craig was assigned as CINCAL, U. S. Navy Admiral John Henry Towers was designated CINCPAC. At the time of appointment, he was serving as Admiral Nimitz direct successor as CINCPAC/CINCPOA, Admiral Towers retained his position as Commander-in-Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet, his title was abbreviated CINCPACFLT to avoid confusion with the newly established Pacific Command, Headquarters for both CINCPAC and CINCPACFLT were located at Makalapa, Pearl Harbor, in the Territory of Hawaii
37.
513th Military Intelligence Brigade
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The 513th Military Intelligence Brigade is a unit of the United States Army and subordinate to the U. S. Army Intelligence and Security Command. The 513th is headquartered at Fort Gordon, Georgia, the 513th MI Group performed its mission of intelligence collection and counterespionage in support of United States Army Europe until its inactivation in 1969. The Group reactivated at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey in 1982, the Group re-designated as the 513th Military Intelligence Brigade in 1986. The 513th Military Intelligence Brigade relocated to Fort Gordon, Georgia in 1994, in 1997, the Brigade assumed the additional mission of intelligence support to United States Army South. The 513th Military Intelligence Brigade deployed forces in support of Operation DESERT FOX in 1998, from 2003 to 2005, the Brigade deployed the 202nd and 297th Military Intelligence Battalions to Iraq in support of OIF. From December 2006 to 2008 the Brigade deployed two Task Forces in support of OEF, Task Force Lightning and Task Force Deuce, from October 2009 until March 2010 the 202nd Military Intelligence Battalion deployed Task Force Deuce II in support of CJTF-82 in Afghanistan. Also in October 2009 the 202nd Military Intelligence Battalion deployed forces in support of CJSOTF-A until October 2010, starting in 2008 until 2010, the 224th Military Intelligence Battalion started recurring deployments in support of operations for MNC-I. From Iraq the 224th Military Intelligence Battalion moved to deployments in Afghanistan in support of ISAF, from September 2009 to December 2011, the Brigade deployed personnel in support of the Aerial Precision Geolocation office in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Starting in 2010, the 202nd Military Intelligence Battalion took on a mission to support Operations within Special Operations Command in the Afghanistan Theater. In August 2011 the 202nd Military Intelligence Battalion again deployed Soldiers in support of Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Afghanistan, the 513th MI BDE has several subordinate units. The Headquarters and Headquarters Company provides command and control of the brigade and subordinate units, as well as logistical and administrative support for the brigade staff. The 202nd MI Battalion conducts continuous overt human intelligence collection in CONUS and human intelligence collection and counterintelligence in support of U. S. Army Central and U. S. Central Command full spectrum operations to defeat adversaries, promote stability, support allies. Central Command Area of Responsibility, the battalion supports other commands as directed, the 202nd is located at Fort Gordon, GA. The 297th is located at Fort Gordon, Georgia. S, the 345th is a US Army Reserve unit stationed at Fort Gordon, GA. US Army Intelligence and Security Command
38.
United States Army Central
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The United States Army Central is a military formation of the United States Army, which saw service in World War I and World War II, in the 1991 Gulf War, and in the coalition occupation of Iraq. It is best known for its campaigns in World War II under the command of General George S. Patton, Third Army is currently denoted USARCENT, headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina with a forward element at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. On the 15th, Major General Joseph T. Dickman assumed command, the third Army consisted of three corps and seven divisions. On 15 November 1918, Major General Dickman was given the mission to move quickly and he was to disarm and disband German forces as ordered by General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces. The march into Germany for occupation duty was begun on 17 November 1918, by 15 December the Third Army Headquarters at Mayen opened at Coblenz. Two days later, on 17 December 1918, the Coblenz bridgehead, consisting of a pontoon bridge, Third Army troops had encountered no hostile act of any sort. In the occupied area, both food and coal supplies were sufficient, the crossing of the Rhine by the front line divisions was effected in good time and without confusion. Troops, upon crossing the Rhine and reaching their assigned areas, were billeted preparatory to occupying selected positions for defense. The strength of the Third Army as of 19 December, the date the bridgehead occupation was completed, was 9,638 officers and 221,070 enlisted men, the southern boundary was as has been previously mentioned. Before the advance, the 1st Division passed to the command of the III Corps, the four bridges available for crossing the river within the Coblenz bridgehead were the pontoon bridge and railroad bridge at Coblenz, the railroad bridges at Engers and Remagen. On 13 December the advance began with the American khaki crossing the Rhine into advanced positions. On the same day the 42d Division passes to the command of the IV Corps, which, in support of the III Corps, continued its march to occupy the Kreise of Mayen, Ahrweiler, Adenau, and Cochem. The VII Corps occupied under the order that portion of the Regierungsbezirk of Trier within army limits. On 15 December, Third Army Headquarters at Mayen opened at Coblenz, III Corps Headquarters at Polch opened at Neuwied and IV Corps Headquarters remained at Cochem, with the VII Corps at Grevenmacher. In crossing the Rhine on the shortened front—from Rolandseck to Rhens on the west bank—the Third Army encountered no hostile act of any sort, in the occupied area both food and coal supplies were sufficient. By the night of 14 December, Third Army troops had occupied their positions on the perimeter of the Coblenz bridgehead, during January 1919, the Third Army was engaged in training and preparing the troops under its command for any contingency. A letter of instruction was circulated to lower commanders prescribing a plan of action in case hostilities were resumed, installations were set up throughout the Army area to facilitate command. On 4 February, the control of the Stadtkreis of Trier was transferred from GHQ to the Third Army
39.
United States Central Command
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The United States Central Command is a theater-level Unified Combatant Command of the U. S. Department of Defense. It was established in 1983, taking over the 1980 Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force responsibilities, the CENTCOM Area of Responsibility includes countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, most notably Afghanistan and Iraq. CENTCOM has been the main American presence in many operations, including the Persian Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan. As of 2015, CENTCOM forces are deployed primarily in Afghanistan and Iraq in supporting, as of 1 August 2016, CENTCOMs commander was General Joseph Votel, U. S. Army. Of all six American regional unified combatant commands, CENTCOM is among the three with headquarters outside its area of operations, CENTCOMs main headquarters is located at MacDill Air Force Base, in Tampa, Florida. A forward headquarters was established in 2002 at Camp As Sayliyah in Doha, Qatar, United States Central Command was established on January 1,1983. As its name implies, CENTCOM covers the area of the globe located between the European and Pacific Commands. Steps were taken to transform the RDJTF into a permanent unified command over a two-year period, the first step was to make the RDJTF independent of U. S. Readiness Command, followed by the activation of CENTCOM in January 1983, overcoming skeptical perceptions that the command was still an RDJTF in all but name, designed to support a Cold War strategy, took time. The Iran–Iraq War clearly underlined the growing tensions in the region, on 17 May 1987, the USS Stark, conducting operations in the Persian Gulf during the Iran-Iraq War, was struck by Exocet missiles fired by an Iraqi aircraft, resulting in 37 casualties. Soon afterward, as part of what became known as the Tanker War, in Operation Earnest Will, these tankers were escorted by USCENTCOM’s Middle East Force through the Persian Gulf to Kuwait and back through the Strait of Hormuz. By late 1988, the regional strategy still focused on the potential threat of a massive Soviet invasion of Iran. Exercise Internal Look has been one of CENTCOMs primary planning events and it had frequently been used to train CENTCOM to be ready to defend the Zagros Mountains from a Soviet attack and was held annually. In autumn 1989, the main CENTCOM contingency plan, OPLAN 1002-88, the plan called for five-and-two-thirds US divisions to deploy, mostly light and heavy forces at something less than full strength. The original plan called for these divisions to march from the Persian Gulf to the Zagros Mountains. After 1990, General Norman Schwarzkopf reoriented CENTCOMs planning to fend off a threat from Iraq, U. S. President George Bush responded quickly. A timely deployment of forces and the formation of a coalition deterred Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, the buildup of forces continued, reinforced by United Nations Security Council Resolution 678, which called for Iraqi forces to leave Kuwait. On January 17,1991, U. S. and coalition forces launched Operation Desert Storm with an air interdiction campaign
United States
United States Army
706th Military Intelligence Group
