1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Unified combatant command
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A unified combatant command is a United States Department of Defense command that is composed of forces from at least two Military Departments and has a broad and continuing mission. These commands are established to provide command and control of U. S. military forces, regardless of branch of service, in peace. They are organized either on a basis or on a functional basis, such as special operations, power projection. UCCs are joint commands with specific badges denoting their affiliation, the creation and organization of the unified combatant commands is legally mandated in Title 10, U. S. Code Sections 161–168. The Unified Command Plan is updated annually in conjunction with the DoD fiscal year, as of September 2011, there are nine unified combatant commands as specified in Title 10 and the latest annual UCP. Six have regional responsibilities, and three have functional responsibilities, each time the Unified Command Plan is updated, the organization of the combatant commands is reviewed for military efficiency and effectiveness, as well as alignment with national policy. Each unified command is led by a combatant commander, who is a general or admiral. The chain of command for operational purposes goes from the President through the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders, in the European Theater, Allied military forces fell under the command of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force. After SHAEF was dissolved at the end of the war, the American forces were unified under a single command, the Joint Chiefs of Staff continued to advocate in favor of establishing permanent unified commands, and President Harry S. Truman approved the first plan on 14 December 1946. Known as the Outline Command Plan, it would become the first in a series of Unified Command Plans, the original Outline Command Plan of 1946 established seven unified commands, Far East Command, Pacific Command, Alaskan Command, Northeast Command, the U. S. Atlantic Fleet, Caribbean Command, and European Command, however, on 5 August 1947, the CNO recommended instead that CINCLANTFLT be established as a fully unified commander under the broader title of Commander in Chief, Atlantic. The Army and Air Force objected, and CINCLANTFLT was activated as a command on 1 November 1947. A few days later, the CNO renewed his suggestion for the establishment of a unified Atlantic Command and this time his colleagues withdrew their objections, and on 1 December 1947, the U. S. Atlantic Command was created under the Commander in Chief, Atlantic, under the original plan, each of the unified commands operated with one of the service chiefs serving as an executive agent representing the Joint Chiefs of Staff. This arrangement was formalized on 21 April 1948 as part of a paper titled the Function of the Armed Forces. Northeast Command were disestablished under the Unified Command Plan of 1956–57, CONAD itself was disestablished in 1975. Although not part of the plan, the Joint Chiefs of Staff also created specified commands that had broad. Examples include the U. S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, like the unified commands, the specified commands reported directly to the JCS instead of their respective service chiefs
3.
Yongsan Garrison
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As of 2014, it has been used as a garrison by the United States Army Garrison Yongsan, under the supervision of the Installation Management Command Pacific Region. The garrison previously served as headquarters for the Imperial Japanese Army from 1910 to 1945, the USFK headquarters is scheduled to relocate outside of Seoul in 2019. The former site of the garrison was used by Qing troops during the Imo Incident in 1882, during those times, the Korean and Japanese garrisons were on the outskirts of the city in mostly undeveloped land. Since then, the city of Seoul has enveloped the Garrison, several buildings built by the Japanese army and located within Yongsan Garrison are used by U. S. forces, most notably the Eighth Army headquarters building. Many of the older, dark-colored brick buildings on the base are former Japanese Army buildings, directly across from Eighth Army headquarters is the Combined Forces Command and U. S. Forces Korea headquarters, a built in the early 1970s. The building is home to the Commanding General, United Nations Command, Combined Forces Command, due to a number of factors, including a lack of enthusiasm for the move from the newly elected Lee Myung-Bak administration, this process has now been pushed back to 2019. South Korea had traditionally regarded this garrison as insurance against the U. S. Army abandoning Seoul, as part of this relocation and the planned withdrawal of U. S. troops near the DMZ, all American troops will be pulled back from north of the Han River. The opening of the completed National Museum was delayed several years while the fate of a U. S. Army helicopter landing facility was decided. The Embassy of the United States in Seoul may build a new Chancery on part of the land planned to be vacated by the U. S. Army, most probably on Camp Coiner. Most of the U. S. Embassy officials live in an Embassy housing compound in an area almost completely enveloped by Yongsan Garrison, and with direct access to it. During his speech to the troops, Bush said, Fifty-five years have passed since the guns went quiet and the cease-fire was signed on this peninsula, and since that time our forces have kept the peace. Our nations have built a robust alliance. ”He also said that the U. S. would keep its military in South Korea, on 9 April 2003 South Korea and the United States agreed on the early relocation of Yongsan garrison outside of central Seoul. The garrison is home to the Dragon Hill Lodge, a hotel which is operated as an Armed Forces Recreation Center by the U. S. Army in support of personnel assigned or employed by the U. S. Forces Korea, their members, and guests. The garrison consists of two parts, Main Post and South Post, which are physically divided by Itaewon-ro. In 2003, an overpass bridge was constructed over this boulevard to solve traffic congestion. The garrison provides support for an outlying U. S. Army housing area called Hannam Village, K-16 Air Base, Camp Kim, Sungnam Golf Course
4.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
5.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
6.
General (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, general is a four-star general officer rank, with the pay grade of O-10. General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force, General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps,198 for the Air Force, and 162 for the Navy. No more than about 25% of an active duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars, and statute sets the total number of four-star officers allowed in each service. This is set at 7 four-star Army generals,9 four-star Air Force generals,2 four-star Marine Generals, several of these slots are reserved by statute. For example, the two highest-ranking members of service are designated as four-star generals. In addition, for the National Guard, the Chief of the National Guard Bureau is a general under active duty in the Army or Air Force. Officers serving in certain intelligence positions e. g. the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, the President may add four-star slots to one service if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the Presidents discretion during time of war or national emergency and their active rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. For some positions, statute allows the President to waive those requirements for a nominee deemed to serve national interests, the nominee must be confirmed by the United States Senate before the appointee can take office and assume the rank. Four-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare, service vice chiefs serve for a nominal four years, but are commonly reassigned after one or two years. The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps serves for two years, the Chief of the National Guard Bureau serves a nominal four years. Some statutory limits can be waived in times of emergency or war. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement, a four-star general must retire after 40 years of service unless he or she is reappointed to serve longer. Otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday, however, the Secretary of Defense can defer a four-star officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday and the President can defer it until the officers 68th birthday. General officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. Since only a number of four-star slots are available to each service
7.
Vincent K. Brooks
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Vincent Keith Brooks is a United States Army general who is the current commander of United States Forces Korea, United Nations Command and ROK-U. S. He previously served as commanding general of the United States Army Pacific, Brooks was the United States Armys Deputy Director of Operations during the War in Iraq, and frequently briefed the media, which raised his public profile. He also served as the Chief of Army Public Affairs The Pentagon and he later was commanding general of the 1st Infantry Division. General Brooks assumed his current assignment on April 30,2016, Brooks was born in Anchorage, Alaska. He grew up in an Army family in California, and his father Major General Leo A. Brooks Sr. and his uncle, Francis K. Brooks was the majority leader of the Vermont House of Representatives and a member of the Vermont Senate. Vincent Brooks attended Thomas Jefferson High School in Alexandria, Virginia and he was a basketball player and he decided to follow his brother to West Point to study to become an officer. At West Point, Brooks was the academys first African-American Cadet First Captain, the highest position a cadet can hold and he graduated from West Point in 1980. After graduating Brooks served in Korea and Kosovo among other places, in Kosovo he concurrently served as the deputy commander of the U. S. force in Kosovo and as commander of the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division based at Fort Stewart, Georgia. From that position he moved to the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon, while serving there he was temporarily assigned to be Deputy Director of Operations at U. S. Returning to the Pentagon and The Joint Staff in April 2003 he became the Strategic Planner for the War on Terrorism, in his role as Deputy Director of Operations he also became the spokesperson of United States Central Command, the main force in the Middle East. At that time he was the youngest general officer in the Army and he served as the Commanding General, 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley, Kansas April 2009 to May 2011 and then became 3rd Army Commanding General. In March,2016 Brooks was nominated to command United States Forces Korea, the U. S. -South Korea Combined Forces Command and we are role models to a lot of young people, not just African Americans and soldiers. People can see the achievement and how hard work leads to it
8.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
9.
George Decker
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General George Henry Decker was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1960 to 1962. General Decker was born in Catskill, New York and attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania and he served in the U. S. Army from 1924 to 1962. He married the former Helen E. Inman in 1926 and he died on February 6,1980 in Washington, D. C. In 1928, he was sent to Hawaii, where he served with the 35th Infantry Regiment until 1931 and he was promoted to first lieutenant in April 1930. In 1936, he was sent to the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, subsequently, he served with the 10th Infantry Regiment at Fort Thomas, Kentucky and Fort McClellan, Alabama, and the 9th Infantry Regiment at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. In 1940 he took command of Headquarters Company, I Corps, at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and was assistant supply and logistics officer, in 1941 came a flurry of promotions, to temporary major, permanent major, and temporary lieutenant colonel. He was sent to Washington, D. C. to serve on the War Department General Staff and he was promoted to temporary colonel in October 1942 and became deputy chief of staff of the Third Army, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He was then sent overseas to the Southwest Pacific, where he became deputy chief of staff and then chief of staff of the Sixth Army, a position he held through the end of World War II. He had been promoted to brigadier general in August 1944 and major general in June 1945, and participated in Sixth Army operations in New Guinea, the Solomon Islands. General Decker became commanding general of the 5th Infantry Division in 1948, promoted to temporary lieutenant general in 1952, he became comptroller of the Army from 1952 to 1955. He was promoted to permanent brigadier general in April 1953 and permanent major general in July 1954, in 1955, he went to Germany as commanding general of VII Corps at Stuttgart, and was promoted to temporary general in May 1956. From 1956 to 1957, General Decker was deputy commander-in-chief of the United States European Command at its headquarters in Rocquencourt, outside Paris, France. From 1957 to 1959 he was commander-in-chief, United Nations Command, General Decker was appointed Vice Chief of Staff of the Army in 1959, and on October 1,1960 became Chief of Staff of the Army, serving in that capacity until September 30,1962. General Decker retired at the end of his tenure, commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005. United States Army Center of Military History
10.
Hamilton H. Howze
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Hamilton Hawkins Howze was born in West Point, New York, while his father, Major General Robert Lee Howze, an 1888 West Point graduate, was serving as Commandant of West Point. He was a developer and advocate of air mobility warfare. Howze attended West Point, graduating in the Class of 1930 and he was commissioned into the 6th Cavalry. In WWII he served as the commanders of, 2nd Battalion, 13th Armor Regiment, 13th Armor Regiment, 1st Armored Division, after the war Howze served as the G-3 of the 1st Armored Division in 1946. Three years later he attended the National War College, which was followed by an assignment in the office of the G-2 from 1949 to 1952, after promotion to Brigadier General in 1952 he became Assistant Commanding General, 2nd Armored Division, European Command, until 1954. Howze is recognized as the force behind the concept of air-mobility. He then became Commanding General of the 82d Airborne Division, in 1961, as Chairman of the Tactical Mobility Requirements Board, Howze led the development in airmobile theory and doctrine. The Armys adoption of the recommendations in the Howze Board changed mobile warfare and its revolutionary concepts - based on the use of aviation - changed military attitudes in a similar manner to the way the tank affected ideas on mobility 50 years earlier. Two years later the 11th Air Assault Division was formed to test, as a result of Howzes leadership, foresight and perception, two air-mobile divisions were eventually established. Howze is credited with starting the convention of naming US Army helicopter types after Native American tribes, the Bell H-13, which had already been in service for some years, was renamed Sioux at his suggestion and the tradition continues to the present day. LTG Howze served as the commander of the XVIII Airborne Corps from 1961–1962 and briefly acting Commanding General and his last assignment was as Commanding General, Eighth Army, Commander-in-Chief of U. S. Forces in Korea, a four-star United Nations command position involving U. S. and R. O. K, General Howze retired from active duty in 1965 to Fort Worth, Texas. Howze remained active after leaving the Army and became an executive, as a 1957 Charter Member of the Army Aviation Association of America, he served for four years as the organizations Senior Vice President and President. He was also a member of the Army Aviation Hall of Fame and was the Chairman of the AAAA’s Board of Trustees and he died on December 8,1998, and was buried next to his father at the United States Military Academy Post Cemetery. Past awardees include CW2 John S. Van Buren & 1LT Michael J. Blatz, B Company, 1st Battalion, griffins Brotherhood of War series of books as General Triple H Howard. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document and
11.
John William Vessey Jr.
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John William Vessey Jr. was an American military officer. He was a United States Army general, and served as the tenth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from June 18,1982 and he began his 46-year military career in the Minnesota Army National Guard in 1939 when he was still 16. He received a commission during the Battle of Anzio in World War II. General Vessey also served during the Korean and Vietnam Wars, as a Lieutenant Colonel, he graduated from college in 1963 at the age of 41. As a Colonel, he was a student at the Army helicopter school at the age of 48, in 1982, President Ronald Reagan appointed him as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a position he would hold for over three years, a comparatively short term. He was the last four star General who was also a veteran of World War II on active service. After retiring from the Army, Vessey became involved in efforts to account for military personnel listed as missing in action from the Vietnam War and he made several trips to Vietnam to search for remains as part of resolving the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. Vessey was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992, Vessey was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on June 29,1922. His unit was activated in February 1941, during World War II, Vessey served with the 34th Infantry Division. When Major General Omar Bradley, Commander of II Corps in North Africa, launched the U. S. drive on Bizerte in April 1943, he gave the 34th the most difficult objective, the well-defended Hill 609. In the first clear-cut U. S. Army victory of the campaign, Vessey, who had been a First Sergeant since September 1,1942, later described being a first sergeant in combat as the toughest job he had. He was with the 34th when it entered the Anzio beachhead in Italy in May 1944, there he received a commission as a second lieutenant. After the war, most of Vesseys service continued to be in field artillery assignments, in the 1950s he served with the 4th Infantry Division in Germany and the Eighth U. S. Army in the Republic of Korea. During this period he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. In 1965, he received a master of science degree in administration from George Washington University. From 1963 to 1965 Vessey commanded the 2nd Battalion, 73rd Field Artillery in the 3rd Armored Division, during the Vietnam War, Vessey served for a year as Executive Officer of the 25th Infantry Division Artillery in Vietnam. In March 1967, when acting as Commander of the 2nd Battalion, 77th Artillery, located deep in enemy-controlled territory, Vessey and his men oriented the firebases defenses on the enemys likely avenues of approach and rehearsed counterattack plans. During the attack by a regiment, the base was partially overrun
12.
John A. Wickham Jr.
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John Adams Wickham Jr. is a retired United States Army general who served as the U. S. Army Chief of Staff from 1983 to 1987. Wickham was born on June 25,1928, in Dobbs Ferry and he graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1950, where he later served as a social sciences instructor, from 1956 to 1960. Military Academy in 1950, Wickham was commissioned a lieutenant and assigned to the 18th Infantry Regiment. He received masters degrees in economics and government from Harvard University and was a graduate of the National War College, Wickham then served as operations officer of the 1st Battle Group, 5th Cavalry, in Korea, and was executive officer to Army Chief of Staff Harold Johnson. Later he commanded in combat the 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division in Vietnam, Wickham spent over a year in the hospital recovering. He later commanded the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division in Germany, Wickham returned to Vietnam as the Deputy Chief of Staff, MACV, and was responsible for negotiating release of all prisoners of war. In 1979, he played a role in calming political tensions after the assassination of South Korean President Park Chung Hee. He also served as military assistant to Secretaries of Defense James R. Schlesinger. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed him Chief of Staff of the United States Army and he retired from the U. S. Army in 1987 after 37 years of active service. He was named by Army Times as one of the ten leaders who most changed the Army, the Association of Graduates USMA presented him with the Distinguished Graduate Award in 2005, and he received the Infantry Doughboy Award in 2006. Wickham served as Town Council President in Sun City, Arizona and as an elder at Saint Andrews Presbyterian Church in Tucson and he served as Chairman of the Board for Honeywell Federal Systems and Nortel Federal Systems, and as director of several other corporations. He was named chairman for the United States-China National Committee and has served as a member of the Secretary of Defense Policy Board. He is also active in the United Way, and a member of the Alfalfa Club, in his autobiography My American Journey, General Colin Powell mentioned serving with Wickham and praised him as every inch a Soldier. Wickham married Ann Lindsley Prior in 1955 and they have three children and six grandchildren. Ive been a believer in mentoring, helping younger people grow. I dont think we do enough of that in our society today, John Kie-chiang Oh, Korean Politics, The Quest for Democratization and Economic Development. List of Korean War veterans who are recipients of the Bronze Star US should seek help in training Afghan forces Portrait of John A. Wickham Jr. by Margaret Holland Sargent
13.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
14.
Hanja
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Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. Borrowed from Chinese and incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation, hanja-mal or hanja-eo refers to words that can be written with hanja, and hanmun refers to Classical Chinese writing, although hanja is sometimes used loosely to encompass these other concepts. Because hanja never underwent major reform, they are almost entirely identical to traditional Chinese, only a small number of hanja characters are modified or unique to Korean. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currently in use in Japan and Mainland China have been simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding hanja characters. Today, a working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to study older texts. Learning a certain number of hanja is very helpful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words, hanja are not used to write native Korean words, which are always rendered in hangul, and even words of Chinese origin—hanja-eo —are written with the hangul alphabet most of the time. A major motivation for the introduction of Chinese characters into Korea was the spread of Buddhism, the major Chinese text that introduced hanja to Koreans, however, was not a religious text but the Chinese text, Cheonjamun. One way of adapting hanja to write Korean in such systems was to represent native Korean grammatical particles, for example, Gugyeol uses the characters 爲尼 to transcribe the Korean word hăni, in modern Korean, that means does, and so. However, in Chinese, the characters are read as the expression wéi ní. This is an example of Gugyeol words where the radical is read in Korean for its meaning. Hanja was the means of writing Korean until King Sejong the Great promoted the invention of hangul in the 15th century. However, even after the invention of hangul, most Korean scholars continued to write in hanmun and it was not until the 20th century that hangul truly replaced hanja. Officially, hanja has not been used in North Korea since June 1949, additionally, many words borrowed from Chinese have been replaced in the North with native Korean words. However, there are a number of Chinese-borrowed words in widespread usage in the North. The replacement has been less total in South Korea where, although usage has declined over time, some remains in common usage in some contexts. Each hanja is composed of one of 214 radicals plus in most cases one or more additional elements, the vast majority of hanja use the additional elements to indicate the sound of the character, but a few hanja are purely pictographic, and some were formed in other ways. This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun, the word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used. South Korean primary schools abandoned the teaching of hanja in 1971 and it is taught in separate courses in South Korean high schools, separately from the normal Korean-language curriculum
15.
United States Pacific Command
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United States Pacific Command is a unified combatant command of the United States armed forces responsible for the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. It is the oldest and largest of the combatant commands. The Commander reports to the President of the United States through the Secretary of Defense and is supported by Service component and subordinate unified commands, including U. S. Army Pacific, Pacific Air Forces, U. S. Marine Forces Pacific, U. S. Forces Korea, Special Operations Command Korea, and Special Operations Command Pacific, USPACOM also has three direct reporting units, including Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, U. S. Pacific Command Joint Intelligence Operations Center, Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance, the USPACOM headquarters building, the Nimitz-MacArthur Pacific Command Center, is located on Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii. United States Pacific Command protects and defends, in concert with other U. S. Government agencies, the territory of the United States, its people and this approach is based on partnership, presence and military readiness. We recognize the significance of the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and understand that challenges are best met together. Consequently, we will remain an engaged and trusted partner committed to preserving the security, stability and we will collaborate with the Services and other Combatant Commands to defend Americas interests. Its origins can be traced to the structure established early in World War II to wage the war in the Pacific. Each had command of all U. S. armed forces assigned to his area, efforts to establish a unified command for the entire Pacific AOR proved impossible during the war. The divergent interests of the Army and the Navy precluded the subordination of either of the two commanders in the Pacific Theatre. The plan called for the establishment of seven unified combatant commands as a measure for the immediate postwar period. The first three unified commands were established in the Pacific, the Joint Chiefs of Staff implementing directive of 16 December 1946 established the Far East Command, Pacific Command, and Alaskan Command effective 1 January 1947. The commands, their areas of responsibility, and their missions were as follows, Far East Command, U. S. forces in Japan, Korea, the Ryukyus, the Philippines, Forces in China in an emergency. Pacific Command, U. S. forces allocated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff within the Pacific Area, Alaskan Command, U. S. forces in Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was appointed CINCFE, Army Major General Howard A. Craig was assigned as CINCAL, U. S. Navy Admiral John Henry Towers was designated CINCPAC. At the time of appointment, he was serving as Admiral Nimitz direct successor as CINCPAC/CINCPOA, Admiral Towers retained his position as Commander-in-Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet, his title was abbreviated CINCPACFLT to avoid confusion with the newly established Pacific Command, Headquarters for both CINCPAC and CINCPACFLT were located at Makalapa, Pearl Harbor, in the Territory of Hawaii
16.
Eighth United States Army
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The Eighth United States Army is an American field army which is the commanding formation of all United States Army forces in South Korea. A task force of troops which are composed of personnel from the American-South Korean alliance, it is based at the Yongsan Army Garrison, located in the Yongsan District of Seoul, South Korea. The unit first activated on 10 June 1944 in the United States, the Eighth Army took part in many of the amphibious landings in the Southwest Pacific Theater of World War II, eventually participating in no less than sixty of them. The first mission of the Eighth Army, in September 1944, was to take over from the U. S. Sixth Army in New Guinea, New Britain, the Admiralty Islands and on Morotai, the 8th Army again followed in the wake of the Sixth Army in December,1944 when it took over control of operations on Leyte Island on 26 December. In January, the Eighth Army entered combat on Luzon, landing the XI Corps on 29 January near San Antonio, combining with I Corps and XIV Corps of Sixth Army, the forces of Eighth Army next enveloped Manila in a great double-pincer movement. Eighth Army was to have participated in Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan and it would have taken part in Operation Coronet, the second phase of the invasion, which would have seen the invasion of the Kantō Plain on eastern Honshū. However, instead of invading Japan, Eighth Army found itself in charge of occupying it peacefully, occupation forces landed on 30 August 1945, with its headquarters in Yokohama, then the HQ moved to the Dai-Ichi building in Tokyo. At the beginning of 1946, Eighth Army assumed responsibility for occupying all of Japan, four quiet years then followed, during which the Eighth Army gradually deteriorated from a combat-ready fighting force into a somewhat soft, minimally-trained constabulary. Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker took command in September 1948, and he tried to re-invigorate the Armys training and this situation was to have serious consequences in South Korea. China became the communist Peoples Republic of China in 1949, in 1950, the Soviet Union backed North Korea while the United States backed South Korea, and China allied with the Soviet Union in what was to become the first military action of the Cold War. The peace of occupied Japan was shattered in June 1950 when 75,000 North Korean troops with Russian made tanks invaded South Korea, American naval and air forces quickly became involved in combat operations, and it was soon clear that American ground forces would have to be committed. However, the stage was reached as enough units of Eighth Army arrived in Korea to make a firm front. The North Koreans threw themselves against that front, the Pusan Perimeter, in the meantime, Eighth Army had reorganized, since it had too many divisions under its command for it to exercise effective control directly. The I Corps and the IX Corps were reactivated in the United States, the stalemate was broken by the Inchon landings of the X Corps. The North Korean forces, when confronted with this threat to their areas, combined with a breakout operation at Pusan, broke away. Both South and North Korea were almost entirely occupied by United Nations forces, however, once American units neared the Yalu River and the frontier between North Korea and China, the Chinese intervened and drastically changed the character of the war. Eighth Army was decisively defeated at the Battle of the Chongchon River, Eighth Army resulted in the longest retreat of any American military unit in history
17.
Seventh Air Force
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United States Air Forces Korea and USAFK redirect here. The Seventh Air Force is a Numbered Air Force of the United States Pacific Air Forces and it is headquartered at Osan Air Base, South Korea. The commands mission is to plan and direct air component operations in the Republic of Korea and in the Northwest Pacific. It was assigned units engaging enemy forces in the Gilbert Islands, Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, and in the last major battle of the Pacific War, the Battle of Okinawa. Returning to its role in Hawaii after the war,7 AF became the primary USAF command. 7 AF is commanded by Lt. Gen. Thomas W. Bergeson, the Vice Commander is Brig Gen Kyle W. Robinson Command Chief Master Sergeant is Anthony W. Johnson. Since then, both as U. S. Air Forces Korea, under the joint U. S and it develops the total air campaign and reinforcement plans for ROK defense and sustains mission readiness of 117 operational units and 8,300 U. S. Air Force personnel. It operates in conjunction with United States Pacific Command, United Nations Command, U. S. Forces, Korea/Combined Forces Command and United States Forces Korea. Airplanes assigned to the 6th Aero Squadron consisted of three Curtiss N-9 seaplanes which were single-engine biplanes carrying a crew of two and capable of a top speed of 70 miles an hour. The first inter-island flight occurred in February 1919 and by 1920 inter-island flights were used for training purposes. Early in 1920 the 4th Observation Squadron arrived at Ford Island, known by then as Luke Field, also by this time, Luke Field was used jointly by the aerial forces of the Army and Navy. The year 1920 marked an advance in aviation in the Islands. The first night flight over Oahu took place on 30 June 1920, also air power began to take its place in the Hawaiian Departments military maneuvers. The first detachment of twenty men started clearing land south of Schofield Barracks for Wheeler Field in February 1922 and this Field was named for Major Sheldon H. Wheeler, who had assumed command of Luke Field in 1920 and was killed in an air accident in 1921. By June 1923, Wheeler boasted six 112x200 foot hangars, three used for housing shops and three others for planes, plus four hangars used as warehouses, and oil tanks holding 50,000 gallons. Tents and huts housed the men, the First commander of Wheeler Field was Major George E. Stratemeyer, who by 1941 was a brigadier general and Acting Chief of the Army Air Corps. The first known reforesting by plane was accomplished for the Department of Agriculture by a plane from Wheeler in 1926, the first non-stop Hawaiian flight from Oakland, California to Wheeler Field was made in June 1927 by L. J. Maitland and A. F. Hegenberger. The famous Dole flight also took place in 1927, with Art Goebel and Lt. W. V. Davis, USN, during the period from 1917 to 1931, the military air component in Hawaii grew to seven tactical squadrons and two service squadrons
18.
Special Operations Command Korea
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Pacific Command Commander, who further delegated OPCON of SOCKOR to the United States Forces Korea Commander. SOCKOR focuses on readiness and the ability to fight in defense of the Korean peninsula, during armistice, crisis, and conflict, SOCKOR serves as the headquarters for command and control of all U. S. Prior to 1988, management of Special Operations Forces in Korea fell to United States Forces Korea Joint Operations, Special Operations Division-Korea. The concept of a permanent TSOC in Korea began to shape in 1983. Colonel James Estep, the first Commander, also served as Chief, J3 SOD-K and Deputy Commander and this dual-hatted command continued until July 1995. Colonel Skip Booth separated this special operations element from USFK J3 SOD, in 2000, SOCKOR was recognized as a fully operational TSOC and the billet for the commander of SOCKOR was elevated to Brigadier General, mirroring the other TSOCs. SOCKOR has been commanded by a General Officer since 2000, since inception, SOCKOR has been the only TSOC in which U. S. and host nation SOF are institutionally organized for combined operations. SOCKOR and ROK SWC regularly train in their roles, while SOCKOR’s Special Forces Detachment-39 works as the full-time liaison between ROK SF and U. S. SOF. In armistice, the CG of SOCKOR is responsible for the planning, training, the SOCKOR CG also serves as the senior advisor to COMUSFK regarding all U. S. SOF issues. If the armistice fails, SOCKOR and ROK SWC will combine to establish the Combined Unconventional Warfare Task Force under the Combined Forces Command. SOCKOR is located at Camp Kim in Seoul, South Korea, the unit awards depicted below are for Headquarters, Special Operations Command Korea. Award for unit decorations do not apply to any subordinate organizations, ronald S. Mangum – former SOCKOR commander Official site Official photos SOCKOR at GlobalSecurity. org Shoulder Sleeve Insignia and Distinctive Unit Insignia
19.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
20.
Non-combatant evacuation operation
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A non-combatant evacuation operation is an operation conducted to evacuate civilians from another country, generally due to a deteriorating security situation. NEOs usually involve swift insertions of a force, temporary occupation of an objective, during NEOs, the US Ambassador is the senior authority for the evacuation and is ultimately responsible for the successful completion of the NEO and the safety of the evacuees. The Ambassador speaks with the authority of the President and serves as representative on site. This means that at times American citizens may become endangered in locations outside of the United States and this is usually due to civil unrest or war. However, it may also be due to a natural disaster, the U. S. Ambassador has the responsibility, according to law, to request a NEO. Once he does, the government will determine whether or not the evacuation should be done with civilian resources, such as the Civil Reserve Air Fleet, even if military forces conduct the evacuation, the Ambassador remains in charge of the evacuation. The method of evacuation could include sealift, airlift, or even by road
21.
Moon Jae-in
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Moon Jae-in is a South Korean politician who served as the opposition leader of the Minjoo Party of Korea from 2015 to 2016. He was formerly a lawyer and the chief of staff to late President Roh Moo-hyun. In the 19th legislative election on 11 April 2012, Moon won a seat in the Sasang District of Busan, born in Geoje, South Korea, Moon Jae-in was the first son of father Moon Yong-hyung and mother Kang Han-ok among five children. His father was a peasant refugee from South Hamgyeong Province who fled his native city of Hamhung during the Hamhung Retreat and his father settled in Geoje as a laborer for the Geoje POW Camp. His family eventually settled in Busan and Moon attended Kyungnam High School and he enrolled in Kyunghee University where he majored in law. He was arrested and expelled from the university when he organized a student protest against the Yushin Constitution, later, he was forcibly conscripted to the military and recruited to the Special Forces, where he participated in a military mission during the Axe murder incident. After his discharge, he passed the Bar Exam and was admitted to the Judicial Research and he stepped down from the Minjoo Political Party in 2016. After becoming a lawyer, he partnered and worked with Roh Moo Hyun and they remained friends up until Rohs death in 2009. Along with Roh, he took cases involving human rights and civil rights issues and he was a member of Minbyun and the Chairman of Human Rights at Busan Bar. He was a member of the progressive South Korean newspaper, The Hankyoreh. Due to Rohs insistence, Moon became Rohs campaign manager during his presidential bid, after Rohs victory, Moon became Rohs chief of staff and close aide. When prosecutors began investigating Rohs corruption charges, Moon was the counsel to Roh. After Roh committed suicide, Moon was in charge of the funeral, despite his earlier indifference to politics, he began to get involved in the politics. He published a memoir called Moon Jae-in, The Destiny which became a bestseller and his popularity had been rising steady against the likely opponent in the presidential race, Park Geun-hye. For instance, in a February 2012 poll, Moon managed to gain parity with Park in popularity, in early 2012, Moon entered a bid for a seat at the National Assembly and has been campaigning in western Busan. He ran for the 2012 presidential election and was defeated by Park Geun-hye, Moon was elected as the leader of New Politics Alliance for Democracy in February 2,2015. After his recruitment, Moon resigned his position for another scouted advisor Kim Chong-in and he also promised to abolish the domestic wing of NIS in order to maintain their political neutrality, transferring domestic affairs to the police force. Moon also promised transparency on his presidency, moving the president residence from palatial, Moon is currently favored to win Koreas next election as of January 2017
22.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
23.
Camp Humphreys
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Not to be confused with Camp A. A. Humphreys in Virginia, now known as Fort Belvoir. Camp Humphreys, also known as United States Army Garrison-Humphreys, is a United States Army garrison located near Anjeong-ri, Camp Humphreys is home to Desiderio Army Airfield, the busiest U. S. Army airfield in Asia. In addition to the airfield, there are several U. S. Army direct support, transportation and those movements are expected to be completed by 2016 and will transform Camp Humphreys into the largest U. S. Army garrison in Asia. Under that plan, the 28,500 U. S. troop presence in South Korea will be consolidated by 2016, the town of Anjeong-ri is located adjacent to the Camp Humphreys main gate. Smaller farming villages are located along the perimeter, the installation covers an area of 1,210 acres. As part of the Yongsan Relocation Plan, that number will grow by 2,328 acres to 3,538 acres, the immediate area around Camp Humphreys is mostly agricultural and consists mainly of rice fields. There are some rolling hills in the vicinity, but for the most part the elevations are less than 150 feet, there is a small mountain range about seven miles south of Camp Humphreys, with peaks reaching 958 feet in elevation. Larger mountains are located to the northeast, east, and southwest, urban areas are situated mostly to the northeast of the airfield. Seoul is located approximately 55 miles northeast, the Ansong River flows from the east to west toward the West Sea and passes three miles northwest of the airfield. About 12 miles west of Camp Humphreys, the river widens and empties into the Asan Bay, the numerous areas of water around Camp Humphreys has an effect on the weather. The abundant moisture is responsible for most of the fog and stratus which occurs in the area and this is especially true from the spring through fall. The history of Camp Humphreys dates back to the beginning of the 20th century when, in 1919 the Japanese military built the Pyeongtaek Airfield. Later, during the Korean War, Pyeongtaek Airfield was named K-6 after being repaired and enhanced by the U. S. Air Force to accommodate a U. S. Marine Air Group and the 614th Tactical Control Group. In 1962, the base was renamed Camp Humphreys in honor of Chief Warrant Officer Benjamin K. Humphreys, a pilot assigned to the 6th Transportation Company, who died in a helicopter accident. In 1974, with the activation of the 19th Support Brigade, Camp Humphreys was redesignated as U. S. Army Garrison and those units formerly reporting to the 23rd Direct Support Group reported to the 19th Support Command in Daegu. Only the basic functions remained with USAG Camp Humphreys, later, the 23rd Direct Support Group and 19th Support were renamed 23rd Support Group and 19th Theater Army Area Command. On 1 June 2005, the U. S. Army announced that Camps Eagle, both camps were then later closed on 4 June 2010, consolidating installation support activities on Camp Humphreys. Compensation for the land averaged 600 million won per resident, with the creation of the Installation Management Command on 24 October 2006, U. S. Army Support Activity Area III was redesignated as U. S. Army Garrison Humphreys and Area III on 15 March 2007
24.
Osan Air Base
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Osan Air Base, is a United States Air Force base located near Songtan Station in the county of Pyeongtaek, South Korea,64 km south of Seoul. Despite its name, Osan AB is not within Osan City, the base is the home of the Pacific Air Forces 51st Fighter Wing, and a number of tenant units, including the headquarters for Seventh Air Force. The base is also the headquarters of the ROK Air Force Operations Command, Osan Air Base is one of two major U. S. Air Force installations operated by U. S. Forces Korea, the other being Kunsan Air Base. S, Air Force in the Republic of Korea and the only base on the peninsula entirely planned and built from scratch by Aviation Engineers units attached to the U. S. Air Force during the Korean War. In the spring of 1951, CCF were driven back north of the 38th parallel, Aviation engineers, meanwhile, surveyed locations in the ROK to build an air base capable of supporting jet fighters. They decided upon the area southwest of Osan-Ni, established in November 1951, the base originally was named Osan-Ni AB. The name Osan-Ni was chosen for practical reasons – it was the only village shown on most military maps of the time, the 839th Aviation Engineer Battalion began construction of base support facilities and infrastructure early in 1952. On July 9,1952, the 839th, joined by the 840th and 841st Engineer battalions, started work to lay the airfields runway, taxiway, monsoon rains, though, impeded initial efforts to fill the rice paddies and begin airfield construction. The delay forced engineers to work 24 hours a day, seven days a week beginning in August, three engineer aviation battalions were assigned the task of building Osan, the 839th, 840th, and 841st EABs. They completed laying a 9, 000-foot, 8-inch-thick concrete runway in 2 1⁄2 months, with the taxiway also completed, and parking ramps nearing completion, the 18th Fighter-Bomber Wing and one of its F-51 combat squadrons arrived on December 26,1952. With the wings other two squadrons arriving shortly thereafter, the converted to the F-86F. In February 1953, the 18th FBW began flying air superiority missions from Osan-Ni AB which continued through the remainder of the Korean War, with the Armistice Agreement signed on July 27,1953, the 18th FBW remained at Osan-Ni AB for defensive purposes until November 1954. Meanwhile, plans called for HQ Fifth Air Force to move from Seoul National University to Yongsan Garrison in Seoul. This plan was changed, and in January 1954, the relocated to Osan-Ni AB. As the Armistice took hold, the U. S, the 58th Fighter-Bomber Wing moved from Taegu AB to Osan-Ni AB in March 1955, and became the only permanently assigned tactical fighter wing on the peninsula. On September 18,1956, the base was redesignated Osan AB, in July 1958, the U. S. Air Force inactivated the 58th Fighter-Bomber Wing. At this time, the Eisenhower Administration promulgated a nuclear deterrence strategy, although the Matador missiles were relocated in 1962, fighter deployments continued throughout the 1960s. Other than a reconstruction of the runway in 1959, the base still retained its Korean War-vintage facilities
25.
Commander Naval Forces Korea
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Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Korea is a major shore command of the United States Navy that serves as the shore support agency for all U. S. Naval activity in South Korea. Known by the initials CNFK, Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Korea is headquartered at Busan Naval Base, Busan. CNFK is jointly under the command of the command of United States Pacific Fleet. CNFK is also CNICs assigned Region Commander with administrative control over what is currently the only Naval installation in South Korea, CNFK is commanded by a Rear Admiral who serves as the Navy Liaison to the Commander of the U. S. In times of war, CNFK becomes a ground based task force of the Pacific Fleet, cooper II assumed command after the 35th CNFK change of command ceremony held on Sept.8,2016. Coopers recent tours include commanding officer on USS Russell and USS Gettysburg, Commander, Naval Forces, Korea, was established on July 1,1957, with headquarters in Seoul. The command was created by the reorganization of the Naval Forces, Far East Command into the separate commands of Naval Forces, Japan, Forces Korea On-Call Member, United Nations Military Armistice Commission The principal mission of CNFK was support of the United Nations Command. In this regard, the commander exercised command of U. S. Naval Forces assigned or attached, CNFK official website CNFK on Navy. mil U. S. 7th Fleet United States Forces Korea Task Force 76/Expeditionary Strike Group 7
26.
Carter B. Magruder
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Magruder was born in London, United Kingdom, where his father was serving with the United States Public Health Service. At the time of the U. S. entry into World War I and he dropped out of college and was commissioned an infantry second lieutenant in 1918. With the end of the war, Magruder accepted an appointment to the United States Military Academy, upon graduation in 1923 he was commissioned in the field artillery. Later he attended Purdue University and received a degree in mechanical engineering in 1932. Prior to World War II, he served at posts and assignments and also attended the Command and General Staff College. Assigned to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics on the War Department General staff in July 1941 and he would later be the armys top logistician. Magruder was assigned as the leader of the division of the Army Service Forces. He went to Italy in 1944 to serve as assistant Chief of Staff for logistics at Allied headquarters, staying in Europe after the end of the war, he became chief logistics officer of the army in Europe. He returned to the U. S. serving as an officer from 1949 to 1953. Magruder took command of the 24th Infantry Division in Korea in 1953, from 1955 to 1959 he was Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army for Logistics, the highest logistics position in the Army. Promoted to full general in 1959, Magruder returned to Korea to command all United Nations, during his command, a military junta led by Park Chung-hee overthrew the elected premier, John Chang. Magruder was publicly criticized by retired General James Van Fleet for ordering South Korean officers to stay loyal to the civilian government, Magruder retired from the army in 1961. His awards and decorations included the Army Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, after retiring form the army, Magruder worked as a logistics consultant to the Department of Defense and private industry. He settled in Arlington, Virginia, and was a member of the Army-Navy Country Club and he died at the age of 87 of lung ailments on March 14,1988 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. His wife, Luella Johnson Magruder was buried him in 1991
27.
Guy S. Meloy Jr.
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General Guy Stanley Meloy, Jr. was a U. S. Army general, World War II and Korean War veteran, and served as commander of all U. S. forces in Korea during the Cold War. Meloy was born in Lanham, Maryland on September 4,1903, after graduating from McKinley Technology High School in Washington D. C. he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1927 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the infantry. One of his assignments was with the first tank destroyer battalion to be organized in the United States Army. During World War II he served in Europe as chief of staff of the 103rd Infantry Division, from 1946 to 1948 he was professor of military science and tactics at Texas A&M University. He next served as commander of the 19th Infantry Regiment of the 24th Infantry Division at Camp Chickamauga in Beppu, Kyushu and he deployed to the Korean War, where as a high-ranking officer he was seriously wounded. Later he commanded the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, and the 1st Infantry Division in Europe, where he oversaw the units redeployment to Fort Riley. He was the Chief of Public Information at the Department of the Army and later commanded Fifth United States Army at Fort Sam Houston in 1958, on November 12,1960 he married there Therese Susan, widowed Maverick Grave, born Fischer from San Antonio, Texas. He retired at the age of 60 in 1963, and died on December 14,1964 and he is buried with his wife Catherine, who preceded him in death in 1959. In retirement, he served as mayor of Terrell Hills, Texas, and was active in the San Antonio chapter of the Association of the United States Army and his son, Guy S. Meloy III, retired from the U. S. Army as a major general
28.
Dwight E. Beach
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General Dwight Edward Beach commanded the United States Forces Korea from 1965–1966 and U. S. Army, Pacific from September 1966 to July 1968. He gained his commission in 1932 into the Field Artillery and he served in World War II in the Pacific theater, participating in four amphibious assaults, as well as in the Korean War. Beach was born in Chelsea, Michigan, on July 20,1908, prior to transferring to West Point, he was initiated into the Sigma Chi fraternity. He also attended the Armed Forces Staff College and the Army War College, major command assignments for Beach include Commanding General, 45th Infantry Division, of the Eighth Army in Korea in 1954. Later he served as Commanding General for the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, Forces in Korea and Commanding General of the Eighth Army in Korea. Additional major duty assignments for Beach were Deputy Chief of Staff and Chief of Staff for the Eighth Army in Korea and he later served as Deputy Chief and Chief of Research and Development for the Department of the Army in Washington, D. C. He retired from the Army on August 1,1968 and he was married to the former Florence Eileen Clem in 1932, and had five children. He died in Lima Township, Michigan, at the 147-year-old Beach Farm, Beach Middle School, in Chelsea, Michigan, is named for him. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document, the short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-18A is available for free download at the Internet Archive
29.
Charles H. Bonesteel III
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Charles Hartwell Bonesteel III was an American military commander, the son of Major General Charles Hartwell Bonesteel, Jr. and grandson of Major Charles R. Bonesteel, Sr. He served in the United States Army during World War II, the Korean War, in the 1960s, he served for a time as commander United States Forces Korea during the Korean DMZ Conflict. Bonesteel was born on September 26,1909 in Plattsburgh, New York, as a teenager, he was an Eagle Scout and was awarded the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America. A1931 graduate of the United States Military Academy, at West Point Bonesteel received the nickname of Tick. After graduation, he was a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford, after carrying out a series of command and staff assignments, he served in the United States and Europe during World War II in a number of senior positions. On August 10,1945 with Soviet forces already moving through Manchuria into northern Korea, the draft General Order was cabled to the Soviets on 15 August and accepted by them the following day. In the postwar era, Bonesteel served as assistant to the Secretary of State. In November 1958, in a capacity, he visited the city of Saigon. He also served as commanding general of the 24th Infantry Division, Bonesteel served as the Commander of U. S. Forces Korea from 1966 to 1969, during this period he defended against North Korean infiltration during the Korean DMZ Conflict and dealt with tensions arising from the January 1968 Pueblo Incident. Bonesteel retired from the U. S. Army in 1969, Distinguished Service Medal, twice Legion of Merit, twice Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire Croix de Guerre Arlington National Cemetery, Charles Hartwell Bonesteel III
30.
John H. Michaelis
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Michaelis was a 1936 graduate of the United States Military Academy. Later, Michaelis was severely wounded in the Netherlands, as he commanded the Wolfhounds early in the war, most American units were not doing well because they were prone to break down and retreat. For as long as his unit had preserved unit integrity with interlocking fields of fire then it could handle being surrounded and it was to become an important template used by General Matt Ridgeway in his conduct of the Korean war once he assumed command from General MacArthur. General Matt Ridgeways policy was to one of No more retreat. Michaeliss unit began a new phase of the war started a complete turnaround for U. N. troops. Michaelis described the Turkish Brigades combat readiness in unflattering terms, according to American historian Clay Blair, Blair gave a quote from Michaelis, The Turks were commanded by an aged brigadier who had been a division commander at Gallipoli in 1916 fighting the British. He was highly respected, high up in the Turkish military establishment, the Turk soldier scratches his head and says, ‘What’s he done to me. The Forgotten War, America in Korea, 1950-1953, the forgotten war, America in Korea,1950. Gen John Hersey Michaelis - Find A Grave Memorial
31.
Donald V. Bennett
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Donald Vivian Bennett retired as a four-star general from the United States Army in 1974. He attended Michigan State University for two years, but then left to attend, and graduate from, the United States Military Academy in 1940, Bennett then served overseas in World War II in North Africa, Sicily, and in the invasion of the European continent. Bennett received the Distinguished Service Cross as well as two Purple Hearts for his service and he was born in Lakeside, Ohio and retired to Asheville, North Carolina. He entered military service from Ohio, on 6 June 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Bennett, along with the 62nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion which he commanded, landed with the second wave at 0720 on D-Day. By redistributing the remaining officers and equipment, by emplacing the and he then continued moving about the beach under intense fire and succeeded in locating a protected place to bring his battalion and move it across the beach. Lieutenant Colonel Bennett, in disregarding his own safety under such heavy fire throughout the day and in his clear thinking. General Bennett recounts his World War II experience in his memoir, Honor Untarnished, published by Tom Doherty Associates, general Bennett also served as superintendent of the United States Military Academy from 1966 to 1969. He was Commander of VII US Corps from June 1968 until September 1969, forces Korea from September 1972 until July 1973. He retired in 1974 as commanding general of the U. S. Army Pacific Command, Bennett died on November 28,2005 at the age of 90 and was buried at the United States Military Academy Cemetery in West Point, New York. West Point Obituary w/photo WW2DB, Donald Bennett
32.
Richard G. Stilwell
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Richard Giles Stilwell served as Commander, United States Forces Korea from 1973 to 1976, and Acting Commander of the U. S. Army, Pacific from September to December 1974. Born in Buffalo, New York, in 1917, Stilwell attended Brown University before graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1938 with a commission into the Corps of Engineers and he subsequently attended the U. S. Army War College. During World War II, Stilwell participated in the Normandy invasion, from there he was a special military advisor to the U. S. Embassy in Rome before serving in the Central Intelligence Agency. Major commands for Stilwell included Commander of the U. S, Military Assistance Command, Thailand from 1965-1967. From there he commanded the 1st Armored Division at Fort Hood, Texas, after his return to Vietnam, Stilwell commanded the XXIV Corps from 1968-1969. During the Korean War, Stilwell commanded the 15th Infantry Regiment, in Vietnam, General Westmoreland appointed Stilwell as his Chief of Staff. As a brigadier general, Stilwell was Commandant of Cadets at the U. S, Military Academy at West Point, N. Y. while General Westmoreland was Superintendent during the early 1960s. His major awards include the Distinguished Service Medal, the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and numerous foreign decorations. Stilwell later served as the Commanding General of the Sixth United States Army, at the Presidio from 1972–1973, after retiring from the army, Stilwell served as U. S. Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Policy from 1981 to 1985. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document, media related to Richard G. Stilwell at Wikimedia Commons
33.
Robert W. Sennewald
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Robert William Sennewald is a retired United States Army general. Sennewald was born on November 21,1929 in St. Louis, Missouri as the child of Ferdinand. He was commissioned in 1951 through the Reserve Officer Training Corps upon graduation from Iowa State University with a degree in physical education, while at Iowa State he was affiliated with Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Sennewald is an Iowa State University Distinguished Alumni Award winner and he served as Assistant Chief of Operations for the ROK/US Forces in Korea, and Deputy Commander, United States Pacific Command. Sennewald served as Commander in Chief, U. N. Command/Commander in Chief, Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth U. S. Army from 1982 to 1984, and as Commanding General, U. S. Army Forces Command from 1984 to 1986. Sennewald was promoted to four star rank on May 24,1982 and he retired from the U. S. Army in 1986. List of United States Army four-star generals
34.
William J. Livsey
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William James Lipp Livsey was a United States Army general who served as the Commander in Chief of United Nations Command/Commander in Chief, ROK/U. S. Combined Forces Command/Commander, United States Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth United States Army, Livsey was a native of Clarkston, Georgia where he was born in 1931. He is a 1952 graduate of North Georgia College, years later he served as a trustee for the university foundation. He received his commission as a Second Lieutenant of Infantry in the Regular Army and he has a masters degree in Psychology from Vanderbilt University. In 1953, Livsey served his first combat tour as platoon leader with the 3rd Infantry Division in South Korea and he commanded his first company with the 30th Infantry at Fort Benning, Georgia in 1954. From 1958 to 1961, he served in Germany as a commander in the 2nd Armored Rifle Battalion, 36th Infantry. In May 1971, Livsey took command of the 2nd Brigade 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson and he later returned to Fort Carson in 1974 to serve as the Assistant Division Commander and as the Assistant Division Commander for the 4th ID until June 1976. From July 1977 to May 1979, he was the Commanding General of the Infantry Center and Commandant of the United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia. In May 1979, Livsey became the Commanding General of the 8th Infantry Division and he then assumed the position of Commanding General, VII Corps, USAREUR, and served there until July 1983. From July 1983 until April 1984 he served as the Deputy Commanding General, United States Army Forces Command as well as Commanding General of the Third United States Army, Fort McPherson, Georgia. In October 2008, a portion of Highway 314 in Fayetteville, numerous active and retired military leaders, including Major General Jack Wheeler, were in attendance. Also in attendance was HeroBox, a organization that sends custom care packages to American soldiers. On April 18,2009, the field at the center of the University of North Georgias campus was renamed the William J. Lipp Livsey Drill Field in Livseys honor. A commemorative plaque bearing Livseys likeness was added near the reviewing stand, on August 18,2015, he was arrested for allegedly assaulting Ryan Irvin, a food delivery man for a local Chinese restaurant, and resisting arrest in Fayetteville, Georgia. Meanwhile, the restaurant wants to drop the incident entirely and he died on June 18,2016, at the age of 85. This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document
35.
Louis C. Menetrey
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Louis Charles Menetrey was a United States Army four-star general who served as Commander in Chief, United Nations Command/Commander in Chief, ROK/U. S. Combined Forces Command/Commander, United States Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth United States Army from 1987 to 1990, Menetrey was born on August 19,1929 in Hollywood, California to a Swiss immigrant father and American mother. After graduating from Hollywood High School, he enrolled in the University of California, while in college, he served in both the Navy and Army Reserve. He was commissioned in 1953 in the infantry, after completing the Infantry Basic course and Airborne and Ranger school, he served as a platoon leader, and later commanded four different companies, most officers only command a company once. During this time he served as a nuclear weapons test and evaluation officer. Upon graduation he was chosen for promotion to Lieutenant Colonel. He was assigned next to the 101st Airborne Division as the G-3, while at Fort Campbell, he was selected for flag rank. His next assignment was as Deputy Commander, Combined Arms Development Agency and he was then picked for command of the 4th Infantry Division, followed by being Director of Requirements for the Army Staff. He was chosen to command the Combined Field Army in Korea and he received his fourth star in 1987, and took command of all U. S. forces in Korea. Menetrey retired from the army in 1990, living between Colorado Springs, Colorado and Marathon, Florida, gen. Menetrey died on January 14,2009 after an extended battle with Alzheimers Disease. He was survived by his wife, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors
36.
Robert W. RisCassi
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Forces Korea/Commanding General, Eighth United States Army from 1990 to 1992, and Commander in Chief, United Nations Command/Commander in Chief, ROK/U. S. Combined Forces Command/Commander, United States Forces Korea from 1992 to 1993 and his other assignments include Director of the Joint Staff and Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, all in Washington, D. C. His military education includes the Army War College and the Air Command and he was awarded the University of Connecticut Distinguished Alumni Award in 1989. RisCassi is Vice-President of L-3 Communications Corporation and he served on the Commission on Roles and Missions in 1995, and has been employed as an executive with Loral Corporation and Lockheed Martin
37.
Gary E. Luck
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Gary Edward Luck is a retired four-star General in the U. S. Army. Following his retirement, he was an advisor to the U. S. Joint Forces Command prior to that commands inactivation and he is currently a Senior Fellow for the National Defense University in support of the Pinnacle, Capstone, and Keystone programs. S. S. Army Special Operations Command, and Commanding General, XVIII Airborne Corps during Operation Desert Shield and his last military assignment before retiring from active duty was as Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command /Combined Forces Command/United States Forces Korea. S. Central Command, General Tommy Franks, prior to the US led invasion of Iraq in 2003 and that same year, GEN Luck was also the 2005 recipient of the Doughboy Award from the National Infantry Association
38.
John H. Tilelli Jr.
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Forces Korea from 1996 to 1999. He retired from the U. S. Army on January 31,2000 and later worked for the USO and he earned a masters degree in administration from Lehigh University in 1972 and is a 1983 Army War College graduate. He also holds honorary doctorates in business management from Widener and in law from the University of Maryland, Tilelli served two tours in the Vietnam War, four in Germany and three in the Pentagon. His combat tours include assignments as a commander in Vietnam. Since retiring, Tilelli has served as president of the United Service Organizations and he was also elected to the Board of Trustees of The Aerospace Corporation, and sat on the board of directors of Raytheon until May 4,2005. In 2006, he joined the board of directors for Xcelaero, from 2008-14, he served on the board of directors of Military Officers Association of America, including a two-year term as chairman of the board from 2012-14. Belfer Center bio Center for International Security and Cooperation bio This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document
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