1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
3.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
4.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
United States Coast Guard
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The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the countrys seven uniformed services. This has happened twice, in 1917, during World War I, created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine, it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine, by the 1860s, the service was known as the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse, the modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U. S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915, under the U. S. Department of the Treasury. As one of the five armed services, the Coast Guard has been involved in every U. S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War. As of 2014 the Coast Guard had over 36,000 men and women on duty,7,350 reservists,29,620 auxiliarists. In terms of size, the U. S. Coast Guard by itself is the worlds 12th largest naval force. Because of its authority, the Coast Guard can conduct military operations under the U. S. Department of Defense or directly for the President in accordance with Title 14 USC 1–3. The Coast Guards enduring roles are maritime safety, security, to carry out those roles, it has 11 statutory missions as defined in 6 U. S. C. §468, which include enforcing U. S. law in the worlds largest exclusive economic zone of 3.4 million square miles, the Coast Guards motto is the Latin phrase, Semper Paratus. In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina, the author wrote, the Coast Guards most valuable contribution to may be as a model of flexibility, and most of all, spirit. Wil Milam, a swimmer from Alaska told the magazine, In the Navy. Practicing for war, training for war, in the Coast Guard, it was, take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself. The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles, which are subdivided into eleven statutory missions. Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort, and have responsibility for military and civilian search and rescue. The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators, previously located on Governors Island, New York, the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia. The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports, details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution, the five uniformed services that make up the U. S
7.
Shipyard
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A shipyard is a place where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships, dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles. The shipbuilding industry tends to be fragmented in Europe than in Asia. In European countries there are a number of small companies. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are Naval facilities providing basing, support, Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. Sir Alfred Yarrow established his yard by the Thames in Londons Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at Scotstoun. Other famous UK shipyards include the Harland and Wolff yard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where Titanic was built, and the naval dockyard at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent. The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities, after a ships useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages, the worlds earliest known dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard, the dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the current of the river to avoid silting. The name of the ancient Greek city of Naupactus means shipyard, Naupactus reputation in this field extends to the time of legend, where it is depicted as the place where the Heraclidae built a fleet to invade the Peloponnesus. During its time of operation it was changed, rebuilt and modified. It is currently a maritime museum, ships were the first items to be manufactured in a factory, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, in the Venice Arsenal, Venice, Italy. The Arsenal apparently mass-produced nearly one every day using pre-manufactured parts. Chantiers de lAtlantique – established in 1861 Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the Deane, jean Street Shipyard 1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U. S. Located on the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida, Gloucester Marine Railways 1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England
8.
Anne Arundel County, Maryland
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Anne Arundel County /ˌænəˈrʌndəl/ is a county located in the U. S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, its population was 537,656 and its county seat is Annapolis, which is also the capital of the state. The County was named for Lady Ann Arundell, the daughter of Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour, members of the ancient family of Arundells in Cornwall, England. She married Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, and the first Lord Proprietor of the colony, Province of Maryland, in an arranged marriage contract in 1627 or 1628. Anne Arundel County was originally part of St. Marys County in the portion of the Province of Maryland which had first been settled by the arriving settlers in 1634. In 1650, the year after Lady Ann Arundells death, the County separated from St. Marys and erected into its own jurisdiction, between 1654 and 1658, the County was known as Providence by many of its early settlers. The Commonwealth forces under William Fuller were victorious, prior to the move, Annapolis was known as Providence. During the American Revolutionary War, citizens of Anne Arundel County supported the Continental Army by providing troops for three regiments, the 3rd Maryland Regiment, the 4th Maryland Regiment, and the 6th Maryland Regiment were recruited in the county. During the War of 1812, the one of the six heavy frigates of the recently reestablished United States Navy. Constitution sailed from Annapolis prior to its victorious engagement with the H. M. S, guerriere of the British Royal Navy. This was the first regular passenger service in the United States. In 1831, land west of the railroad was considered the Howard District of Anne Arundel County, in 1851, The Howard District was broken off to form Howard County, now the 21st county in Maryland. The County has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 588 square miles, of which 415 square miles is land and 173 square miles is water. Anne Arundel County is located to the south of the city of Baltimore, most of the Countys borders are defined by water. The largest of these include, the Magothy River, Severn River, South River. Further south, the upper Patuxent River forms the border of Anne Arundel with Prince Georges County to the west, deep Run forms part of the northwestern border with Howard County, and Lyons Creek forms part of the southern border with Calvert County. Anne Arundel County originally included all of the land between the Patuxent River and the Patapsco River upstream to their headwaters on Parrs Ridge. The northwestern section of this long tract later became Howard County, as a result, Anne Arundel County lies almost entirely within the Atlantic Coastal Plain while Howard County is almost entirely within the Piedmont province
9.
United States Revenue Cutter Service
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As time passed, the service gradually gained missions either voluntarily or by legislation, including those of a military nature. It was generally referred to as the Revenue-Marine until July 1894, the Revenue Cutter Service operated under the authority of the U. S. Department of the Treasury. On 28 January 1915, the service was merged by an act of Congress with the United States Life-Saving Service to form the United States Coast Guard, immediately after the American Revolutionary War the new United States was struggling to stay afloat financially. National income was desperately needed, and the government determined that a deal of this income would come from import tariffs. Under the enabling legislation that authorized the Revenue-Marine, the System of Cutters, on 21 March 1791 the first seven masters were commissioned by President George Washington. William Cooke of North Carolina was commissioned on 25 April 1791, Robert Cochrane of South Carolina on 8 May 1791, and 20 May 1791 John Howell of Georgia. Each cutter was constructed where it was to be assigned, a move by Hamilton to satisfy members of Congress and gain their votes for the establishment of the service. Hamiltons cost restrictions proved unrealistic for three of the new cutters, Massachusetts cost US$2,050, Scammel cost US$1,255, the same legislation that established the ten original cutters also provided for the complement and pay scales of the crew of each vessel. Each vessel was provided with a master with pay set at $30 per month, in addition each cutter was allowed four mariners at $8 apiece and two boys at $4. Between 1790 and 1798, the Revenue-Marine was the only armed service of the United States. Each cutter master was answerable to and received his orders directly from the Collector of Customs of the port to which his ship was assigned. All crew pay, requests for supplies, arrangements for repairs to the cutter, after the Slave Trade Act of 1794 was enacted, the Revenue-Marine began intercepting slave ships illegally importing slaves into the United States. This was the case from 1791 to 1871, except for the period 1843-49, standing orders for individual cutters were stated in general terms, allowing captains to exercise their discretion and judgment to the fullest. They will endeavor to overcome difficulties, if any are experienced, by a cool and temperate perseverance in their duty – by address and moderation, rather than by vehemence or violence. During the Quasi-War with France from 1798 to 1801, the U. S. Navy was formed, ten of these were captured by the USRC Pickering. Revenue cutters were assigned to enforce the very unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, the Act was enforced until it was repealed in 1808. In wartime, the Revenue Marine was placed under the command of the U. S. Navy, USRC Jefferson made the first American capture of an enemy ship in the War of 1812, the brig Patriot, in June 1812. Then on 22 August 1812, HMS Barbadoes, under the command of Captain Thomas Huskisson, the cutter was pierced for fourteen guns but had only ten mounted, two of which she threw overboard to lighten her during the chase
10.
Patapsco River
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The Patapsco River is a 39-mile-long river in central Maryland which flows into the Chesapeake Bay. The rivers tidal portion forms the harbor for the city of Baltimore, with its South Branch, the Patapsco forms the northern border of Howard County, Maryland. The name Patapsco is derived from the Algonquian pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth, the Patapsco proper begins at the confluence of the North and South Branches, near Marriottsville, approximately 15 miles west of downtown Baltimore. The 19. 4-mile-long South Branch rises further west at Parrs Spring, where Howard County, Carroll, Frederick, the North Branch flows 20.9 miles southward from its origins in Carroll County. Through most of its length, the Patapsco is a minor river, the last 10 miles, however, form a large tidal estuary inlet of Chesapeake Bay. The inner part of this provides the harbor of Baltimore, composed of the Northwest Harbor. The Patapsco estuary is south of the Back River and north of the Magothy River, the Patapsco has a watershed area of 680 square miles, or 632 square miles of land. Thus, its watershed area is 7% water. Patapsco Valley State Park is adjacent to 32 miles of the Patapsco and its branches, the river cuts a gorge 100–200 feet deep within the park, which features rocky cliffs and tributary waterfalls. Liberty Dam and its reservoir, located on the North Branch, is a component of the Baltimore city water system. Besides Baltimore, the river flows through Ellicott City and Elkridge. John Smith was the first European to explore the river noting it on his 1612 map as the Bolus River, the Red river, was named after the clay color, and is considered the old Bolus, as other branches were also labelled Bolus on maps. As the river was not navigable beyond Elkridge, it was not a path of commerce with only one ship listed as serving the northern branch. The Patapsco valley was used as the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads original main line west constructed from 1829 onwards, many old railroad bridges were constructed in the valley, most notably the Thomas Viaduct and the Patterson Viaduct, of which ruins remain. Flour mills and a dam were formerly powered by the river. The valley is prone to flooding, though at long intervals, in 1972 as a result of rainfall from the remnants of Hurricane Agnes, in which Ellicott City and the Old Main Line sustained serious damage. In July 2016 a historic flood ravaged Main Street - leaving two dead, the mouth of the Patapsco River forms Baltimore harbor, the site of the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812. This is where Francis Scott Key, while aboard a British ship, wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, today, a red, white, and blue buoy marks the spot where the HMS Tonnant was anchored
11.
Port of Baltimore
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Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore is a shipping port along the shores and branches of the Patapsco River in Baltimore, Maryland. The port includes facilities for cargo, especially roll-on/roll-off ships, and passenger facilities operated by the Maryland Port Administration, the port was renamed for Helen Delich Bentley during a 2006 celebration of the ports 300th birthday. English land grants 1661 were combined 1702 by James Carroll who named it Whetstone Point, the port was founded on this site in 1706 by the Maryland Colonial Assembly as a Port of Entry for the tobacco trade with England. In 1729 the point was incorporated into BaltimoreTown, starting in 1776 local citizenry erected earthworks named Fort Whetstone for port defense during the American Revolutionary War, which was replaced in 1798 by Fort McHenry. Fells Point was incorporated into Baltimore Town in 1773, the Continental Navy ordered their first frigate, USS Virginia, from George Wells in Fells Point in 1775. The first ship named the USF Constellation were produced at the Harris Creek Shipyard here, over 800 ships were commissioned from Fells Point shipyards from 1784 to 1821. The California Gold Rush lead to orders for fast vessels. After the founding of Baltimore the waterfront developed drydocks, warehouses, ship chandlers, in 1828 the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began track laying eventually extending into Locust Point in 1845. The arrival of the Baltimore and Ohio and other railroads made the port a major transshipment point between inland points and the rest of the world, by the 1840s, the Baltimore Steam Packet Company was providing overnight steamship service down the Chesapeake Bay. After the Civil War, coffee ships were designed here for trade with Brazil, other industrial activities in Canton included Baltimore Copper Smelting Company and small oil refineries, later purchased by Standard Oil. By the end of the century, European ship lines had terminals for emigrants from Britain, Ireland, Germany. Maintenance of harbor channels and navigation aids began early, dredging in the harbor can be traced back as far as 1783, when the Ellicott brothers excavated the bottom at their wharf in the Inner Harbor. In 1790 the state government began systematic dredging using a mud machine, in 1825 Sen. Sam Smith of Maryland petitioned Congress for federal funding for this work. At this time Congress was smarting from the incursions of the War of 1812 and had determined to expand naval defenses and this first project was completed in 1838. In the 1850s a second dredging project was undertaken, this time under Capt. Henry Brewerton, in 1865 Maj. William P. Craighill took over as Baltimore District Engineer of the Corps of Engineers. In the 1870s a cut-off channel was dug to ameliorate the turn between the old and new channels, the Brewerton Channel was also extended to provide a connection to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. Enlarged and extended to various facilities within the port, the Brewerton and Craighill Channels continue in use to the present. Federal lighthouse construction in the bay began in the 1820s, and these lights, the North Point Range Lights, were lit in 1822, marking a path roughly the same as that of the current Craighill Cutoff Channel
12.
USRC Salmon P. Chase (1878)
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The USRC Salmon P. Chase was named after Abraham Lincolns Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon Portland Chase. It was a three-masted bark with a length of 106-feet that was designed for use as a training ship for the cadets of the Revenue Cutter Service School of Instruction. The Chase went into service in the summer of 1878, with its homeport at New Bedford, here she served as the Revenue Cutter Service School of Instructions training ship. She made cadet cruises to Europe, the Azores, the West Indies, when in New Bedford, she tied up just above the bridge at the north end of Fish Island, Massachusetts. Here she served as an area for the cadets. The government leased buildings on the end of the island and used the nearby Mitchell Boat Company buildings for classes, drills. Most classes, however, were aboard the Chase which had accommodations for a dozen cadets. In 1890 the Chase was taken out of commission, and for the four years the Revenue Cutter Service filled the ranks of its officer corps with Annapolis graduates. The result was a shortage of officers, and a new lease on life for the services training bark. The Chase was taken into dry dock, cut in half, and lengthened by forty feet, the alterations also seem to have affected the Chases sailing qualities. Virtually every photograph taken after the rebuilding shows staysails set on the mizzen stays and her last official function was a visit to Hampton Roads, Virginia, for the Jamestown Tricentennial celebration of 1907. Her crew then transferred to the cutter USRC Itasca and the Chase was given to the U. S. Marine Hospital Service where she saw service as a quarantine vessel, at the end of her government career she was refitted and reclassified as a detention barge. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, U. S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935, Donald Canney, Naval Institute Press,1995, ISBN 1-55750-101-7
13.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
14.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
15.
Chief Justice of the United States
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The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the United States federal court system and the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices, the eight are the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. From 1789 until 1866, the office was known as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice also serves as a spokesperson for the judicial branch. The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments, when the court renders an opinion, the Chief Justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the courts opinion. The Chief Justice also has significant agenda-setting power over the courts meetings, in the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States, which has occurred twice, the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the Senate. In modern tradition, the Chief Justice also has the duty of administering the oath of office of the President of the United States. The first Chief Justice was John Jay, the 17th and current Chief Justice is John G. Roberts, Jr. The office was known as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and is still informally referred to using that title. However,28 U. S. C. §1 specifies that the title is Chief Justice of the United States, the title was changed from Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Congress in 1866 at the suggestion of the sixth Chief Justice, Salmon P. Chase. Chase wished to emphasize the Supreme Courts role as a branch of government. The first Chief Justice commissioned using the new title was Melville Fuller in 1888, use of the previous title when referring to Chief Justices John Jay through Roger B. Taney is technically correct, as that was the title during their time on the court. The other eight members of the court are officially Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, the Chief Justice is the only member of the court to whom the Constitution refers as a Justice, and only in Article I. Article III of the Constitution refers to all members of the Supreme Court simply as Judges, the Chief Justice is nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed to sit on the Court by the United States Senate. The salary of the Chief Justice is set by Congress, the Constitution prohibits Congress from lowering the salary of any judge, including the Chief Justice, while that judge holds office. As of 2015, the salary is $258,100 per year, which is higher than that of the Associate Justices. Three serving Associate Justices have received promotions to Chief Justice, Edward Douglass White in 1910, Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941, Associate Justice Abe Fortas was nominated to the position of Chief Justice of the United States, but his nomination was filibustered by Senate Republicans in 1968. Despite the failed nomination, Fortas remained an Associate Justice until his resignation the following year, there have been 21 individuals nominated for Chief Justice, of whom 17 have been confirmed by the Senate, although a different 17 have served
16.
Salmon P. Chase
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Salmon Portland Chase was an American politician and jurist who served as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States from 1864 to his death in 1873. Earlier in his career, Chase was the 23rd Governor of Ohio, senator from Ohio prior to service under Abraham Lincoln as the 25th Secretary of the Treasury. As Secretary of the Treasury, Chase strengthened the government, introducing its first paper currency as well as a national bank. He coined the slogan of the Free Soil Party, Free Soil, Free Labor, Chief Justice Chase presided over the Senate trial of Andrew Johnson during the Presidents impeachment proceedings in 1868. Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, on January 13,1808, to Janet Ralston and Ithamar Chase, senator Dudley Chase of Vermont was another uncle. He studied in the schools of Windsor, Vermont, and Worthington, Ohio. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa, while at Dartmouth, he taught at the Royalton Academy in Royalton, Vermont. Chase then moved to the District of Columbia, where he opened a school while studying law under U. S. Attorney General William Wirt. He was admitted to the bar in 1829, Chase moved to a country home near Loveland, Ohio, and practiced law in Cincinnati from 1830. He rose to prominence for his compilation of the states statutes. From the beginning, despite the risk to his livelihood, he defended runaway slaves and he worked initially with the American Sunday School Union. Chase was also a member of the literary Semi-Colon Club, its members included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Chase became the leader of the political reformers, as opposed to the Garrisonian abolitionist movement. For his defense of escaped slaves seized in Ohio under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 and his argument in the case of Jones v. Van Zandt on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the U. S. Supreme Court attracted particular attention. In this and similar cases, the court ruled against him, Chase contended that slavery was local, not national, and that it could exist only by virtue of positive state law. Elected as a Whig to the Cincinnati City Council in 1840, for seven years he was the leader of the Liberty Party in Ohio. He helped balance its idealism with his approach and political thought. He was skillful in drafting platforms and addresses, and he prepared the national Liberty platform of 1843, building the Liberty Party was slow going. By 1848 Chase was leader in the effort to combine the Liberty Party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free Soil Party
17.
United States Coast Guard Academy
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Founded in 1876, the United States Coast Guard Academy is the service academy of the United States Coast Guard. Located in New London, Connecticut, it is the smallest of the five service academies. The academy provides education to future Coast Guard officers in one of eight major fields of study, unlike the other service academies, admission to the academy does not require a congressional nomination. Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets, tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Coast Guard in exchange for an obligation of five years active duty service upon graduation. This obligation increases if the cadet chooses to go to school or graduate school. Approximately 250 cadets enter the academy each summer with about 200 cadets graduating, Cadets are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, Who lives here reveres honor, honors duty, which is emblazoned in the halls of the academys entrance. The academys motto is Scientiæ cedit mare, which is Latin for the sea yields to knowledge, established near New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1876, the School of Instruction used the USRC Dobbin for its exercises. Captain John Henriques served as superintendent from founding until 1883, the School was, in essence, a two-year apprenticeship, supplemented by minimal classroom work. The student body averaged five to ten cadets per class, with changes to new training vessels, the school moved to Curtis Bay, Maryland, in 1900 and again in 1910 to Fort Trumbull, a Revolutionary War–era Army installation near New London, Connecticut. In 1914 the school became the Revenue Cutter Academy, and with the 1915 merger of the Revenue Cutter Service, the land for the construction of the new Coast Guard Academy in New London was purchased in 1930. The 40-acre site, made up of two parcels from the Allyn and Payne estates, was purchased for $100,000 on 31 July 1930. The $100,000 was raised not through an issue as originally planned. On 15 May 1931, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon visited New London to lay the cornerstone of Hamilton Hall, construction proceeded relatively on schedule and cadets moved into the new buildings on 20 September 1932. In 1946, the received, as a war reparation from Germany, the barque Horst Wessel. It remains the main training vessel for cadets at the academy as well as for officer candidates as the Coast Guards Officer Candidate School, the academy was racially integrated in 1962, at the request of President Kennedy. The academy began admitting women in 1976 at the request of Congress, while Superintendent of the academy, in 1929 Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet composed the academys mission statement. All entering cadets must memorize the mission during their first few days of Swab Summer, unlike the other service academies, admission to the USCGA does not require a congressional nomination. This is due to the fervent objections of Captain John A. Henriques and his objection stemmed from years of poor political appointments in the U. S
18.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
19.
United States Life-Saving Service
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The United States Life-Saving Service was a United States government agency that grew out of private and local humanitarian efforts to save the lives of shipwrecked mariners and passengers. It began in 1848 and ultimately merged with the Revenue Cutter Service to form the United States Coast Guard in 1915, the concept of assistance to shipwrecked mariners from shore based stations began with volunteer lifesaving services, spearheaded by the Massachusetts Humane Society. It was recognized that only small boats stood a chance in assisting those close to the beach, a sailing ship trying to help near to the shore stood a good chance of also running aground, especially if there were heavy onshore winds. The Massachusetts Humane Society founded the first lifeboat station at Cohasset, the stations were small shed-like structures, holding rescue equipment that was to be used by volunteers in case of a wreck. The stations, however, were only near the approaches to ports and, thus. That same year the Massachusetts Humane Society also received funds from Congress for life saving stations on the Massachusetts coastline, between 1848 and 1854 other stations were built and loosely managed. The stations were administered by the United States Revenue Marine and they were run with volunteer crews, much like a volunteer fire department. In September 1854, a Category 4 hurricane, the Great Carolina Hurricane of 1854, swept through the East Coast of the United States, causing the deaths of many sailors. This storm highlighted the poor condition of the equipment in the life saving stations, the training of the crews. Additional funds were appropriated by Congress, including funds to employ a full-time keeper at each station, still not officially recognized as a service, the system of stations languished until 1871 when Sumner Increase Kimball was appointed chief of the Treasury Departments Revenue Marine Division. One of his first acts was to send Captain John Faunce of the Revenue Marine Service on an tour of the life saving stations. Captain Faunces report noted that apparatus was rusty for want of care, Kimball convinced Congress to appropriate $200,000 to operate the stations and to allow the Secretary of the Treasury to employ full-time crews for the stations. Kimball instituted six-man boat crews at all stations, built new stations, by 1874, stations were added along the coast of Maine, Cape Cod, the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and Port Aransas, Texas. The next year, more stations were added to serve the Great Lakes, in 1878, the network of life saving stations were formally organized as a separate agency of the United States Department of the Treasury, called the Live-Saving Service. The stations of the Service fell into three categories, lifesaving, lifeboat, and houses of refuge, lifesaving stations were manned by full-time crews during the period when wrecks were most likely. On the East Coast, this was usually from November to April, by 1900, the active season was year-round. Most stations were in isolated areas and crewmen had to perform open beach launchings and that is, they were required to launch their boats from the beach into the surf. That section gave rise to the rescue crews unofficial motto, You have to go out, before 1900, there were very few recreational boaters and most assistance cases came from ships engaged in commerce
20.
USCGC Seneca (1908)
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USCGC Seneca or before 1915, USRC Seneca was a U. S. She was designed with excellent sea-keeping qualities, a cruising range, good towing capabilities. She was one of five Coast Guard cutters serving with the U. S. Navy in European waters during World War I, floating wrecks, derelicts, were a common menace with international discussions and agreements concerning their elimination and some special cruises made to locate and destroy them. The United States Congress appropriated $250,000 for a vessel to be dedicated exclusively as a destroyer equipped and crewed to most effectively eliminate the menace to navigation. Arrangements for vessels spotting derelicts to report them by wireless to the destroyer were planned, as of 1912 the United States was the first nation providing such specialized vessels. As the ship entered service hopes were expressed that her success would inspire other nations to join with such vessels and she was powered by a triple-expansion steam engine with two Scotch boilers rated at 180 pounds per square inch. Seneca was fit with four 6-pounder rapid fire guns and a large ammunition magazine for the express purpose of destroying floating shipwrecks. Seneca was accepted by the government on 26 June 1908 and was commissioned by the Revenue Cutter Service at the Revenue Cutter Service Depot at Baltimore, Maryland, on 6 November of that year. On 8 November 1908 she proceeded to Tompkinsville, New York, on 29 November she destroyed her first derelict, a wreck off Hog Island, and then returned to Tompkinsville. She assisted Gresham with the tow in very threatening weather but ultimately Republic sank, Seneca took the crew to New York City. In February the cutter visited Washington, D. C. by 29 May 1909 Seneca had destroyed eleven good sized obstructions. On 21 September she was in New York for the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, on 17 May 1910 Seneca visited the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and on 28 June she patrolled the Harvard-Yale Regatta at New London, Connecticut. In June 1911, she escorted the presidential yacht USS Mayflower, on 23 May 1912, she was at Philadelphia representing the Revenue Cutter Service at the convention of Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. On 29 June she patrolled the course of the Intercollegiate Rowing Association at Poughkeepsie, during 4–6 September Seneca was at New London for the Fifth Convention of Atlantic Deeper Waterways Association. From 12–15 October, she patrolled the Navy Mobilization at New York City, on 2 September she patrolled the British International Trophy races at Huntington, Long Island. During the winter of 1912-1913 she took the place of USRC Mohawk on winter cruising, on 29 March 1913, Seneca was assigned to the International Ice Patrol. The RMS Titanic disaster of 14 April 1912, and the loss of 1,517 lives, Two U. S. Navy scout cruisers, USS Chester and USS Birmingham, had performed this patrol for the remainder of the 1912 ice season. The duty was turned over in 1913 to the Revenue Cutter Service starting with the Seneca
21.
USRC Seminole
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USRC Seminole was a 188 ft, 845-ton United States Revenue Cutter Service steamer constructed by the Columbian Iron Works in Baltimore, Maryland for $141,000. She was commissioned in 1900 and saw service through 1934, when she was transferred to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Seminole was first based out of Boston and she patrolled the New England coast and the North Atlantic. Her winter cruising area included assisting fishing vessels in the ice of Newfoundland and she transferred to Staten Island, New York on 22 May 1904 and transferred again to Wilmington, North Carolina, arriving on 5 July 1905. Her patrol area included the southeastern coast, as well as winter cruises from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Charleston, South Carolina and even down through Key West, Florida. Her duties included derelict destruction, attending local ceremonies, patrolling regattas, Winsmore was caught in a gale that forced her to shore where she was taking on water in the hold. Seminole spotted the distressed Winsmore and came to its aid by passing a hawser, when the captain of Seminole learned that the master of Winsmore believed that a mutiny of his crew was likely, armed crew of the Seminole were put aboard Winsmore to stop a possible mutiny. With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, USRC Seminole enforced the neutrality laws of the United States until the United States entered the war in April 1917 and she then served under the Navy and patrolled off the Carolinas. In 1923 she was detached to Puerto Rico where she served as an independent unit, on 5 March 1927, the Spanish cargo ship SS Cabo Hatteras caught fire in the Atlantic Ocean 140 nautical miles east-southeast of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and was abandoned by her crew. The Spanish steamer Cabo Torres rescued them, on 6 March, Seminole sank Cabo Hatteras with gunfire. In 1929 Seminole transferred for service on the Great Lakes and she was stationed at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan until she was decommissioned in 1934
22.
United States Lighthouse Service
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It was responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of all lighthouses and lightvessels in the United States. In 1789, the United States Lighthouse Establishment was created and operated under the Department of the Treasury, all U. S. lighthouse ownership was transferred to the government which became the general lighthouse authority. In 1792, the Cape Henry Lighthouse was the first lighthouse built by the USLHE, in 1822, French physicist, Augustin Fresnel designed the Fresnel lens. In 1841 the Fresnel lens was first used in the United States, in 1852, The Lighthouse Board was created. In 1871, the Duxbury Pier Light became the first caisson lighthouse built in the United States, in 1877, kerosene became the primary fuel for lighthouses. Prior to this varies fuels included sperm oil, Colza oil, rapeseed oil, in 1884, uniforms came into use by all members of the Lighthouse Board. In 1886, the Statue of Liberty was the first lighthouse to use electricity, in 1898, all coastal lighthouses were extinguished, for the first time in U. S. history, as a precaution during the Spanish–American War. In 1904, the Lightship Nantucket became first U. S. vessel to have radio communication, in 1910, the Bureau of Lighthouses was created and operated as the United States Lighthouse Service. In 1910,11,713 aids to navigation of all types were around the country, congress abolished the U. S. Light-House Board and created the Bureau of Lighthouses under the Department of Commerce. The Board had hired a number of civilians and many of these people took over the roles that the military officers had been playing. Though initially called inspectors, the heads of the districts changed their titles to superintendent. President William Taft selected George R. Putnam to head the new bureau, for 25 years, Putnam headed the bureau and during his administration, navigational aids saw a substantial increase. New technology was incorporated into the work, particularly in the area of electric aids. This new technology permitted a reduction of over 800 employees during Putnams 25 years as head of the bureau, during World War I and the period following, several technological advances contributed to the automation of lighthouses, rendering human occupancy unnecessary. A device for automatically replacing burned-out electric lamps in lighthouses was developed and placed in several stations in 1916. A bell alarm warning keepers of fluctuations in the efficiency of oil-vapor lamps was developed in 1917. In the same year, the first experimental radiobeacon was installed in a lighthouse, the only lightvessel of the service sunk by enemy action was the LV-71 on August 6,1918. After the sinking of the SS Merak by the German submarine U-104 near Diamond Shoals, nobody was hurt in the action because the German commander allowed the Americans to evacuate the ship before firing
23.
Department of Commerce
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The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic growth. Among its tasks are gathering economic and demographic data for business and government decision-making and this organizations main purpose is to create jobs, promote economic growth, encourage sustainable development and improve standards of living for all Americans. The Department of Commerce headquarters is the Herbert C. Hoover Building in Washington, the department was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14,1903. It was subsequently renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4,1913, as the bureaus, in 1940, the Weather Bureau was transferred from the Agriculture Department, and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was merged into the department. In 1949, the Public Roads Administration was added to the department due to the dissolution of the Federal Works Agency, in 1958, the independent Federal Aviation Agency was created and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was abolished. In 1966, the Bureau of Public Roads was transferred to the newly created Department of Transportation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was created on October 3,1970.6 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows, Proposals to reorganize the Department go back many decades, the Economic Development Administration would be completely eliminated. The Obama administration projects that the reorganization would save $3 billion, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration would be transferred from the Department of Commerce into the Department of the Interior. Later that year, shortly before the 2012 presidential election, Obama invoked the idea of a secretary of business in reference to the plan. The reorganization was part of a proposal which would grant the President the authority to propose mergers of federal agencies. This ability had existed from the Great Depression until the Reagan presidency, the Obama administration plan faced criticism for some of its elements. However, environmental groups such as the Natural Resources Defense Council feared that the reorganization could distract the agency from its mission of protecting the nations oceans, the plan was reiterated in the Obama administrations FY2016 budget proposal that was released in February 2015
24.
USCGC Mendota (WHEC-69)
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USCGC Mendota was an Owasco class high endurance cutter built for World War II service with the United States Coast Guard. The ship was commissioned three months before the end of the war and did not see action until the Vietnam war. Mendota was built by the Coast Guard yard at Curtis Bay, Maryland, named after Mendota Lake, Wisconsin, the ship was commissioned as a patrol gunboat with ID number WPG-69 on 2 June 1945. Her ID was later changed to WHEC-69, Mendota was stationed at Boston, Massachusetts, from April 1946 to January 1947. She was used for law enforcement, ocean station, and search and she was stationed at Wilmington, NC, from January 1947 to 29 February 1972 with the same duties assigned. From 14 May to 23 July 1947, Mendota shared an International Ice Patrol with the cutter Spencer, another International Ice Patrol was shared with the cutter Mocoma from 26 April to 3 July 1948. While serving on ocean station Charlie in early January 1949, Mendota had to leave due to an acute case of appendicitis. From 28 to 31 March 1950, she towed the disabled MV Edison Mariner until a tug arrived. On 21 and 22 August 1950, she towed the disabled MV South Bend Victory until relieved by a commercial tug, on 2 January 1952, she medevaced a crewman from FV Silver Bay at 44°47’N, 56°22’W. On 2 March 1952, she provided medical aid to MV Rachel Jackson at 37°30’N, on 9 March 1952, she recovered a buoy and transferred it to the tender Madrona. On 12 and 13 March 1952, Mendota medevaced a crewman from MV Saxton Star, on 18 September 1953, she medevaced a crewman from MV Government Camp. From 15 to 17 March 1954, Mendota towed the disabled FV Eagle to Newfoundland, on 31 August 1954, she towed the disabled tug Ocean Prince until relieved. On 11 and 12 January 1955, she escorted the disabled MV Flying Cloud III to Frying Pan Shoals, on 13 January 1955, she assisted the disabled FV Stephen Margo 15 miles northeast of Diamond Shoals. On 14 January 1955, she escorted an ammunition barge, on 15 and 16 August 1955, Mendota rescued 46 crew members and one dog from the Portuguese FV Ilhavense Segundo. On 11 and 12 March 1957, Mendota assisted the disabled FV Stella Maris 63 miles southwest of Louisbourg, on 25 January 1958, Mendota towed the disabled USN tug Sagamore and the destroyer escort Stewart to Southport, ME. On 22 May 1958, while serving on Ocean Station ECHO, on 6 January 1959, she assisted MV Hillcrest at 34°43’N, 62°30’W. From 1 to 22 August 1960, she was employed on the reserve cruise visiting Veracruz and she paid an official visit to Curaçao from 18–21 August 1961. On 15 November 1962, Mendota assisted the disabled schooner Curlew 90 miles northwest of Bermuda, in March 1965, she served as on-scene commander following a mid-air collision of two USAF aircraft 200 miles south of Cape Race, Newfoundland
25.
USCGC Pontchartrain (WHEC-70)
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USCGC Pontchartrain was an Owasco class high endurance cutter built for World War II service with the United States Coast Guard. The ship was commissioned just days before the end of the war, Pontchartrain was built by the Coast Guard yard at Curtis Bay, Maryland, one of only two Owasco class vessels not to be built by Western Pipe & Steel. Named after Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, the ship was commissioned as a gunboat with ID number WPG-70 on 28 July 1945. Her ID was later changed to WHEC-70 and she was stationed at Boston, Massachusetts, from 1 April 1946 to 17 October 1947 and was used for law enforcement, ocean station, and search and rescue operations. She was subsequently decommissioned and stored at the Coast Guard Yard, Curtis Bay, MD and she was re-commissioned and homeported at Norfolk, Virginia until 12 November 1949. From 12 November 1949 to sometime in 1972 she was stationed at Long Beach, during her last 18 months, until decommissioning 19 October 1973, she was home-ported in Wilmington, NC. She was used for law enforcement, ocean station, and search, on 4 May 1950, Pontchartrain assisted the disabled FV Eta near Catalina Island. On 20 August 1955, she escorted the disabled American MV John C, on 26 and 27 August 1955, she assisted the disabled FV Nina Ann. On 16 October 1956, she rescued all on Pan American Clipper 6, on 20 November 1956, Pontchartrain assisted LSM-455 aground on San Clemente Island. On 26 August 1957, she assisted the disabled FV Modeoday 2 miles north of North Point Pinos, on 22 November 1957, she assisted the disabled yacht Gosling at 33°59’N, 120°16’W. On 25 February 1958, Pontchartrain assisted the disabled yacht Intrepid, from 11 to 21 August 1958, she served on a reserve training cruise. She patrolled the Ensenada Bay Race on 10 May 1959, on 10 July 1959, she assisted FV Carolyn Dee at 33°N, 120°W. On 13 and 14 July 1959, she assisted MV Mamie, on 17 August 1960, she patrolled the Acapulco Yacht Race. From 20 August to 3 September 1960, she served on a training cruise. On 19 October 1959, she rescued three from the ketch Alpha at 30°21’N, 117°56’W, on 22 January 1961, she medevaced a patient from USNS Richfield. On 30 April 1963, Ponchartrain assisted the disabled FV Gaga 10 miles east of San Nicolas Island and she was scrapped with the rest of the Owasco class in 1974. Pontchartrain WHEC-69, United States Coast Guard website, photo, United States Coast Guard website. Scheina, Robert L. U. S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War II Annapolis, Naval Institute Press,1981, pp. 1–3
26.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
27.
Coast Guard Squadron One
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Coast Guard Squadron One, also known in official message traffic as COGARDRON ONE or RONONE, was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 for service during the Vietnam War. Placed under the control of the United States Navy, it was assigned duties in Operation Market Time. Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used extensively in a combat environment, the squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970. The squadron also provided gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnamese coastline. As the United States direct involvement in combat operations wound down during 1969, squadron crews began training Republic of Vietnam Navy sailors in the operation, the cutters were later turned over to the RVN as part of the Vietnamization of the war effort. Turnover of the cutters to South Vietnamese Navy crews began in May 1969 and was completed by August 1970, Squadron One was disestablished with the decommissioning of the last cutter. Six squadron members were killed in action during the time the unit was commissioned, the extent of infiltration was underscored in February 1965 when a U. S. Army helicopter crew spotted a North Vietnamese trawler camouflaged to look like an island. The event would later be known as the Vung Ro Bay Incident, after the U. S. Army helicopter crew called in air strikes on the trawler, it was sunk and captured after a five-day action conducted by elements of the Republic of Vietnam Navy. Labels on captured equipment and supplies and other found in the wreckage indicated that the shipment was from North Vietnam. Concern by top MACV advisors as to whether the RVN was up to the task of interdicting shipments originating in North Vietnam led to a request by General William C, westmoreland, commanding general of MACV, for U. S. Navy assistance. In April the U. S. Navy ordered 54 Swift boats, 50-foot aluminum-hulled boats with a draft of only 5 feet and capable of 25 knots. At the same time, the U. S. Navy queried the Treasury Department, the Coast Guard had only a very minor role in combat operations during the Korean War and the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Edwin J. The decision to use the Point-class cutter was one of logistics, the 95-foot Cape-class cutter was initially considered an option by Roland since it had a greater speed because of its four main drive engines. The Point-class cutter had two main drive engines but they were more consistent throughout the class than the Cape-class cutters, so it was easier to supply spare parts. The 40-foot utility boats were rejected because they lacked radar, berthing, on 22 April representatives of the U. S. Coast Guard and the U. S. Ten of the cutters were sourced from stations on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, the mortar could be fired in both indirect and direct modes, and was equipped with a recoil cylinder. The cutters were loaded on merchant ships for shipment to U. S. Naval Base Subic Bay in the Philippines. While the cutters were being shipped to Subic Bay, crew members started reporting to Coast Guard Training Center Alameda, returning to Alameda, they underwent refresher firefighting and damage control training from the Navy at Treasure Island Naval Base
28.
44-foot motor lifeboat
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The 44-foot motor lifeboat was the standard workhorse of the United States Coast Guard rescue boat fleet. The 44′ MLB has been replaced by the 47′ MLB, the boats are powered by twin diesel engines, that each power a separate propeller. The propellers are protected by the hull, to prevent them being damaged if the boat runs aground. The boats have air-tight compartments forward and aft of the steering station, the aft compartment is designed to hold litters to strap in injured people, while the forward compartment hold uninjured rescues. The magazine Popular Mechanics reported in 1966 that the new fleet of 44 foot motor life-boats represented several firsts. The vessels were the first steel-hulled motor lifeboats—earlier vessels had hulls of wood, the vessels were the first motor lifeboats where a single crew member handled both the engine throttle and steering wheel. The vessels were the first motor lifeboats designed to right themselves if overturned. The Canadian Coast Guard operated 18 lifeboats acquired in 1966 using United States Coast Guard specifications, three other craft were obtained in 1975 and 1985 as training vessels
29.
Royal National Lifeboat Institution
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There are numerous other lifeboat services operating in the same area. Founded in 1824 as the National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, the RNLI is principally funded by legacies and donations with most lifeboat crew members being unpaid volunteers. The RNLI has 237 lifeboat stations and operates 444 lifeboats, crews rescued on average 22 people a day in 2015. RNLI Lifeguards operate on more than 200 beaches and they are paid by local authorities, while the RNLI provides equipment and training. The Institution operates Flood Rescue Teams nationally and internationally, the prepared to travel to emergencies overseas at short notice. The Institution has saved some 140,000 lives since its foundation, Sir William Hillary came to live on the Isle of Man in 1808. Being aware of the nature of the Irish Sea, with many ships being wrecked around the Manx coast. Initially he received response from the Admiralty. At the age of 60, Sir William took part in the 1830 rescue of the packet St George and he commanded the lifeboat and was washed overboard with others of the lifeboat crew, yet finally everyone aboard the St George was rescued with no loss of life. In 1854 the institutions changed to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. In its first year the RNLI raised £10,000, however by 1849, finding itself in financial difficulties, the RNLI accepted a government subsidy of £2,000, which rose in subsequent years. It was the loss of 27 lifeboat crew of Southport and St Annes in 1886 that gave new impetus to fundraising, the first Lifeboat Saturday was held in that year. During World War I, lifeboat crews launched 1,808 times, with many younger men on active service, the average age of a lifeboatman was over 50. During the war 6,376 lives were saved, nineteen RNLI lifeboats sailed to Dunkirk between 27 May and 4 June 1940 to assist with the Dunkirk evacuation. Lifeboats from Ramsgate and Margate went directly to France with their own crews, the crew of Ramsgates Prudential collected 2,800 troops. Margates Coxswain, Edward Parker, was awarded a Distinguished Service Medal for his taking the RNLB Lord Southborough to the beaches. The dispute resulted in the first three crews being sent home, subsequent lifeboats arriving were commandeered without discussion, much to the disappointment of many lifeboatmen. The RNLIs lifeboat crews and lifeguards have saved more than 140,000 lives since 1824, the RNLI makes a distinction between people aided and lives saved
30.
Waveney-class lifeboat
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The Waveney-class lifeboat was the first class of lifeboats operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution capable of operating at speeds in excess of 10 knots. Based on an American design,22 saw operational service between 1964 and 1999 at the RNLIs stations around the coast of the United Kingdom and Ireland. After being superseded by faster boats in the 1990s, many were sold for use with lifeboat services abroad, notably in Australia. The class name comes from the River Waveney which discharges into the North Sea at Great Yarmouth, in the 1960s the RNLIs fleet consisted of motor lifeboats of limited speed due to the shape of their hulls. The prototype was never given a name although the crews nicknamed it The Yank and it entered trials in 1964 but the first production boats did not start to emerge until 1967. After six had been placed in there was a hiatus which lasted until 1974 when production was restarted. The entire fleet was replaced between 1996 and 1999 as new Trent- and Severn-class lifeboats came into service, but many were sold for use as lifeboats or pilot boats. The boats launched in 1967 and 1968 were built by Brooke Marine at Lowestoft, the 1976/7 batch came from Bideford Ship Yard and the last three from Fairey Marine in Cowes. The steel hull is 44 feet 10 inches long and 12 feet 8 inches wide, the hull is divided into seven watertight compartments including two survivor compartments and a crew space. The coxswain operates the boat from an open wheelhouse, powered by a pair of diesel engines, it has an operating radius of 95 nautical miles. The prototype was built with twin 200 brake horsepower Cummins V-6 engines, the first batch of production boats were initially built with pairs of 215 bhp Cummins V-6 engines. All these, including the by then re-engined prototype were fitted in the early 1980s with 203 bhp Caterpillar D3208 V-8 engines, the Groves & Guttridge built boats of 1974/5 had more powerful 260 bhp General Motors V-8 engines which they retained throughout their service life
31.
Medium endurance cutter
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The Medium Endurance Cutter or WMEC is a type of United States Coast Guard cutter mainly consisting of the 270-foot Famous- and 210-foot Reliance-class cutters. These larger cutters are under control of Area Commands and these cutters have adequate accommodations for crew to live on board and can do 6 to 8 week patrols. S. Navy Cherokee-class fleet tug USS Zuni launched in 1943, there are 13 vessels in the Famous class, and 14 vessels still in active US service in the Reliance class. The Coast Guard plans to phase out the vessels in both of these cutter classes and replace them with the Offshore Patrol Cutter as part of the Integrated Deepwater System Program. After World War II, the Coast Guard used the US Navy hull classification system, the large, sea-going cutters were classified primarily as Coast Guard gunboats, destroyer escorts, and seaplane tenders. In 1965 the Coast Guard adopted its own system and these large cutters were then referred to as Coast Guard High Endurance Cutters. The coastal cutters once known as Cruising Cutters, Second Class, the Famous-class vessels have hull numbers in the range from WMEC-901 through WMEC-913. The Coast Guard harvested weapons systems components from decommissioned Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates to save money, harvesting components from four decommissioned frigates resulted in more than $24 million in cost savings, which increased with parts from more decommissioned frigates. The Reliance-class vessels have hull numbers in the range from WMEC-615 through WMEC-630, the 210s received upgrades and modifications during the 1986 through 1990 time period. The A class cutters had their gas turbines removed, and all 210s had their stern transom exhaust systems replaced with a traditional stack, while this modification reduced the size of the flight deck, they were still more than capable of carrying out helicopter operations. Other modifications included enlarging the area, replacing the main armament. The modifications cost approximately $20 million per cutter, well above their original cost of about $3.5 million each, courageous was decommissioned on 19 September 2001. She was transferred to the government of Sri Lanka on 24 June 2004 as SLNS Samudura, durable was decommissioned on 20 September 2001. In 2003 she was transferred to the Coast Guard of the Colombian Navy as ARC Valle del Cauca, Famous-class cutter A Day in the Life of the Mohawk. – HDTV documentary shows the Famous-class cutter patrolling the coastal region of the United States in February. Famous Cutter Class 270-Foot Medium Endurance Cutter, aircraft, Boats, and Cutters, Cutters / 270-foot Medium Endurance Cutter - Famous Cutter Class. Reliance-class cutter Reliance Class 210-Foot Medium Endurance Cutter, aircraft, Boats, and Cutters, Cutters / 210-foot Medium Endurance Cutter - Reliance Class
32.
USCGC Confidence (WMEC-619)
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USCGC Confidence is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. Construction of the U. S. Coast Guard Cutter Confidence began at the United States Coast Guard Yard in Curtis Bay, Maryland, fifth of 16 vessels in the class, Confidence was designed for search and rescue, law enforcement, and alien migrant interdiction operations. During her time in the Pacific Northwest, Confidence’s crew seized 17 foreign, in January 1986, Confidence and her crew seized the Panamanian freighter “Eagle 1” and its cargo of 506 pounds of cocaine. This was the largest maritime seizure of cocaine on the west coast at the time, Confidence was decommissioned and sent to the United States Coast Guard Yard in February 1987 for a major overhaul, referred to as a Midlife Maintenance Availability. Modifications included the installation of a new electronics package to increase the effectiveness, new engines and smokestacks to increase efficiency. In October 1988, Confidence was commissioned back into service and sent to her new homeport in Port Canaveral, now the ship is normally assigned to patrol the waters off the southern coast of the United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean. Her primary missions are Counter Drug operations, Alien Migrant Interdiction Operations, Homeland Security Operations, fisheries law enforcement, and Search and Rescue. Since the fall of 1991, Confidence has been involved in AMIO, including the interdiction of Haitian, Cuban. One highlight of these operations was Confidence’s participation in Operation Able Vigil in 1993, the busiest day resulted in the interdiction of 346 migrants from 46 separate rafts and boats in just 16 hours. In the spring of 1992, Confidence participated in Operation Able Manner, later that year, the ship was the primary platform for Operation Restore Dignity off the coast of Haiti, recovering 78 Haitians who perished when their ferry sank. In 2001, Confidence was outfitted with an Over the Horizon Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat, from January 2003 until June 2005, Confidence interdicted over 1,100 Cuban, Haitian, and Dominican migrants with several noteworthy cases. In November 2004, Confidence rescued 82 migrants from a 28-foot Haitian sailing vessel taking on water off the coast of the Bahamas, in January 2005, Confidence crewmembers rescued 127 migrants in 8-foot seas from a 40-foot, grossly overloaded Dominican yola. The year 2006 was the 40th anniversary of Confidence’s initial commissioning, the original life expectancy of this cutter class was 30 years, but it is expected she will remain in service an additional 10-15 years. Following the ship’s 2007 Tailored Annual Cutter Training, Confidence earned her 10th consecutive Coast Guard Battle E Ribbon for Operational Excellence
33.
USCGC Resolute (WMEC-620)
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USCGC Resolute is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. The name Resolute carries a tradition of pride and professionalism in the service of the public, the Coast Guards first cutter Resolute was a top-sail schooner built and commissioned in 1867. This first Resolute was homeported in Key West, Florida, and took on the missions of smuggling interdiction as well as search, the current cutter Resolute is very different in size and construction but the missions remain the same. Resolute is well known for her long and productive history, the sixth of sixteen Reliance-class cutters, Resolute was the first of her class to be powered by two 2,500 horsepower Alco-B diesel engines. Resolutes keel was laid at the United States Coast Guard Yard, Curtis Bay, Maryland and she was commissioned 8 December 1966. Since that time she has several different homeports including San Francisco, California, Alameda, California, Astoria, Oregon. Resolute has been decorated on several occasions and she has done well during Refresher Training, earning eight REFTRA Es for overall excellence in simulated battle and damage scenarios. Resolute has earned two Coast Guard Unit Commendation awards for work in separate Search and Rescue cases. In 1981, Resolute extinguished a fire aboard the tug DeFelice alongside a San Francisco fuel pier, two Resolute crewmembers entered the burning tug and retrieved her injured occupants. Several of Resolutes crew were injured during this operation while they fought desperately to save the vessel, in 1982, Resolute earned a Meritorious Unit Commendation for protecting an Ohio-class submarine from potentially dangerous demonstrators. In 1986, after successfully completing hundreds of SAR cases and fisheries boardings, the seizure of MV Pamnico and the arrest of the vessels crew resulted in the interdiction of over 20,000 lb of marijuana headed for the streets of the United States. Resolute exercised her multi-mission capabilities during her tour of duty in Astoria, on numerous occasions, Resolute was called to assist vessels in distress. Environmental protection was Resolutes primary calling when she was tasked with patrolling US fishery protection zones, Resolute also responded to assist in the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster in Alaska. Resolute was decommissioned at the United States Coast Guard Yard in 1994 for a major refurbishment, following this yard period, she was recommissioned and continues to meet diverse challenges off the Southeast United States and in the Caribbean Sea. Resolute escorted the 500-foot MV Yalta from the Windard Passage to the Port of Tampa, from 5 –25 July 2003, Resolute participated in TACT. The training included such activities as man overboard, anchoring, towing, swept channel, general emergency, collision, gun shoot and general quarters drills. For participation and successful completion of all drills Resolute won the Battle E Ribbon from United States Coast Guard Atlantic Area, Resolute was part of the flotilla used to respond to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The United States Government billed BP $19,000 per hour for the ships presence
34.
USCGC Durable (WMEC-628)
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USCGC Durable was a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. The Durable was the first cutter in Coast Guard history to hold this name, like all ships in the Reliance-Class of 210-foot medium endurance cutters, Durable was named for an aspirational trait meaning to be capable of withstanding wear or decay. The Coast Guard Yard laid Durables keel on 1 July 1966, mrs. Alton A. Lennon, the wife of Congressman Alton A. Lennon of North Carolina, sponsored the new cutter at Durables christening and launching on 29 April 1967. The Coast Guard commissioned Durable on 8 December 1968 at Coast Guard Base Galveston and she was initially home-ported at Galveston, Texas. The following year, in June,1969, she transferred to Brownsville, Texas, on her first day of duty at Brownsville Durable assisted the grounded fishing vessel Dahlia 125 miles south of Galveston. On 25 June 1969 CDR Paul E. Schroeder took command of the cutter, in February and March 1970 she monitored the situation following a fire on an oil rig off the entrance to the Mississippi River. She sailed to the assistance of the shrimp trawler Mr. Tucker in December 1970 after the trawler had been hijacked from the port of Freeport, the trawlers crew killed the two hijackers and then requested assistance. The Durable towed her back into port, in March 1972, under the command of CDR William Drew, she acted as the on-scene commander for the multi-unit search for survivors of the T/V San Nicholas which had broken in half and sank on 5 March. During this operation, a Coast Guard HH-52A became the 1, on 15 March, while still acting as the on-scene commander, she responded to a medical emergency on board the M/V Constellation. A passing merchant ship managed to save two survivors of San Nicholas, but all the cutter found was debris. In October 1973 Durable, now under the command of CDR William J. Brogdon, Jr. responded to a call from the F/V Tiki 7. The cutter arrived to find the nearly submerged. She rescued her seven crewmen and marked the vessel as a hazard to navigation, in 1975 Durable accomplished one of the longest tows on record. The tug Beaver became disabled while towing two decommissioned U. S. Navy destroyers to a scrap yard, with a tropical storm approaching the three vessels, Durable was sent to the rescue. Arriving on scene, the made up a 3, 500-foot towline and fought 50-knot winds. During the first six months of 1978, Durable saved six lives, during this same six-month period, she gained international attention for her law enforcement activities that overshadowed this successful search and rescue work. On 6 December 1977 she seized the M/V Lemarca I after a boarding party discovered 55,060 pounds of marijuana on board, on 4 May 1978 she seized the F/V Pappy with 31,772 pounds of marijuana on board and arrested her 5-man crew. On 3 June 1978, with a news crew aboard who were filming the cutters enforcement of fisheries laws
35.
USCGC Bear (WMEC-901)
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USCGC Bear is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. She was laid down August 23,1979 and launched September 25,1980 by the Tacoma Boatbuilding Company of Tacoma and she was commissioned February 4,1983. She was named for USRC Bear, a steam barquentine that was built in Scotland, in 1986, Bear responded to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster by searching over 1900 square nautical miles. Since her commissioning she has made 18 significant drug seizures involving 12 marijuana and 6 cocaine busts, media related to USCGC Bear at Wikimedia Commons Bear home page
36.
USCGC Sorrel (WLB-296)
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USCGC Sorrel was a Cactus class buoy tender of the United States Coast Guard built by Zenith Dredge of Duluth, Minnesota. Her keel was laid 26 May 1942, launched 28 September 1942, after commissioning Sorrel joined her sister ships Cactus and Cowslip in Boston, Massachusetts until 25 July 1947. During her tenure in Boston she was used for maintaining navigational aids, on 25 July 1947 she reported to Rockland, Maine and then on 25 October 1948 she returned to Boston where she would remain until 1 May 1954. All during this time of being shuffled between Boston and Rockland, she worked out of Argentia, Newfoundland. Nunan to Portland, Maine for repairs and on 19 February 1953 towed disabled fishing vessels Geraldine and Phyllis to Boston, Massachusetts for repair. On 1 May 1954 Sorrel was reassigned to Sitka, Alaska for maintaining navigational aids, search and rescue missions, ice breaking, law, on October 22,1962 Sorrel assisted in the successful rescue of 95 passengers of a Northwest Airlines DC-7C that crashed near Sitka, Alaska. On 1 July 1965 Sorrel was reassigned to Seward, Alaska where she would remain until 18 April 1973, from 18 April 1973 to 31 March 1976 Sorrel was stationed in Cordova, Alaska. On 31 March 1976 Sorrel left Alaska and reported to the Coast Guard Yard at Curtis Bay, under SLEP, she would get new generator and propulsion systems, navigational electronics, new vang supported boom system, reworked superstructure and renovations to crew’s living spaces. Following SLEP, on 2 December 1982 Sorrel reported to Governor’s Island, Sorrel was sold and is now the SS Reliance operated by Sea Scout Ship #13 of Stockton, California. She is used for training cruises to teach seamanship to young men and women, nY-328, U. S. Coast Guard Cutter SORREL, New York, New York County, NY,1 photo,6 data pages,1 photo caption page
37.
USCGC Gentian (WLB-290)
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USCGC Gentian, a Cactus- or A-class buoy tender was built by Zenith Dredge of Duluth, Minnesota. Her keel was laid 3 October 1941, launched 23 May 1942, from December 1942 to January 1944 Gentian was stationed in New York. On 3 July 1948 she evacuated 42 persons from the disabled Swedish motor vessel Dagmar Salen,20 miles from the Overfalls lightship, on 26–28 May 1952 assisted following a collision between tanker Michael and motor barge A. C. On 1 October 1956 Gentian was transferred to Miami, Florida, on 15 July 1960 Gentian was transferred to Galveston, Texas. On 9 November 1961 while pursuing the FV Islander thought to be a smuggler, Islander turned and rammed Gentian trying to sink her. Islander sank while Gentian only sustained superficial damage and arrested Islanders crew, on 2 September 1976 Gentian was decommissioned and stored at the Coast Guard Yard, Curtis Bay, Md. In the early 1980s Gentian had major renovations to machinery, living spaces, on 27 July 1983 the mostly brand new Gentian was assigned to Coast Guard Group Fort Macon, Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, and soon after served off the coast of Grenada during the US intervention. In May 1998 Gentians service as a buoy tender ended. She was temporarily decommissioned, repainted white and refurbished to facilitate longer periods of time at sea, then in September 1999 she was recommissioned as WIX-290, and assigned to Miami, Florida where she trained sailors from all over the world. She was known as a Caribbean Support Tender and spent a deal of time in the Caribbean. Gentians final decommissioning came on 23 June 2006, on 15 October 2007, she was transferred to Colombia and serves as ARC San Andrés. U. S. Coast Guard Cutter GENTIAN, Miami, FL at the Historic American Engineering Record
38.
USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277)
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USCGC Cowslip is a 180-foot sea going buoy tender. A Cactus-class vessel, she was built by Marine Ironworks and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth, Cowslips preliminary design was completed by the United States Lighthouse Service and the final design was produced by Marine Iron and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth. On 16 September 1941 the keel was laid and she was launched on 11 April 1942 and commissioned on 17 October 1942. The original cost for the hull and machinery was $918,873, Cowslip is one of 39 original 180-foot seagoing buoy tenders built between 1942-1944. All but one of the tenders, the USCGC Ironwood, were built in Duluth. After commissioning, Cowslip was assigned to Boston, Massachusetts, where she served until 1944, from 1944 until 1973, it was assigned to Portland, Maine. Cowslip was decommissioned in 1973 and later sold to a firm in 1977. After the loss of USCGC Blackthorn in 1980, the Coast Guard reacquired Cowslip, after recommissioning, Cowslip was assigned to Governors Island, New York from 1981-1983. The work done to Cowslip, which cost $8.9 million, was completed in 1984, the upgrades included new main engines, a Marine Sanitation Device system, upgraded electronics and navigation equipment, a propulsion control computer, and a central fluid power system. In addition, the berthing spaces were renovated, the ships office and radio room were expanded, additional storeroom space was added. After renovation, Cowslip was assigned to Portsmouth, Virginia, where she stayed until 1995, in 1995 Cowslip moved to the west coast and called Astoria, Oregon home port until her retirement. One notable incident in Cowslips career is a collision with the 757-foot container ship Ever Grade that occurred in the Columbia River in 1997, although sustaining significant damage, Cowslip was repaired and sent back into service. Cowslip was decommissioned for a time in November 2002 and sold to the Nigerian Navy for use as a general purpose vessel. US Coast Guard 180-Foot Buoy Tenders
39.
USCGC Conifer (WLB-301)
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The USCGC Conifer was a 180 foot seagoing buoy tender. The tenders were designed to provide support to manned off-shore lighthouses. They were also equipped to service the relatively few buoys in operation at that time, in 1940 the Lighthouse Service merged into the Coast Guard. The Coast Guard amended the tender designs to include Search and Rescue features, the SAR requirements provided finer design lines at the bow and stern, and a reduced beam to length ratio. A larger deckhouse was incorporated to increase the interior space. Single screw propulsion, a cutaway forefoot under the bow, the hull displacement was 960 long tons. To reduce costs, on available off-the-shelf technology was utilized, the contract for the lead ship was awarded to Zenith Dredge Company of Duluth, Minnesota, in January 1941. The new class of Cutter was originally designated WAGL and was changed to WLB. The W is the abbreviation or Coast Guard, the L designates it as a lighthouse/buoy tender. The Coast Guard also operates three smaller classes of buoy tenders, WLMs, WLIs, and WLRs, three different classes of WLBs were built, thirteen A class, six B class, and twenty C class. Tenders are assigned names, a tradition that stems back to 1867. Conifer was the fifth A class WLB constructed, the procurement contract with Marine Iron and Shipbuilding was signed on 23 February 1942, for a cost of $854,003. The keel was laid on 6 July, three months later, on 3 November, Conifer was launched at exactly 1200 hours. Conifers engineering plant consisted of two Cooper-Bessemer straight-8 cylinder, 4-cycle diesel engines, because of their distinctive rumble, the Coopers were referred to as the rock-crushers. Each diesel drove a Westinghouse DC generator, the DC electricity powered a single Westinghouse main-motor, which was coupled directly to the propeller shaft. The 5-bladed prop measured 8 ft 6 in in diameter, the cargo boom and hoist winches were electric powered. The boat davits were hand-cranked, while the falls were fair-led to the aft towing capstan, Conifer was armed with a three-inch 50 caliber deck gun, four 20 millimeter 80 caliber anti-aircraft machine guns, and two racks of depth charges. Conifer was placed in Commission, Special Status, on 5 May 1943, final outfitting and machinery tests were completed on 24 May
40.
USCGC Madrona (WLB-302)
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USCGC Madrona was a U. S. Coast Guard 180 foot seagoing buoy tender. Madrona was built by the Zenith Dredge Company of Duluth, Minnesota at a cost of $949,144, Madrona was commissioned on 30 May 1943. Upon commissioning, the cutter was assigned the homeport of Miami, in September 1947, Madronas homeport was changed to Portsmouth, VA, where she was responsible for maintenance and inspection of aids to navigation in the Chesapeake Bay. On 27 April 1949, the searched for a reported mine near the Chesapeake Lightship. From 4–6 November 1950, Madrona towed the disabled MV Atlantic Explorer, on 14 May 1951, Madrona assisted following a collision between MV Thomas Tracey and a naval vessel. On 4 October 1951, she assisted MV Marose, which had grounded near Cape Henry, on 26 July 1957, Madronas crew assisted in fighting a fire on MV Havmoy in the Lynnhaven Roads. In February 1958, Madrona was called upon to break ice in the Chesapeake Bay, in April 1959, the cutter assisted MV Terra Nova in the lower Chesapeake Bay. In September 1960, Madrona provided assistance in the Portsmouth area following Hurricane Donna, on 4 February 1963, she assisted following the collision between the MV Skaustrand and the tanker P. W. Thirtle in Baltimore Harbor. On 27–28 February 1967, the crew helped fight a fire on MV Caldas 50 miles east of Chincoteague, on 24 May 1980, Madrona escorted the disabled tanker Esso Portland to Hampton Roads. In January 1982, she broke ice in order to permit barges to move to the scene of the Air Florida crash site on the Potomac River in Washington. In April 1984, Madrona entered the U. S. Coast Guard Shipyard in Curtis Bay, MD, to undergo a major renovation under the Coast Guards Service Life Extension Program, commonly referred to as SLEP. This $15 million overhaul, encompassing the complete rebuilding of the interior of the vessel, greatly improved living conditions, in September 1989, Madrona was returned to service, this time to her new home port of Charleston, SC, where she remained until her decommissioning. In 2000, Madrona set the mooring buoys that helped raise the Confederate Submarine Hunley in Charleston Harbor, Madrona was decommissioned after almost 59 years of active service in a ceremony held at Coast Guard Base Charleston on 12 April 2002. Following her decommissioning, the cutter was sold to the Navy of El Salvador and this ship has been reported out of service, is resting in the bottom of the sea at 7km off shore at Los Cobanos beach in El Salvador
41.
USCGC Active (WMEC-618)
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USCGC Active is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. Active was launched at Christy Corporation, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin on July 31,1965, commissioned as a Coast Guard Cutter on September 1,1966, she is 210 feet long, has a 34-foot beam, displaces 1000 tons, and draws 10 feet of water. She is powered by two engines, combined for a total of 5,000 hp. Quarters are provided for up to 12 officers and 70 enlisted members, actives cruising range is 5,000 nautical miles at 15 knots, designed with an operating endurance of about 30 days. At top speed of 18 knots, Active has a range of 2,200 nautical miles. Actives armament consists of a single 25 mm gun on the forecastle,50 caliber machine guns can also be mounted on the forecastle. The Active has a flight deck allows for the deployment of a Coast Guard HH-65 Dolphin or MH-68A Stingray Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron. Active is assigned primarily to law enforcement and search and rescue duties, the law enforcement duties involve counter-narcotic operations, fisheries, and environmental protection. To add to its mission capability, Active also participates in public relations activities such as the Portland Rose Festival. Active has received awards in recent years for its outstanding service to the maritime community. Active was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for exemplary service from 1987 to 1989,1 carrying 123 illegal Chinese migrants. Active has been awarded fifteen Cutter Achievement Ribbons for “clean sweeps” of all training requirements during Tailored Ships Training Availability, Active has also received two National Defense Service ribbons. Actives deployments are normally scheduled for 45 to 55 days, inport periods for maintenance are scheduled between deployments, lasting four to six weeks. Every four years the ship undergoes a major maintenance period lasting six to eight weeks
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USCGC Reliance (WMEC-615)
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USCGC Reliance is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. She is the first of the 210 Medium Endurance Cutter Fleet, constructed by Todd Shipyards in Houston, Texas and commissioned in 1964, she was originally homeported in Corpus Christi, Texas. Her duties included offshore oil rig inspections, fisheries, counter drug, alien migrant interdiction and marine pollution patrols and of course, Search, Reliance has been homeported in Yorktown, Virginia, Port Canaveral, Florida and New Castle, New Hampshire. She is currently stationed at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine
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Washington State Ferries
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Washington State Ferries is a government agency that operates automobile and passenger ferry service in the U. S. state of Washington as part of the Washington State Department of Transportation. It runs ten routes serving 20 terminals located around Puget Sound and in the San Juan Islands, the agency maintains the largest fleet of ferries in the United States at 22 vessels, carrying 24.2 million passengers in 2016. As of 2014, it was the largest ferry operator in the United States, by the beginning of the 1930s, two lines remained, the Puget Sound Navigation Company and the Kitsap County Transportation Company. A strike in 1935 forced the KCTC to close, leaving only the Black Ball Line, in 1951, the state bought nearly all of Black Balls ferry assets for $5 million. As of 2016, there are 22 ferries on Puget Sound operated by the state, the largest vessels in this fleet carry up to 2500 passengers and 202 vehicles. They are painted in a white and green trim paint scheme. WSF owned passenger-only vessels between 1985 and 2009, but after discontinuing its two passenger-only routes in the 2000s, WSF has sold its passenger-only ferries to other operators, below is a list of ferries that WSF has retired since 1951. Unless otherwise noted, all introduced in 1951 were acquired from the Black Ball Line when the state took over the companys routes. There are several other publicly operated, private, and passenger-only ferries in Washington state, official website Evergreenfleet. com-- A History of Washington State Ferries Past and Present Vehicle Reservation Predesign Study
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document "US Coast Guard Yard".
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