1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
3.
Aberdeen Proving Ground
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Aberdeen Proving Ground is a United States Army facility located adjacent to Aberdeen, Maryland. Part of the facility is a place, which had a population of 3,116 at the 2000 census. APG is the U. S. Armys oldest active proving ground, established on October 20,1917 and its location allowed design and testing of ordnance materiel to take place near contemporary industrial and shipping centers. The proving ground was created as a successor to the Sandy Hook Proving Ground, at the peak of World War II, APG had billeting space for 2,348 officers and 24,189 enlisted personnel. These poison gas manufacturing facilities came to be known as Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood Arsenal included plants to manufacture mustard gas, chloropicrin and phosgene, and separate facilities to fill artillery shells with these chemicals. Production began in 1918, reached 2,756 tons per month, some of this gas was shipped overseas for use in French and British artillery shells. The Edgewood area of Aberdeen Proving Ground is approximately 13,000 acres, the Edgewood area was used for the development and testing of chemical agent munitions. From 1917 to the present, the Edgewood area conducted chemical research programs, manufactured chemical agents, and tested, stored, from 1955 to 1975, the U. S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing. About 7,000 soldiers took part in experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals. Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents, the Gunpowder Meetinghouse and Presbury Meetinghouse are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Other parts of APG not attached to the installation include the Churchville Test Area in Harford County. The eastern half Carroll Island was used as a location for open air static testing of chemical weapons since the 1950s. Simulant agents, incendiaries, decontaminating compounds, signaling and screening smokes, mustard, the test sites consisted of spray grids, a wind tunnel, test grids, and small buildings. Edgewood Chemical Activity is a depot located at APG. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11,2001, attacks, Fort Hoyle was established on October 7,1922, and was created from a portion of the Edgewood Arsenal. Named for Brigadier General Eli D, Fort Hoyle was officially disestablished as a separate military post when it was reabsorbed by Edgewood Arsenal on September 10,1940. The U. S. Army Ordnance Corps Museum previously located at APG, was moved to Fort Lee, Virginia as a result of the 2005 Base Relocation, APG is located at 39°28′24″N 76°8′27″W and occupies a land area of 293 square kilometres
4.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
5.
Major general (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star general-officer rank, with the pay grade of O-8. Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general, a major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers. Major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps, some of these slots are reserved or finitely set by statute. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the Joint Chiefs of Staff for review before it can be sent to the President, through the Secretary of Defense for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once confirmed, the nominee is promoted to rank on assuming a position of office that requires an officer to hold the rank. For positions of office that are reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, since the grade of major general is permanent, the rank does not expire when the officer vacates a two-star position. Tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, and/or when the officer receives a new assignment or a promotion, in the case of the Air National Guard, they may also serve as The Adjutant General for their state, commonwealth or territory. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement of general officers, all major generals must retire after five years in grade or 35 years of service, whichever is later, unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense may defer a general officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, because there are a finite number of General Officer positions, one officer must retire before another can be promoted. As a result, general officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. The rank of general was abolished in the U. S. Army by the Act of March 16,1802. Major general has been a rank in the U. S. Army ever since, to address this anomaly, Washington was posthumously promoted by Congress to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The position of Major General Commanding the Army was entitled to three stars according to General Order No.6 of March 13,1861
6.
Distinctive unit insignia
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A distinctive unit insignia is a metallic heraldic badge or device worn by soldiers in the United States Army. The DUI design is derived from the coat of arms authorized for a unit, DUIs may also be called distinctive insignia, a crest or a unit crest by soldiers or collectors. The term crest however, in addition to being incorrect, may be misleading, the term crest properly refers to the portion of an achievement of arms which stands atop the helmet over the shield of arms. The U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry is responsible for the design, development, Distinctive ornamentation of a design desired by the organization was authorized for wear on the Mess Jacket uniform by designated organizations per General Order 132 dated December 31,1902. The distinctive ornamentation was described later as coats of arms, pins, the authority continued until omitted in the Army uniform regulation dated December 26,1911. Various organizations which carry colors or standards have generally submitted coats of arms having certain historical significance, as fast as approved these coats of arms will for the basis for regimental colors or standards which will eventually replace the present regimental colors or standards when these wear out. The use of coats of arms as collar ornaments in lieu of the insignia of corps, departments. The first unit to wear this insignia was the 51st Artillery which received approval for wear on March 18,1922 and it was designed by Master Gunner and Master Sergeant Edward C. Kuhn, the artist responsible for creating all authorized coats of arms, up until 1965, only regiments and separate battalions were authorized a coat of arms and distinctive units insignia. Now all major commands, field hospitals, corps, logistics commands and certain other units – groups, the unit commanding officer requests approval of a distinctive unit insignia. A check is made by the Institute of Heraldry to determine the availability of a current copy of the lineage, if such is not available, one is requested from the United States Army Center of Military History. The units history is reviewed to determine if the unit may inherit a previously approved distinctive unit insignia or if a new design should be made, if a new design is to be made, careful study is made of the history and battle honors of the unit. The most important decorations, honors, combat service and missions are represented in the design of the insignia, sometimes two centuries of history are condensed into symbolism for distinctive unit insignia. A proposed design is created and sent to the officer for review. Upon concurrence by the commander an official letter of approval of the distinctive unit insignia is sent to the unit. Manufacturing drawings and specifications are sent to a manufacturer which provides samples of the finished distinctive unit insignia to the Institute of Heraldry for approval. Once approved the manufacturer may produce this insignia, each manufacturer has an identifying hallmark assigned by the Institute of Heraldry which is applied to the back of the insignia. The shield shape design is used to identify color bearing organizations, other design patterns will be used for non-color bearing units
7.
Shoulder sleeve insignia
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A shoulder sleeve insignia, is an embroidered patch used by major formations of the United States Army. Each formation has a unique formation patch, and the U. S. Army is unique among the U. S, armed Forces in that all soldiers are required to wear the patch of their headquarters as part of their military uniforms. Shoulder sleeve insignia worn on the right shoulders on Army uniforms denote former wartime service. These combat patches are worn on the Army Combat Uniform but are not worn on the Army Service Uniform, instead a 2 inch metal replica is worn on the right breast pocket and is officially known as the Combat Service Identification Badge. Shoulder sleeve insignia were designed with intricate designs including bright colors. However, with the retirement of the Army Green Uniform in 2015, for combat uniforms, subdued versions have been created for wear on the battlefield. Full color SSI were only worn on the green Class A uniform, however, with the ACU, the MP brassard was replaced by a rectangular patch made of fabric or infrared-reflective material, reading MP. The subdued version of the SSI created for the Battle Dress Uniform features patches that are primarily olive, dark brown and black, in general, this version is obsolete because the Army phased out the BDU in favor of the Army Combat Uniform. A few examples remain, as older accessories, such as BDU winter weather jackets and coats are still in use by some units. These jackets still use the subdued BDU SSI, the subdued version created for the Desert Camouflage Uniform is primarily tan and Spice brown, to match the uniforms design. This version is obsolete, as the Army phased out DCUs in favor of ACUs. The subdued version created for the Army Combat Uniform is the widely used in the field today. Since the Army-wide adoption of the ACU, SSI for the ACU have been developed and these SSI are primarily foliage green, light brown, and black, though a few patches also feature red and maroon colors for some details. Unlike previous patches, the ACU SSI are velcro, designed to attach to the velcro pockets on the shoulder of the uniform and this makes them easier to remove and replace. Since the development of the Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern uniform new SSI have been procured where the Foliage green of the ACU SSI is replaced by Bagby green, velcro remains the method for attaching the SSI to the uniform. Well-recognized examples are the shoulder insignia for the 1st Infantry Division. In the U. S. Army, the SSI is worn on the upper arm, just below the uniforms shoulder seam on all. On the Army Combat Uniform the SSI is attached to a backing and is then centered on rectangle of velcro on the arm
8.
Alaska
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Alaska is a U. S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America. To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas–the southern parts of the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area, the 3rd least populous, approximately half of Alaskas residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Alaskas economy is dominated by the fishing, natural gas, military bases and tourism are also a significant part of the economy. The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30,1867, the area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11,1912. It was admitted as the 49th state of the U. S. on January 3,1959, the name Alaska was introduced in the Russian colonial period when it was used to refer to the peninsula. It was derived from an Aleut, or Unangam idiom, which refers to the mainland of Alaska. Literally, it means object to which the action of the sea is directed, Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U. S. state on continental North America and it is technically part of the continental U. S. but is sometimes not included in colloquial use, Alaska is not part of the contiguous U. S. often called the Lower 48. The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent but is not connected by road to the rest of the North American highway system. Alaskas territorial waters touch Russias territorial waters in the Bering Strait, as the Russian Big Diomede Island, Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other U. S. states combined. Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles, over twice the size of Texas, Alaska is larger than all but 18 sovereign countries. Counting territorial waters, Alaska is larger than the area of the next three largest states, Texas, California, and Montana. It is also larger than the area of the 22 smallest U. S. states. Also referred to as the Panhandle or Inside Passage, this is the region of Alaska closest to the rest of the United States, as such, this was where most of the initial non-indigenous settlement occurred in the years following the Alaska Purchase. The region is dominated by the Alexander Archipelago as well as the Tongass National Forest and it contains the state capital Juneau, the former capital Sitka, and Ketchikan, at one time Alaskas largest city. The Alaska Marine Highway provides a vital transportation link throughout the area. The Interior is the largest region of Alaska, much of it is uninhabited wilderness, Fairbanks is the only large city in the region
9.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
10.
Fort Hood
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Fort Hood is a U. S. military post located in Killeen, Texas. The post is named after Confederate General John Bell Hood and it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about 60 miles from each, within the U. S. state of Texas. Fort Hood is an installation of the United States Army and is the largest military base in the world more than 215,000 acres. Its origin was the need for space to test and train with World War II tank destroyers. The War Department announced the location in January 1942, and the completion was set for that August. As originally constructed, Fort Hood had an area of 158,706 acres, the main cantonment of Fort Hood had a total population of 53,416 as of the 2010 U. S. Census. Fort Hood is the most populous U. S. military installation in the world, the main business area is in Bell County, with the training countryside area of the post in Coryell County. In April 2014, the Fort Hood website lists 45,414 assigned soldiers and 8,900 civilian employees with Fort Hood covering 214,000 acres, during World War II, tank destroyers were developed to counter German mobile armored units. These were mobile anti-tank guns on armored halftracks or specially developed tanks, wide-open space was needed for the tank destroyer testing and training, which Texas had in abundance. Andrew Davis Bruce was assigned to organize a new Tank Destroyer Tactical and Firing Center, the War Department announced the selection on 15 January 1942. An initial acquisition of 108,000 acres was made, and it was estimated that the camp would cost $22,800,000 for the land, facilities, the date of completion was set for 15 August 1942. About 300 families had to move from their homes to make room for the area and the communities of Clear Creek, Elijah. The old Sugar Loaf community, historically called the Cradle of Killeen, all that remains of the community is the mountain from which it took its name, located in the Fort Hood area. To lessen the burden of moving, the Army agreed to land to be used for grazing for a nominal grazing fee. This grazing arrangement still continues today, in mid-August the camp was occupied and the official opening took place on 18 September 1942. Camp Hood was named for the Confederate General John Bell Hood, the original facilities provided housing and training sites for nearly 38,000 troops. In January 1943, an additional 16,000 acres in Bell County and 34,943 acres in Coryell County near Gatesville, the site near Gatesville was known as the sub-camp and later as North Camp Hood. During the war years, North Camp Hood housed nearly 40,000 troops and 4,000 prisoners of war, and was the site for the southern branch of the United States Disciplinary Barracks
11.
Dugway Proving Ground
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In 1968 more than 6,000 sheep were killed in the Dugway sheep incident. In 2015 it was revealed that the Dugway lab had inadvertently shipped live anthrax spores, Dugway Proving Ground is located about 85 miles southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, in southern Tooele County and just north of Juab County. It encompasses 801,505 acres of the Great Salt Lake Desert, an area the size of the state of Rhode Island, and is surrounded on three sides by mountain ranges. It had a resident population of 795 persons as of the 2010 United States Census, all of whom lived in the community of Dugway, Utah, at its extreme eastern end. S. The transcontinental Lincoln Highway passed through the present site of the Dugway Proving Ground, at least one old wooden bridge over a creek still stands. The name Dugway comes from a technique of digging a trench into a hillside to create a surface along which a wagon can travel. Dugways mission is to test US and Allied biological and chemical defense systems in a secure. DPG also serves as a facility for US Army Reserve and US National Guard maneuver training, DPG is controlled by the United States Army Test and Evaluation Command. The area has also used by Army special forces for training in preparation for deployments to the War in Afghanistan. In 1941, the US Army Chemical Warfare Service determined it needed a testing facility more remote than the US Armys Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. The CWS surveyed the Western U. S. for a new location to conduct its tests, since its founding, much of Dugway Proving Ground activity has been a closely guarded secret. Testing commenced in the summer of 1942, during World War II, DPG tested toxic agents, flamethrowers, chemical spray systems, biological warfare weapons, fire bombing tactics, antidotes for chemical agents, and protective clothing. In October 1943, DPG established biological warfare facilities at UTTRs range telemetry and tracking radar installation, DPG was slowly phased out after World War II, until becoming inactive in August 1946. The base was reactivated during the Korean War, under Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel Speers Ponder, in October 1958, the United States Army Chemical Center, Maryland, detached the U. S. Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons School to Dugway Proving Grounds. From 1985 to 1991, Dugway Proving Ground was home to the Ranger Schools short-lived Desert Training Phase, the program was later moved back to its original site at Fort Bliss, Texas, in 1991, where it was deactivated in 1995. The Genesis spacecrafts accelerometer was installed backwards, which caused the spacecraft to malfunction upon re-entry to Earths atmosphere preventing the planned air retrieval. On January 26,2011, Dugway Proving Ground was placed on lockdown, al Vogel, a public affairs specialist for the installation, would only say that the lockdown began at 5,24 p. m. Employees were not allowed to leave, and those coming to work were not allowed in, Vogel said there were no injuries, no damage and no threats reported at the proving ground
12.
Redstone Arsenal
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Many of these units are moving due to decisions by the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The Redstone Arsenal CDP had a population of 1,946 as of the 2010 census, the base contains a government and contractor workforce that averages 36,000 to 40,000 personnel daily. The team first worked on ballistic missiles, starting with V-2 rocket derivatives before moving on to a series of larger designs. Many of their tests were carried out at White Sands Missile Range, in late 1956 the Army was relieved of most of its ballistic missiles in favor of similar weapons operated by the US Air Force. The German design team was spun off to become part of the newly founded NASA. Redstone served as the site for space launch vehicle design into the 1960s. Redstone Arsenal is located at 34°41′03″N 86°39′15″W, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the Redstone CDP has a total area of 7.8 square miles, all land. Redstone Arsenal contains extensive wetland areas associated with the Tennessee River and several local springs, a total of 651 prehistoric archaeological sites were recorded on Redstone Arsenal to date. At least 22 have components dating to the Paleo-Indian period, the Paleo-Indian projectile point called the Redstone Point was named after Redstone Arsenal where it was first identified. Euroamerican settlers began to establish homesteads on the land that is now Redstone Arsenal by the first decade of the 19th century, prior to the Civil War, the landscape was dominated by several large plantations, the remains of which survive as archaeological sites. The land played a role during the Civil War with activity limited to the posting of pickets along the Tennessee River bank. Following the war, many of the plantations were increasingly divided into smaller parcels owned by small farmers. By the start of the 20th century, many of the farms were owned by absentee owners, with the land being worked by tenants, the remains of hundreds of tenant and sharecropper houses still dot the landscape around the installation. As part of the leading to U. S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in Edgewood. Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants, most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department, a land-use agreement was arranged with the Tennessee Valley Authority for the Army to use about 1,250 acres of land along the Tennessee River. The name Redstone drew on the red rocks and soil. In its early years, the produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as phosgene, Lewisite
13.
White Sands Missile Range
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White Sands Missile Range is a United States Army military testing area of almost 3,200 sq mi in parts of five counties in southern New Mexico. Just seven days later, the first atomic bomb test, code named Trinity was exploded at Trinity Site, designated historic sites on WSMR land include, Trinity Site, Selected in November 1944 for the Trinity nuclear test conducted on 16 July 1945. White Sands V-2 Launching Site, A V-2 static test firing was 15 March 1946, the White Sands Test Center headquartered at the WSMR Post Area has branches for Manned Tactical Systems & Electromagnetic Radiation and conducts missile testing and range recovery operations. White Sands Hall of Fame, which inducts members such as the first range commander, Col. Harold Turner,1972 DoD Centers for Countermeasures, which evaluate precision guided munitions and other devices in electronic counter- and counter-countermeasures environments. 1963 NASA White Sands Test Facilitys ground station for Tracking and Data Relay Satellites, the North Oscura Peak facility of the AFRL Directed Energy Directorate 1930, Robert Goddard began rocket testing in New Mexico. 1940s, When the range was formed, ranchers land was leased and, in the 1970s, 1941-12, Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range established near the West Texas Bombardier Triangle. 1941-12, Executive Order No.9029 canceled grazing leases on the newly established Alamogordo Bombing, 1942-07, Goddards rocket research group moved from Roswell, New Mexico, to Annapolis, Maryland. 1944-02, War Department and the Corps of Engineers Ordnance Department teams looked for a US missile test site, 1945-07-13, McDonald Ranch House, Manhattan Project location for the final assembly of the prototype Fat Man plutonium bomb. 1945-07-16, Trinity test of the bomb, the first nuclear weapon tested in the world. 1945-02-20, The Secretary of War approved establishment of WSPG, 1945-04-01, The first Private F launch was at WSPG. 1945-06-25, WSPG construction began with drilling of water wells, 1945-07, First of 300 railroad cars of German V-2 components began to arrive at Las Cruces, New Mexico. 1945-09, The blockhouse at Army Launch Area 1 was completed, 1945-09-16, First WAC Corporal test firing. 1945-11, GE contractors began to identify, sort, and reassemble V-2 components in Building 1538,1946,35 of the Operation Paperclip scientists from Germany were working at WSPG. 1946-05-26, The 4th U. S. V-2 launch was tracked by two AN/MPQ-2 stations,1946 summer, New WSPG quarters were completed and the Medical Detachment and 3 batteries moved from Ft Bliss. 1946-09, First static firing of a Nike missile was at WSPG,1947, A merging of military areas established the New Mexico Joint Guided Missile Test Range. 1947-11-14, The USAFs Alamogordo Guided Missile Test Base on the range had its first GAPA missile launch, 1948-05 to 1949-4, First six flight attempts for the Project Bumper two-stage V-2 SRBM/WAC Corporal two-stage research vehicles as the worlds first high-speed multistage rockets to be launched. 1949, German scientists transferred from New Mexico to Alabama 1949-07, 1951-07, The AGMTB became a sub-base of Floridas Air Force Missile Test Center until 31 August 1952. 1951-08-22, Broomstick Scientists in a unit of the 9393 Technical Service Unit conducted their first launch, 1952-05, An additional 40 mi ×117 mi was set aside for the Alamogordo bombing range, White Sands proving ground, and the Fort Bliss antiaircraft range
14.
Yuma Proving Ground
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Yuma Proving Ground is a United States Army facility and one of the largest military installations in the world. The proving ground tests on nearly every weapon system in the ground combat arsenal. Munitions and artillery systems are tested here in an area almost completely removed from urban encroachment, restricted airspace controlled by the test center amounts to over 2,000 square miles. Over 3000 people, mostly civilian, work at the proving ground and it is a major economic player in Yuma County, with an economic impact of over $430 million annually. Yuma Proving Ground is the largest single employer of civilians in the county, though about 90 percent of the proving grounds workload is devoted to the test and evaluation of weapon systems and munitions, training activities are important. Dozens of units visit the ground each year for realistic desert training. Realistic villages and road networks representing urban areas in Southwest Asia have been constructed and are used for testing counter-measures to the threat of roadside bombs, the General Motors Desert Proving Ground – Yuma was officially opened at the proving ground in late July 2009. Costing over $100 million, General Motors built the facility after closing its desert automotive test facility in Mesa, Arizona and it is estimated that the track can be used to test about 80 percent of the Armys wheeled vehicle fleet. Yuma Proving Grounds clean air, low humidity, skimpy rainfall—only about 3 inches per year—and annual average of 350 sunny days, urban encroachment and noise concerns are nonexistent problems, unlike at many other military installations. An excellent two-way relationship has developed between the ground and local community elected officials and community leaders. Of the four extreme natural environments recognized as critical in the testing of military equipment, realistic natural environment testing ensures that American military equipment performs as advertised, wherever deployed around the world. The common link between these test centers is environmental testing, which makes the ground the Armys environmental test expert. Nearly all the long-range artillery testing for U. S. ground forces takes place at Yuma Proving Ground. Many friendly foreign nations also visit the ground to conduct test programs, including Germany, Japan, Canada, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, the United Kingdom. U. S. Army Yuma Proving Ground is a command of the Army Test. The presence of the U. S. Army in Yuma goes back to 1850, soldiers at Fort Yuma maintained peace and protected the important Yuma crossing, which was used by thousands of travelers each year. The Army constructed a facility in 1865, the Yuma Quartermaster Depot, to act as a supply base for Army posts throughout Arizona. Supplies were delivered by riverboats and transported from the depot to military outposts by wagon, after Fort Yuma and the Yuma Quartermaster Depot closed in the 1880s, the Army did not to return to Yuma on a permanent basis until World War II
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Fort Greely
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Fort Greely is a United States Army launch site for anti-ballistic missiles located about 100 miles southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. It is also the home of the Cold Regions Test Center, as Fort Greely is one of the coldest areas in Alaska, and can accommodate cold, extreme-cold and it is named in honor of Major General Adolphus Greely. There was an earlier Fort Greely on Kodiak Island, the camp was established in 1942 as Big Delta Army Air Field. During World War II, the Alaska Highway was built to connect a road in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada with the Richardson Highway in Alaska, a distance of 1,423 miles. The Alaska Highway met the Richardson Highway at Delta Junction, five miles north on the Richardson Highway from what is now Fort Greely. The United States used the base to help Russia fight Germany and Japan by sending airplanes and supplies authorized by the Lend-lease act through Alaska, the name was later changed to Allen Army Airfield. After World War II, Fort Greely was built south of the airfield, after World War II, the War Department decided that an American soldier must be able to live and operate in any degree of cold. This decision was based on experience gained in combat and predictions of future possibilities for international obligations, a group of task forces was therefore organized to test U. S. Army equipment in the cold. Task Force Frigid and Task Force Williwaw were dispatched to Alaska during the winters of 1946 and 1947, a related trial unit, Task Force Frost, incorporated elements of the 66th Armor Regiment and underwent tests in Camp McCoy, Wisconsin at roughly the same time. The expense of moving in and out was taken into consideration when the reports were filed. When questions arose concerning the reports, there was no one available to them, for the task forces had been disbanded. Based on these results, it was recommended that a permanent test organization be established, in 1949, the Department of the Army ordered the organization of the Arctic Test Branch at Big Delta Air Force Base, Alaska. A cadre for the organization was activated at Fort Knox, Kentucky, in March 1949, the organization moved to Alaska in July 1949 and test operations were initiated. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to the Arctic Training Center. In 1957, it was renamed the U. S. Army Arctic Test Board, from 1955, Fort Greely and a huge tract of land around it were used for training soldiers for cold-weather combat during the Cold War with the former Soviet Union. The initial operators at Fort Greely were military NCOs, but civilians were later hired. In August 1962, as a result of the reorganization of the Army, in 1976, the U. S. Army Arctic Test Center was renamed the U. S. Army Cold Regions Test Center. In 1991, when the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1995, operations at Fort Greely were slated for further reductions to save money
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Fort Bragg
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Fort Bragg is an installation of the United States Army and is the largest military base in the world with more than 50,000 active duty personnel. The base is located within Cumberland, Hoke, Harnett and Moore counties, Fort Bragg borders the towns of Fayetteville, Spring Lake and Southern Pines. It was also a place in the 2010 Census, during which a population of 39,457 was identified. The fort is named for Confederate general Braxton Bragg and it covers over 251 square miles. It is also home to the U. S. Army Forces Command, U. S. Army Reserve Command, Camp Bragg was established in 1918 as an artillery training ground. The Chief of Field Artillery, General William J. Camp Bragg was named to honor a native North Carolinian, Braxton Bragg, the aim was for six artillery brigades to be stationed there and $6,000,000 was spent on the land and cantonments. There was an airfield on the used by aircraft and balloons for artillery spotters. The airfield was named Pope Field on April 1,1919, in honor of First Lieutenant Harley H. Pope, the work on the camp was finished on November 1,1919. The original plan for six brigades was abandoned after World War I ended, the artillery men, their equipment and material from Camp McClellan, Alabama, were moved over to Fort Bragg and testing began on long-range weapons that were a product of the war. The six artillery brigades were reduced to two cantonments and a garrison was to be built for Army troops as well as a National Guard training center, in early 1921 two field artillery units, the 13th and 17th Field Artillery Brigades, began training at Camp Bragg. The same year, the Long Street Church and six acres of property were acquired for the reservation, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Due to the cutbacks, the camp was nearly closed for good when the War department issued orders to close the camp on August 7,1921. General Albert J. Bowley was commander at the camp and after much campaigning, and getting the Secretary of War to visit the camp, the Field Artillery Board was transferred to Fort Bragg on February 1,1922. Camp Bragg was renamed Fort Bragg, to becoming a permanent Army post. From 1923 to 1924 permanent structures were constructed on Fort Bragg, by 1940, during World War II, the population of Fort Bragg had reached 5,400, however, in the following year, that number ballooned to 67,000. The population reached a peak of 159,000 during the war years, following World War II, the 82nd Airborne Division was permanently stationed at Fort Bragg, the only large unit there for some time. In July 1951, the XVIII Airborne Corps was reactivated at Fort Bragg, Fort Bragg became a center for unconventional warfare, with the creation of the Psychological Warfare Center in April 1952, followed by the 10th Special Forces Group. In 1961, the 5th Special Forces Group was activated at Fort Bragg, also in 1961, the Iron Mike statue, a tribute to all Airborne soldiers, past, present and future, was dedicated
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Fort Bliss
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Fort Bliss is a United States Army post in the U. S. states of New Mexico and Texas, with its headquarters located in El Paso, Texas. It is FORSCOMs largest installation, and has the Armys largest Maneuver Area ahead of the National Training Center, part of the post in El Paso County, Texas, is a census-designated place, it had a population of 8,591 at the 2010 census. Fort Bliss provides the largest contiguous tract of restricted airspace in the Continental United States, the airspace is used for missile and artillery training and testing. Fort Bliss is home to the 1st Armored Division, which returned to US soil in 2011, the division is supported by the 15th Sustainment Brigade. The installation is also home to the 32nd Army Air & Missile Defense Command, the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, the 212th Fires Brigade, the headquarters for the El Paso Intelligence Center, a federal tactical operational intelligence center, is hosted at Fort Bliss. Its DoD counterpart, Joint Task Force North, is at Biggs Army Airfield, Biggs Field, a military airport located at Fort Bliss, is designated a military power projection platform. Fort Bliss National Cemetery is located on the post, in 1846, Colonel Alexander Doniphan led 1st Regiment of Missouri mounted volunteers through El Paso del Norte, with victories at the Battle of El Brazito and the Battle of the Sacramento. Then on 7 November 1848, War Department General Order no.58 ordered the establishment of a post across from El Paso del Norte. Van Horne also had command of the Post at San Elizario. With constant Indian raids, garrisons had to be moved frequently to meet the shifting threats, in September 1851, the Post Opposite El Paso and the Post at San Elizario were closed, the soldiers moved 40 miles north to Fort Fillmore. On 11 January 1854, Companies B, E, I and K of the 8th Infantry, Alexander, established Post of El Paso at Magoffinsville under orders from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. The post became Fort Bliss on 8 March 1854, there it remained for the next 14 years, serving as a base for troops guarding the area against Apache attacks. Until 1861 most of troops were units of the 8th Infantry Brigade. Initially the Confederate Army had success in their attempts to control of New Mexico. The Confederate garrison abandoned Fort Bliss without a fight the next year when a Federal column of 2,350 men under the command of Colonel James H. Carleton advanced from California. After May 1867 Rio Grande flooding seriously damaged the Magoffinsville post, Camp Concordias location was immediately south of what is now Interstate 10, across from Concordia Cemetery in El Paso. The Rio Grande was about a mile south of the camp at that time, on 11 March 1869 the old name of Fort Bliss was resumed. The Concordia post was abandoned in January 1877, and after troops left in January, by that time, the town and its environs on the north side of the river had swelled to a population of almost 800
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Fort Sill
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Fort Sill, Oklahoma is a United States Army post north of Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. Today, Fort Sill remains the only active Army installation of all the forts on the Southern Plains built during the Indian Wars, Fort Sill is also one of the four locations for Army Basic Combat Training. It has played a significant role in every major American conflict since 1869, sheridans massive winter campaign involved six cavalry regiments accompanied by frontier scouts such as Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild Bill Hickok, Ben Clark and Jack Stilwell. At first, the garrison was called Camp Wichita and was referred to by the Indians as the Soldier House at Medicine Bluffs. Sheridan later named it in honor of his West Point classmate and friend, Brigadier General Joshua W. Sill, the first post commander was Brevet Maj. Gen. Benjamin Grierson and the first Indian agent was Colonel Albert Gallatin Boone, grandson of Daniel Boone. Fort Sill soldiers were restricted from taking action against the Indians. The Indians resumed raiding the Texas frontier and used Fort Sill as a sanctuary, in 1871, General of the Army William Tecumseh Sherman arrived at Fort Sill from Fort Richardson, Texas, while on a tour of Army posts throughout the country. Sherman was at Fort Richardson when they became aware of the Warren Wagon Train Raid, soon after Sherman arrived at Fort Sill, the Indian Agent brought several Kiowa chiefs to tell their story about attacking the wagon train. When Sherman ordered their arrest during a meeting on Griersons porch, in memory of the event, the Commanding Generals quarters were dubbed Sherman House. The Army arrested three chiefs during the skirmish, Satank, Satanta and Addo-etta. Sherman ordered them to Texas for a trial for the murders. When the three were put into a wagon and taken under escort to Fort Richardson, Satank began his death song. A mile down the trail, he grabbed the carbine of one of the troopers in the wagon, before he could cock and fire it, he was hit by several shots fired by the escort. Satank was left against a tree and the continued on its mission. A marker on Berry Road near the curve marks the spot where Satank and his grave is in Chiefs Knoll in the post cemetery. Satanta and Addo-etta were tried by Texas courts on 5 and 6 July and they were sentenced to death by hanging. Supporters of the Quaker peace policy convinced Governor Edmund J. Davis to commute the Indians sentences to life imprisonment, then in October 1873 they were paroled. In June 1874, the Comanches, Kiowas and Southern Cheyennes engaged in the Red River War, lasting a year, it was a war of attrition involving relentless pursuit by converging military columns
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Fort Huachuca
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Fort Huachuca is a United States Army installation, established 3 March 1877 as Camp Huachuca. The garrison is now under the command of the United States Army Installation Management Command. It is located in Cochise County, in southeast Arizona, about 15 miles north of the border with Mexico and at the end of the Huachuca Mountains. From 1913 to 1933 the fort was the base for the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry Regiment, during the buildup of World War II, the fort had quarters for more than 25,000 male soldiers and hundreds of WACs. In the 2010 census, Fort Huachuca had a population of about 6,500 active duty soldiers,7,400 military family members and 5,000 civilian employees. Fort Huachuca has over 18,000 people on post during the working hours of 0700 and 1600 on week days. The major units are the United States Army Network Enterprise Technology Command, Libby Army Airfield is on post and shares its runway with Sierra Vista Municipal Airport. It was a landing location for the space shuttle. Fort Huachuca is also the headquarters of Army Military Auxiliary Radio System, other units include the Joint Interoperability Test Command, the Information Systems Engineering Command and the Electronic Proving Ground. The fort has a radar-equipped aerostat, one of a series maintained for the Drug Enforcement Administration by Harris Corporation, the aerostat is northeast of Garden Canyon and supports the DEA drug interdiction mission by detecting low-flying aircraft attempting to enter the United States from Mexico. Fort Huachuca contains the Western Division of the Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center which is based at the 139th Airlift Wing, Rosecrans Air National Guard Base, Saint Joseph, Missouri. Sierra Vista, which annexed the post in 1971, is located south and east of the post, the installation was founded to counter the Chiricahua Apache threat and secure the border with Mexico. On 3 March 1877, Captain Samuel Marmaduke Whitside led two companies of the 6th Cavalry and chose a site at the base of the Huachuca Mountains that provided sheltering hills, in 1882, Camp Huachuca was redesignated a fort. General Nelson A. Miles controlled Fort Huachuca as his headquarters, after the surrender of Geronimo in 1886, the Apache threat was essentially extinguished, but the army continued to operate Fort Huachuca because of its strategic border position. In 1913, the became the base for the Buffalo Soldiers, the 10th Cavalry Regiment. It served this purpose for twenty years, during General Pershings failed Punitive Expedition of 1916–1917, he used the fort as a forward logistics and supply base. From 1916–1917, the base was commanded by Charles Young, the first African American to be promoted to colonel and he left because of medical reasons. In 1933, the 25th Infantry Regiment replaced the 10th Cavalry at the fort, with the build-up during World War II, the fort had an area of 71,253 acres, with quarters for 1,251 officers and 24,437 enlisted soldiers
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Air Force Test Center
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The Air Force Test Center is a development and test organization of the United States Air Force. It conducts research, development, test, and evaluation of systems from concept to deployment. It has test flown every aircraft in the Air Forces inventory since World War II, the center employs nearly 13,000 people and controls the second largest base in the Air Force. On 6 July 2012, the previous Air Force Flight Test Center was redesignated the Air Force Test Center, up until July 2012, the AFTC consists of two subordinate wings. The 95th Air Base Wing provides installation support for all units on Edwards Air Force Base, the 412th Test Wing conducts aircraft testing and evaluation. In July 2012, the redesignated 96th Test Wing at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, the Air Force Test Center conducts developmental and follow-on testing and evaluation of manned and unmanned aircraft and related avionics, flight-control, and weapon systems. AFTC also operates the USAF Test Pilot School, which trains test pilots, flight-test engineers, the Air Force Test Center develops, operates and maintains the Edwards Flight Test Range and Utah Test and Training Range. It also operates the U. S. Air Force Test Pilot School, the Center provides test infrastructure, overhead support for development, and operational test and evaluation support for aerospace research vehicles. AFFTC resources include the test and evaluation mission simulator, the Benefield Anechoic Chamber, Ridley Mission Control, the Wing also oversees the base’s day-to-day operations and provides support for military, federal civilian, and contract personnel assigned to Edwards AFB. 412th Operations Group. There are eight flight test squadrons under the 412th Operations Group with as many as 20 aircraft assigned to each, the 412 OG flies an average of 90 aircraft with upwards of 30 different aircraft designs. It also performs more than 7,400 missions on an annual basis and they provide the tools, talent and equipment for the core disciplines of aircraft structures, propulsion, avionics and electronic warfare evaluation of the latest weapon system technologies. The Project and Resource Management Divisions provide the foundation for the program management of test missions. 412th Civil Engineer Division 412th Maintenance Group 412th Medical Group 412th Mission Support Group U. S, human lives and millions of dollars depend upon how carefully a test mission is planned and flown. The comprehensive curriculum of Test Pilot School is fundamental to the success of flight test, Detachment 1, Air Force Test Center, United States Air Force Plant 42, Palmdale, California. Aircraft manufacturing facility. *** *** Detachment 3, Air Force Test Center is a designated name for facilities at Groom Lake, Nevada. The museum also features 40 aircraft on display at the museum or the nearby Blackbird Airpark in Palmdale, the museum also features aircraft engines, missiles, hardware, life support equipment, technical drawings, test reports memorabilia, and models. Flight testing began at Muroc Army Air Base during World War II and it dates to 17 February 1942 when the 477th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron was moved from Wright Field, Ohio to the Muroc Bombing and Gunnery Range. Its mission was to test the secret Bell Aircraft XP-59A jet fighter, Muroc was chosen as it was a secluded site in the Mojave Desert out of the public eye
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Naval Undersea Warfare Center
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One of the corporate laboratories of the Naval Sea Systems Command, NUWC is headquartered in Newport, Rhode Island, and has two major subordinate activities — Division Newport and Division Keyport. NUWC also controls the Fox Island Facility and Gould Island, NUWC employs more than 4,400 civilian and military personnel, with budgets of over US$1 billion. In 1869 the U. S. Naval Torpedo Station was founded in Newport on Goat Island, the United States Army adopted the Navy formulation in 1908 and began manufacture at Picatinny Arsenal. A factory was built in 1907 to manufacture steam torpedoes for the United States Navy, the torpedo factory became a major employer in the Newport area as Rhode Island congressmen protected the factory from competition. The Torpedo Station designed the Mark VI magnetic influence fuze for torpedoes during the 1920s, fuze design and production was undertaken in great secrecy for the newly designed Mark 14 torpedo. Economies of the Great Depression limited torpedo production and prevented adequate testing of either the Mark 14 torpedo or the new Mark VI fuze, skilled craftsmen at the torpedo factory unknowingly produced a nonfunctional design. Newports torpedo factory was unable to produce enough torpedoes to match combat use through the first year of World War II, Newport Torpedo Stations unjustified confidence in their precision-crafted torpedoes delayed recognition of problems being reported by submarines using the torpedoes in combat. Testing which might have been completed at the Torpedo Station was less effectively undertaken by operational submarines. Acknowledgement of inaccurate depth settings was delayed until August 1942, the Naval Torpedo Station researched and tested underwater weaponry through World War I and World War II creating additional facilities on Rose Island, Fox Island and Gould Island. In 1951 the station on Goat Island was reorganized, For the next 15 years, it was the Underwater Ordnance Station and that year, the Underwater Sound Laboratory from New London, Conn. was combined with the Newport facility to form the Naval Underwater Systems Center or NUSC. In 1992, the command was reorganized as the Naval Undersea Warfare Center, the Connecticut office concentrated on passive sonar systems and devices while the Massachusetts office developed active systems and devices. Significant accomplishments during World War II included the development of greatly improved surface ship and submarine sonar systems, acoustic homing torpedoes, sonobuoys, and acoustic mines. This work contributed greatly to the success against U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic, also in 1941 the United States Navy established the Underwater Sound Reference Laboratory in Orlando, Florida. The lab was built on the site of Fort Gatlin on the shore of Lake Gem Mary because the sinkhole-formed lake is very deep. The Orlando lab closed in 1997 and the building was turned over to civil administration thereafter. By 1946, the efforts of the Harvard and Columbia labs were combined at Fort Trumbull as the Navy Underwater Sound Laboratory under the Navys Bureau of Ships. Research intensified during the Cold War, which was as much a race with the Soviets as it was an arms race. The Sound Labs efforts were key to the development of both submarine and anti-submarine warfare
22.
Marine Corps Test Unit
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The Marine Corps Test Unit 1, or MCTU #1, was an experimental testing unit of the United States Marine Corps. It was established outside the Fleet Marine Force for the development of specialized tactics, techniques and organizational concepts and it reported directly to the Commandant of the Marine Corps. The two atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan to end World War II demonstrated the threat of nuclear warfare and we must think in terms of 200 miles in width and depth. However the Marine Corps didnt have enough helicopters nor the individual helicopter lift capability at that time to employ the tactics needed to implement Colonel Cushmans concept of dispersion. On 1 July 1955, Commandant Shepherd approved his staffs recommendation and activated Marine Corps Test Unit #1, the commandant acted upon that MCTU #1 would case its colors and integrate its research and development, merging their roles into the amphibious reconnaissance companies. Major Bruce F. Meyers relieved Captain Michael Spark as the officer of 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company on 18 June 1957. The next day, 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company received orders from the Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, 1st Force Reconnaissance Company was activated on 19 June 1957 with Bruce F. Meyers as its first Commanding Officer. Captain Joseph Z. Taylor was his executive officer, although the MCTU #1 no longer existed, Major Meyers continued to pursue more unique methods in insertion capabilities. General Shepherd appointed Colonel Edward N, the Test Units Operations officer was Major Dewey Bob Bohn. The Infantry Battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Nelson, with Major Willmar Bill Bledsoe as the executive officer and it was assigned to test the feasibility of conducting major helicopter landing assaults projected from the sea. Similarly, amphib recon Marines tested the usage of submarines for coastal projection during World War II, a Plans and Development Section was formed on April 1955 to evaluate the trials and tests of the infantry battalion and other subordinated units experiments with MCTU #1. Major Bruce F. Meyers reported for duty and was initially was assigned as the assistant operations officer of the infantry battalion and he was subsequently redesignated as the Helicopter Assault Airborne Techniques Officer. By September 1955, the platoon, commanded by Captain Joseph Z. Taylor, was added to resolve the amphibious reconnaissance role in the Fleet Marine Force. It was also tasked to bring the past force-level preliminary amphib recon methods of World War II towards a modern approach that included parachute insertions and helicopter capabilities. An air element of a helicopter squadron was augmented with three observation helicopters and an additional six Grumman F9F-2 Panthers to support MCTU #1 during its research. A Marine Air Wing element was attached along with administrative and logistic support at the request from nearby MCAS El Toro, Major Bruce F. Meyers relieved Captain Michael Spark, who was later killed in the Vietnam War and awarded the Navy Cross. The next day on 19 June 1957, the newly assembled 1st Amphibious Reconnaissance Company was dissolved, casing its colors for the establishment of 1st Force Reconnaissance Company, Colonel Rydalch assumed additional duties as the titular head of the P&D Section. He assigned Lieutenant Colonels Regan Fuller and Chuck Bailey as the officers and supervisors of the daily tests
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United States Secretary of the Army
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The Secretary of the Army is nominated by the President and confirmed by the U. S. Senate, the Secretary of the Army is a non-Cabinet position serving under the Secretary of Defense. Robert M. Speer took office as Acting Secretary on January 20,2017 and he will perform his duties until the U. S. Senate confirms a new Army Secretary, Karl M. Schneider will perform the duties of Undersecretary of the Army. Mr. Speer was formerly Assistant Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Army is in effect the chief executive officer of the Department of the Army, and the Chief of Staff of the Army works directly for the Secretary of the Army. The Secretary presents and justifies Army policies, plans, programs, and budgets to the Secretary of Defense, other executive branch officials, the Secretary also communicates Army policies, plans, programs, capabilities, and accomplishments to the public. As necessary, the Secretary convenes meetings with the leadership of the Army to debate issues, provide direction. The Secretary is a member of the Defense Acquisition Board, other offices may be established by law or by the Secretary of the Army. No more than 1,865 officers of the Army on the active-duty list may be assigned or detailed to permanent duty in the Office of the Secretary of the Army and on the Army Staff
24.
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
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The Chief of Staff of the Army is a statutory office held by a four-star general in the United States Army. As the most senior uniformed officer assigned to serve in the Department of the Army, the CSA is the military advisor. The CSA is typically the officer on active-duty in the U. S. Army unless the Chairman and/or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are Army officers. The Chief of Staff of the Army is a position based in the Pentagon. While the CSA does not have command authority over Army forces proper. The current Chief of Staff of the Army is General Mark A. Milley, the CSA also directs the Inspector General of the Army to perform inspections and investigations as required. In addition, the CSA presides over the Army Staff and represents army capabilities, requirements, policy, plans, under delegation of authority made by the Secretary of the Army, the CSA designates army personnel and army resources to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands. Like the other counterparts, the CSA has no operational command authority over army forces. The CSA is served by a number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff of the Army, such as G-1, Personnel. The CSA base pay is $21,147.30 per month plus Personal Money Allowance of $333.33, basic allowance for subsistence of $253.38, the Chief of Staff of the Army is nominated by the President and must be confirmed by the Senate. By statute, the CSA is appointed as a four-star general, the Chief of Staff of the Army has an official residence, Quarters 1 at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall, Virginia. The Chief of Staff holds an annual future study program called Unified Quest, prior to 1903, the senior military officer in the army was the Commanding General, who reported to the Secretary of War. The first chief of staff moved his headquarters to Fort Myer in 1908, the rank listed is the rank when serving in the office. Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer Sergeant Major of the Army Bell, appendix B, Chronological List of Senior Officers of the United States Army. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Armys Senior Officer, United States Army Center of Military History. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Armys Senior Officer, United States Army Center of Military History. Chief of Staff, Prewar Plans and Preparations, United States Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military History, - full text The short film Big Picture, Top Soldier is available for free download at the Internet Archive
25.
Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army
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The Vice Chief of Staff generally handles the day-to-day administration of the Army Staff, freeing the Chief of Staff to attend to the interservice responsibilities of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. By statute, the Vice Chief of Staff is appointed as a general in the United States Army while so serving. The incumbent Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, since August 2014, is General Daniel B, under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of the Army the Vice Chief of Staff assists the Chief of Staff on missions and functions related to their duties. The Vice Chief of Staff also assists the Chief of Staff in the management/oversight of U. S. Army installations, the Vice Chief of Staff is the designated Army representative to the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. If the Chief of Staff is incapacitated or otherwise relieved of duty, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, from among the general officers of the Army
26.
Sergeant Major of the Army
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The Sergeant Major of the Army is a unique non-commissioned rank and position of office in the United States Army. The SMA is appointed to serve as a spokesman to address the issues of enlisted soldiers to all officers, from warrant officers, as such, he is the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army. The exact duties vary depending on the chief of staff, though much of the SMAs time is spent traveling throughout the Army, observing training and talking with soldiers and their families. Kenneth O. Preston held the rank from 15 January 2004, through 28 February 2011, SMA Raymond F. Chandler III was succeeded by Command Sergeant Major Daniel A. Dailey, on 30 January 2015. While the SMA is an officer, the billet is the protocol equivalent of a lieutenant general. The rank and position were based on those of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, the Chief of Staff of the Army created the position in 1966 after asking leaders of the major commands for a personal recommendation. He asked that it not be considered a near-retirement type assignment and he listed seven duties and functions he expected the Sergeant Major to perform, including service as a personal adviser and assistant on matters pertaining to enlisted soldiers. From 4,700 proposed candidates,21 nominees were selected, finally chosen was the only one then serving in Vietnam, Sergeant Major William O. Wooldridge of the 1st Infantry Division. These six positions are referred to as senior enlisted advisors. The collar insignia of the SMA is the portion of the collar insignia of an aide-de-camp to the Army Chief of Staff, placed upon an enlisted collar disk of gold color. The insignia worn by SMA Wooldridge was hand-soldered by Colonel Jasper J. Wilson from the cannibalized insignia, the insignia was approved on 4 July 1966. Originally, the SMA would wear the device on each collar and this insignia is also worn in place of a unit insignia on the SMAs beret, garrison cap, and pull-over sweater. The SMAs cap device, worn on the front of the service cap is a gold-colored rendering of the United States coat of arms. The cap device for all other U. S. Army enlisted soldiers is a rendering of the United States coat of arms on a gold-colored disk or surrounded by a gold colored ring. The chief master sergeant of the Air Force has the same cap device as the SMA, first considered in 1992, the SMAs color has been authorized since 22 March 1999. It is based on the design of his insignia and the positional flag of the Chief of Staff. Like the SEACs collar brass, the SEACs positional color was patterned after the SMAs color
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United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
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The Armed Services Committee was created as a result of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 following U. S. victory in the Second World War. It merged the responsibilities of the Committee on Naval Affairs and the Committee on Military Affairs, Department of Defense, the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, generally. Maintenance and operation of the Panama Canal, including administration, sanitation, national security aspects of nuclear energy. Naval petroleum reserves, except those in Alaska, pay, promotion, retirement, and other benefits and privileges of members of the Armed Forces, including overseas education of civilian and military dependents. Strategic and critical materials necessary for the common defense
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United States Army Reserve
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The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. On 30 June 2016, Lieutenant General Charles D. Luckey became the 33rd Chief of Army Reserve, on 23 April 1908 Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve. This organization provided a pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement, a tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps, prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions, three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry. These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C units, progressing to the categories as men and equipment became available. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers, by that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine areas of the prewar era. The First United States Army declined to support a division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, the Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Divisions area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, a major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, the army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training. They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a geographic distribution of the units
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Army National Guard
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The Army National Guard, in conjunction with the Air National Guard, is a militia force and a federal military reserve force of the United States. They are simultaneously part of two different organizations, the National Guard of the states, territories and the District of Columbia. The Army National Guard is divided into units stationed in each of the 50 states. Members or units of the Army National Guard may be ordered, temporarily or indefinitely, if mobilized for federal service, the member or unit becomes part of the Army National Guard of the United States, which is a reserve component of the United States Army. Individuals volunteering for active service may do so subject to the consent of their governors. Governors generally cannot veto involuntary activations of individuals or units for federal service, the President may also call up members and units of the Army National Guard, in its status as the militia of the several states, to repel invasion, suppress rebellion, or enforce federal laws. The Army National Guard of the United States is one of two organizations administered by the National Guard Bureau, the other being the Air National Guard of the United States. The Director of the Army National Guard is the head of the organization, Militia members were required to equip themselves, take part in regular training, and report to their units when called. This war resulted in hundreds of deaths, hundreds of Native Americans sold into slavery or scattered throughout North America, the militias of the Southern New England colonies fought Native Americans again in King Philips War from 1675 to 1676. This conflict led to the defeat of the Narragansets, further straining relationships between Native Americans and white Europeans, but enabling continued white settlement of New England. In addition, the colonists had little interest in paying the taxes to maintain permanent garrisons of British troops, the militias were also an early experiment in democracy, with company grade officers often elected by their men, and the higher officers appointed by colonial governors or legislatures. The colonies did not exert centralized control over the militias or coordinate their efforts, Training typically took place during musters each summer, with militia members reporting for inspection and undergoing several days of training in drill and ceremony. Militia members served throughout the Revolution, often near their homes, Militia units served in combat, as well as carrying out guard duty for prisoners, garrisoning of forts, and local patrols. On some occasions, militia members performed ineffectively, as at the Battle of Camden in North Carolina, on other occasions they performed capably, including the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Bennington, Battles of Saratoga, and Battle of Cowpens. Perhaps the most important role played by the militia was off the battlefield, during the period of the Articles of Confederation, the weak federal government reduced the Continental Army to a handful of officers and soldiers. The Articles of Confederation required each state to maintain a militia, such consent was not forthcoming in an era when the population still harbored a distrust of a standing army, so Congress largely left the defense of the new nation to the state militias. During the Constitutional Convention in 1787, Federalist delegates argued for a federal government. Federalists anticipated using the military to defend the country if it were attacked, anti-Federalists advocated limited federal government, and wanted continued state control over the militias
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Reorganization plan of United States Army
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In 2006 a new deployment scheme known as Grow the Army was adopted that enabled the Army to carry out continuous operations. The plan was modified several times including an expansion of numbers in 2007. On 25 June 2013, plans were announced to disband 13 modular brigade combat teams and expand the remaining brigades with a maneuver battalion, extra fires batteries. Up to 60% of the budget is spent on personnel. On November 22 and 23,2002, the Belfer Center for Science, the conference was held at the Belfer Center at Harvard Universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government. The United States Army War College and the Dwight D. Eisenhower National Security Series were co-sponsors, in some respects this could be said to have been the birthplace of Transformation as a formal paradigm. In March 2004, a contract was awarded to Anteon Corporation to provide Modularity Coordination Cells to each transforming corps, division, each MCC contained a team of functional area specialists who provided direct, ground-level support to the unit. The MCCs were coordinated by the Anteon office in Atlanta, Georgia, history of ARFORGEN The Secretary of the Army approved implementing ARFORGEN, a transformational force generation model, in 2006. In support of transformation for the future, TRADOC, upon the advice of the Armys stakeholders, has assembled 20 warfighting challenges and these challenges are under evaluation during annual Army warfighting assessments, such as AWA17.1, held in October 2016. AWA17.1 is an assessment by 5,000 US Soldiers, Special Forces, Airmen, and Marines, as well as by British, Australian, Canadian, Danish, and Italian troops. Grow the Army was a transformation and re-stationing initiative of the United States Army which began in 2007 and was scheduled to be completed by fiscal year 2013. This grew the force from 42 Brigade Combat Teams and 75 modular support brigades in 2007 to 45 Brigade Combat Teams and 83 modular support brigades by 2013. On 25 June 2013, US Army Chief of Staff General Raymond T. Odierno announced plans to disband 13 brigade combat teams, while the number of BCTs will be reduced, the size of remaining BCTs will increase, on average, to about 4,500 soldiers. That will be accomplished, in cases, by moving existing battalions. Two brigade combat teams in Germany had already been deactivated and a further 10 brigade combat teams slated for deactivation were announced by General Odierno on 25 June, eleven brigades were inactivated by 2015. The remaining brigades as of 2015 are listed below, the fact that this modernization is now in place has been acknowledged by the renaming of the Brigade Modernization Command to the U. S. Army Joint Modernization Command, on 16 February 2017. Modular combat brigades are self-contained combined arms formations and they are standardized formations across the active and reserve components, meaning an Armored BCT at Fort Hood will be the same as one at Fort Stewart. Reconnaissance plays a role in the new organizational designs
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United States Army Forces Command
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United States Army Forces Command is the largest United States Army command and provider of expeditionary, regionally engaged, campaign-capable land forces to combatant commanders. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, FORSCOM consists of more than 750,000 Active Army, U. S. Army Reserve, and Army National Guard soldiers. Its organizations are expeditionary, campaign focused, and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations, FORSCOM was created on July 1,1973, from the former Continental Army Command. The mission of the command, Forces Command trains and prepares a combat ready, globally responsive Total Force in order to build and sustain readiness to meet Combatant Command requirements. The vision of the command is, Combat ready and globally responsive Total Army Forces that are led, disciplined, trained. The Army command provides Army forces to the joint war fight, FORSCOM prepares U. S. Army conventional forces to provide a sustained flow of trained and ready land power to combatant commanders in defense of the nation at home and abroad. Organizations will be expeditionary, campaign focused, and tailorable to provide combatant commanders the required capabilities to be decisive across the range of military operations, FORSCOM has defined the sustainment mission command capability which institutionalizes the sustainment mission at brigade combat team level. Sustainment brigades, formerly reporting directly to FORSCOMs deputy commanding general, are assigned to individual installations. S. Those requirements range from preparing soldiers to fight on the battlefields of Afghanistan and Iraq, the command remains at the point of the effort to transform the Army into a more deployable and maneuverable lethal force. This shift to a modular force design increases the number of available to support regional combatant commanders. It will expand the available force pool and mandate a set of force structures organized and equipped to be interchangeable. FORSCOM has major units located at 15 installations, including the National Training Center at Fort Irwin, California and they present training scenarios constantly updated to reflect changing battlefield conditions and to incorporate lessons learned. Soldiers are presented with complex, cross-cultural challenges by large numbers of players who act as combatants. NTC and JRTC have urban combat landscapes and cave and tunnel complexes to simulate current, Army Reserve Command Headquarters facility completed construction at Fort Bragg, in June 2011. Forces Command hosted an Army Casing of Colors ceremony on 24 June 2011 at Fort McPherson, U. S. Army Forces Command 1993 – present U. S. Forces Command 1987 –1993 U. S and their responsibilities varied over time, but from the 1980s to the mid-1990s covered Reserve Component training supervision. FORSCOM currently commands U. S. Army Reserve Command, FORSCOM also commands three Army corps, I Corps at Fort Lewis, Washington, III Corps at Fort Hood, Texas, and XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. First U. S. Army is responsible for training, mobilization and deployment support to Reserve Component and they also execute FORSCOM missions within their geographic areas of responsibility
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United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
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Established 1 July 1973, the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command is a command of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Eustis, Virginia. It is charged with overseeing training of Army forces and the development of operational doctrine, TRADOC operates 37 schools and centers at 27 different locations. TRADOC schools conduct 1,304 courses and 108 language courses, the 1,304 courses include 516,000 seats for 443,231 soldiers,36,145 other-service personnel,8,314 international soldiers, and 28,310 civilians. The current commanding general of TRADOC summarizes its function as an organization to design, develop, thus, the three major commands of the Army shape its present and future men and materiel. S. Army as Americas Force of Decisive Action, TRADOC was established as a major U. S. Army command on 1 July 1973. The new command, along with the U. S. Army Forces Command, was created from the Continental Army Command located at Fort Monroe, Virginia. That action was the innovation in the Armys post-Vietnam reorganization, in the face of realization that CONARCs obligations. The new organization functionally realigned the major Army commands in the continental United States, CONARC, and Headquarters, U. S. Army Combat Developments Command, situated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, were discontinued, with TRADOC and FORSCOM at Fort Belvoir assuming the realigned missions. FORSCOM assumed CONARCs operational responsibility for the command and readiness of all divisions and corps in the continental U. S. joined under TRADOC, the major Army missions of individual training and combat developments each had its own lineage. The individual training responsibility had belonged, during World War II, in 1946 numbered army areas were established in the U. S. under AGF command. At that time, the AGF moved from Washington, D. C. to Fort Monroe, in March 1948, the AGF was replaced at Fort Monroe with the new Office, Chief of Army Field Forces. OCAFF, however, did not command the training establishment and that function was exercised by Headquarters, Department of the Army through the numbered armies to the corps, division, and Army Training Centers. In February 1955, HQ Continental Army Command replaced OCAFF, assuming its missions as well as the missions from DA. In January, HQ CONARC was redesignated U. S, Combat developments emerged as a formal Army mission in the early 1950s, and OCAFF assumed that role in 1952. In 1955, CONARC assumed the mission, in 1962, HQ U. S. Army Combat Development Command was established to bring the combat developments function under one major Army command. Army Capabilities Integration Center Brigade Modernization Command U. S. S, Army Recruiting Command Sustainment Center of Excellence Ordnance School Transportation School Quartermaster School The current Commanding General is GEN David G. Perkins. The Command Sergeant Major is currently CSM David S. Davenport, TRADOC COMMAND OVERVIEW VIDEO on YouTube Human dimension Force2025 Command Overview Brief Fact Sheet Organization Chart TRADOC Website TRADOC history Joint Base Langley - Eustis
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United States Army Materiel Command
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The U. S. Army Materiel Command is the primary provider of materiel to the United States Army. The Commands mission includes the research & development of systems as well as maintenance. It was established on 8 May 1962 and was activated on 1 August of that year as a field command of the U. S. Army. The command is also the Department of Defense Executive Agent for the chemical weapons stockpile, AMC is currently headquartered at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, and is located in approximately 149 locations worldwide, including more than 49 American States and 50 countries. AMC maintains employment of upwards of 70,000 military and civilian employees, the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission decision relocated AMC to Redstone Arsenal in Alabama. AMC was previously headquartered on Ft. Belvoir, VA, for fifty years. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document
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United States Army Africa
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United States Army Africa, also known as the Southern European Task Force, is the United States Army service component command of United States Africa Command. USARAFs headquarters are located on Caserma Ederle and Caserma Del Din, Vicenza, the current commanding officer|commanding general of USARAF is Major General Major General Joseph P. Harrington. SETAF, now known as USARAF/SETAF has been stationed in Italy since 1955 and has a history of operating on the African continent. During the past 15 years, SETAF has provided crisis response, disaster relief, according to the Army Times, this marked the end of the airborne chapter of the unit’s history and the beginning of its new role as the Army component of AFRICOM. The vision for U. S. Army Africa is to be a trusted and respected partner, ultimately, when these items mentioned are met, American interests are protected and African land forces are able to address African security challenges. Means by which the DoD encourages and enables countries and organizations to work with the U. S. to achieve strategic objectives, consists of official, cooperative and generally non-combat interactions between Army elements, active duty, or U. S. National Guard and Reserve components. Department of State managed program that trains 20-30 battalions of peacekeepers throughout Africa annually, ACOTA trains and equips contingents from selected African militaries with enhanced capacity to respond quickly and effectively to peace support and humanitarian relief situations on the continent. ACOTA is a part of Global Peace Operations Initiative, ADAPT is a theater logistics engagement activity that helps build deployment capacity for African partners who conduct peacekeeping, counter-terrorism, or humanitarian relief operations in Africa. Funded by the Department of State, the ADAPT program aims to enhance the capabilities of African militaries to support these mission requirements. Provides assistance to enhance the capabilities of a foreign national military forces. Designed to build relationships and satisfy the Army’s Title 10 responsibilities and this is typically a five-day event where the team participates with partner nation’s military on different types of non-training related events. S. Bi-lateral and multi-lateral exercises where U. S. forces train with and these are designed to train U. S. medical elements and specialists as well as host nation personnel. This increases interoperability and enhances relationships, reform or rebuild a state’s security sector. Focuses on where a security sector is unable to provide security to the state and its people effectively. Multiple week-long training program with the goal of establishing a self-sustaining indigenous HMA program in select partner nations, engagement opportunity that brings together land forces chiefs of staff from African nations and military leadership from the U. S. Army to discuss African security challenges. The unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local and this is a National Guard Bureau program. This program provides unique partnership capacity building capabilities to combatant commanders through partnerships between U. S. states and partner nations and this is a U. S. Army Cadet Command program. This program utilizes immersion training within a deployment to a partner nation, in the fall of 2008, SETAF went through major organizational changes as it restructured to support AFRICOM
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United States Army Central
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The United States Army Central is a military formation of the United States Army, which saw service in World War I and World War II, in the 1991 Gulf War, and in the coalition occupation of Iraq. It is best known for its campaigns in World War II under the command of General George S. Patton, Third Army is currently denoted USARCENT, headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina with a forward element at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. On the 15th, Major General Joseph T. Dickman assumed command, the third Army consisted of three corps and seven divisions. On 15 November 1918, Major General Dickman was given the mission to move quickly and he was to disarm and disband German forces as ordered by General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces. The march into Germany for occupation duty was begun on 17 November 1918, by 15 December the Third Army Headquarters at Mayen opened at Coblenz. Two days later, on 17 December 1918, the Coblenz bridgehead, consisting of a pontoon bridge, Third Army troops had encountered no hostile act of any sort. In the occupied area, both food and coal supplies were sufficient, the crossing of the Rhine by the front line divisions was effected in good time and without confusion. Troops, upon crossing the Rhine and reaching their assigned areas, were billeted preparatory to occupying selected positions for defense. The strength of the Third Army as of 19 December, the date the bridgehead occupation was completed, was 9,638 officers and 221,070 enlisted men, the southern boundary was as has been previously mentioned. Before the advance, the 1st Division passed to the command of the III Corps, the four bridges available for crossing the river within the Coblenz bridgehead were the pontoon bridge and railroad bridge at Coblenz, the railroad bridges at Engers and Remagen. On 13 December the advance began with the American khaki crossing the Rhine into advanced positions. On the same day the 42d Division passes to the command of the IV Corps, which, in support of the III Corps, continued its march to occupy the Kreise of Mayen, Ahrweiler, Adenau, and Cochem. The VII Corps occupied under the order that portion of the Regierungsbezirk of Trier within army limits. On 15 December, Third Army Headquarters at Mayen opened at Coblenz, III Corps Headquarters at Polch opened at Neuwied and IV Corps Headquarters remained at Cochem, with the VII Corps at Grevenmacher. In crossing the Rhine on the shortened front—from Rolandseck to Rhens on the west bank—the Third Army encountered no hostile act of any sort, in the occupied area both food and coal supplies were sufficient. By the night of 14 December, Third Army troops had occupied their positions on the perimeter of the Coblenz bridgehead, during January 1919, the Third Army was engaged in training and preparing the troops under its command for any contingency. A letter of instruction was circulated to lower commanders prescribing a plan of action in case hostilities were resumed, installations were set up throughout the Army area to facilitate command. On 4 February, the control of the Stadtkreis of Trier was transferred from GHQ to the Third Army
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United States Army Europe
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United States Army Europe is an Army Service Component Command of the United States Army. It is responsible for directing US Army operations throughout the United States European Command Area of Responsibility, during the Cold War, HQ USAREUR supervised ground formations primarily focused upon the Warsaw Pact militaries to the east as part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisations Central Army Group. Since the Revolutions of 1989, USAREUR has greatly reduced its size, dispatched US forces to Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm, and increased security cooperation with other NATO land forces. Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, United States Army was a United States Army formation which directed U. S. Army operations in parts of Europe from 1942 to 1945. It commanded Army Ground Forces, United States Army Air Forces, and Army Service Forces operations north of Italy and it was bordered to the south by the North African Theater of Operations, US Army, which later became the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. As the armies advanced, both these zones and the areas into which they were divided would shift forward to new areas of control. The Seventh Army landed on beaches in southern Sicily and captured the city of Palermo on 22 July. During the fighting, the elements of the Seventh Army killed or captured over 113,000 enemy soldiers, the invasion was originally given the code name of Operation ANVIL but was changed to Operation DRAGOON before the landing. In March 1944, Lt. General Alexander Patch was assigned to command the Army which moved to Naples, Italy, on 15 August 1944, Seventh Army units assaulted the beaches of southern France in the St. Tropez and Saint-Raphaël area. Within one month, the Army employing three American Divisions, five French Divisions, and the First Airborne Task Force had advanced 400 miles and had joined with the Normandy forces. In the process, the Seventh Army had liberated Marseilles, Lyon, Toulon, Seventh Army then assaulted the German forces in the Vosges Mountains, broke into the Alsatian Plain, and reached the Rhine River after capturing the city of Strasbourg. During the Battle of the Bulge, the Seventh Army extended its flanks to take much of the Third Army area which allowed the Third to relieve surrounded U. S. forces at Bastogne. Along with the First French Army, the Seventh went on the offensive in February 1945 and eliminated the enemy pocket in the Colmar area. The Seventh then went into the Saar River valley, crossed the Rhine, captured Nuremberg and Munich, crossed the Brenner Pass, when the war ended in Europe on 8 May 1945, the ETOUSA headquarters was located in Versailles, France, just outside Paris. ETOUSA was redesignated Headquarters, United States Forces European Theater on 1 July 1945, within a year rapid redeployments had brought the occupation forces down to fewer than 290,000 personnel, and many of the larger formations had departed or been inactivated. Seventh Army headquarters remained in control of the portion of the American zone. In November 1945, the two army commanders organized district constabularies based on cavalry groups, and on 1 May 1946. Seventh Army was inactivated in March 1946, in Germany, reactivated for a time at Atlanta, Georgia
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United States Army Pacific
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The United States Army Pacific is an Army Service Component Command of the United States Army and is the army component unit of the United States Pacific Command. The main areas that this command has jurisdiction in include Hawaii, Alaska and it also performs missions in Southeast Asia, in the countries such as the Philippines and Bangladesh. The United States Eighth Army in Korea has operational command and control on US Forces in Korea since January 2012, however, subordinate units of this command sometimes perform humanitarian missions in places such as Haiti, Cuba, and the Middle East. Command Group Commanding General, General Robert B. Brown Deputy Commanding General - South, Major General Deputy Commanding General - North and this became the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, which was finally deactivated in 2001. Treat 1917 BG John Philip Wisser 1917 BG Augustus P. Blocksom 1918 BG John W. Heard 1918–1919 MG Henry C, winans 1930 MG William Lassiter 1930–1931 MG Briant H. Wells 1931–1934 MG Halstead Dorey 1934–1935 MG Hugh A. Drum 1935–1937 MG Andrew Moses 1937–1938 LTG Charles D. Herron 1938–1941 LTG Walter C, richardson, Jr. 1943–1945 LTG Robert C. Rosson 1970–1973 GEN Donald V. Bennett 1973 GEN Frederick C, weyand 1973 GEN Donald V. Bennett 1973–1974 GEN Richard G. Stilwell 1974 MG Donnelly P. Bolton 1975 MG Thomas U
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United States Army North
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The United States Army North is a formation of the United States Army Service Component Command of United States Northern Command. As the joint force land component command, it is responsible for defense and defense support of civil authorities. It is garrisoned at Fort Sam Houston, Texas and it was officially activated on 5 January 1943 at Oujda, French Morocco and made responsible for the defence of Algeria and Morocco. Writing to Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers in late March 1944, Clark explained the difficulties of the fighting in Italy so far, which could be said of the whole campaign. The Fifth Army first saw action during the Salerno landings, the landings at Salerno, part of the Allied invasion of Italy. Due to the low numbers of American troops available in the Mediterranean Theater it was made up of one American. They were the U. S. VI Corps, under Major General Ernest J. Dawley, at Salerno, VI Corps landed on the right flank, and X Corps on the left flank. Progress was initially slow, due in part to a lack of initiative by Dawley, the VI Corps commander, however, heavy naval and air bombardment, along with a parachute drop by elements of the U. S. On 20 September, by time the Fifth and Eighth Armies had linked up, Major General Dawley. Dawley was temporarily made deputy commander, and was soon replaced in command of VI Corps by Major General John P. Lucas. Progress was then good for a couple of weeks and the Fifth Army crossed the Barbara Line and they had established a position on the Winter Line, which included the formidable defensive positions at San Pietro Infine in the Liri Valley and at Monte Cassino. By this point, Fifth Army had been reinforced by a second American corps, II Corps, commanded by Major General Geoffrey Keyes. By the end of November Clarks Fifth Army had almost doubled in size, with the addition of French General Alphonse Juins French Expeditionary Corps, from 130,247 men to 243,827. VI Corps, with its experience of amphibious landings at Salerno, was chosen for the assault and withdrawn from the line and they made a second attempt to capture Monte Cassino in conjunction with the amphibious assault by VI Corps, which again failed. VI Corps landed at Anzio, unopposed, on 22 January 1944 in Operation Shingle, the fault, however, was not due to Lucass incompetence, it was due instead to wishful thinking, faulty operational planning, and the German armys ability to respond forcefully and aggressively. After the failure of Shingle, a reorganisation took place. Previously the Apennines had been the rough dividing line between Fifth and Eighth Armies, however, the dividing line was shifted westwards, to allow the concentration of both armies on the western side of Italy for maximum firepower to break through to Rome. British V Corps was left on the Adriatic coast to pin down any German units there, Fifth Army was relieved of responsibility for Cassino and the final phases of that battle saw Indian, New Zealand and finally Polish troops thrown against the fortress
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United States Army South
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It is headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. U. S. Army South conducts and supports multinational operations, Southern Command area of responsibility in order to counter transnational threats and strengthen regional security in defense of the homeland. On 8 Mar.1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed an Isthmian Canal Commission, composed primarily of Army officers, to govern the Canal Zone and to report directly to the Secretary of War. In 1907, President Roosevelt appointed Army Lt. Col. George W. Goethals to the post of Chief Engineer of the ICC, on 4 Oct.1911, a regiment of the U. S. Army 10th Infantry arrived at Camp E. S. Otis, on the Pacific side of the isthmus, together these troops, under the control of the ICC, were known as the Panama Canal Guard. On 1 July 1917, the Panama Canal Department was established as a geographic command with headquarters at Quarry Heights. Units included the 19th Brigade, composed of the 14th and 33rd Infantry, the 42nd Field Artillery, the 11th Engineers, and special troops. By 1939, the strength in the Canal Zone was about 14,000 and by early 1940. In January 1943, the troop strength peaked at just over 67,000, as the Coastal Defense Network grew to include guns, barrage balloons. Army aircraft patrolled the Caribbean Sea searching for enemy German submarines, thus was the principle of unified commands established and the U. S. Caribbean Command was designated on 1 Nov.1947. On 15 Nov.1947, the Panama Canal Department became U. S. Army Caribbean, one of its primary missions, from 1951 to 1999, was the task of keeping jungle warfare alive in the Army. Fort Sherman became the home for USARCARIB’s Jungle Warfare Training Center, many Soldiers destined for Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War first received their jungle training at Fort Sherman. On 6 June 1963, the United States Caribbean Command was re-designated as the United States Southern Command, to reflect primary responsibility in Central and South America, meanwhile, the United States Army Caribbean was re-designated the United States Army Forces Southern Command. During the 1970s, the troop strengths averaged between 10,000 and 14,000 soldiers. On 4 December 1986, the United States Army South was activated as a Major Army Command, operation Just Cause, the United States military action used to depose Panamanian dictator, General Manuel Antonio Noriega, was officially conducted from 20 December 1989 to 31 January 1990. United States Army South Headquarters became the Headquarters for Joint Task Force-South, during the Panama Invasion the total troop numbers increased to 27,000. Of these,13,000 were already stationed in Panama and 14,000 were flown in from the United States. As part of a larger Army transformation in response to the demands of post-9/11 operations worldwide, in addition, U. S. Army South incorporated the lineage and hearldry from Sixth U. S. Army
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United States Army Special Operations Command
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The United States Army Special Operations Command is the command charged with overseeing the various special operations forces of the United States Army. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, NC, it is the largest component of the United States Special Operations Command. Its mission is to organize, train, educate, man, equip, fund, administer, mobilize, deploy and sustain Army special operations forces to successfully conduct worldwide special operations. These missions make special forces unique in the U. S. military, often SF units are required to perform additional, or collateral, activities outside their primary missions. These collateral activities are coalition warfare/support, combat search and rescue, security assistance, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, humanitarian de-mining and counter-drug operations. In 2016, the 1st Special Forces Command manages seven Special Forces Groups, psychological Operations is a part of the broad range of U. S. political, military, economic and ideological activities used by the U. S. government to secure national objectives. Used during peacetime, contingencies and declared war these activities are not forms of force, persuading rather than compelling physically, they rely on logic, fear, desire or other mental factors to promote specific emotions, attitudes or behaviors. The ultimate objective of U. S. PSYOP is to enemy, neutral. In addition to supporting commanders, PSYOP units provide interagency strategic influence capabilities to other U. S. government agencies, in operations ranging from humanitarian assistance to drug interdiction, PSYOP enhances the impact of those agencies’ actions. Their activities can be used to spread information about ongoing programs, the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade enable military commanders and U. S. Ambassadors to improve relationships with various stakeholders in an area to meet the objectives of the U. S. government. 95th Civil Affairs Brigade units can deploy to remote areas with small villages. They may be involved in prevention, management, and recovery. 95th Civil Affairs Brigade soldiers are soldiers first, but are adept at working in foreign environments, Brigade teams may work for months or years in remote areas of a host nation. Together the units of the brigade ensure that U. S. Army Special Operations Forces are equipped to perform their missions, the 528th Sustainment Brigade is capable of deploying three Army Support Operations Teams in support of three ARSOF-based Special Operations Task Forces or a SOF-based JTF. ARSOF Liaison Elements soldiers are embedded in Army regional theaters’ staff and they plan and coordinate with theater Army, Special Operations Command and Army Special Operations Command to ensure support during operations and training. As a theater Army staff member, these officers and non-commissioned officers’ knowledge of theater-specific requirements, the medical section is robust enough to provide combat health support on an area basis for approximately 450 personnel. Communications expertise allows ARSOF to shoot, move and communicate on a continuous basis, Soldiers assigned to ARSOF units are taught to operate and maintain a vast array of unique equipment not normally used by their conventional counterparts
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Surface Deployment and Distribution Command
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The command is responsible for surface transportation and is the interface between DOD shippers and the commercial transportation carrier industry. This includes movement of DOD member household goods and privately owned vehicles, SDDC is the USAs largest customer to the moving industry with more than 500,000 household goods moves a year. The command also provides transportation for troops and materiel to ports of departure in the U. S, Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command traces its organizational lineage to the Armys former Office of the Chief of Transportation, established 31 July 1942. Fourteen years later, the Defense Department established an agency to carry out traffic management functions. On 1 May 1956, SDDCs original mandate began when the Secretary of Defense designated the Secretary of the Army as the manager for military traffic within the United States. On 1 July 1956, the Army established the Military Traffic Management Agency to carry out those single-manager functions, originally, MTMA did not operate military ocean terminals, a function held by the U. S. Army Transportation Terminal Command. The original MTMA did not feature port commands but did include five offices, eastern, western, central, southwestern. This arrangement essentially lasted until 1965, only the Oakland headquarters remained the same after that time. MTMA and then DTMS called the field offices traffic regions, MTMA lasted only five and one half years. Then, as part of his overall DOD restructuring, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara transferred the organization to the newly established Defense Supply Agency, on 1 January 1962, he re-designated MTMA as the Defense Traffic Management Service. The United States Army Materiel Command then took over the military ocean terminals, however, DOD and congressional concerns over duplication in military logistics soon led to further reorganizations. To execute this centralized management concept, a joint service planning staff formed up to establish an agency, DOD then formally activated MTMTS as a jointly staffed Army major command on 15 February 1965. MTMTS assumed all responsibilities assigned to the Defense Traffic Management Service, the formation of the Military Traffic Management and Terminal Service resulted in tremendous change in the commands organization. Since MTMTS now operated military ocean terminals, it focused its area command structure on ports, upon the commands formation the former eastern traffic region headquarters moved to Brooklyn Army Terminal in Brooklyn, NY, and became Eastern Area. Western Area headquarters remained at Oakland, CA, MTMTS abolished the southwestern and southeastern field offices. For two years, however, MTMTS retained its central command in St. Louis, MO. To streamline operations further, the command then disestablished that headquarters in early 1967, MTMS maintained its Eastern Area Headquarters at Brooklyn, N. Y. until September 1975 when it moved Bayonne N. J. In 1966 the Transportation Engineering Agency, Fort Eustis, VA, MTMTS provided support for the Vietnam War through cargo operations at its Military Ocean Terminals at Oakland CA, Bayonne, New Jersey and Sunny Point, NC as well as commercial ports
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United States Army Cyber Command
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U. S. Army Cyber Command is the Army service component command supporting U. S. Cyber Command, for information dominance of cyberspace operations. The command is intended to be the Armys single point of contact for external organizations regarding cyberspace, the single point of contact is accomplished by dual-hatting the single commander for Cyber Command and Second Army. ARCYBER was established on 1 October 2010 and its first commander was Lt. Gen. Rhett A. Hernandez, its second commander was Lt. Gen. Edward C. As of 14 October 2016 the current commander is Lt. Gen. Paul M. Nakasone, Army Cyber is the Army service component command supporting U. S. Cyber Command. 2d Battalion - Conducts Army cyber opposing force operations at military training centers worldwide, the command was originally announced to be named Army Forces Cyber Command. The command was established on Oct. ober 1,2010 with the name Army Cyber Command, there are plans for the command to move to Fort Gordon, in Augusta, Georgia home of the services Signal Center and Signal Corps. Fort Gordon is now home to the United States Army Cyber Center of Excellence, Home of the U. S Army Cyber Corps and Signal Corps. PLA Unit 61398 United States Cyber Command U. S. Army Cyber News U. S. Army Cyber Command Army Cyber Command NCOs take hands-on tour at U. S. Army Womens Museum
United States
United States Army
