1.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
2.
Expertise
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Expert is defined differently in varying academic fields. An expert, more generally, is a person with knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation. Experts are called in for advice on their subject. Historically, an expert was referred to as a sage, the individual was usually a profound thinker distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment. Experts have a prolonged or intense experience through practice and education in a particular field, in this respect, a shepherd with 50 years of experience tending flocks would be widely recognized as having complete expertise in the use and training of sheep dogs and the care of sheep. Another example from computer science is that a system may be taught by a human and thereafter considered an expert. In law, an expert witness must be recognized by argument, Research in this area attempts to understand the relation between expert knowledge, skills and personal characteristics and exceptional performance. Some researchers have investigated the structures and processes of experts. Studies have investigated the factors that enable experts to be fast, in addition to technical and academic definitions of expert, at least one humorous and irreverent explanation exists. In it, expert is separated into two parts based upon pronunciation - ex and spurt, the two segments are then described separately, with ex described as a has-been and spurt described as a drip under pressure. Therefore, an expert can be described as a has-been who is a drip under pressure, Expertise characteristics, skills and knowledge of a person or of a system, which distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people. The word Expertise is used to also to Expert Determination. The decision may be binding or advisory, according to the agreement between the parties in dispute, there are two academic approaches to the understanding and study of expertise. The first understands expertise as an emergent property of communities of practice, in the second view expertise is a characteristic of individuals and is a consequence of the human capacity for extensive adaptation to physical and social environments. Many accounts of the development of expertise emphasize that it comes about through long periods of deliberate practice, in many domains of expertise estimates of 10 years experience deliberate practice are common. Recent research on expertise emphasizes the nurture side of the nature and nurture argument, some factors not fitting the nature-nurture dichotomy are biological but not genetic, such as starting age, handedness, and season of birth. In the field of education there is a potential expert blind spot in newly practicing educators who are experts in their content area and this is based on the expert blind spot hypothesis researched by Mitchell Nathan and Andrew Petrosino. The blind spot metaphor refers to the blind spot in human vision in which perceptions of surroundings
3.
United States Navy staff corps
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In the United States Navy, commissioned officers are either line officers or staff corps officers. Staff corps officers are specialists in fields that are professions unto themselves, such as physicians, lawyers, civil engineers, chaplains. The eight staff corps fall under different organizations throughout the navy, the four medicine-related corps all fall under the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. The Civil Engineer Corps and Supply Corps fall under two of the Navys systems commands, respectively Naval Facilities Engineering Command and Naval Supply Systems Command, the Judge Advocate Generals Corps and Chaplain Corps are directly under the Navy Secretariat. Staff Corps officers wear their specialty insignia on the sleeve of the blue uniforms and on their shoulder boards. On Winter Blue and Khaki uniforms, the specialty insignia is a device worn on the left collar. The office of Purveyor of Public Supplies, which would evolve into the Supply Corps, was established in 1795. The insignia of an oak leaf and acorn was adopted in 1830 to signify members of all staff corps then in existence, the Medical Corps originally additionally used a rod of Asclepius, while the Pay Corps used a cornucopia. The Medical Corps was formally founded in 1871, and after several design changes, the Chaplain Corps was established and conferred relative rank in 1863. Chaplains had been appointed to the Navy since at least 1799, the Civil Engineer Corps came into existence in 1881, when they were conferred relative rank, despite the fact that civil engineers has been employed by the Navy at least since 1827. The insignia of two crossed silver sprigs was adopted in 1905, the Nurse Corps was established in 1908, and they were granted relative rank in 1942. In 1948 female Naval uniforms were standardized using the current corps insignia, the Dental Corps was established in 1912, and its current insignia was adopted the following year. The Medical Service Corps was established in 1947, from 1941 until 1947, these officers had been part of the Hospital Corps and its current insignia was adopted the following year. In 1918, the uniforms for all staff corps became identical to those of line officers and this was in response to complains of inequality from staff corps officers. Prior to this, staff corps were distinguished by colored bands between the stripes, with a different color for each corps. Although there had been a Judge Advocate General of the Navy since 1865, as of January 2015, the chiefs of five of the eight staff corps were women, including the Medical and Nurse Corps. The chiefs of the Civil Engineer, Chaplain, and Judge Advocate Generals Corps were the first women to hold those posts, the Engineer Corps was established in 1842, and they were conferred relative rank in 1859. From 1861 their insignia was four silver oak leaves in the form of a cross, the corps was disestablished in 1899 with its officers becoming line officers
4.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
5.
Badges of the United States Army
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As described in Army Regulations 670-1 Uniforms and Insignia, badges are categorized into marksmanship, combat and special skill, identification, and foreign. Combat and Special Skill badges are divided into five groups. And only two identification badges are authorized over each pocket and these badges are worn in order of precedence. Marksmanship badges are worn after any special skill badge, badges within the same group may be worn in any order. The 21st century United States Army issues the following military badges which are worn in conjunction with badges of rank and branch insignia
6.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
7.
Epaulet
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Epaulette is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. In several European armies, epaulettes are worn by all ranks of elite or ceremonial units when on parade. Colloquially, any shoulder straps with marks are also called epaulettes, the placement of the epaulette, its color and the length and diameter of its bullion fringe are used to signify the wearers rank. At the join of the fringe and the shoulderpiece is often a piece in the form of a crescent. Although originally worn in the field, epaulettes are now limited to dress or ceremonial military uniforms. Epaulette is a French word meaning little shoulder, epaulettes bear some resemblance to the shoulder pteruges of ancient Roman military costumes. These ribbons were tied into a knot which left the fringed end free and this established the basic design of the epaulette as it evolved through the 18th and 19th centuries. From the 18th century on, epaulettes were used in the French, the rank of an officer could be determined by whether an epaulette was worn on the left shoulder, the right shoulder or on both. Later a counter-epaulette was worn on the shoulder of those who wore only a single epaulette. Epaulettes were made in silver or gold for officers, and in cloth of various colors for the men of various arms. Certain categories of cavalry wore flexible metal epaulettes referred to as shoulder scales, by the early 18th century, epaulettes had become the distinguishing feature of commissioned rank. This led officers of units still without epaulettes to petition for the right to wear epaulettes. Flying artillery wore wings, similar to an epaulette but with only a bit of fringe on the outside, heavy artillery wore small balls representing ammunition on their shoulders. An intermediate form in some services, such as the Russian Army, is the shoulder board and this originated during the 19th century as a simplified version for service wear of the heavy and conspicuous full dress epaulette with bullion fringes. Today, epaulettes have mostly replaced by a five-sided flap of cloth called a shoulder board, which is sewn into the shoulder seam. From the shoulder board was developed the mark, a flat cloth tube that is worn over the shoulder strap. The advantages of this are the ability to change the insignia as occasions warrant. Airline pilot uniform shirts generally include cloth flattened tubular epaulettes having cloth or bullion braid stripes, the rank of the wearer is designated by the number of stripes, Traditionally four for captain, three for first officer, two for second officer
8.
Cavalry
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Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the most mobile of the combat arms, an individual soldier in the cavalry is known by a number of designations such as cavalryman, horseman, dragoon or trooper. The designation of cavalry was not usually given to any military forces that used animals, such as camels. Cavalry had the advantage of improved mobility, and a man fighting from horseback also had the advantages of greater height, speed, another element of horse mounted warfare is the psychological impact a mounted soldier can inflict on an opponent. In Europe cavalry became increasingly armoured, and eventually became known for the mounted knights, in the period between the World Wars, many cavalry units were converted into motorized infantry and mechanized infantry units, or reformed as tank troops. Most cavalry units that are horse-mounted in modern armies serve in purely ceremonial roles, modern usage of the term generally refers to specialist units equipped with tanks or aircraft. The shock role, traditionally filled by heavy cavalry, is filled by units with the armored designation. Before the Iron Age, the role of cavalry on the battlefield was largely performed by light chariots, the chariot originated with the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in Central Asia and spread by nomadic or semi-nomadic Indo-Iranians. The power of mobility given by mounted units was recognized early on, Cavalry techniques were an innovation of equestrian nomads of the Central Asian and Iranian steppe and pastoralist tribes such as the Persian Parthians and Sarmatians. The photograph above left shows Assyrian cavalry from reliefs of 865–860 BC, at this time, the men had no spurs, saddles, saddle cloths, or stirrups. Fighting from the back of a horse was more difficult than mere riding. The cavalry acted in pairs, the reins of the archer were controlled by his neighbours hand. Even at this time, cavalry used swords, shields. The sculpture implies two types of cavalry, but this might be a simplification by the artist, Later images of Assyrian cavalry show saddle cloths as primitive saddles, allowing each archer to control his own horse. As early as 490 BC a breed of horses was bred in the Nisaean plain in Media to carry men with increasing amounts of armour. However, chariots remained in use for purposes such as carrying the victorious general in a Roman triumph. The southern Britons met Julius Caesar with chariots in 55 and 54 BC, the last mention of chariot use in battle was by the Caledonians at the Mons Graupius, in 84 AD. During the classical Greek period cavalry were usually limited to citizens who could afford expensive war-horses
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Artillery
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Artillery is a class of large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range and power of infantrys small arms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach fortifications, and led to heavy, as technology improved, lighter, more mobile field artillery developed for battlefield use. This development continues today, modern self-propelled artillery vehicles are highly mobile weapons of great versatility providing the largest share of an armys total firepower, in its earliest sense, the word artillery referred to any group of soldiers primarily armed with some form of manufactured weapon or armour. In common speech, the artillery is often used to refer to individual devices, along with their accessories and fittings. However, there is no generally recognised generic term for a gun, howitzer, mortar, and so forth, the United States uses artillery piece, the projectiles fired are typically either shot or shell. Shell is a widely used term for a projectile, which is a component of munitions. By association, artillery may also refer to the arm of service that customarily operates such engines, in the 20th Century technology based target acquisition devices, such as radar, and systems, such as sound ranging and flash spotting, emerged to acquire targets, primarily for artillery. These are usually operated by one or more of the artillery arms, Artillery originated for use against ground targets—against infantry, cavalry and other artillery. An early specialist development was coastal artillery for use against enemy ships, the early 20th Century saw the development of a new class of artillery for use against aircraft, anti-aircraft guns. Artillery is arguably the most lethal form of land-based armament currently employed, the majority of combat deaths in the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II were caused by artillery. In 1944, Joseph Stalin said in a speech that artillery was the God of War, although not called as such, machines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first references in the historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC. From the Middle Ages through most of the era, artillery pieces on land were moved by horse-drawn gun carriages. In the contemporary era, the artillery and crew rely on wheeled or tracked vehicles as transportation, Artillery used by naval forces has changed significantly also, with missiles replacing guns in surface warfare. The engineering designs of the means of delivery have likewise changed significantly over time, in some armies, the weapon of artillery is the projectile, not the equipment that fires it. The process of delivering fire onto the target is called gunnery, the actions involved in operating the piece are collectively called serving the gun by the detachment or gun crew, constituting either direct or indirect artillery fire. The term gunner is used in armed forces for the soldiers and sailors with the primary function of using artillery. The gunners and their guns are usually grouped in teams called either crews or detachments, several such crews and teams with other functions are combined into a unit of artillery, usually called a battery, although sometimes called a company
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Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
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General officer
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A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations air forces or marines. The term general is used in two ways, as the title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of captain general, the adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of General is known in countries as a four-star rank. However different countries use different systems of stars for senior ranks and it has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies. The various grades of general officer are at the top of the rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers. There are two systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition there is a system, the Arab system of ranks. Variations of one form, the old European system, were used throughout Europe. It is used in the United Kingdom, from which it spread to the Commonwealth. The other is derived from the French Revolution, where ranks are named according to the unit they command. The system used either a general or a colonel general rank. The rank of marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank. Many countries actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia, mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major, confusion arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain general, the distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both titles, creating the modern rank titles
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Brass
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Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc, the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties. It is an alloy, atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure. By comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin, however, bronze and brass may also include small proportions of a range of other elements including arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon. The term is applied to a variety of brasses. Modern practice in museums and archaeology increasingly avoids both terms for objects in favour of the all-embracing copper alloy. It is also used in zippers, Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that sparks not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials. Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc, the relatively low melting point of brass and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard, the density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 grams per cubic centimetre. Today, almost 90% of all alloys are recycled. Because brass is not ferromagnetic, it can be separated from ferrous scrap by passing the scrap near a powerful magnet, Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry where it is melted and recast into billets. Billets are heated and extruded into the form and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of cutting fluid, aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of oxide to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent. Tin has an effect and finds its use especially in seawater applications. Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon and manganese make brass wear and tear resistant, to enhance the machinability of brass, lead is often added in concentrations of around 2%. Since lead has a melting point than the other constituents of the brass. The pattern the globules form on the surface of the brass increases the available surface area which in turn affects the degree of leaching. In addition, cutting operations can smear the lead globules over the surface and these effects can lead to significant lead leaching from brasses of comparatively low lead content
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Aide-de-camp
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An aide-de-camp is a personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank, usually a senior military, police or government officer, a member of a royal family, or a head of state. This is not to be confused with an adjutant, who is the administrator of a military unit. The first aide-de-camp is typically the foremost personal aide, in some countries, the aide-de-camp is considered to be a title of honour, and participates at ceremonial functions. The badge of office for an aide-de-camp is usually the aiguillette, whether it is worn on the left or the right shoulder is dictated by protocol. A controversy was raised in 2006, when president Néstor Kirchner decided to promote his army aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Colonel Graham to colonel, upon taking office, former president Cristina Kirchner decided to have, for the first time, female officers as her aides-de-camp. In each of the forces, the chief of staff and other senior officers have their own adjutants, normally of the rank of major or lieutenant colonel. An aiguillette is worn on the shoulder by aides-de-camp and adjutants as a symbol of their position. In Belgium the title of Honorary Aide-de-camp to the King can be granted by the court for services rendered. Notable people include Major General Baron Édouard Empain, Count Charles John dOultremont, generals being field marshals, have four, lieutenant generals two, major generals one”. In British colonies and modern-day British overseas territories, the aide-de-camp is appointed to serve the governor, in 1973, the Governor of Bermuda, Sir Richard Sharples, and his aide-de-camp, Captain Hugh Sayers, were murdered on the grounds of Government House. On the last day of British rule in Hong Kong on 30 June 1997 and he then gave the Vice Regal Salute before proceeding, with the Pattens, to leave Government House for the last time. Prince Charles is a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II, Honorary aides-de-camp to the Governor-General or state governors are entitled to the post-nominal ADC during their appointment. Officers of and above the ranks of admiral, major general. Within the navy, an aide-de-camp is called a flag lieutenant, aides-de-camp in Canada are appointed to the Queen and some members of the royal family, the governor general, lieutenant governors, and to certain other appointments. All aides-de-camp also wear the cypher or badge of the principal to whom they are appointed, aides-de-camp to the governor general wear the governor generals badge and aides-de-camp to a lieutenant governor wear the lieutenant governors badge. They are appointed officers of the Canadian Forces. In certain instances, civilians may be appointed, non-uniformed civilians do not wear the aiguillette, but do wear their lieutenant governors badge as a symbol of their appointment. Aides-de-camp to royal and vice-regal personages wear the aiguillette on the right shoulder, aides-de-camp to all others wear their aiguillette on the left shoulder
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Sergeant major
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Sergeant major is a senior non-commissioned rank or appointment in many militaries around the world. In Commonwealth countries, the degrees of sergeant major are appointments held by warrant officers. In the United States, there are various grades of sergeant major. In 16th century Spain, the mayor was a general officer. He commanded an infantry, and ranked about third in the armys command structure. In the 17th century, sergeant majors appeared in individual regiments and these were field officers, third in command of their regiments, with a role similar to the older, army-level sergeant majors. The older position became known as sergeant major general to distinguish it, over time, the term sergeant was dropped from both titles, giving rise to the modern ranks of major and major general. It is about time that the U. S. and British histories of the title diverge. A sergeant major is an appointment, not a rank and it is normally held by the senior warrant officer of an army or marine unit. These appointments are made at several levels, for example, the warrant officer of a company, battery or squadron. The title normally consists of the title followed by sergeant major. A sergeant major of a regiment or battalion is known as a sergeant major. In the Australian Defence Force, in addition to CSMs and RSMs, Sergeant majors are normally addressed as sir or maam by subordinates, and by Mr or Ms by superiors, with the term RSM/CSM/etc reserved for the sergeant majors commanding officer. In the British Armed Forces, the plural is sergeant majors, the appointment of sergeant major is given to the senior non-commissioned member within sub-units, units and some formations of the Canadian Army. The regimental sergeant-major is the sergeant major in a battalion-sized unit, including infantry battalions and artillery, armoured, engineer. This appointment is held by a chief warrant officer. The same position can also be held by a warrant officer in anticipation of promotion. In artillery batteries, this appointment is known as battery sergeant-major, while in units with a cavalry heritage, company sergeant-majors and their equivalents are normally addressed as Sergeant-Major or by rank
15.
Sergeant Major of the Army
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The Sergeant Major of the Army is a unique non-commissioned rank and position of office in the United States Army. The SMA is appointed to serve as a spokesman to address the issues of enlisted soldiers to all officers, from warrant officers, as such, he is the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Staff of the U. S. Army. The exact duties vary depending on the chief of staff, though much of the SMAs time is spent traveling throughout the Army, observing training and talking with soldiers and their families. Kenneth O. Preston held the rank from 15 January 2004, through 28 February 2011, SMA Raymond F. Chandler III was succeeded by Command Sergeant Major Daniel A. Dailey, on 30 January 2015. While the SMA is an officer, the billet is the protocol equivalent of a lieutenant general. The rank and position were based on those of the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, the Chief of Staff of the Army created the position in 1966 after asking leaders of the major commands for a personal recommendation. He asked that it not be considered a near-retirement type assignment and he listed seven duties and functions he expected the Sergeant Major to perform, including service as a personal adviser and assistant on matters pertaining to enlisted soldiers. From 4,700 proposed candidates,21 nominees were selected, finally chosen was the only one then serving in Vietnam, Sergeant Major William O. Wooldridge of the 1st Infantry Division. These six positions are referred to as senior enlisted advisors. The collar insignia of the SMA is the portion of the collar insignia of an aide-de-camp to the Army Chief of Staff, placed upon an enlisted collar disk of gold color. The insignia worn by SMA Wooldridge was hand-soldered by Colonel Jasper J. Wilson from the cannibalized insignia, the insignia was approved on 4 July 1966. Originally, the SMA would wear the device on each collar and this insignia is also worn in place of a unit insignia on the SMAs beret, garrison cap, and pull-over sweater. The SMAs cap device, worn on the front of the service cap is a gold-colored rendering of the United States coat of arms. The cap device for all other U. S. Army enlisted soldiers is a rendering of the United States coat of arms on a gold-colored disk or surrounded by a gold colored ring. The chief master sergeant of the Air Force has the same cap device as the SMA, first considered in 1992, the SMAs color has been authorized since 22 March 1999. It is based on the design of his insignia and the positional flag of the Chief of Staff. Like the SEACs collar brass, the SEACs positional color was patterned after the SMAs color
16.
Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
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The SEAC is appointed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to serve as a spokesperson to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Department of Defense. As such the SEAC is the enlisted advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The normal tour of assignment is four years, which runs concurrently with the Chairman, the first member to hold this post was William Gainey. On 11 December 2015, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Joseph Dunford, administered the Oath of Office to CSM John W. Troxell, Troxell becomes only the third member and second soldier to hold the office. The positions are generically or collectively referred to as senior enlisted advisors, only one Soldier, Sailor, Marine, Airman and Coast Guardsman can hold that rank at any one time. The position of Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman was created in 2005 under General Peter Pace, the newly created position was established to advise the Chairman on all matters involving enlisted personnel in a joint environment. When Admiral Michael Mullen became Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he consulted the SEAs of the services and his offices press release stated that this was not a reflection on Gen Pace, merely that he did not feel the office was required. The position was reinstated in 2011 by Mullens successor, General Martin Dempsey, General Peter Pace selected Army Command Sergeant Major William Gainey to serve as the first Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman, beginning 1 October 2005. Gainey had more than 30 years of active-duty experience including a background in joint operations. He had most recently served as the sergeant major of III Corps and Fort Hood, Texas. He served as Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman until he retired on 25 April 2008, General Martin Dempsey selected United States Marine Corps Sergeant Major Bryan B. Battaglia to serve as the 2nd Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman and he took his post on 1 October 2011. Battaglia had more than 30 years of service at all levels including multiple combat deployments and he served as Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman until he retired on 11 December 2015. The SEAC has oversight in any area that the Chairman assigns him, the SEAC is the spokesman of the Chairman to all services SEAs. The SEAC is not in the chain of command of the services nor combatant commands SEAs, however. The SEAC is the Chairmans link to and/or from the services, during visits to areas of operation, the SEAC identifies issues and problems that might affect the services as a whole. When a problem is identified, he works with the services to find a solution and help integrate, if possible. Recently, combatant commands, which is joint duty and does contain enlisted members from various services, have created Senior Enlisted Advisor positions, the SEAC is an advisor to the Chairman on all matters concerning joint and combined total force integration, utilization, and development
17.
United States Military Academy
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It sits on scenic high ground overlooking the Hudson River,50 miles north of New York City. It is one of the four U. S. military service academies, the entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campuss Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray, the campus is a popular tourist destination complete with a large visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must both apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress or Delegate/Resident Commissioner in the case of Washington, puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. Other nomination sources include the President and Vice President of the United States, students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets or collectively as the United States Corps of Cadets. Tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Army in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation, approximately 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, the academy bases a cadets leadership experience as a development of all three pillars of performance, academics, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries, since 1959, cadets have also been eligible to cross-commission, or request a commission in one of the other armed services, provided that they meet that services eligibility standards. Every year, a small number of cadets do this. The academys traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and it was the first American college to have an accredited civil-engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum was a model for later engineering schools. West Points student body has a rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast, the academy fields fifteen mens and nine womens National Collegiate Athletic Association sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club and its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778, between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses. While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, after Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton. With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance, Cadets underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794. In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy and he selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent
18.
Army Service Uniform
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The Army Service Uniform is a military uniform worn by United States Army personnel in situations where formal dress is called for. It can be worn at most public and official functions, in combat situations, the Army Combat Uniform is used. The blue ASU replaces the Army Green and Army White service uniforms and it is based on the current dress blue dress uniform. Older antecedents include the uniforms of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and their influence is apparent in the overall blue theme, the officers passants and trouser design. Source,1774, Blue Continental Army coat, with state facing colors, George Washington was the appointed Presiding Officer. Borrowing the colors of the English Whig party, the Fairfax Independent Company wore blue uniforms with buff facings, Washington used Thomas Webb’s A Military Treatise on the Appointments of the Army as a guide for outfitting this particular unit. Washington would soon accept the field command of another four independent companies, in Prince William, Fauquier, Richmond. 1782, Red facings only with branch of service white or yellow metal buttons,1810, French uniform coat with cut-in skirt fastened in front, sleeved roundabout jacket for fatigue and field service. 1813, Uniform coat devoid of buttonhole lace and facing colors,1821, Congressional confirmation of army wear of national blue, practical gray wool pantaloons for the winter mud, a tradition of contrasting shades. 1829, Undress frock coat in place of officers civilian clothes,1832, Branch of service cap insignia, gold or silver officer grade insignia on epaulettes and sky-blue trousers for all but staff and generals. 1835, Shoulder straps, used to hold fringed epaulettes, with undress,1851, French frock coat only uniform, trimmed in system of branch of service colors. 1854, New waist-length uniform jacket for mounted troops 1872, Blouse for garrison and field, uniform coat for dress,1881, Dark blue flannel overshirt often in place of blouse on field service. 1885, Sky-blue kersey trousers, aniline dye richer shade than original vegetable dye,1895, Officers undress sack coat, with black trim, branch of service insignia and national cypher U. S. on collar, with national eagle on cap. 1902, Olive drab wool and khaki cotton service uniforms introduced, blue retained only for dress, full dress, mess dress, New patterns of blue full dress and dress uniforms adopted for both officers and enlisted men Leather color changed from black to russet. The M1902 visored cap is adopted,1907 and 1912, Minor changes prescribed for 1902 model blue dress and full dress uniforms. 1911, Wool felt M1911 Campaign Hat adopted, Hat cords were in Branch colors for enlisted men, a gold metallic thread and black cord braid for Subaltern and Field Officers, and woven of gold metallic thread for General Officers. 1917, Wearing of blue dress, full dress and mess dress uniforms suspended for the duration of the war, warrant Officers were authorized a hat cord of silver metallic thread and black cord braid for wear with the M1911 Campaign Hat. The side-folding cloth Overseas Cap was unofficially adopted by AEF personnel in a variety of styles influenced by similar Allied patterns,1921, The M1911 Campaign Hat was redesigned
19.
Army Combat Uniform
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The Army Combat Uniform and its flame-retardant variant, the Flame-Resistant Army Combat Uniform, are the current battle uniforms worn by the United States Army. First unveiled in June 2004, it is the successor to the Battle Dress Uniform and Desert Camouflage Uniform worn from the 1980s through the early 2000s and it features a number of design changes, as well as a different camouflage pattern from its predecessor. The ACU and its component materials are manufactured by the industrial infrastructure which produced the now-obsolete BDU. Official military-grade ACUs are made of 50% nylon and 50% cotton, all other blends are not official issue. The U. S. Army uses the Universal Camouflage Pattern, which blends tan, gray and green to work equally in desert, woodland and it is similar to the United States Marine Corps MARPAT and Canadian CADPAT camouflage scheme on which it was based. The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of a gray, desert sand. The shade black was omitted from the uniform since it is visible both to the naked eye and to modern optics. However, it does utilize several shades of grey ranging from light to extremely dark. Pure black, when viewed through night vision devices, appears excessively dark and this pattern is scheduled for retirement on 30 September 2019. U. S. Army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan are issued an Army-developed variant of the Crye Precision MultiCam pattern, since late 2010, all U. S. Army soldiers deploying in support of Operation Enduring Freedom were issued flame-resistant ACUs in the Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern. These uniforms are designed to prevent third-degree burns, along with up to thirty percent of second degree burns, additionally, the uniforms are treated with the chemical permethrin to help protect soldiers from insect-borne diseases like malaria. This particular version has replaced by the newer ACU in the Operational Camouflage Pattern. In May 2014, the Army unofficially announced that the Scorpion W2 camouflage pattern would replace the UCP on the Army Combat Uniform, the original Scorpion pattern was developed at United States Army Soldier Systems Center by Crye Precision in 2002 for the Objective Force Warrior program. Crye later modified and trademarked their version of the pattern as MultiCam, Scorpion W2 resembles MultiCam with muted greens, light beige, and dark brown colors, but uses fewer beige and brown patches and no vertical twig and branch elements. On 31 July 2014, the Army formally announced that the Scorpion W2 pattern, officially named the Operational Camouflage Pattern, the UCP pattern is planned to be fully replaced by the OCP in the ACU by 1 October 2019. ACUs printed in OCP first became available for purchase on 1 July 2015, with deployed soldiers already being issued uniforms, the Army Combat Uniform features hook-and-loop fasteners, also known by the genericized trademark velcro, on its sleeve pockets. The cost to each soldier is $120 per uniform, compared to $58 for a 1980s-to-early-2000s-style BDU, insignia and tags, such as name and branch tapes, are extra purchases. Near Infrared Signature Management Technology is incorporated to minimize the infrared silhouette, permanent IR IFF squares are sewn to each shoulder to help identify friendly personnel when night vision devices are used, and are protected by Velcro tabs in garrison or when not in use
20.
Patrol cap
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The M1951 Field Cap, introduced with the M1951 Uniform, was a derivative of the M1943 Field Cap, part of the M1943 Uniform. The M1951 cap was worn in the Korean War, where it known as the patrol cap by the US Army Rangers there. It was constructed of wind-resistant olive drab cotton poplin, and had a flannel wool panel that folded down to cover the ears and it was soft enough to be worn underneath an M-1 helmet. After the Korean War, the cap was replaced by the Ridgeway Cap, the hat became famous outside America by being worn by Fidel Castro. The patrol cap was replaced altogether in 1962 with a baseball-like Cap, Field, in 1981, following the introduction of the M81 Battle Dress Uniform, the patrol cap was reintroduced. The patrol cap continues to be worn with the Army Combat Uniform, the materials are 50% cotton, 50% nylon blend. It has been available in different variants and patterns, such as hot weather models which have eliminated the ear flaps, patterns have included M81 Woodland, Six color desert camouflage, Three color desert camouflage, and the Universal Camouflage Pattern. The patrol cap also comes in a version of the Tigerstripe camouflage pattern, worn with the United States Air Forces Airman Battle Uniform. In late 2010, the US Army began issuing the MultiCam pattern for use in Afghanistan and it is now being introduced to patrol caps and the ACU to provide the best camouflage possible. This style of military uniform cap was worn by the Muleteers Battalion founded in January 1948 which was named for the British armys Zion Mule Corps of the World War I Jewish Legion, the IDF adopted the Kova Hitelmacher for soldiers uniforms in its early years. Utility cover the United States Navy and Marine Corps equivalent
21.
United States Army Adjutant General's Corps
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The Adjutant Generals Corps is a branch of the United States Army first established in 1775. The Adjutant Generals Corps dates back to the formation of the American Army, Horatio Gates, a former British Army officer, is honored as the father of the Adjutant Generals Corps. On 16 June 1775, the Continental Congress appointed him as the first Adjutant General to George Washington with the commission of a brigadier general, historically, he was the second officer to receive a commission in the Continental Army, preceded only by George Washington. With that appointment, the second oldest existing branch of the Army was born, General Gates primary duty was to serve as key advisor and principal assistant to General Washington. Through his skill and ability, he organized the militias into what became the Continental Army. Horatio Gates proved himself an assistant as well as a competent field commander. Under his leadership, the Continental Army won the Battle of Saratoga – considered by many to be the point of the Revolutionary War. Following this important strategic victory over the British, the Continental Congress awarded what was then our nations highest honor, the use of the Horatio Gates Bronze and Gold Medals, which recognize superior achievement and service to the Regiment, dates from this important event. Adjutant General Corps officers served in the War of 1812, two men in particular who served as the Adjutant General during this period rose to prominence. General Alexander Macomb gained fame by repulsing the British in the Battle of Plattsburgh, the other, Brigadier General Zebulon Pike, the famous explorer, died in battle while leading the attack on York, Canada. With the appointment of Brevet Brigadier General Roger Jones in 1825, during his tenure, General Jones molded the office of the Adjutant General into the central bureau of the War Department. Adjutants General became the only officers invested with the authority to speak, recognizing this, the Army began appointing West Point graduates almost exclusively as Adjutants General from 1839 through the early 1900s. The first two graduates so appointed, Samuel Cooper and Lorenzo Thomas, served with distinction as Adjutants General during the Civil War, Cooper served the Confederacy, while Thomas served the Union. In 1861, two assistant Adjutants General, Major McDowell and Captain Franklin, drew up the plans to organize the more than 500,000 men who volunteered to fight for the Union. Their efforts, and others like them on both sides, built the massive armies of our Civil War years, following the Civil War, Brigadier General Edward D. Townsend took on the mission of compiling all the records of the war, both North and South. The Adjutant Generals Departments War of the Rebellion, Official Records became a contribution to American military history. The Department also discharged more than 800,000 men and enlisted 36,000 new recruits for the post Civil War Regular Army, on 14 December 1872, the Adjutant Generals Department adopted the old topographic engineer shield as its own branch insignia. The shield symbolized the Adjutant Generals role of speaking for the commander, thirteen embossed stars replaced the T. E. on the upper shield, creating the crest worn by all Adjutant Generals Corps officers of today
22.
Air Defense Artillery Branch (United States)
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The Air Defense Artillery branch of the US Army specializes in anti-aircraft weapons. The Air Defense Artillery branch descended from Anti-Aircraft Artillery into a branch on 20 June 1968. On 1 December 1968, the ADA branch was authorized to wear modified Artillery insignia, according to the Armys Field Manual 44-100, the mission of Air Defense Artillery is to protect the force and selected geopolitical assets from aerial attack, missile attack, and surveillance. On 10 October 1917 an Antiaircraft Service in the American Expeditionary Force was created at Arnouville-Les-Gonesse where a school was established. These units were organized by Col. James A. Shipton but were disbanded in May 1918, the National Defense Act of 1920 formally assigned the air defense mission to the Coast Artillery Corps, and 4 battalions were organized in 1921. In 1924 under a reorganization of the Coast Artillery the battalions were reorganized as regiments. 203rd Coast Artillery MO. 206th Coast Artillery AR. 207th Coast Artillery N. Y. 211th Coast Artillery MA. 212th Coast Artillery N. Y. 213th Coast Artillery PA. 214th Coast Artillery GA, 251st Coast Artillery CA. 369th Coast Artillery N. Y. In 1938 there were only 5 Regular Army and thirteen National Guard regiments, in November 1942,781 battalions were authorized. However, this number was pared down to 331 battalions by the end of the war, by late 1944 the regiments had been broken up into battalions and 144 Antiaircraft Artillery Groups had been activated, some of these existed only briefly. On 9 March 1942 Antiaircraft Command was established in Washington D. C. Army Anti-Aircraft Command was created on 29 June 1950. The Army formed it to command the Army units allocated to the air defense of the Continental United States, ARAACOM was also charged with becoming the Army component of a joint continental defense force, if and when the joint force was designated. Eastern and Western Army Antiaircraft Commands were established with HQ at Stewart AFB, New York, Anti-Aircraft Command moved to Mitchel Air Force Base, New York on 1 November 1950. On 10 April 1951, the Commanding General assumed command of all AAA units allocated to continental air defense—six AW, nine 90-mm. battalions plus four brigade and seven Gp HQ, eight AAA Ops Det and 15 Signal radar detachments. On 24 April Central Army Anti-Aircraft Command was established with HQ at Kansas City and it was organized 1 May 1951. By 31 December controlling formations had grown to six brigades and 13 group headquarters, on 31 May 1955 EARAACOM was disestablished and personnel assigned to the 1st AAA Region. In 1955, numbering started to replace geographic locations to designate regions, the 1st, 2nd and 5th Regions now covered the area once called Eastern ARAACOM. In 1956, Western ARAACOM became 6th Region, and the following year, areas of responsibility between regions and brigades continued to shift throughout the life of the command. On March 21,1957, ARAACOM was renamed to US Army Air Defense Command, on 26 July 1960, ARADCOM activated a sixth region
23.
Armor Branch (United States)
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The Armor Branch of the United States Army is an active combat arms branch. It was created provisionally in 1940 as Armored Force under Chief of the Armored Force, Brigadier General Adna R. Chaffee, Jr. even though the armor branch traces its lineage back to the original cavalry units, its first beginnings date from the First World War. The Tank Service of the National Army was formed on 5 March 1918. the Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940 and became a permanent branch of the Army in 1950. The United States Army Armor School is now located at Fort Benning, ARMOR is the professional journal of the U. S. Army’s Armor Branch, published by the Chief of Armor at Fort Benning, GA. training center for the Army’s tank and cavalry forces. It is also one of the oldest publications in the U. S. S
24.
M26 Pershing
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The Pershing was a heavy tank of the United States Army. The tank is named after General of the Armies John J. Pershing and it was briefly used in the final months of World War II and extensively during the Korean War. Based on the criteria of firepower, mobility, and protection, R. P. Hunnicutt ranked the Pershing second, behind the German Panther medium tank, but ahead of the Tiger I heavy tank. The lineage of the M26 continued with the M47 Patton, and was reflected in the new designs of the later M48 Patton and M60 Patton. The M26 was the culmination of a series of tank prototypes that began with the T20 in 1942. The prototype series began as a medium tank upgrade of the M4 Sherman, in addition, the large diameter of the radial engines in the M4 line of tanks added further to the hull height. These mechanical features accounted for the silhouette and large side sponsons that were characteristic of the M4 lineage. In the spring of 1942, as the M4 Sherman was entering production, the T20 tank reached a mock-up stage in May 1942, and was intended as an improved medium tank to follow the M4. An earlier heavy tank, the M6, had been standardized in February 1942, the U. S. Army had no doctrinal use for a heavy tank at the time. The T20 was designed to have a more compact hull than the M4, the Ford GAN V-8, a lower silhouette version of the GAA engine used in later variants of the M4, had become available. The T20 was fitted with the new 76 mm M1A1 gun, the 3 inch front hull armor was.5 in thicker than the 63 mm front armor of the M4. The glacis plate slope was similar at 46°, the T20s overall weight was approximately the same as the M4. The T20 used a version of the horizontal volute spring suspension. Later prototypes of the M26 tested a torsion bar suspension, which would become the standard for future U. S. tank suspension systems, the T22 series reverted to the M4 transmission because of problems with the early Torqmatic transmission used in the T20. The T22E1 tested an autoloader for the gun, and eliminated the loaders position with a small two-man turret. Through much of 1943, there was little perceived need within the U. S, the electrical transmission was built by General Electric, and had the engine driving a generator that powered two traction motors. The concept was similar to the system of the German Porsche Tiger. It had performance advantages in rough or hilly terrain, where the system could handle the rapid changes in torque requirements
25.
United States military bands
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United States military bands include musical ensembles maintained by the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, United States Air Force, and United States Coast Guard. During the colonial period, most British army units posted in the area that would become the United States had bands attached, the first recorded instance of a local American military band was in 1653 in the New Hampshire militia. The oldest extant United States military band is the United States Marine Corps Band, formed in 1798, currently, the U. S. armed forces field eleven premier ensembles, as well as more than 100 smaller, active-duty and reserve bands. Most bands of the U. S. armed forces reconfigure into combat units during wartime during which they have non-musical responsibilities, including guarding prisoners of war, all U. S. military bands are composed of regularly enlisted or commissioned military personnel. One exception to this is the U. S. Coast Guard Pipe Band, for hundreds of years, military forces have used music to signal their troops. According to research by the U. S, armed Forces School of Music, the first complete military band in the American colonies was organized in New Hampshire in 1653 with an instrumentation of 15 oboes and two drums. At the outset of the American Revolution, United States military units primarily relied on fife, I never felt such a sensation before—it seemed to crown our disgrace. In the enabling legislation authorizing the creation of the Marines, Congress authorized the funding of a Drum-Major, Fife Major and 32 musicians. This band, the U. S. Marine Band, as of 2015 remains the oldest extant military music organization in the United States and, indeed, the establishment of regular U. S. armed forces brought with it a standardization of uniforms. The modern bugle was first introduced to American military units around the time of the War of 1812, during that conflict, only the Rifle Regiment was authorized to use the bugle. All other American forces were required to continue using the traditional American fife, gradually, however, bugles became more widely adopted by the United States military. In 1855 United States Marine Band director Francesco Scala adopted the helmet for that bands drum-major in emulation of European trends. At the time of the American Civil War, U. S. Army bands had a strength of 24 musicians for infantry units. The proposal was shelved in the face of opposition from officers and soldiers, however, nonetheless, a survey in October 1861 found that 75-percent of Union regiments had a band and, by December of that year, the Union Army had 28,000 musicians in 618 bands. Bandsmen were also, for the first time, tasked with performing duties in addition to musical performance, frequently as stretcher-bearers. Musicians were often given special privileges, Union general Phillip Sheridan gave his cavalry bands the best horses and special uniforms, believing music has done its share, and more than its share, in winning this war. By the early 1900s military bands were being established in the reaches of the American colonial empire. Most notable among them was the Philippine Constabulary Band under the direction of Walter Loving, the regimental bands of these newly formed units were frequently led by black blues and jazz musicians experienced performing in the clubs of New York and Chicago
26.
United States Army Aviation Branch
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The United States Army Aviation Branch is the administrative organization within the United States Army responsible for doctrine, manning and configuration for all aviation units. The Army would develop a new concept of using the helicopter that would show promise during the Korean War. Army Aviation traces its origins back to the American Civil War, both Union and Confederate forces used hydrogen-filled balloons to direct artillery fire, marking the beginning of U. S. military aeronautics and of aerial support of Army ground forces. The Army also used balloons during the Spanish–American War and World War I, Army Aviation began in 1909 with the Army’s acquisition of its first heavier-than-air aircraft, an airplane built to Army specifications by the Wright brothers. During World War I, the Armys aircraft strength grew from a few dozen to more than 11,000 planes, the Army Air Service was created in May 1918. After World War I, General William Mitchell and other Air Service leaders spoke out forcefully in favor of an independent air force, since they envisioned aviation as a separate striking force, capable of independent operations, they opposed its remaining an arm of the ground forces. Although Congress as well as most Army leaders rejected Mitchells argument, the Air Service did become a combat arm, equal in status to the infantry, cavalry. During the 1930s, many Army Air Corps leaders became preoccupied with strategic air operations, like Billy Mitchell before them, they advocated using air power independently of the Army ground forces to destroy enemy targets behind the lines of combat. This Air Corps emphasis on strategic operations disturbed some ground forces leaders, aerial support was particularly vital for artillery fire adjustment. The Army experimented with using small aircraft for artillery fire adjustment and other functions in maneuvers at Camp Beauregard. The tests were repeated on a scale in the Army maneuvers in Louisiana, Tennessee, Texas. The Armys Grasshoppers, as these light planes came to be called, proved to be more effective than the larger Air Corps planes used for the same purposes. It was this new World War II-era phenomenon with its few small single-engine spotter planes, organic Army Aviation, Organic Army Aviation first entered into combat in November 1942 on the coast of North Africa. After the creation of the Army Air Forces, the Army Ground Forces retained the use of aircraft for artillery forward observation. First use of the helicopter in combat is credited to the USAAF 1st Air Commando Group in Burma in 1943, the 1ACG operated six Sikorsky R-4 helicopters primarily for air rescue and medical evacuation. When the United States Air Force was established as a service in 1947. The Korean War and Vietnam War proved the capabilities of these aviation assets to perform a variety of missions not covered by the Air Force. The Korean War provided new challenges and opportunities for Army Aviation, Organic Army Aviation had acquired its first helicopters, thirteen H-13 Sioux, in 1947, shortly before the U. S. Air Force became independent of the Army
27.
United States Cavalry
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The United States Cavalry, or U. S. Cavalry, was the designation of the mounted force of the United States Army from the late 18th to the early 20th century. Cavalry is also used in the name of the 1st Cavalry Division for heraldic/lineage/historical purposes, originally designated as United States Dragoons, the forces were patterned after cavalry units employed during the Revolutionary War. Immediately preceding World War II, the U. S. Cavalry began transitioning to a mechanized, mounted force, during World War II, the Armys cavalry units operated as horse-mounted, mechanized, or dismounted forces. The last horse-mounted cavalry charge by a U. S. Cavalry unit took place on the Bataan Peninsula, the 26th Cavalry Regiment of the Philippine Scouts executed the charge against Japanese forces near the village of Morong on 16 January 1942. The U. S. Cavalry branch was absorbed into the Armor branch as part of the Army Reorganization Act of 1950, today, cavalry designations and traditions continue with regiments of both armor and aviation units that perform the cavalry mission. The 1st Cavalry Division is the only division in the United States Army with a cavalry designation. The division maintains a detachment of horse-mounted cavalry for ceremonial purposes, Washington saw the intimidating effect of the small force of British 17th Light Dragoons, which panicked his militia infantry at White Plains. In late 1776, Congress authorized Washington to establish a force of 3,000 men. On 12 December 1776, Congress converted Elisha Sheldons militia regiment into the Regiment of Light Dragoons, in March 1777, Washington established the Corps of Continental Light Dragoons consisting of four regiments of 280 men, each organised in six troops. Pulaskis efforts led to friction with the American officers, resulting in his resignation, pulaskis Legion consisted of dragoons, riflemen, grenadiers, and infantry. Battle engagements in South Carolina largely seriously attrited the 1st and 3rd Regiments in the spring of 1780, following the capture of Charleston, South Carolina on 12 May 1780, the remnants tried to regroup and reconstitute in Virginia and North Carolina. In August,1780, Armands Legion was with General Gates at the disastrous Battle of Camden, the most significant engagement of the war involving Continental light dragoons was the Battle of Cowpens in January 1781. The British responded by organizing a force of dragoons and infantry under British Lt-Col Banastre Tarleton to stop the raids. Later, the 3rd Legionary Corps participated in Greenes maneuvers across North Carolina, in 1783, the Continental Army was discharged and the dragoons were released. The first cavalry unit formed by the Congress of the United States of America was a squadron of four troops commanded by Major Michael Rudolph on 5 March 1792, in 1799, Congress established a provision for mobilization of three cavalry regiments in the event of a war. Equipment for 3,000 men and horses was procured and stored, the Congressional act of 12 April 1808 authorized a standing regiment of light dragoons consisting of eight troops. As war loomed, Congress authorized another regiment of dragoons on 11 January 1812. These regiments were known afterwards as the First and Second United States Dragoons
28.
Chaplain Corps (United States Army)
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The Chaplain Corps of the United States Army consists of ordained clergy who are commissioned Army officers as well as enlisted soldiers who serve as assistants. Their purpose is to religious services, counseling, and moral support to the armed forces. The three schools are co-located at Fort Jackson, in Columbia, S. C, in 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission decided to put all military ministry training at the same location. The purpose of the AFCC is to have closer cooperation among the three corps and to share instruction and training. The U. S. Army Chaplain School was approved on 9 February 1918 and its first session began on 3 March 1918, at Fort Monroe, Virginia. Chaplain Aldred A. Pruden, who developed the plan for the school, was named the first commandant of the school, the transition from the Staff Specialist Branch to the Chaplain Branch left the candidates without an authorized branch insignia. Responding to the need, Chief of Chaplains Chaplain Donald L. Rutherford submitted a request for collar insignia which was approved by HQDA, the design for the collar insignia was authorized on 18 June 2012. See, United States military chaplain symbols For FAQs regarding uniforms and insignia, the Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army is the head of the Army Chaplaincy. The position was created to organize the corps. The current Chief of Chaplains is Chaplain Paul K. Hurley who was sworn in on May 22,2015, for historic photographs of Army chaplains in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, see footnote. The U. S. Army Chaplain Museum is located at Fort Jackson and it was established on 14 August 1957, at the then–United States Army Chaplain School at Fort Slocum, New York. It was dedicated on 10 February 1958, by Chaplain Patrick J. Ryan, Chief of Chaplains. Those chaplains – known as The Four Chaplains – were Lt. George L. Fox, Methodist, Lt. Alexander D. Goode, Jewish, Lt. John P. Washington, Roman Catholic, and Lt. Clark V. Poling, Dutch Reformed. John G. Burkhalter – Chaplain during World War II and the Korean War, deValles – Chaplain during World War I. Francis P. Duffy – Chaplain during World War I, the most highly decorated cleric in the history of the U. S. Army, John H. Eastwood – Chaplain during World War II Herman G. Felhoelter – Chaplain during the Korean War. Dale Goetz – Chaplain during Afghanistan War, first U. S. Army chaplain to be killed in action since the Vietnam War. Haney – Chaplain during the Civil War, called The Fighting Chaplain by the men of the 55th Illinois Infantry. Awarded the Medal of Honor Philip Hannan – Chaplain during World War II, emil J. Kapaun – Chaplain during the Korean War
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Christian cross variants
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This is a list of Christian cross variants. The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a crucifix, the term Greek cross designates a cross with arms of equal length, as in a plus sign, while the term Latin cross designates a cross with an elongated descending arm. Numerous other variants have developed during the medieval period. Christian crosses are used widely in churches, on top of buildings, on bibles, in heraldry, in personal jewelry, on hilltops. Crosses are a prominent feature of Christian cemeteries, either carved on gravestones or as sculpted stelae, roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran depictions of the cross are often crucifixes, in order to emphasize that it is Jesus that is important, rather than the cross in isolation. Large crucifixes are a prominent feature of some Lutheran churches, as illustrated in the article Rood, several Christian cross variants are available in computer-displayed text. The Latin cross symbol is included in the character set as 271D. For others, see Religious and political symbols in Unicode, basic variants, or early variants widespread since antiquity
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Ten Commandments
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The Ten Commandments, also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Different religious groups follow different traditions for interpreting and numbering them, the Ten Commandments are listed twice in the Hebrew Bible, first at Exodus 20, 1–17, and then at Deuteronomy 5, 6–21. Both versions state that God inscribed them on two tablets, which he gave to Moses on Mount Sinai. Modern scholarship has found likely influences in Hittite and Mesopotamian laws and treaties, but is divided over exactly when the Ten Commandments were written and who wrote them. In biblical Hebrew, the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות, the Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used ten verses. The Geneva Bible used tenne commandements, which was followed by the Bishops Bible, Most major English versions use commandments. The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called לוחות הברית, Luchot HaBrit, the biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai. The people were afraid to hear more and moved afar off, and Moses responded with Fear not. And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there, and I will give thee tablets of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written, that thou mayest teach them. 13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua, the mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was in the mount forty days and forty nights. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20, 1–17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5, 4–21 into ten commandments or sayings in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology. Traditions, LXX, Septuagint, generally followed by Orthodox Christians, P, Philo, same as the Septuagint, but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed. S, Samaritan Pentateuch, with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th, T, Jewish Talmud, makes the prologue the first saying or matter and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry. C, Catechism of the Catholic Church, largely follows Augustine, R, Reformed Christians follow John Calvins Institutes of the Christian Religion, which follows the Septuagint, this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version, click on verses at top of columns for other versions. The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation, reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles and they are not as explicit or detailed as rules or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation and their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation
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Star of David
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The Star of David, known in Hebrew as the Shield of David or Magen David, is a generally recognized symbol of modern Jewish identity and Judaism. Its shape is that of a hexagram, the compound of two equilateral triangles, unlike the menorah, the Lion of Judah, the shofar and the lulav, the Star of David was never a uniquely Jewish symbol. During the 19th century the symbol began to proliferate amongst the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe, a significant motivating factor was the desire to imitate the influence of the Christian cross. The earliest Jewish usage of the symbol was inherited from medieval Arabic literature by Kabbalists for use in talismanic protective amulets where it was known as a Seal of Solomon. The symbol was used in Christian churches as a decorative motif many centuries before its first known use in a Jewish synagogue. The symbol became representative of the worldwide Zionist community, and later the broader Jewish community, the identification of the term Star of David or Shield of David with the hexagram shape dates to the 17th century. The term Shield of David is also used in the Siddur as a title of the God of Israel, the hexagram does appear occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity, apparently as a decorative motif. For example, in Israel, there is a bearing a hexagram from the arch of a 3rd–4th century synagogue in the Galilee. Originally, the hexagram may have employed as an architectural ornament on synagogues, as it is, for example, on the cathedrals of Brandenburg and Stendal. A pentagram in this form is found on the ancient synagogue at Tell Hum, in the synagogues, perhaps, it was associated with the mezuzah. Similarly, the symbol illuminates a medieval Tanakh manuscript dated 1307 belonging to Rabbi Yosef bar Yehuda ben Marvas from Toledo, Spain. A Siddur dated 1512 from Prague displays a large hexagram on the cover with the phrase, turcomans who ruled in Anatolia during the 13th century, inherited it from the Seljuk Turks. A hexagram has been noted on a Jewish tombstone in Taranto, Apulia in Southern Italy, the Jews of Apulia were noted for their scholarship in Kabbalah, which has been connected to the use of the Star of David. Medieval Kabbalistic grimoires show hexagrams among the tables of segulot, the six sfirot of the masculine Zer Anpin correspond to the six items on the seder plate, while the seventh sfira being the feminine Malkhut corresponds to the plate itself. However, these triangles are parallel, one above the other. According to G. S. Oegema Isaac Luria provided the hexagram with a further mystical meaning, similarly, M. Costa wrote that M. Some say that one represents the ruling tribe of Judah. It is also seen as a dalet and yud, the two assigned to Judah
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Dharmachakra
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The dharmachakra is one of the Ashtamangala of Indian religions such as Jainism, Buddhism and Hinduism. It has represented the Buddhist dharma, Gautama Buddhas teaching of the path to Nirvana and it is also connected to the Noble Eightfold Path. The Sanskrit noun dharma is a derivation from the root dhṛ, which has a meaning of to hold, maintain, keep, and takes a meaning of what is established or firm, and hence law. It is derived from the Vedic Sanskrit n-stem dharman- with the bearer, supporter in the historical Vedic religion conceived of as an aspect of Ṛta. The wheel is also the main attribute of Vishnu, the Vedic god of preservation, madhavan and Parpola note Chakra sign appears frequently in Indus Valley civilization inscriptions, on several seals. Notably, a sequence of four signs on the Dholavira signboard, common Dharmachakra symbols consist of either 8 or 24 spokes. Unicode Symbol, ☸ According to the Puranas of Hinduism, only 24 Rishis or Sages managed the power of the Gayatri Mantra. The 24 letters of the Gayatri Mantra depict those 24 Rishis and this is a quote from the Mundaka Upanishad, the concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas. The one who does not follow the wheel thus revolving, leads a sinful, vain life, the Dharmachakra is one of the ashtamangala of Buddhism. It is one of the oldest known Buddhist symbols found in Indian art, the Buddha is said to have set the dhammacakka in motion when he delivered his first sermon, which is described in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. The wheel itself depicts ideas about the cycle of saṃsāra and furthermore the Noble Eightfold Path, Buddhism adopted the wheel as the main symbol of the chakravartin wheel-turner, the ideal king or universal monarch, symbolising the ability to cut through all obstacles and illusions. According to Harrison, the symbolism of the wheel of the law, the image, having been found in antiquity is referred to as Rimbo is an accepted symbol used in Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism, along with the Swastika. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, first Vice President of India has stated that the Ashoka Chakra of India represents the Dharmachakra, in Jainism, the Dharmachakra is worshipped as a symbol of the dharma. Other cakras appear in other Indian traditions, e. g. Vishnus Sudarśanacakra, the former Flag of Sikkim featured a version of the dharmachakra. Thai people also use a flag with a red dhammacakka as their Buddhist flag. The emblem of Mongolia includes a dharmachakra together with some other Buddhist attributes such as the padma, cintamani, a blue khata, the dharmachakra is also the insignia for Buddhist chaplains in the United States Armed Forces. In non-Buddhist cultural contexts, an eight-spoked dharmachakra resembles a traditional ships wheel, as a nautical emblem, this image is a common sailor tattoo. In the Unicode computer standard, the dharmachakra is called the Wheel of Dharma, Buddhism for the West, Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna, a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day
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Om
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Om is a sacred sound and a spiritual icon in Hindu religion. It is also a mantra in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Om is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts, temples, monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The symbol has a meaning in all Indian dharmas, but the meaning. In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual symbols and it refers to Atman and Brahman. The syllable is found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads. The syllable is also referred to as omkara, aumkara, the syllable Om is referred to as praṇava. Other used terms are akṣara or ekākṣara, and omkāra, Udgitha, a word found in Sama Veda and bhasya based on it, is also used as a name of the syllable. The syllable Om is first mentioned in the Upanishads, the texts associated with the Vedanta philosophy. It has variously been associated with concepts of cosmic sound or mystical syllable or affirmation to something divine, in the Aranyaka and the Brahmana layers of Vedic texts, the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge, that it stands for the whole of Veda. The etymological foundations of Om are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the Vedantic texts, the Brahmana layer of Vedic texts equate Om with Bhur-bhuvah-Svah, the latter symbolizing the whole Veda. The Sama Veda, the poetical Veda, orthographically maps Om to the audible, the syllable Om evolves to mean many abstract ideas in the earliest Upanishads. Phonologically, the syllable ओम् represents /aum/, which is regularly monophthongised to in Sanskrit phonology.1.95. It is sometimes also written ओ३म्, notably by Arya Samaj, the Om symbol is a ligature in Devanagari, combining ओ and chandrabindu. In Unicode, the symbol is encoded at U+0950 ॐ Devanagari OM, the Om or Aum symbol is found on ancient coins, in regional scripts. In Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura era coins are embossed with Aum along with other symbols, the Om symbol, with epigraphical variations, is also found in many southeast Asian countries. For example, it is called Unalom or Aum in Thailand and has been a part of various flags, the Cambodian official seal has similarly incorporated the Aum symbol. In traditional Chinese characters, it is written as 唵, there have been proposals that the Om syllable may already have had written representations in Brahmi script, dating to before the Common Era. A proposal by Deb held that the swastika is a representation of the syllable Om
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Crescent
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A crescent shape is a symbol or emblem used to represent the lunar phase in the first quarter, or by extension a symbol representing the Moon itself. It is used as the symbol for the Moon. It was also the emblem of Diana-Artemis, and hence represented virginity, in Roman Catholic Marian veneration, it is associated with the Virgin Mary. From its use as roof finial in Ottoman era mosques, it has become associated with Islam. The crescent symbol is used to represent the Moon, not necessarily in a particular lunar phase. When used to represent a waxing or waning lunar phase, crescent or increscent refers to the waxing first quarter, the crescent symbol was long used as a symbol of the Moon in astrology, and by extension of Silver in alchemy. The astrological use of the symbol is attested in early Greek papyri containing horoscopes, in the 2nd-century Bianchinis planisphere, the personification of the Moon is shown with a crescent attached to her headdress. Its ancient association with Ishtar/Astarte and Diana is preserved in the Moon representing the female principle, as such, it belongs to the class of figures known as lune in planar geometry. The tapering towards the points of intersection of the two arcs are known as the horns of the crescent, the word crescent is derived etymologically from the present participle of the Latin verb crescere to grow, technically denoting the waxing moon. Unicode encodes a crescent at U+263D and a decrescent at U+263E, the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block provides variants with faces, FIRST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE at U+1F31B and LAST QUARTER MOON WITH FACE at U+1F31C. The crescent shape is used to represent the Moon, and the Moon deity Nanna/Sin from an early time, visible in Akkadian cylinder seals as early as 2300 BC. The crescent was used in the iconography of the Ancient Near East and was used transplanted by the Phoenicians in the 8th century BC as far as Carthage in modern Tunisia. The crescent and star also appears on coins of South Arabia. The combination of star and crescent also arises in the Ancient Near East, representing the Moon and Ishtar and it was inherited both in Sassanian and Hellenistic iconography. In the iconography of the Hellenistic period, the crescent became the symbol of Artemis-Diana, numerous depictions show Artemis-Diana wearing the crescent Moon as part of her headdress. The related symbol of the star and crescent was the emblem of the Mithradates dynasty in the Kingdom of Pontus and was used as the emblem of Byzantium. The crescent remained in use as an emblem in Sassanid Persia, in the Crusades it came to be associated with the Orient and was widely used in Crusader seals and coins. It was used as a charge by the later 13th century
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Chemical Corps
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The Chemical Corps is the branch of the United States Army tasked with defending against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. The corps was founded as the U. S, Chemical Warfare Service during World War I. Its name was changed to the Chemical Corps in 1946, for most of its history, the Chemical Corps was tasked with delivering chemical weapons rather than defending against them. Discussion of the dates back to the American Civil War. A letter to the War Department dated 5 April 1862 from New York City resident John Doughty proposed the use of shells to drive the Confederate Army from its positions. Doughty included a drawing of the shell with his letter. It is unknown how the military reacted to Doughtys proposal but the letter was unnoticed in a pile of old official documents until modern times, another American, Forrest Shepherd, also proposed a chemical weapon attack against the Confederates. Shepherds proposal involved hydrogen chloride, an attack that would have likely been non-lethal, Shepherd was a well-known geologist at the time and his proposal was in the form of a letter directly to the White House. The earliest predecessors to the United States Army Chemical Corps owe their existence to changes of military technology early in World War I. Despite this early interest, troops were supplied with masks nor trained for offensive gas warfare until the U. S. became involved in World War I in 1917. By 1917, the use of weapons by both the Allied and Central Powers had become commonplace along the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts. In 1917, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, directed the Bureau of Mines to assist the Army and Navy in creating a gas war program. After the Director of the Bureau of Mines formally offered the service to the Military Committee of the National Research Council. On 5 July 1917 General John J. Pershing oversaw the creation of a Gas Service Section, the predecessor to the 1st Gas Regiment was the 30th Engineer Regiment. The 30th was activated on 15 August 1917 at Camp American University, Washington, additional War Department orders established a Chemical Service Section that included 47 commissioned officers and 95 enlisted personnel. Despite the conventional training, the public perceived the 30th as dealing mainly with poisonous gas, by the time those in the 30th Engineers arrived in France most of them knew nothing of chemical warfare and had no specialized equipment. The 30th Engineer Regiment was redesignated the First Gas Regiment in 1918 and deployed to assist and support Army gas operations, the Chemical Warfare Service, the predecessor to the Chemical Corps, was officially formed on 28 June 1918 and encompassed the Gas Service and Chemical Service Sections. By 1 November 1918 the CWS included 1,654 commissioned officers and 18,027 enlisted personnel, major General William L. Sibert was appointed as the first director of the CWS on the day it was created
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United States Army Dental Command
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The U. S. Army Dental Command, known as DENCOM is a major subordinate command of the U. S. DENCOM headquarters is located at Fort Sam Houston, Texas—also the location of MEDCOMs headquarters. Generally, these RDCs geographically overlap with their corresponding regional medical commands, while U. S. Army dentistry dates back to 1872, DENCOM is a relatively recent creation. Provisionally activated on November 1,1993, it established Army dental service delivery under a command with worldwide authority over all TDA dental units. Subordinate to the DENCOM were eight dental service support areas and these DSSAs were later reorganized into what are now known as regional dental commands
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Pale (heraldry)
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A pale is a term used in heraldic blazon and vexillology to describe a charge on a coat of arms, that takes the form of a band running vertically down the center of the shield. Writers broadly agree that the width of the ranges from about one-fifth to about one-third of the width of the shield. A narrow pale is more likely if it is uncharged, that is, if charged, the pale is typically wider to allow room for the objects drawn there. The pale is one of the ordinaries in heraldry, along with the bend, chevron, fess, there are several other ordinaries and sub-ordinaries. The word pale originally referred to a picket and it is from the resemblance to this that the heraldic pale derives its name, pallet In British heraldry when two or more pales appear on a field, they are conventionally termed pallets. Paly A shield with numerous pales may be termed paly, especially in early heraldry, in pale In pale refers to the appearance of several items on the shield being lined up in the direction of a pale. Palewise A charge palewise is vertical like a pale, party per pale A shield party per pale is divided into two parts by a single line which runs in the direction of a pale. A pale may be couped, however, while other charges if couped at the top would just be blazoned as couped in chief, if couped at the bottom it is blazoned as a pale retrait in base. The Canadian pale, invented by Dr. George Stanley for the flag of Canada, on a 1,2 flag such as Canadas, it is square. The name was suggested by Sir Conrad Swan, and used when Elizabeth II of Canada proclaimed the new flag on 28 January 1965
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United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon
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Corps Castle
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Corps Castle is the logo of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. The logo is typically a white castle with three towers set on a red background, when the Corps Castle is worn as insignia on a uniform, it is similar to the logo design but with a dull or shiny brass finish. The look of the Corps Castle traces its history back to the American Revolution and has evolved over time, the medieval castle as a logo was started in 1840 on an informal basis. S. In 1902, the Corps Castle was formally adopted by the Army as the insignia of the Corps of Engineers, on formal and semi-formal uniforms, the logo is customarily gold in color, although it was changed to silver from gold from 1894–1921. When displayed on uniforms for special events, it is customarily black in color. In visual color media, the Corps Castle logo is presented in red. The origin of the castle as a symbol of the Corps of Engineers is shrouded in mystery. Unfortunately, the records of the Corps housed at the Military Academy at West Point disappeared in a pre-Civil War fire in 1838 that destroyed the building containing the records. As a consequence, many stories about the origins of the engineers have been advanced. One story traces the origins to a French connection and these French engineers disappeared from the scene before the castle design appeared in the American Army. While there may be some truth to the French connection, the origins are attributed to Colonel Jonathan Williams. Williams—grandnephew of Benjamin Franklin—assisted Franklin during his tenure as envoy to France during the American Revolution, after the war, he adopted engineering as a profession. In 1801, Williams was a major, Corps Artillerists engineer, in 1802, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him commander of the newly created Corps of Engineers and the U. S. Thus, he was the first Chief Engineer and First Superintendent of West Point of the reestablished Corps, through his work as Chief Engineer, there is a clue as to who designed the Corps insignia. Between 1807 and 1812, he designed and constructed Castle Williams to defend New York Harbor, the gateway to that castle-style fortification bore an eagle over the center. Other examples included Castle Pinckney in Charleston, South Carolina and Castle Clinton, an assistant on his staff was Colonel Alexander Macomb, who became the Chief Engineer,1 June 1821 through 24 May 1828. In 1828, he was elevated to Commanding General of the U. S. Army, in 1807, he made the earliest known drawing of the Engineer Button adorned with a castle motif, worn on the uniforms of the West Point cadets during the War of 1812. Another engineer officer—Colonel Richard Delafield, superintendent of the military academy—added the turreted castle to the new uniform for the West Point cadets in 1838, macomb—as Commanding General of the U. S. Army—had an active part in the design of the new uniform
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Field Artillery Branch (United States)
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The Field Artillery Branch of the United States Army was founded on 17 November 1775 by the Continental Congress, which unanimously elected Henry Knox Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776, Artillery of all types was part of the Artillery Corps until 1901, when the Corps was split into battery-sized units, called companies at the time, of Field Artillery and Coast Artillery. In 1907 the Artillery Corps was reorganized into the Field Artillery, although presently Field Artillery and Air Defense Artillery are separate branches, both inherit the traditions of the Artillery branch. The mission of the Field Artillery is to destroy, defeat, the Field Artillery is one of the Armys combat arms, traditionally one of the three major branches. It refers to units that use artillery weapons systems to deliver surface-to-surface long range indirect fire. Indirect fire means that the projectile does not follow the line of sight to the target, mortars are not field artillery weapons, they are organic to infantry units and are manned by infantry personnel. The term field artillery is to distinguish from the Air Defense Artillery, and historically, from the U. S. Army Coast Artillery Corps, a branch which existed from 1901–1950. In 1950, the two branches were unified and called simply Artillery, until Air Defense Artillery was made into a branch in 1968. The insignia of the Field Artillery branch is a pair of crossed field guns in gold, the officially stated mission of the Field Artillery is to destroy, defeat, or disrupt the enemy with integrated fires to enable maneuver commanders to dominate in unified land operations. The home of the Field Artillery and the Field Artillery School are at Fort Sill, Field artillery is called the King of Battle. Conflicts in the 20th century saw artillery become exponentially more effective as indirect fire methods were introduced prior to World War I. During World War I and World War II, field artillery was the single highest casualty-producing weapons system on any battlefield, members of the Field Artillery are referred to as redlegs because during the American Civil War they were distinguished by scarlet stripes down the legs of their uniform pants. The use of colors to distinguish branches of the United States Army dates to 1851, Branch colors are found on the shoulder straps of officers wearing the blue dress uniform and on branch of service scarves authorized for wear with a variety of uniforms. The professional journal of the Field Artillery is published at Fort Sill, known as the Field Artillery Journal in 1911, it went through many name changes through Field Artillery in 1987. The journal merged with Air Defense Artillery in 2007 to become Fires, the United States Marine Corps is currently transitioning from the M198 howitzer to the M777. In 1789 after the Revolution there was one battalion of four companies of artillery. In 1794 a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers was organized, which included the four companies of artillery then in service and had sixteen companies in four battalions, in 1802 there was a reduction of the army. The Artillery were separated from the Engineers and the former formed into one regiment of 20 companies, in 1808 a regiment of ten companies called the Light Artillery was formed
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Staff (military)
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A military staff is a group of officers, enlisted and civilian personnel that are responsible for the administrative, operational and logistical needs of its unit. It provides bi-directional flow of information between an officer and subordinate military units. A staff also provides a function where it filters information needed by the commander or shunts unnecessary information. One of the key purposes of a staff is to provide accurate. A goal is being able to suggest approaches or help produce well-informed decisions that effectively manage. In addition to generating information, the staff also manages the flow of communication within the unit, while controlled information flow toward the commander is a priority, those useful or contingent in nature are communicated to lower-level units and/or through their respective staffs. If the information is not pertinent to the unit, it is redirected to the level which can best utilize the condition or information. Staffs are generally the first to know of issues that affect its group, issues that require major decisions affecting the units operational capability are communicated to the commanding officer. However, not all issues will be handled by the commander, in addition, a staff aims to carefully craft any useful situations and utilize that information. In a generic command staff, more seasoned and senior officers oversee staff sections of groups organized by the needs of the unit, senior Enlisted Personnel task personnel in the maintenance of tactical equipment and vehicles. Senior Analysts are tasked with the finalizing of reports, and their enlisted personnel participate in the acquisition of information from subordinate staffs and this frees up the most senior members of the command at each level for decision making and issuing direction for further research or information gathering. Prior to the late 18th century, there was no organizational support for staff functions such as military intelligence, logistics. Unit commanders handled such functions for their units, with help from subordinates who were usually not trained for or assigned to a specific task. A great deal of mythology surrounds the origin of the modern staff system as a tool of army management. It was perfected by the Prussians, but despite the claims of many American and British authors, it did not originate in France, especially not with Napoleon, the claims made about Pierre-Joseph Bourcet and his staff college at Grenoble are myths. Staff officers were drawn from units and would later return to them. In a battle or when the army had detached corps, a number of staff would be allocated to the column commander as a smaller version of headquarters. The senior man, usually a Major, would be the chief of the column staff, the Archduke set out the position of a modern Chief of Staff, “The Chief of Staff stands at the side of the Commander-in-Chief and is completely at his disposal
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Infantry Branch (United States)
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The Infantry Branch is a branch of the United States Army first established in 1775. Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775, the Armys current regimental numbering system dates from this act. And after the Mexican–American War reduced back to pre war levels, 26th Infantry Regiment 27th Infantry Regiment 28th Infantry Regiment 29th Infantry Regiment 30th Infantry Regiment The Militia Act of 1903 established the National Guard. Airborne and Air Assault infantry battalions, are larger than the light and Ranger infantry battalions. Stryker and mechanized infantry units TO&Es are markedly different from each other as well as from the several sub-types of light infantry, an obvious difference is the requirement to allow for additional manpower and equipment to man, maintain, and service their respective vehicles. Marine Infantry In addition to the six types of US Army Infantry, described above, Marine infantry is essentially multi-purpose, heavily-manned and equipped, light infantry. Marine infantry battalions that are reinforced to form a Battalion Landing Team are also heavily supported with additional organic assets. This combat support includes, a field artillery battery, three reinforced armored vehicle platoons, and one platoon each of infantry reconnaissance and combat engineers. Additionally, some Marine infantrymen attend U. S. Army Airborne or Ranger training, however, since the USMC does not maintain either airborne or Ranger infantry units, only a relatively small number of Marines ever attend these two schools. Furthermore, while not designated as special forces, deployed Marine Expeditionary Units are certified as Special Operations Capable. S. Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from, Volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman Official U. S. bulletin, Volume 1 By United States. Committee on Public Information Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson
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Model 1795 Musket
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The Model 1795 Musket was a.69 caliber flintlock musket produced in the late 18th and early 19th century at both the Springfield and Harpers Ferry US Armories. The Model 1795 was the first musket to be produced in the United States by Eli Whitney, the Model 1795 retained many of the characteristics of the Charleville on which it was based. It had a 44 inch long.69 caliber barrel, a 56 inch stock, the original version had the bayonet lug on the bottom of the barrel but this was later moved to the top. Minor changes were made throughout production inclusive of a barrel length of 42 on the later Harpers Ferry weapons. Barrels of Harpers Ferry 1795s were serial numbered up to point in 1812. Springfield began the Model 1812 improvements in 1814, but Harpers Ferry would continue on with the production of the M1795 until at least 1819, eventually, both armories would incorporate improvements into the M1816 flintlock which were after a few years virtually identical. Typical of smooth bore muskets, the M1795 had a range of about 50 to 75 yards. The Model 1795 fired a smaller round than the British.75 caliber Brown Bess and this gave the American forces an advantage of range when they faced British forces in the War of 1812. The Model 1795 was produced in the Springfield Armory, which was the first armory in the United States, earlier versions prior to this date probably were produced but were not dated. Starting in 1801, possibly as early as 1800, it was produced in the then new Harpers Ferry Armory. Several differences between the Springfield Model 1795 and the Harpers Ferry Model 1795 have led many to label the Harpers Ferry version as a different model. Quite a few independent contractors also made the weapon as they were in constant demand, the federal armories simply could not make enough muskets to meet demand with the labor force they had during these early years. Only about two dozen artisans worked in the Harpers Ferry arsenal around 1800, and making the muskets literally from scratch was a very labor-intensive task, approximately 80,000 Springfield Model 1795 muskets were produced while about 70,000 were produced at Harpers Ferry. The Model 1795s would be used through the War of 1812, the Mexican War of 1846–48, there is some evidence that some were in fact never converted at all from flintlock. The effective service life of the M1795 thus extends through 1865, the Model 1795 was also used by some members of the Lewis and Clark expedition. List of individual weapons of the U. S
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Inspector general
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An inspector general is an investigative official in a civil or military organization. The plural of the term is inspectors general, the chief of police of Bangladesh is known as the inspector general of police. He is from the Bangladesh Civil Service police cadre, the current inspector general of police is A K M Shahidul Hoque, and his predecessor was Hassan Mahmud Khondokar. There is another temporary post of general of police, known as Pulish Shômônnoyôk or police coordinator. Before 1867 the position of Inspector General of Canada existed as the responsible for finances. After 1867 the position was assumed as the Minister of Finance, alexander Galt served at the last Inspector General from 1858 to 1867 and the first Minister of Finance in 1867. Colombias inspector general is a unique post with broad powers to investigate government malfeasance, the inspection générale des Finances is particularly prestigious as a job appointment after studies at the École Nationale dAdministration. In recent decades, many of its members have occupied various positions in lieu of their traditional mission of inspection. The corps has come under increased criticism for this, during World War II, Colonel General Heinz Guderian was appointed inspector general of armoured troops on 1 March 1943, reporting directly to Adolf Hitler. Head of the Command Staff of the Armed Forces, his position is equivalent to that of the American chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the German federal police, the police officer is called inspector of the federal police as well. For all state police services there also exists an inspector. All of the sixteen German state police departements has an inspector, the state police presidents are normally not police officers, they are administration officials. The competence for police services in Germany is assigned to the states of Germany. The federal police is a coordinating police département with only a few competences, e. g. in border control or airport, in the scope of responsibility of the state police departments the federal police can only act with permission or request of the local state police. During the British rule in India, in 1861, the British Government introduced the Indian Councils Act of 1861, the act created a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services, later known as the Indian Imperial Police. The highest rank in the service was the Inspector General, in modern India, the inspector general of police or joint commissioner of police is a two-star rank officer and one of the most senior officers in the state police forces. All inspectors general and joint commissioners in state police forces are Indian Police Service officers and they are in some states the commissioner of police for the city, that is they head a police force for a particular city
