1.
United States Navy reserve fleets
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The United States Navy maintains a number of its ships as part of a reserve fleet, often called the Mothball Fleet. While the details of the maintenance activity have changed several times, in some cases, many ships were successfully reactivated at a considerable savings in time and money. The usual fate of ships in the fleet, though, is to become too old and obsolete to be of any use. In November 1976, the organization was the Inactive Ship Division of the Naval Ship Systems Command. Since 2004, the organization is called the Navy Inactive Fleet. As of 2011, the organization actually appears to be the Inactive Ships Management Office of the Program Executive Officer - Ships, Naval Sea Systems Command, Portsmouth. Merchant ships held in reserve are managed as part of the separate National Defense Reserve Fleet within MARAD, several of its sites, such as at Suisun Bay in California, are also used to store regular Navy ships. Ships placed in the fleets are categorized depending on priority, funding. Category B Ships in this category are prioritized over the other categories when it comes to maintenance and they are retained for possible future mobilization and will receive updates and upgrades as funding permits. Category C These are ships that will be maintained as-is, meaning no updates or improvements unless funding becomes available after that assigned for category B ships has been exhausted, category D Temporary state pending planned usage by the Navy, will be maintained as-is. Category X Ships stricken from the Naval Vessel Register awaiting disposal, receives no maintenance except ships on donation hold which undergoes dehumidification and cathodic protection. Category Z This category is for nuclear-powered ships and related support ships pending disposal, around 1912, the Atlantic Reserve Fleet and the Pacific Reserve Fleet were established as reserve units, still operating ships, but on a greatly reduced schedule. For example, USS Brock was underway for Green Cove Springs, Florida, Brock arrived there on 13 April 1945, and joined the Florida Group, 16th Fleet, which later became the Florida Group, Atlantic Reserve Fleet. S. These Liberty Ships were also used as the support vessel for its fleet of warships. It was a race between how fast the U. S. could build ships and how fast the German U-Boats could sink them. Most of these Liberty Ships when deactivated were put into mothball fleets strategically located around the coasts of the U. S and they began to be deactivated and scrapped in the early 1970s. The groups of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet were at Boston, Charleston, Green Cove Springs, Florida, New London, MOTBY/New York Harbor, Norfolk, Philadelphia, and Texas. The groups of the Pacific Reserve Fleet were at Alameda, Bremerton, Columbia River, Long Beach, Mare Island, San Diego, San Francisco, Stockton, Tacoma and Olympia, Washington
2.
Pacific Squadron
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The Pacific Squadron was part of the United States Navy squadron stationed in the Pacific Ocean in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Throughout the history of the Pacific Squadron, American ships fought against several enemies, over one-half of the United States Navy would be sent to join the Pacific Squadron during the Mexican-American War. During the American Civil War, the squadron was reduced in size when its vessels were reassigned to Atlantic duty, when the Civil War was over, the squadron was reinforced again until being disbanded just after the turn of the 20th century. Established in 1821, this small force confined its activities initially to the Pacific waters off South America, North America and it expanded its scope of operations to include the Western Pacific in 1835, when the East India Squadron joined the force. The squadron was reinforced when war with Mexico began to seem a possibility, sailing from the east coast to the west coast around Cape Horn was a 13,000 miles to 15,000 miles journey that typically took from 130 to 210 days. The Pacific Squadrons First Sumatran Expedition conflict arose in February 1831, off the coast of Sumatra on February 7, the American merchant vessel Friendship out of Salem was attacked by Malay natives described as warrior pirates. The Americans were hoping to buy pepper from the natives but were attacked by three small vessels. Three men aboard Friendship were killed, one of whom was the First Mate, the surviving sailors escaped to a friendly port nearby with the help of a friendly Malay tribal chief, and then obtained the assistance of other American merchantmen to retake the plundered ship. Captain Endecott returned the ship to Salem July 16,1831, president Andrew Jackson received word of the massacre and ordered Commodore John Downes in USS Potomac to punish the natives for their acts of piracy. The men went ashore in launches during which a naval engagement was fought. A few of the boats were armed with a cannon and were ordered to sink three small pirate craft in the port. The launches achieved their goal and then proceeded in assisting USS Potomac in shelling five enemy citadels, the five forts were attacked by land as well and all were eventually suppressed. Hundreds of matchlock armed natives were killed with a loss of only two Americans, after the battle, Downes warned that if any more American merchant ships were attacked, another expedition would be launched in reprisal. The mission was technically a success for six years until 1838 when the Malays attacked and plundered a second American merchantman, in response Commodore Jones in his frigate USS United States and with the sloops USS Dale and USS Cyane sailed for Californias capital, Monterey. They arrived on 19 October 1842 and took control of the city without bloodshed before returning it to the Mexicans on 21 October when Jones discovered that war had not actually been declared. The Pacific Squadron was instrumental in the capture of Alta California in the Mexican–American War of 1846 to 1848. In actual practice, some sailors on each ship were detached from each vessel to supplement the marine force, the Pacific Squadron had orders, in the event of war with Mexico, to seize the ports in Mexican California and elsewhere along the Pacific Coast. The only other United States force in California was a sixty-two man mapping expedition which had entered California in late 1845 under the command of U. S. Army Brevet Captain John C and they had been dispatched under the auspices of the Corps of Topographical Engineers
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
5.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
6.
United States Pacific Command
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United States Pacific Command is a unified combatant command of the United States armed forces responsible for the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. It is the oldest and largest of the combatant commands. The Commander reports to the President of the United States through the Secretary of Defense and is supported by Service component and subordinate unified commands, including U. S. Army Pacific, Pacific Air Forces, U. S. Marine Forces Pacific, U. S. Forces Korea, Special Operations Command Korea, and Special Operations Command Pacific, USPACOM also has three direct reporting units, including Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, U. S. Pacific Command Joint Intelligence Operations Center, Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance, the USPACOM headquarters building, the Nimitz-MacArthur Pacific Command Center, is located on Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii. United States Pacific Command protects and defends, in concert with other U. S. Government agencies, the territory of the United States, its people and this approach is based on partnership, presence and military readiness. We recognize the significance of the Indo-Asia-Pacific region and understand that challenges are best met together. Consequently, we will remain an engaged and trusted partner committed to preserving the security, stability and we will collaborate with the Services and other Combatant Commands to defend Americas interests. Its origins can be traced to the structure established early in World War II to wage the war in the Pacific. Each had command of all U. S. armed forces assigned to his area, efforts to establish a unified command for the entire Pacific AOR proved impossible during the war. The divergent interests of the Army and the Navy precluded the subordination of either of the two commanders in the Pacific Theatre. The plan called for the establishment of seven unified combatant commands as a measure for the immediate postwar period. The first three unified commands were established in the Pacific, the Joint Chiefs of Staff implementing directive of 16 December 1946 established the Far East Command, Pacific Command, and Alaskan Command effective 1 January 1947. The commands, their areas of responsibility, and their missions were as follows, Far East Command, U. S. forces in Japan, Korea, the Ryukyus, the Philippines, Forces in China in an emergency. Pacific Command, U. S. forces allocated by the Joint Chiefs of Staff within the Pacific Area, Alaskan Command, U. S. forces in Alaska, including the Aleutian Islands. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was appointed CINCFE, Army Major General Howard A. Craig was assigned as CINCAL, U. S. Navy Admiral John Henry Towers was designated CINCPAC. At the time of appointment, he was serving as Admiral Nimitz direct successor as CINCPAC/CINCPOA, Admiral Towers retained his position as Commander-in-Chief, U. S. Pacific Fleet, his title was abbreviated CINCPACFLT to avoid confusion with the newly established Pacific Command, Headquarters for both CINCPAC and CINCPACFLT were located at Makalapa, Pearl Harbor, in the Territory of Hawaii
7.
Naval Station Pearl Harbor
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Naval Station Pearl Harbor is a U. S. naval base adjacent to Honolulu, in the U. S. state of Hawaii. In 2010, along with the United States Air Forces Hickam Air Force Base, Pearl Harbor is the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on Sunday,7 December 1941 brought the United States into World War II, Naval Station Pearl Harbor provides berthing and shore side support to surface ships and submarines, as well as maintenance and training. Pearl Harbor can accommodate the largest ships in the fleet, to dry dock services. Housing, personnel, and family support are provided and are an integral part of the shore side activities. Because Pearl Harbor is the only intermediate maintenance facility for submarines in the Middle Pacific, the Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station, Pacific, Wahiawa, Hawaii is the worlds largest communication station. The headquarters site of this command is located in the central section of the island of Oahu. Following the annexation of Hawaii, Pearl Harbor was refitted to allow for more navy ships, in May 1899, Commander John F. Merry was made naval representative with authority to business for the Navy Department. He immediately assumed control of the Coal Depot and its equipment, to supplement his facilities, he was assigned the Navy tug Iroquois and two coal barges. Inquiries that commenced in June culminated in the establishment of the Naval Station, on 2 February 1900, this title was changed to Naval Station, Hawaii. The creation of the Naval Station allowed the Navy Department to explore territorial outposts, in October 1899, Nero and Iroquois made extensive surveys and sounding of the waterways to Midway and Guam. One of the reasons for these explorations was to select a possible route to Luzon. A coal famine and an outbreak of the plague were the only two incidents that hindered the Commandant from fulfilling his duties. Because of the coal shortage in September 1899, the Commandant sold coal to the Oahu Railway and Land Company. Approximately 61 deaths were recorded in Honolulu for this period, work was consequently delayed on nascent Navy projects in Honolulu Harbor. From 1900 to 1908, the Navy devoted its time to improving the facilities of the 85 acres that constituted the naval reservation in Honolulu, under the Appropriation Act of 3 March 1901, this tract of land was improved with the erection of additional sheds and housing. Improvements included a shop, smithery and foundry, Commandants house and stables, cottage for the watchman, fencing, 10-ton wharf crane
8.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
9.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
10.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
11.
War on Terror
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The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is a metaphor of war referring to the international military campaign that started after the September 11th attacks on the United States. U. S. President George W. Bush first used the term War on Terror on 20 September 2001 and it was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with Islamic terrorist organizations including al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations. In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror, in 2017 Donald Trump assumed presidency of the United States and vowed that the fight against ISIL is his number one priority. Trump has also agreed to work together and carry joint operations with Russian President Vladimir Putin in the war on terror. The phrase War on Terror has been used to refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U. S. The conflict has also referred to by names other than the War on Terror. Author Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, Bush later apologized for this remark due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to people, e. g. of the Muslim faith. The word crusade was not used again, on 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, Bush stated that ur war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, in April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful. This was explained more recently by Lady Eliza Manningham-Buller, in her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5 said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror. U. S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, in March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation. In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid the use of the term, basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism are diffuse, jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage. Administration officials also described terrorists as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhuman, Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, a small number of Afghan Arab volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including Osama bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U. S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, the plant produced much of the regions antimalarial drugs and around 50% of Sudans pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban, next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which included an attempted bombing of Los Angeles International Airport
12.
James O. Richardson
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James Otto Richardson was an admiral in the United States Navy who served from 1902 to 1947. He was subsequently relieved of command in February 1941 and his concerns were to be proved justified in December. Richardson was born in Paris, Texas and he entered the Naval Academy in 1898 and graduated fifth in a class of eighty-five in 1902. His first duty assignments were in the Asiatic Squadron, where he took part in the Philippine campaign, in 1907–09, Lieutenant Richardson commanded the torpedo boats Tingey and Stockton, and the Third Division, Atlantic Torpedo Flotilla. He was a member of the first class of the Navys Post Graduate Engineering School in 1909–11, then served as an engineer on the battleship USS Delaware and on the staff of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. In 1914, Richardson was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander and was attached to the Department of the Navys Bureau of Steam Engineering, in 1917–19, Commander Richardson was navigator and executive officer of the battleship USS Nevada. Following a tour at the Naval Academy, he was given command of the gunboat USS Asheville in 1922 and took her out to Asiatic waters, Captain Richardson was Assistant to the Chief, Bureau of Ordnance, in 1924–27. In the later 1920s, he commanded a division, then returned to the U. S. for service with the Bureau of Navigation. In January 1931, Captain Richardson placed the new heavy cruiser USS Augusta in commission, after a tour as a Naval War College student in 1933–34, he was Budget Officer at the Navy Department, receiving promotion to rear admiral while in that position in December 1934. His early duties as a flag officer included command of a Scouting Force cruiser division, service as aide, bull Reeves, and a tour as Commander Destroyers, Scouting Force. He became Assistant CNO to Admiral William D. Leahy in June 1937, handling the Washington end of the search for Amelia Earhart, a year later he became chief of the Bureau of Navigation. In early 1938 he assisted Army Colonel Stanley Embick with the compilation of more current military plans then called Orange, in June 1939, Richardson went back to sea as Commander, Battle Force, U. S. Fleet, with the temporary rank of admiral. Beginning in January 1940, he was Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, at the time of his appointment, Richardson was particularly suited for the post. Was one of the Navys foremost figures, since his earliest days, after leaving Annapolis, he had made the study of Japanese warfare his lifes work. He was beyond question the Navys outstanding authority on Pacific naval warfare and he held this position during a stressful period marked by Presidential orders to deploy the Pacific part of the Fleet to Pearl Harbor from its traditional naval base in San Diego, California. In 1940, the branch of the Government in foreign affairs – the President. They did not ask their senior military advisors whether it would accomplish such an end, Richardson protested this redeployment to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and to others in Washington. He did believe that advanced bases like Guam and Hawaii were necessary but that insufficient funding and he also believed future battles in the Pacific would involve aircraft carriers and more scouting forces would be needed to locate them
13.
Husband E. Kimmel
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Husband Edward Kimmel, nicknamed Kim, was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy. At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he was Commander-in-chief of the U. S and he was removed from command after the December 1941 attack and reduced to the two-star rank of rear admiral. He retired from the Navy in early 1942 and he married Dorothy Kinkaid, sister of Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, with whom he had three sons, Manning, Thomas K. Kimmel and Edward R. Kimmel, Kimmel graduated in 1904 from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. From 1906 to 1907 he served on battleships in the Caribbean. In 1907 he was assigned to the USS Georgia during its participation in the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Kimmel then served in the U. S. occupation of Veracruz, Mexico, in 1915 he was appointed as an aide to Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. During World War One Kimmel served as a gunnery officer in the US Sixth Battle Squadron. From 1926 to 1937 Kimmel held a number of positions in the Navy Department as well as the commands of a Destroyer squadron, in 1937 he was promoted to the flag rank of rear admiral. In this capacity he commanded Cruiser Division Seven on a cruise to South America. In January 1941 Kimmel began duties as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet with a rank of admiral. In this role he earned a reputation for attention to detail, after Admiral James O. Richardson was removed as Commander in Chief, U. S. Fleet and Pacific Fleet, in February 1941, Kimmel assumed command with the rank of admiral. The base for the fleet had moved from its traditional home at San Diego, California. Japans attack on Pearl Harbor occurred on December 7,1941, edwin T. Layton related that during the attack, Kimmel stood by the window of his office at the submarine base, his jaw set in stony anguish. As he watched the disaster across the harbor unfold with terrible fury and it brushed the admiral before it clanged to the floor. It cut his white jacket and raised a welt on his chest and it would have been merciful had it killed me, Kimmel murmured to his communications officer, Commander Maurice Germany Curts. Kimmel was relieved of his ten days after the attack
14.
Chester W. Nimitz
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Chester William Nimitz was a fleet admiral of the United States Navy. Nimitz was the leading U. S. Navy authority on submarines. S, the chief of the Navys Bureau of Navigation in 1939, Nimitz served as Chief of Naval Operations from 1945 until 1947. He was the United States last surviving officer who served in the rank of fleet admiral and his frail, rheumatic father had died six months earlier, on August 14,1884. The best way to get along with either is to all you can, then do your best. His grandfather became a Texas Ranger in the Texas Mounted Volunteers in 1851 and he then served as captain of the Gillespie Rifles Company in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War. Originally, Nimitz applied to West Point in hopes of becoming an Army officer and his congressman, James L. Slayden, told him that he had one appointment available for the United States Naval Academy and that he would award it to the best qualified candidate. Nimitz felt that this was his opportunity for further education. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy from Texass 12th congressional district in 1901, Nimitz joined the battleship Ohio at San Francisco, and cruised on her to the Far East. In September 1906, he was transferred to the cruiser Baltimore, on January 31,1907, remaining on Asiatic Station in 1907, he successively served on the gunboat Panay, destroyer Decatur, and cruiser Denver. The destroyer Decatur ran aground on a bar in the Philippines on July 7,1908 while under the command of Ensign Nimitz. The ship was pulled free the next day, and Nimitz was court-martialed, found guilty of neglect of duty, and issued a letter of reprimand. Nimitz returned to the United States on board USS Ranger when that vessel was converted to a school ship, in May of that year, he was given command of the flotilla, with additional duty in command of USS Plunger, later renamed A-1. He commanded USS Snapper when that submarine was commissioned on February 2,1910, in the latter command, he had additional duty from October 10,1911 as Commander 3rd Submarine Division Atlantic Torpedo Fleet. On the monitor Tonopah on March 20,1912, he rescued Fireman Second Class W. J. Walsh from drowning, receiving a Silver Lifesaving Medal for his action. In the summer of 1913, Nimitz studied engines at the diesel engine plants in Nuremberg, Germany, returning to the New York Navy Yard, he became executive and engineer officer of Maumee at her commissioning on October 23,1916. Under his supervision, Maumee conducted the first-ever underway refuelings, on August 10,1917, Nimitz became aide to Rear Admiral Samuel S. Robison, Commander, Submarine Force, U. S. On February 6,1918, Nimitz was appointed chief of staff and was awarded a Letter of Commendation for meritorious service as COMSUBLANTs chief of staff. On September 16, he reported to the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, from May 1919 to June 1920, he served as executive officer of the battleship South Carolina
15.
Raymond A. Spruance
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Raymond Ames Spruance was a United States Navy admiral in World War II. Spruance commanded U. S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles took place in the Pacific theater, the Battle of Midway. The Battle of Midway was the first major victory for the United States over Japan and is seen by many as the point of the Pacific war. The Battle of the Philippine Sea was also a significant victory for the US, the Navys official historian said of the Battle of Midway. Spruances performance was superb. Emerged from this one of the greatest admirals in American naval history. After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, Spruance was nicknamed electric brain for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics at Midway. Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Alexander and Annie Hiss Spruance and he was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. Spruance attended Indianapolis public schools and graduated from Shortridge High School, from there, he went on to graduate from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1906, and received further, hands-on education in electrical engineering a few years later. Spruances first duty assignment was aboard the battleship USS Iowa, a 11,400 ton veteran of the Spanish–American War, in July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. Spruances seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, in 1916 he aided in the fitting out of the battleship Pennsylvania and he served on board her from her commissioning in June 1916 until November 1917. During the last year of World War I he was assigned as Assistant Engineer Officer of the New York Naval Shipyard, Spruance ran a quiet bridge, without chit-chat, he demanded that orders be given concisely and clearly. In one incident a distraught officer rushed to report, Captain, well, pick it up and put it back, was Spruances measured response. Spruance began attendance at the Naval War College in 1926, and he served as executive officer of USS Mississippi from October 1929 to June 1931. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s and he served as an instructor at the Naval War College from 1935 to 1938. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, on February 26,1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at San Juan, Puerto Rico. On August 1,1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico, in the first months of World War II in the Pacific, Spruance commanded the four heavy cruisers and support ships of Cruiser Division Five from his flagship, the heavy cruiser USS Northampton. His division was an element of the force built around the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise and commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey. These raids were critical to morale—setting a new tone of aggressiveness by U. S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U. S. Navy
16.
Cecil D. Haney
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Cecil Eugene Diggs Haney, is a retired United States Navy admiral who previously served as Commander, United States Strategic Command from November 15,2013 through November 3,2016. Prior to STRATCOM, he served as Commander, United States Pacific Fleet, Haney, was born and raised in Washington, D. C. graduating from the United States Naval Academy in 1978, where he received a Bachelor of Science degree in Ocean Engineering. He holds masters degrees in Engineering Acoustics and System Technology from the Naval Postgraduate School, and he served as engineer in USS Hyman G. Rickover, executive officer in USS Asheville, and assistant squadron deputy at Submarine Squadron 8 before taking command of USS Honolulu in June 1996. Haney commanded Submarine Squadron 1 from June 2002 to July 2004, Pacific Fleet, and director, Submarine Warfare Division, director, Naval Warfare Integration Group and deputy commander, U. S. Strategic Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. He assumed his assignment as Commander, United States Pacific Fleet on January 20,2012 and he relinquished command of the U. S. Strategic Command on November 3,2016 to General John E. Hyten. Haney was the 1998 Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership recipient and this article incorporates public domain material from the United States Navy document Admiral Cecil D
17.
Pacific Ocean
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The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
18.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
19.
Naval Air Station North Island
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Naval Air Station North Island or NAS North Island is located at the north end of the Coronado peninsula on San Diego Bay and is the home port of several aircraft carriers of the United States Navy. It is part of the largest aerospace-industrial complex in the United States Navy, Naval Base Coronado in San Diego County, the Commanding Officer of NAS North Island is also the Commanding Officer, Naval Base Coronado. NASNI, with only its commands in the metropolitan San Diego Area, NAS North Island itself is host to 23 aviation squadrons and 80 additional tenant commands and activities, one of which, the Naval Aviation Depot, is the largest aerospace employer in San Diego. NAS North Island also operates two other airfields in the Southern California region, one is Naval Auxiliary Landing Facility San Clemente Island, located approximately 70 miles northwest of San Diego in the Channel Islands. The other is Outlying Field Imperial Beach, formerly an independent naval air station, OLF Imperial Beach is located in the city of Imperial Beach, on the U. S. -Mexico border,10 miles south of NAS North Island. The air station was known as Ream Field in 1950s and 1960s. NAS North Island resembles a city in its facility content. It has its own police and fire departments, as well as advanced military security stations and it has large factory-type buildings which comprise the Naval Aviation Depot, employing 3,300 civilians, and its own commissary, Navy Exchange, and housing units. Recreation facilities include officer, chief petty officer and enlisted clubs, movie theater, golf course, tennis courts, bowling alley, parks and beaches. Its airfield has over 230 stationed aircraft, and its wall is homeport to two aircraft carriers, USS Carl Vinson and USS Theodore Roosevelt. Additionally, the base is home to the Navys only Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles, Mystic, the DSRV motor vessel support ships are also homeported here. S. Pacific Fleet, responsible for maintenance and training of all aircraft and aircraft carriers in the Pacific Fleet. DOD Contractors perform transportation flights from the air station to NALF San Clemente Island and these DOD Contractors also provide tactical training warfare for the United States Defense Department in joint efforts with the U. S. Navy and U. S. Marine Corps. Some of these aircraft include C-26 Metroliner, Learjet, and Gulfstream aircraft, North Island was commissioned a Naval Air Station in 1917, called Naval Air Station San Diego until 1955. On August 15,1963, the station was granted recognition as the Birthplace of Naval Aviation by resolution of the House Armed Services Committee. The Navys first aviator, Lieutenant Theodore Ellyson, and many of his colleagues were trained at North Island starting as early as 1911 and this was just eight years after Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the first manned aircraft at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. At that time, North Island was a sand flat. It had been used in the late 19th century for horseback riding and hunting by guests of J. D. Spreckelss resort hotel, North Island derived its name from the original geography
20.
San Diego Bay
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San Diego Bay is a natural harbor and deepwater port located in San Diego County, California near the U. S. –Mexico border. The highly urbanized land adjacent to the bay includes the city of San Diego and four cities, including National City, Chula Vista, Imperial Beach. Considered to be one of the best natural harbors on the west coast of North America, San Diego Bays commercial port has two container ship facilities and a cruise ship terminal. A second cruise terminal opened in December 2010. The port handles more than 3 million metric tons of cargo yearly, San Diego International Airport is also adjacent to the bay, across Harbor Drive from the Coast Guard Station. The bay is spanned by the San Diego–Coronado Bridge, built in 1969, the bridge curves and rises to a height of 200 feet above the water so that Navy ships can pass under it. The bridge was originally a bridge, however, toll collection was discontinued in 2002. Americas Cup Harbor has several boat yards and marinas for private sailing yachts, numerous resorts, hotels, and the San Diego Convention Center are adjacent to the Bay. Several parks and nature preserves are found at locations along the shoreline. Sightseeing boats depart from the downtown area, commercial sport fishing and whale watching tours depart from Shelter Island. Ten museum ships call San Diego Bay home and they include the USS Midway, an aircraft carrier museum, and the Star of India, the oldest iron-hulled merchant ship afloat and the worlds oldest active sailing ship. In the northern part of the bay there are two islands called Harbor Island and Shelter Island. They were built up from former sand bars and now hold hotels, restaurants, marinas, and public parkland. Small boat sailing is extremely popular, and the bay is lined by dozens of marinas and nine yacht clubs, an inlet of the bay was renamed Americas Cup Harbor to commemorate that occasion. An annual fireworks display called the Big Bay Boom is held on the Fourth of July over the waters of the Bay, fireworks are launched simultaneously from four barges in the Bay as well as from a pier in Imperial Beach. It is one of the largest annual fireworks displays in the United States and is viewed by half a million each year. The Parade of Lights is a parade of more than 80 small boats with holiday decorations, the parade has been held annually since 1972. The parade starts off Shelter Island and proceeds past Harbor Island and Downtown, a one-time special event was the Parade of Flight in February 2011, celebrating the 100th anniversary of naval aviation
21.
Contiguous United States
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The contiguous United States consists of the 48 adjoining U. S. states plus Washington, D. C. on the continent of North America. S. The greatest distance entirely within the 48 contiguous states is 2,802 miles, the greatest north-south line is 1,650 miles. Together, the 48 contiguous states and Washington, D. C. occupy an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles. Of this area,2,959,064.44 square miles is land, composing 83. 65% of U. S. land area, officially,160,820.25 square miles is water area, composing 62. 66% of the nations total water area. The contiguous United States would be placed 5th in the list of states and dependencies by area. The 2010 census population of area was 306,675,006, comprising 99. 33% of the nations population. While conterminous U. S. has the meaning of contiguous U. S. other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity. The term was in use prior to the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states of the United States, the District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of CONUS. OCONUS is derived from CONUS with O for outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States, the term Lower 48 is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. The National Geographic style guide recommends the use of contiguous or conterminous United States instead of lower 48 when the 48 states are meant, both Alaskans and Hawaiians have unique labels for the contiguous United States because of their own locations relative to them. Alaska became the 49th state of the United States on January 3,1959, Alaska is on the northwest end of the North American continent, but separated from the rest of the United States Pacific coast by the Canadian province of British Columbia. In Alaska, given the ambiguity surrounding the usage of continental, several other terms have been used over the years. Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States on August 21,1959 and it is the southernmost and so far, the latest state to join the Union. Not part of any continent, Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles from North America, in Hawaii and overseas American territories, for instance, the terms the Mainland or U. S. Mainland are often used to refer to the continental United States, apart from off-shore US islands, a few continental portions of the contiguous US are accessible by road only by traveling through Canada. Point Roberts, Washington, Elm Point, Minnesota, and the Northwest Angle in Minnesota are three such places, alburgh, Vermont, is not directly connected by land, but is accessible by road via bridges from within Vermont and from from New York. The 48 contiguous United States are, Washington, D. C. is distinct from the state of Washington, extreme points of the United States Mainland Definition of continental Definition of contiguous Definition of coterminous and conterminous
22.
Asiatic Squadron
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The Asiatic Squadron was a squadron of United States Navy warships stationed in East Asia during the latter half of the 19th century. It was created in 1868 when the East India Squadron was disbanded, on 1 June 1871, while Rear Admiral Rodgers was negotiating in Inchon, one of the Selee River forts opened fire on Palos as she traversed the Gangwha Straits. In the following engagement, Palos and Monocacy bombarded the fort until it was silenced and on 10 June 1871, five of the six hostile forts were captured and destroyed, over 200 Koreans were killed and dozens of cannons were captured. Although the Americans won a victory, the Koreans refused to sign a trade treaty until 1882. In the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May 1898, the destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. Eight Spanish ships were sunk and over 150 killed while the Americans suffered only slight damage, vessels of the squadron also fought the Spanish in the battle to capture Manila. Naval gunfire on the Spaniards left flank helped American troops take the city without severe losses, the Philippines became an American possession. On 20 June 1898, the Asiatic Squadron protected cruiser USS Charleston captured Guam from the Spanish without resistance, the Asiatic Squadron participated in the Philippine–American War from 1899 until its disbandment in 1902. American naval forces operated by sending landing parties ashore and by providing them with gunfire support. From 1899 to 1902, the squadron conducted several missions against the Filipinos, deweys squadron engaged in naval operation against the Filipinos during and after the 1898 Battle of Manila against the Spanish. At the beginning of the Philippine–American War in February 1899, several American warships supported the occupation of the Philippine Islands. At the same time, the monitor USS Monadnock, the protected cruisers Charleston, and the gunboats Concord, USS Callao, over 300 Filipinos were killed in action and three times as many wounded, with many of the casualties attributed to accurate naval gunfire. USS Petrel and USS Boston shelled Panay Island on 11 February 1899, and, on 22 February 1899, in October 1899, Petrel joined Callao in supporting American troops in the Battle of Neveleta by bombarding Filipino troop concentrations at Neveleta before a shore party made its assault. Many of the captured Spanish gunboats used in the Philippine–American War were manned by United States Army troops and operated together with United States Navy forces. Baltimore and Petrel served at the Battle of Iloilo, in which about 1,000 Filipinos were defeated when the two warships bombarded the fort there and sent United States Marines and sailors ashore. Only minor skirmishing occurred on land because the Filipinos retreated and burned the town as they left, on 7 May 1899, Laguna de Bay and another gunboat bombarded Sexmoan and routed the Filipinos there. Later that day, the fought at Gaugua, where they bombarded Filipino positions in the town. Again the Filipinos retreated and set buildings on fire as they went
23.
United States Asiatic Fleet
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The United States Asiatic Fleet was a fleet of the United States Navy during much of the first half of the 20th century. Before World War II, the fleet patrolled the Philippine Islands, the fleet was created when its predecessor, the Asiatic Squadron, was upgraded to fleet status in 1902. In early 1907, the fleet was downgraded and became the First Squadron of the United States Pacific Fleet, however, on 28 January 1910, the ships of that squadron were again organized as the Asiatic Fleet. In 1904, all armored cruisers were withdrawn from the Far East, gunboats patrolled the Yangtze River in the Yangtze Patrol. After Rear Admiral Charles J. Train became commander-in-chief of the fleet in March 1905, when the Asiatic Fleet landed 40 United States Marines to rescue the officers, the villagers attacked them with pitchforks and the Marines fired two shots. Local Chinese officials refused to return the guns, but Train. The governor of Nanking later apologized for the actions, returned the American officers guns. On 4 August 1906, Train died in Yantai, China, in early 1907, the Asiatic Fleet was abolished, and its ships and personnel became the First Squadron of the United States Pacific Fleet. On 28 January 1910, the United States Asiatic Fleet was reestablished, in December 1922, when the U. S. Navy was restructured, with the U. S. Pacific Fleet and United States Atlantic Fleet combining to form a unified United States Fleet, the Asiatic Fleet remained a separate entity and was charged with defending the Philippines and Guam and with upholding the Open Door Policy in China. The visit was unsuccessful in deterring further Japanese military operations in either area, on 25 July 1939, Admiral Thomas C. Hart was appointed the commander-in-chief of the fleet. It was based at Cavite Naval Base and Olongapo Naval Station on Luzon, on 22 July 1941, the Mariveles Naval Base was completed and the Asiatic Fleet began to use it as well. Hart had permission to withdraw to the Indian Ocean, in the event of war with Japan, harts submarines, commanded by Commander, Submarines, Asiatic Fleet Captain John E. Wilkes were six elderly S-class submarines and seven Porpoises. In October 1941,12 Salmons or Sargos—in Captain Stuart Sunshine Murrays Submarine Division 15 and Captain Joseph A. Connollys Submarine Division 16, walter E. Red Doyle was assigned as Wilkes relief. When war began, Doyles inexperience in Asian waters meant Wilkes remained de facto COMSUBAF, problems were encountered almost from the beginning. No boats were placed in Lingayen Gulf, widely expected to be where the Japanese would land, in the event, several S-boats, nor were any boats off ports of Japanese-held Formosa, despite more than a weeks warning of impending hostilities. Successes were few in the days of the war. The classic film The Sand Pebbles is a dramatization on the life of the China Sailors, the U. S. military also created several awards and decorations to recognize those personnel who had performed duty in China
24.
Japanese militarism
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The military had a strong influence on Japanese society from the Meiji Restoration. Almost all leaders in Japanese society during the Meiji period were ex-samurai or descendants of samurai, domestic issues within early Meiji Japan also called for a strong military. The early Meiji government was threatened by internal revolts, such as the Saga Rebellion and Satsuma Rebellion, Yamagata like many Japanese was strongly influenced by the recent striking success of Prussia in transforming itself from an agricultural state to a leading modern industrial and military power. He accepted Prussian political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad, in response to a Japanese request, Prussian Chief of Staff Helmuth von Moltke sent Meckel to Japan to become an O-yatoi gaikokujin. In Japan, Meckel worked closely with future Prime Ministers General Katsura Tarō and General Yamagata Aritomo, a bust of Meckel was sited in front of the Japanese Army Staff College from 1909 through 1945. Although his period in Japan was relatively short, Meckel had a impact on the development of the Japanese military. He is credited with having introduced Clausewitzs military theories and the Prussian concept of war games in a process of refining tactics. With a more aggressive policy, and victory over China in the First Sino-Japanese War and over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. Due to the lack of resources in Japanese home islands, raw materials such as iron, oil, the success of Japan in securing Taiwan and Korea had brought Japan primarily agricultural colonies. In terms of resources, the Japanese military looked towards Manchurias iron and coal, Indochinas rubber, however, the army was at variance with the zaibatsu financial and industrial corporations on how to manage economic expansion, a conflict also affecting domestic politics. Also forming part of the basis for the growth of militarism was the freedom from civilian control enjoyed by the Japanese armed forces, in 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army established the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff office, modeled after the Prussian General Staff. This office was independent of, and equal to the Ministry of War of Japan in terms of authority, the Imperial Japanese Navy soon followed with the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff. These General Staff offices were responsible for the planning and execution of military operations, as the Chiefs of the General Staff were not cabinet ministers, they did not report to the Prime Minister of Japan, and were thus completely independent of any civilian oversight or control. The Army and the Navy also had decisive say on the formation of any civilian government, in reality, while this tactic was used only one time, the threat always loomed high when the military made any demands on the civilian leadership. Patriotic education also strengthened the sense of a hakko ichiu, or a mission to unify Asia under Japanese rule. A turning point came with the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930, Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi and his Minseito party agreed to a treaty which would severely limit Japanese naval power. The Japanese system of party government finally met its demise with the May 15 Incident in 1932, Japan had been involved in the Asian continent continuously from the First Sino-Japanese War, Boxer Rebellion, Russo-Japanese War, World War I and the Siberian Intervention. During the term of Prime Minister Tanaka Giichi from 1927 to 1929, the Manchurian Incident of September 1931 did not fail, and it set the stage for the Japanese military takeover of all of Manchuria
25.
Pearl Harbor
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Pearl Harbor is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base and it is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet. The U. S. government first obtained exclusive use of the inlet, the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan on December 7,1941, was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War II. Pearl Harbor was originally a shallow embayment called Wai Momi or Puʻuloa by the Hawaiians. Puʻuloa was regarded as the home of the goddess, Kaʻahupahau. Making due allowance for legendary amplification, the estuary already had an outlet for its waters where the present gap is, during the early 19th century, Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance. The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling, shipping and trading activity in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an Agent of the United States for Commerce and these commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. American missionaries and their families became a part of the Hawaiian political body. Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, many American warships visited Honolulu, in most cases, the commanding officers carried letters from the U. S. Government giving advice on governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the newspaper Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated that the U. S. establish a base in Hawaii for protection of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The British Hawaiian Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that and my opinion is that the tide of events rushes on to annexation to the United States. In 1865, the North Pacific Squadron was formed to embrace the western coast, lackawanna in the following year was assigned to cruise among the islands, a locality of great and increasing interest and importance. This vessel surveyed the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands toward Japan, as a result, the United States claimed Midway Island. The Secretary of the Navy was able to write in his report of 1868. This increased activity caused the permanent assignment of at least one warship to Hawaiian waters and it also praised Midway Island as possessing a harbor surpassing Honolulus. In the following year, Congress approved an appropriation of $50,000 on March 1,1869, after 1868, when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests, naval officers played an important role in internal affairs. They served as arbitrators in disputes, negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law
26.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
27.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
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The attack, also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor, led to the United States entry into World War II. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U. S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U. S. -held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, the attack commenced at 7,48 a. m. The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese fighter planes, bombers, all eight U. S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service, the Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. 188 U. S. aircraft were destroyed,2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations such as the station, shipyard, maintenance. Japanese losses were light,29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost, one Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The surprise attack came as a shock to the American people. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan, the U. S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940, Roosevelt to proclaim December 7,1941, a date which will live in infamy. Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, over the next decade, Japan continued to expand into China, leading to all-out war between those countries in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland, from December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay, the Allison incident, and the Nanking Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan. Fearing Japanese expansion, the United States, the United Kingdom, in 1940, Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, machine tools, and aviation gasoline to Japan, an invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40 and this was opposed by Douglas MacArthur, who felt that he would need a force ten times that size, and was never implemented. By 1941, U. S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet
28.
Claude C. Bloch
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Claude Charles Bloch was a United States Navy admiral who served as Commander, Battle Force, U. S. Fleet from 1937 to 1938, and Commander in Chief, U. S, Claude C. Bloch was born on July 12,1878 in Woodbury, Kentucky to a Jewish family. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, while he was still a Cadet, Bloch served aboard battleship USS Iowa during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. Bloch assisted in rescue of Spanish sailors from the enemy ships a was subsequently awarded with Specially Meritorious Service Medal. He graduated from the Naval Academy on January 28,1899 with the rank of passed midshipman and he commanded USS Plattsburg during World War I, and the USS California from 1927 to 1929. The official U. S. Navy citation for Blochs Navy Cross reads, Name, Claude Charles Bloch Service, Navy Rank, Captain Company, Commanding Officer Division, U. S. S. S. S. He served as the Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet from 1938 to 6 January 1940, following this assignment, he reverted to his permanent grade, Rear Admiral, and commanded the Fourteenth Naval District at Pearl Harbor at the time of the attack. He later served on the General Board of the Navy from 1942 to 1945 and he retired as a full admiral in 1945 and died in Washington, D. C. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Bloch was the highest ranking Jewish officer in the armed forces until well after the Second World War. Claude Charles Bloch at http, //www. arlingtoncemetery. net Claude C. Bloch Orders, 1904–1940 MS365 held by Special Collection & Archives, Nimitz Library at the United States Naval Academy
29.
USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)
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USS Pennsylvania was the lead ship of the Pennsylvania class of United States Navy super-dreadnought battleships. She was the third Navy ship named for the state of Pennsylvania and she was laid down on 27 October 1913, by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia. She was launched on 16 March 1915, sponsored by Elizabeth Kolb of Philadelphia, upon commissioning, Pennsylvania was attached to the Atlantic Fleet. On 12 October 1916, she became flagship of Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, in January 1917, Pennsylvania steamed for Fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea. She returned to her base at Yorktown, Virginia, on 6 April and she did not sail to join the British Grand Fleet since she burned fuel oil rather than coal, and tankers could not be spared to carry additional fuel to the British Isles. In the light of this circumstance, only coal-burning battleships were selected for this mission, while at Yorktown, on 11 August 1917, Pennsylvania manned the rail and rendered honors as Mayflower, with President Woodrow Wilson aboard, stood in and anchored. At 12,15, President Wilson returned the call of Commander, Battle Force, on 2 December 1918, Pennsylvania steamed to anchor off Tompkinsville, New York. On 4 December, she got underway for Brest, France, at 11,00, the transport George Washington, flying the flag of the President of the United States, stood out with an escort of 10 destroyers. Pennsylvania manned the rail and fired a 21-gun salute and she took position ahead of George Washington as guide for the Presidents escort. Arriving in Brest on 13 December, the crew manned the rail, on 14 December, Pennsylvania departed for New York, arriving on 25 December. In February 1919, Pennsylvania steamed for Fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea, while at New York on 30 June, Admiral Mayo was relieved as Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, by Vice Admiral Henry B. Wilson, the first captain of the ship, at Tompkinsville on 8 July, Pennsylvania embarked Vice President Thomas R. Marshall, Cabinet Secretaries Daniels, Glass, Wilson, Baker, Lane, and Senator Champ Clark, and then put to sea. At 10,00, Oklahoma was sighted with George Washington flying the Presidents flag, Pennsylvania fired a presidential salute, then took position ahead of Oklahoma and steamed to New York, stopping en route to disembark her distinguished guests before proceeding to her berth. On 7 January 1920, she departed New York for Fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea and she resumed a schedule of local training operations until 17 January 1921, when she departed New York for the Panama Canal. On 21 January, the Fleet sailed from Balboa, en route to Callao, Peru, departing on 2 February, Pennsylvania returned to Balboa on 14 February, and then conducted brief exercises while based at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Upon her return to Hampton Roads on 28 April, she rendered a 21-gun salute as she passed Mayflower, the Secretary of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy came aboard for a reception for the President of the United States. At 11,40, President Warren Harding came aboard and his flag was broken at the main mast, on 22 August 1922, Pennsylvania departed Lynnhaven Roads to join the Pacific Fleet. After a visit to Wellington, New Zealand, she returned to San Pedro on 26 September and she remained in the yard for nearly two years
30.
USS Arizona (BB-39)
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USS Arizona was a Pennsylvania-class battleship built for and by the United States Navy in the mid-1910s. Named in honor of the 48th states recent admission into the union, although commissioned in 1916, the ship remained stateside during World War I. Shortly after the end of the war, Arizona was one of a number of American ships that briefly escorted President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference, the ship was sent to Turkey in 1919 at the beginning of the Greco-Turkish War to represent American interests for several months. Several years later, she was transferred to the Pacific Fleet, aside from a comprehensive modernization in 1929–31, Arizona was regularly used for training exercises between the wars, including the annual Fleet Problems. When an earthquake struck Long Beach, California, in 1933, Two years later, the ship was featured in a Jimmy Cagney film, Here Comes the Navy, about the romantic troubles of a sailor. In April 1940, she and the rest of the Pacific Fleet were transferred from California to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Arizona was bombed. After a bomb detonated in a magazine, the battleship exploded violently and sank, with the loss of 1,177 officers. Unlike many of the ships sunk or damaged that day, Arizona was irreparably damaged by the force of the magazine explosion. The wreck still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial, dedicated on 30 May 1962 to all those who died during the attack, the Pennsylvania-class ships were significantly larger than their predecessors, the Nevada class. Arizona had a length of 608 feet, a beam of 97 feet. This was 25 feet longer than the older ships and she displaced 29,158 long tons at standard and 31,917 long tons at deep load, over 4,000 long tons more than the older ships. The ship had a height of 7.82 feet at deep load. The ship had four direct-drive Parsons steam turbine sets, each of which drove a propeller 12 feet 1.5 inches in diameter and they were powered by twelve Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 34,000 shaft horsepower, but only achieved 33,376 shp during Arizonas sea trials, however, she did manage to reach 21.5 knots during a full-power trial in September 1924. She was designed to normally carry 1,548 long tons of fuel oil, at full capacity, the ship could steam at a speed of 12 knots for an estimated 7,552 nautical miles with a clean bottom. She had four 300-kilowatt turbo generators, Arizona carried twelve 45-caliber 14-inch guns in triple gun turrets. The turrets were numbered from I to IV from front to rear, the guns could not elevate independently and were limited to a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a maximum range of 21,000 yards. The ship carried 100 shells for each gun, defense against torpedo boats was provided by twenty-two 51-caliber five-inch guns mounted in individual casemates in the sides of the ships hull
31.
USS Nevada (BB-36)
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USS Nevada, the second United States Navy ship to be named after the 36th state, was the lead ship of the two Nevada-class battleship. These features made Nevada, alongside its sister ship Oklahoma, the first US Navy super-dreadnoughts, Nevada served in both World Wars. During the last few months of World War I, Nevada was based in Bantry Bay, Ireland, to supply convoys that were sailing to. In World War II, it was one of the battleships trapped when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, Nevada was the only battleship to get underway during the attack, making the ship the only bright spot in an otherwise dismal and depressing morning for the United States. Still, it was hit by one torpedo and at least six bombs while steaming away from Battleship Row, forcing the crew to beach the stricken ship. Nevada was subsequently salvaged and modernized at Puget Sound Navy Yard, allowing it to serve as an escort in the Atlantic. At the end of World War II, the Navy decided that Nevada was too old to be retained, the ship was hit by the blast from the first atomic bomb, Able, and was left heavily damaged and radioactive. Unfit for further service, Nevada was decommissioned on 29 August 1946, as the first second-generation battleship in the US Navy, Nevada has been described as revolutionary and as radical as Dreadnought was in her day by present-day historians. Nevada was the first battleship in the US Navy to have triple gun turrets, a funnel. In particular, the use of the more-efficient oil gave the ship an advantage over earlier coal-fired plants, Nevada was also the first US battleship with geared turbines, which also helped increase fuel economy and thus range compared to earlier direct drive turbines. The ability to great distances without refueling was a major concern of the General Board at that time. In 1903, the Board felt all American battleships should have a minimum steaming radius of 6,000 nmi so that the US could enforce the Monroe Doctrine. One of the purposes of the Great White Fleet, which sailed around the world in 1907–1908, was to prove to Japan that the US Navy could carry any naval conflict into Japanese home waters. S. This radical change became known as the all or nothing principle, with this new armor scheme, the armor on the battleship was increased to 41. 1% of the displacement. As a result of all of these design modifications from previous battleships, the Navy was to create a fleet of modern battleships similar in long-range gunnery, speed, turning radius, and protection. Nevada was followed by 11 other battleships of this type, although significant improvements were made in subsequent designs as naval technology rapidly progressed, an additional seven standard type battleships, the USS Washington and the South Dakota class were never completed due to the Washington Naval Treaty. The two battleships of the Nevada-class were virtually identical except in their propulsion, Nevadas construction was authorized by an Act of Congress on 4 March 1911. The contract went to Fore River Shipbuilding Company on 22 January 1912 for a total of $5,895,000, and her keel was laid down on 4 November 1912, and by 12 August 1914, the ship was 72. 4% complete
32.
USS Tennessee (BB-43)
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USS Tennessee, the lead ship of her class of battleship, was the third ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 16th US state. During World War II in the Pacific Theater, she was damaged during the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 but was repaired and modernized. She participated in bombardments at the Aleutian Islands, Tarawa, the Marshall Islands, the Marianas. She was also involved in the Battle of Surigao Strait, the final battleship vs. battleship conflict ever, after the end of World War II, Tennessee was placed on reserve in the mothball fleet for nearly 15 years before finally being scrapped in 1959. Tennessees keel was laid down on 14 May 1917 at the New York Naval Shipyard. She was launched on 30 April 1919, sponsored by Miss Helen Lenore Roberts, daughter of Tennessee governor Albert H. Roberts, Tennessee and her sister ship, California, were the first American battleships built to a post-Jutland hull design. The Tennessee class, and the three ships of the Colorado class that followed, were identified by two heavy cage masts supporting large optical fire-control systems and this feature was to distinguish the Big Five from the rest of the battleship force until World War II. Because the battleships were beginning to carry airplanes to spot long-range gunfire, after fitting out, Tennessee conducted trials in Long Island Sound from 15 to 23 October 1920. While Tennessee was at New York City, one of her 300 kilowatt electric generators exploded on 30 October, completely destroying the turbine end of the machine and she next steamed north for the Virginia Capes and arrived at Hampton Roads on 19 March. Tennessee carried out gunnery calibration firing at Dahlgren, Virginia and was drydocked at Boston before full-power trials off Rockland, two of her original 14 5-inch /51 caliber guns were removed. After touching base at New York Harbor, she steamed south, transited the Panama Canal, there, she joined the Battleship Force, Pacific Fleet and served there until World War II. Peacetime service with the divisions involved an annual cycle of training, maintenance. Beginning with Fleet Problem I in 1923 and continuing through Fleet Problem XXI in April 1940, however, her individual proficiency was not neglected. During the competitive years 1922 and 1923, she made the highest aggregate score in the list of record practices fired by her guns of various caliber and won the E for excellence in gunnery. In 1923 and 1924, she won the gunnery E as well as the prized Battle Efficiency Pennant for the highest combined total score in gunnery. In 1925, she took part in joint U. S. Army-Navy maneuvers to test the defenses of Hawaii before visiting Australia, subsequent fleet problems and tactical exercises took Tennessee from Hawaii to the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and from Alaskan waters to Panama. Her original 3-inch /50 antiaircraft battery was replaced by eight 5-inch /25 caliber guns during 1929–1930, Fleet Problem XXI was conducted in Hawaiian waters during the spring of 1940. Following an overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard after the conclusion of Fleet Problem XXI, due to the increasing hostility in world affairs, Fleet Problem XXII, scheduled for the spring of 1941, was canceled
33.
USS California (BB-44)
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USS California, one of two Tennessee-class battleships completed shortly after World War I, was the fifth ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 31st state. She was the last American battleship built on the West Coast, and she served in the Pacific her entire career, and for twenty years was the flagship of the Pacific Fleet. She was sunk in the attack on Pearl Harbor at her moorings in Battleship Row and she served again for the remainder of World War II before being decommissioned in 1947. She was sold for scrap in 1959 and her keel was laid down on 25 October 1916 by the Mare Island Naval Shipyard at Vallejo, California. She was launched 20 November 1919 sponsored by Mrs. R. T, zane, daughter of California governor William D. Stephens, and commissioned on 10 August 1921, Captain Henry Joseph Ziegemeier, USN, in command. She immediately reported to the Pacific Fleet as flagship, for 20 years, from 1921 to 1941, California served first as flagship of the Pacific Fleet, then as flagship of the Battle Fleet, US Fleet. Her annual activities included joint Army-Navy exercises, tactical and organizational development problems, intensive training and superior performance won her the Battle Efficiency Pennant for 1921 and 1922, and the Gunnery E for 1925 and 1926. In the summer of 1925, California led the Battle Fleet and she took part in the Presidential reviews of 1927,1930, and 1934. She was modernized in late 1929 and early 1930 and equipped with an improved anti-aircraft battery of eight 5-inch /25 cal guns replacing the earlier 3-inch guns, also, the elevation of the ships 14-inch guns was increased for improved range. In the mid-to-late-1930s, California and the 14 battleships of the United States Fleet were stationed in San Pedro, California was also active in sports competitions. California was first awarded the Iron Man in 1924 and held it for three years, in 1939, California won the Iron Man for the last time with a total score of.733 to beat out New Mexico. Competition for the trophy was suspended during the war, and was not revived until 1948, California was one of six ships to receive the new RCA CXAM radar in 1940. On 7 December 1941, California was moored at the southernmost berth of Battleship Row and was with other dreadnoughts of the Battle Force when the Japanese launched their attack, two torpedoes struck the port side. Watertight integrity had been impaired by preparations for an inspection. The second torpedo detonated below the belt and turret 3 at frame 101. The third and fourth bulkheads were deformed but remained intact at both locations, the innermost fifth armored bulkhead was deflected approximately 1 inch forward and punctured by a fuel line fitting aft. This damage caused by the fuel line aft allowed flooding of the center motor room through the port thrust block room. Smoke from fires started by the hit caused evacuation of the forward engine-room at 10,00
34.
USS Oklahoma (BB-37)
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USS Oklahoma was a Nevada-class battleship built by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation for the United States Navy in the 1910s. The Nevada class were oil-burning ships in the United States Navy, Oklahoma was the only US warship ever named for the 46th state. Oklahoma, commissioned in 1916, served in World War I as a member of Battleship Division 6, after the war, she served in both the United States Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet. Oklahoma was modernized between 1927 and 1929, in 1936, she rescued American citizens and refugees from the Spanish Civil War. On returning to the West coast in August of the same year, on 7 December 1941, Oklahoma was sunk by several torpedoes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Torpedoes from torpedo bomber hit the ships hull and the ship flipped upside down. Survivors jumped off the ship 50 feet into burning hot water or crawled across mooring lines which connected the Oklahoma, some people inside the ship escaped when rescuers came and drilled holes and opened hatches to take them out. When the ship sank a total of 429 crew died when she capsized in Battleship Row, in 1943, Oklahoma was righted and salvaged. Unlike most of the battleships that were recovered following Pearl Harbor. Her wreck was stripped of her remaining armament and superstructure before being sold for scrap in 1946. The hulk sank in a storm while being towed from Oahu in Hawaii to a yard in San Francisco Bay in 1947. Oklahoma was the second of two Nevada-class battleships, both were ordered in a naval appropriation act on 4 March 1911. She was the latest in a series of 22 battleships and seven armored cruisers ordered by the United States Navy between 1900 and 1911, the Nevada class were the first of the US Navys Standard type battleships, of which 12 were completed by 1923. With these ships, the Navy created a fleet of modern battleships similar in long-range gunnery, speed, turning radius, significant improvements, however, were made in the Standard type ships as naval technology progressed. The main innovations were triple turrets and all-or-nothing protection, the triple turrets reduced the length of the ship that needed protection by placing 10 guns in four turrets instead of five, thus allowing thicker armor. The Nevadas were also the first US battleships with oil-fired instead of coal-fired boilers, oil having more energy per ton than coal. Oklahoma differed from Nevada in being fitted with steam engines. Some earlier battleships had been fitted with direct drive turbines, which had fuel economy
35.
USS Colorado (BB-45)
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The USS Colorado was a battleship of the United States Navy that was in service from 1923 to 1947. She was the ship of the Colorado class of battleships. Her keel was laid down on 29 May 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation and she was launched on 22 March 1921 and commissioned on 30 August 1923. She was armed with eight 16-inch guns and fourteen 5-inch deck guns, Colorado took her maiden voyage in 1923 to Europe. She later operated with the Battle Fleet and sailed through the Pacific during the interwar years and she also underwent a further refit, during which her four 3-inch anti-aircraft guns were replaced with an equal number of 5 in /25 cal guns. During the early part of World War II, Colorado undertook a patrol near the Golden Gate Bridge in May 1942 to stop a possible Japanese invasion. She then sailed to Fiji to stop any further Japanese advance into the Pacific, next, she supported the landings on Tarawa, the Marshall Islands, Saipan, Guam, and Tinian. On 24 July 1944, during the shelling of Tinian, Colorado received 22 shell hits from shore batteries and she later arrived in Leyte Gulf on 20 November 1944 to support American troops fighting ashore. On 27 November, she was hit by two Kamikazes which caused moderate damage, after that, Colorado sailed to Luzon on 1 January 1945, where she participated in the preinvasion bombardments in Lingayen Gulf. She returned to Okinawa on 6 August and sailed there to Japan for the occupation of the country. Departing Tokyo Bay on 20 September, she arrived at San Francisco on 15 October and she was placed out of commission in reserve in Pearl Harbor on 7 January 1947, and sold for scrapping on 23 July 1959. She won seven battle stars during her service, many of Colorados anti-aircraft guns are in museums across the state of Colorado or mounted on the museum ship Olympia. Colorado was 624 feet 3 inches long overall, had a beam of 97.5 ft and she displaced 32,100 long tons as designed and up to 33,060 long tons at full load. The ship was powered by a four-shaft turbo-electric drive, rated at 28,900 shaft horsepower and eight Babcock & Wilcox boilers and she had a range of 8,000 nautical miles at a speed of 10 knots. She had a crew of 1,080 officers and enlisted men and she was armed with a main battery of eight 16-inch /45 caliber Mark 1 guns in four twin gun turrets on the centerline, two forward and aft. The secondary battery consisted of fourteen 5-inch /51 caliber guns, two of which were removed in an overhaul, the anti-aircraft defense consisted of four 3-inch /23 caliber guns, which were soon replaced, first by 5-inch /25 caliber guns, and then by 5-inch /38 caliber guns. As was standard for ships of the period, Colorado carried two 21 in torpedo tubes in deck-mounted launchers. Colorados main armored belt was 13.5 in thick over the magazines, the main battery gun turrets had 18-inch thick faces, and the supporting barbettes had 13 in of armor plating on their exposed sides
36.
USS Maryland (BB-46)
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USS Maryland, also known as Old Mary or Fighting Mary to her crewmates, was a Colorado-class battleship. She was the ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the seventh state. She was commissioned in 1921 and, serving as the flagship of the fleet, cruised to Australia, New Zealand and she is most notable for her service in World War II. She was present on Battleship Row during the Attack on Pearl Harbor, next, she went on the offensive, commencing shore bombardments in the Battle of Tarawa and later in the Battle of Kwajalein. During the Battle of Saipan she took torpedo damage to her bow, necessitating repairs and she then participated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf where she was hit by a kamikaze. She took another hit at the Battle of Okinawa, and was under repair at the end of World War II. After service in Operation Magic Carpet, she was decommissioned in 1947 and she received seven battle stars for World War II service. Maryland was one of four battleships of the Colorado class to be constructed. Her keel was laid down on 24 April 1917 by Newport News Shipbuilding Company of Newport News and she was launched on 20 March 1920, and sponsored by Mrs. E. Brook Lee daughter-in-law of U. S. Senator from Maryland Blair Lee, she was commissioned on 21 July 1921 and she was the third ship named for the state of Maryland, the first Maryland was a sloop commissioned in 1799 and the second Maryland was an armored cruiser commissioned in 1905. Maryland had a length of 624 feet. She had a beam of 97.5 feet and a mean draft of 30.5 feet. Her armor was 18 inches at its maximum thickness and her designed speed was 21 knots. Her crew complement consisted of 58 officers and 1,022 men and her secondary battery consisted of twelve 5-inch /51 cailber guns as well as four 3-inch /23 caliber guns. She was also armed with a pair of 21-inch submerged torpedo tubes and she was outfitted with a new type of seaplane catapult and the first 16 in guns mounted on a U. S. ship. Following her commissioning, Maryland undertook an East Coast shakedown cruise, shortly thereafter, Maryland was made flagship of Admiral Hilary P. Jones. Maryland found herself in demand for special occasions. She appeared at Annapolis, Maryland, for the 1922 United States Naval Academy graduation and at Boston, Massachusetts, for the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill and the Fourth of July
37.
USS West Virginia (BB-48)
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USS West Virginia, a Colorado-class battleship, was the second United States Navy ship named in honor of the countrys 35th state. She was laid down on 12 April 1920 at Newport News, Virginia, launched on 19 November 1921 and her first captain was Thomas J. Senn. After her shakedown and crew training were finished, she was overhauled at Hampton Roads, after her repairs she participated in exercises and engineering and gunnery courses, winning four medals in the latter. She participated in fleet tactical development operations until 1939. In 1940 she was transferred to Pearl Harbor to guard against potential Japanese attack, on 17 May 1942, she was salvaged from the seabed by draining the water from her hull. After repairs in Pearl Harbor, she sailed to the Puget Sound Navy Yard, there she received an extensive refit, including the replacement of her 5-inch /25 caliber anti-aircraft guns and single-purpose 5-inch /51 caliber guns with 5-inch /38 caliber anti-aircraft guns. She left Puget Sound in July 1944 for Leyte Gulf, at the end of the Pacific War she entered Tokyo Bay for the Japanese surrender and became part of Operation Magic Carpet, making three runs to Hawaii to transport veterans home. She was deactivated on 9 January 1947 and laid up at Bremerton, Washington, West Virginia was 624 feet long overall, had a beam of 97.3 ft and a draft of 30.5 ft. She displaced 32,100 long tons as designed, and up to 33,060 long tons at full load. The ship was powered by a four-shaft turbo-electric drive rated at 28,900 shaft horsepower and eight Babcock & Wilcox boilers and she had a range of 8,000 nautical miles at 10 knots and a crew of 1,407 officers and enlisted men when commissioned. She was armed with a battery of eight 16-inch /45 caliber Mark 1 guns in four twin gun turrets on the centerline. The secondary battery consisted of sixteen 5-inch /51 caliber guns, the anti-aircraft defense consisted of four 3-inch /23 caliber guns, which were soon replaced with four 5-inch/25 caliber guns. The secondary battery of 5-inch/51 caliber guns and the battery of 5-inch/25 caliber guns were replaced with 5-inch/38 caliber guns. Standard for capital ships of the period, she carried two 21-inch torpedo tubes in deck-mounted torpedo launchers which were removed in a later overhaul, a CXAM-1 Radar was installed in 1940. West Virginias main armored belt was 13.5 inches thick over the magazines and the machinery spaces, the main-battery gun turrets had 18-inch-thick faces, and the supporting barbettes had 13 inches of armor plating on their exposed sides. Armor 3.5 inches thick protected the decks, and the tower had 11. 5-inch-thick sides. West Virginias keel was laid down at Newport News, Virginia on 12 April 1920 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and she was launched on 19 November 1921 and commissioned on 1 December 1923. Her first captain was Thomas J. Senn, while her construction was sponsored by Alice Wright Mann, daughter of Isaac T. Mann, as she was one of the newest American super-dreadnoughts, she incorporated the latest features in naval design
38.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
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Commander, Naval Air Forces
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Commander, Naval Air Forces is the aviation Type Commander for all United States Navy naval aviation units. Type Commanders are in control, and in some cases operational control of certain types of assets assigned to the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets. COMNAVAIRFOR is a Three Star headquarters based at NAS North Island in Coronado, the current commander is VADM Troy M. Shoemaker. The staff is made up of approximately 515 officer, enlisted, civilian, the position is colloquially known throughout the navy as the Air Boss, mimicking the nickname given to the officer that commands the air department on an Aircraft Carrier. Man, train, equip and maintain a Naval air force that is immediately employable and we support the Fleet and Unified Commanders by delivering the right force with the right readiness at the right time at reduced cost. today and in the future. Commander, Naval Air Forces is the command in the Naval Aviation Enterprise and is responsible for all Naval Aviation programs, personnel. CNAF is also a position that concurrently functions as Commander, Naval Air Force. In October 1919, Air Detachment, Pacific Fleet came into existence, the original organization was divided into Landplane, Shipplane and Seaplane divisions. Within a brief period, the three divisions evolved into Fighting, Spotting and Seaplane Patrol Squadrons, respectively, in June 1922 as part of a reorganization combining the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets into the U. S. Fleet, the detachment was renamed Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet. In 1933, another reorganization established two principal commands, Commander Aircraft Battle Force and Commander Tender-based Aircraft, Commander, Air Pacific was established during World War II as the requirements of supporting air combat units widely deployed in the Pacific Ocean area increased. On July 29,1942, Admiral Ernest King approved the recommendation and thus established Commander U. S. Naval Air Forces, Pacific Fleet, in May 1949, the headquarters was moved from Pearl Harbor, Hawaii to Naval Air Station, North Island, California. On October 2001, the Chief of Naval Operations redesignated Commander, Atlantic Fleet from a three star command into a two star command and placed it under AIRPACs command in a Lead-Follow arrangement. Under this arrangement COMNAVAIRPAC became TYCOM for Air, and assumed the title of Commander. The Chief of Naval Air Training and the Commander, Naval Air Force Reserve were also placed under the aegis of COMNAVAIRFOR
United States of America
United States Navy
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