1.
Carl Levin
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Carl Milton Levin is a former United States Senator from Michigan, having served from 1979 to 2015. He was the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services and is a member of the Democratic Party, born in Detroit, Michigan, Levin is a graduate of Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School. He worked as the General Counsel of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1968, serving from 1969 to 1977, and was president of the City Council from 1973 to 1977. In 1978, Levin ran for the United States Senate, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Levin was re-elected in 1984,1990,1996,2002 and 2008. On March 7,2013, Levin announced that he would not seek a seventh term to the Senate, Levin became Michigans senior senator in 1995. He is the senator in the states history, and was ultimately the fourth longest-serving incumbent in the U. S. Senate. Levin was born in Detroit, and is the son of Jewish parents, Bess, Saul served on the Michigan Corrections Commission. He graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1952, and worked as a taxi driver and he attended Swarthmore College, graduating with his Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1956. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1959 and he received honorary degrees from Michigan State University in 2004, Wayne State University in 2005, and Michigan Technological University in 2008. After earning his law degree, he was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan and he entered private practice as a lawyer for Grossman, Hyman and Grossman and taught law at Wayne State University and the University of Detroit Mercy. He served as an assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan. Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1969, serving two terms from 1970 to 1977. Levin served as president of the City Council throughout his second term. He was close to Detroit Mayor Coleman Young, the citys first African-American Mayor, during his time on the City Council, Levin practiced law part-time, working as a counsel for the Schlussel, Lifton, Simon, Rands and Kaufman law firm from 1971 to 1973. He later served as the counsel at Jaffe, Snider, Raitt, Garratt and Heuer. Levin was elected to the United States Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Committee on Armed Services As Chairman of the full committee, Sen. The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan, the newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness, a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Levin was formerly the chairman of the Armed Services Committee and he has served as the Democratic ranking member on the committee since January 7,1997
2.
John Warner
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John William Warner served as Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and as a five-term Republican United States Senator from Virginia from January 2,1979, to January 3,2009. He did not seek reelection in 2008 and he works for the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he had previously worked before joining the United States Department of Defense. Warner was the husband of actress Elizabeth Taylor, whom he married before being elected to the Senate. He is a veteran of World War II, and was one of five such veterans serving in the Senate at the time of his retirement. John William Warner was born on February 18,1927, in Washington, D. C. to John W. and he grew up in Washington, where he attended the elite St. Albans School before graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School in February 1945. He enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II in January 1945 and he served until the following year, leaving as a Petty Officer 3rd Class. He went to college at Washington and Lee University, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi, graduating in 1949, he then entered the University of Virginia Law School. He joined the U. S. Marine Corps in October 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War and he continued in the Marine Corps Reserves after the war, eventually reaching the rank of captain. He then resumed his studies, taking courses at the George Washington University and that year, he became a law clerk to Chief Judge E. Barrett Prettyman of the United States Court of Appeals. In 1956, he became an assistant U. S. attorney, in 1960 he entered law practice. In 1957, Warner married banking heiress Catherine Conover Mellon, the daughter of art collector Paul Mellon and his first wife, Mary Conover, by his marriage, Warner accrued substantial capital for investing and expanding his political contacts. The Warners, who divorced in 1973, have three children, Virginia, John Jr, and Mary and his former wife now uses the name Catherine Conover. John Warner married actress Elizabeth Taylor on December 4,1976 and they divorced on November 7,1982. Warner and Larry Fortensky were the living former spouses of Elizabeth Taylor at the time of her death in 2011. On December 15,2003, Warner married Jeanne Vander Myde and she is also the widow of White House official Paul Vander Myde. After giving substantial campaign funds and time to the Nixon Presidential election, on February 1969, on May 4,1972, he succeeded John H. Chafee as Secretary of the Navy. He was subsequently appointed by Gerald Ford to the post of Director of the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration, following Fords defeat, Warner began to consider political office for himself. He entered politics in the 1978 Virginia election for U. S. Senate, much of this loss was due to his perceived liberal political stances, especially his soft approach to Soviet relations
3.
Michael Mullen
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Michael Glenn Mike Mullen, AO, MSC is a retired United States Navy admiral, who served as the 17th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1,2007, to September 30,2011. Mullen previously served as the Navys 28th Chief of Naval Operations from July 22,2005, as Chairman, Mullen was the highest-ranking officer in the United States Armed Forces. He retired from the Navy after over 43 years of service, Mullen is now a Professor at Princeton University. He attended St. Charles Borromeo Church Elementary School in North Hollywood, johnson, former Secretary of the Navy and Senator from Virginia Jim Webb, former NSC staff member, political commentator, and author Oliver North, former Director of National Intelligence Dennis C. Blair, and NASA administrator Charles Bolden, as a junior officer, he served in various leadership positions aboard USS Collett, USS Blandy, USS Fox and USS Sterett. Mullen’s last command at sea was as Commander, U. S. Second Fleet/Commander, Mullen served as Company Officer and Executive Assistant to the Commandant of Midshipmen at the U. S. Naval Academy. On the Chief of Naval Operations staff, Mullen served as Deputy Director and Director of Surface Warfare and as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources, Requirements and he was the 32nd Vice Chief of Naval Operations from August 2003 to October 2004. He was recognized by his peers in 1987 with the Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership skill and he is one of 53 naval officers to be recognized by this award since its inception in 1980. As Commander, Allied Joint Force Command Naples, Mullen had operational responsibility for NATO missions in the Balkans, Iraq, and the Mediterranean. As Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Europe, he was responsible for providing command, operational control. He assumed these duties on October 8,2004, and was relieved of them upon his becoming Chief of Naval Operations, on October 29,2006, the Honolulu Advertiser published an op-ed by Mullen that defined the concept of the 1, 000-ship navy. On August 3,2007, the U. S. Senate confirmed Mullen as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mullen was sworn in on October 1,2007. On March 18,2009, Gates recommended to President Barack Obama that Mullen be re-nominated for a term as chairman of the Joint Chiefs. He was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on September 25,2009, on February 2,2010, Mullen and Gates said that they fully supported President Obama’s decision to end the Dont ask, dont tell law, which prevented openly gay people from serving in the military. “It is my belief that allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly would be the right thing to do. He noted that, there does not appear to be much political progress in Iraq and he also said, If arent making progress in realm, the prospects for movement in a positive direction are not very good. Failure to achieve progress toward reconciliation requires a strategic reassessment. Mullen further told the Senate that the United States needs to bring as much pressure on as possibly can, President Obama, Secretary of Defense Panetta and Admiral Mullen provided the certification required by the Act to Congress on July 22,2011
4.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
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The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by U. S. The post of a statutory and permanent Joint Chiefs of Staff chair was created by the 1949 amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act elevated the Chairman from the first among equals to becoming the principal military advisor to the President and Secretary of Defense. The National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate, the Goldwater-Nichols Act places the chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands. However the services chiefs do have authority over personnel assignments and oversight over resources, the Chairman may also transmit communications to the combatant commanders from the President and Secretary of Defense as well as allocate additional funding to the combatant commanders if necessary. He also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U. S. C. §153 or allocates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in the joint staff under his name. The principal deputy to the Chairman is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, another 4-star general or admiral, who among many duties chairs the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is assisted by the Joint Staff, led by the Director of the Joint Staff, the National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN, served as the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief from July 20,1942 to March 21,1949. He presided over meetings of what was called the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chairman is nominated by the President for appointment and must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate. The Chairman and Vice Chairman may not be members of the armed force service branch. However, the President may waive that restriction for a period of time in order to provide for the orderly transition of officers appointed to serve in those positions. However, in a time of war or national emergency, there is no limit to how many times an officer can be reappointed to serve as Chairman, historically, the Chairman has served two terms. By statute, the Chairman is appointed as a general or admiral while holding office. All pay for officers, however, is limited by Level II of the Executive Schedule which is $15,125.10.1, Functions of the Department of Defense. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense, office of the Secretary Defense, Director of Administration and Management, Directorate for Organizational & Management Planning. Official Joint Chiefs of Staff site
5.
Joe Lieberman
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Joseph Isadore Joe Lieberman is an American politician and former United States Senator from Connecticut. A former member of the Democratic Party, he was the nominee for Vice President in the 2000 election. Currently an Independent, he closely associated with the Democratic Party. Born in Stamford, Connecticut, Lieberman is a graduate of Yale University and he was elected as a reform Democrat in 1970 to the Connecticut Senate, where he served three terms as Majority Leader. After an unsuccessful bid for the U. S. House of Representatives in 1980, Lieberman defeated moderate Republican Lowell Weicker in 1988 to win election to the U. S. Senate and was re-elected in 1994 and 2000. The U. S. Supreme Court settled the controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5–4 to stop recounting votes. It was the time in history that the Supreme Court has ruled on a case directly related to a presidential election. Lieberman also unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in the 2004 presidential election, Lieberman himself was never a member of that party, but instead remained a registered Democrat while he ran. Lieberman was officially listed in Senate records for the 110th and 111th Congresses as an Independent Democrat and sat as part of the Senate Democratic Caucus, on November 5,2008, Lieberman met with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to discuss his future role with the Democratic Party. Ultimately, the Senate Democratic Caucus voted to allow Lieberman to keep chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security, subsequently, Lieberman announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats. Before the 2016 election, he endorsed Hillary Clinton for President, as Senator he introduced and championed the Dont Ask, Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and legislation that led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Lieberman announced in January 2011 that he would retire from the Senate at the end of his term, Lieberman was born in Stamford, Connecticut, the son of Marcia and Henry Lieberman, who ran a liquor store. His family is Jewish, his grandparents emigrated from Congress Poland. He received a B. A. in both science and economics from Yale University in 1964 and was the first member of his family to graduate from college. At Yale he was editor of the Yale Daily News and a member of the Elihu Club and his roommate was Richard Sugarman, a Professor of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Vermont and advisor to 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. Lieberman later attended Yale Law School, receiving his law degree in 1967, after graduation from law school, Lieberman worked as a lawyer for the New Haven-based law firm Wiggin & Dana LLP. A spokesperson told The Hartford Courant in 1994 that Lieberman received a deferment from the Vietnam War draft when he was an undergraduate. Upon graduating from law school at age 25, Lieberman qualified for a family deferment because he was married and had one child
6.
John McCain
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John Sidney McCain III is an American politician who currently serves as the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for the 2008 U. S. presidential election, McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became an aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, in October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973, McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds have left him with physical limitations. He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1982, McCain served two terms. He was first elected to the U. S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily five times, while generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a maverick for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. He is also known for his work in the 1990s to restore relations with Vietnam. McCain ran for the Republican nomination in 2000 but lost a primary season contest to George W. Bush of Texas. He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration, by 2013, however, he had become a key figure in the Senate for negotiating deals on certain issues in an otherwise partisan environment. In 2015, McCain became chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, John McCain was born on August 29,1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain Jr. and Roberta McCain. He has a brother named Joe and an elder sister named Sandy. At that time, the Panama Canal was under U. S. control, McCains family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors. Both his father and his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. became four-star United States Navy admirals. The McCain family followed his father to various postings in the United States. Altogether, he attended about 20 schools, in 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis
7.
Ray Mabus
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Raymond Edwin Ray Mabus, Jr. is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017. Mabus was born in Starkville, Mississippi, and is a fourth-generation Mississippian, he grew up in Ackerman, the only child of the owner of the local hardware store. After attending public schools, he graduated cum laude from the University of Mississippi. He earned an M. A. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Mabus began his professional career working in Washington, D. C. as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on Agriculture. In 1983, Mabus was elected auditor and served from 1984 to 1988, during this time. By the time it was finished, Operation Pretense had ensnared 57 county supervisors in 25 counties, at 39 years of age, he defeated Tupelo businessman Jack Reed in the 1987 gubernatorial election by 53% to 47%, becoming the youngest governor in the United States. He won on a wave of black votes and lost the vote by about 3 to 2 despite support from what a coalition one Democratic state chairman described as poor whites and yuppies. Mabus, who ran on the slogan Mississippi Will Never Be Last Again, was billed as the face of the New South, much like his counterpart in Arkansas at the time, Bill Clinton. Mabus was featured in a 1988 New York Times Magazine cover story titled The Yuppies of Mississippi, during his time as governor, he passed B. E. S. T. Gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation, and was named one of Fortune Magazine’s ten education governors, Mississippi also had record growth in new jobs, investment, tourism and exports. Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, on March 27,2009, Mabus was nominated by President Obama as Secretary of the Department of the Navy. He was sworn in on May 19,2009, and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18,2009, where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. Additional naming controversies occurred due to the naming of auxiliary ship after civil rights activist Cesar Chavez who has described his service in the U. S. Navy as. On April 16,2012, the Navy Secretary returned to Naval tradition of naming certain warships after former U. S. presidents, warships named for presidents have been aircraft carriers. Mabus further stated that particular class of auxiliary ship, of which the John Lewis would be the lead ship. Mabus followed this action with his July 14,2016 naming of the subsequent after gay rights icon and former San Francisco Democratic politician, Secretary Mabus has a presence on Facebook and frequently comments about his daily activities. He is the first branch secretary to maintain a web presence, President Obama has asked him to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible. The plan will be designed by states, local communities, Native American tribes, fishermen, businesses, conservationists, on September 16,2013, gunman Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and killed 13 people and injured 14
8.
United States Secretary of Defense
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The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S
9.
Robert Gates
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Robert Michael Bob Gates is an American statesman, scholar, and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was recruited by the CIA. Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, after leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election, replacing Donald Rumsfeld. He was confirmed with bipartisan support, in a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Time named Gates one of the years most influential people. In 2008, Gates was named one of Americas Best Leaders by U. S. News & World Report and he continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obamas administration. Hell be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy, Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony. According to a Washington Post book review, he is considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era. Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the BSA as an adult. He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961, Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Arrow, BSAs National Honor Society. Gates then received a scholarship to attend the College of William and Mary, at his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man. Gates then received an M. A. in history from Indiana University in 1966 and he completed his Ph. D. in Russian and Soviet history at Georgetown University in 1974. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from William & Mary and he married his wife Becky on January 7,1967. While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency, on January 4,1967, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force after attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship. After fulfilling his obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst. Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council and he returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, Gates was nominated to become the Director of Central Intelligence in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, according to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored reality
10.
Committee of the United States Senate
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This is a complete list of U. S. congressional committees that are currently operating in the United States Senate. Senators can be a member of more than one committee, as of 2017, there are 88 subsidiary bodies of the US Senate,16 standing committees with 67 subcommittees, and 5 non-standing committees. There are five non-standing, select, or special committees, which are treated similarly to standing committees, Senate committees are divided, according to relative importance, into three categories, Class A, Class B, and Class C. Individual Senators are in limited to service on two Class A committees and one Class B committee. Assignment to Class C committees is made reference to a members service on any other panels. Standing committees are permanent bodies with specific responsibilities spelled out in the Senates rules, twelve of the sixteen current standing committees are Class A panels. There are four Class B standing committees, Budget, Rules and Administration, Small Business, there are currently no Class C standing committees. Other, select and special committees are ranked as Class B or Class C committees and they are created for clearly specified purposes. Joint Committees are used for purposes of legislative and administrative coordination, at present there are four, the Joint Economic Committee, the Joint Committee on the Library, the Joint Committee on Printing, and the Joint Committee on Taxation. Standing committees in the Senate have their jurisdiction set by three sources, Senate Rules, ad hoc Senate Resolutions, and Senate Resolutions related to committee funding. To see an overview of the jurisdictions of standing committees in the Senate, see Standing Rules of the United States Senate, list of defunct United States congressional committees Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
11.
United States Armed Forces
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
12.
United States Department of Defense
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The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified Combatant Commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University, the history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775 and this coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to federal government, to defend its citizens and this first Congress had a huge agenda, that of creating legislation to build a government for the ages. Legislation to create a military defense force stagnated, two separate times, President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military. In a special message to Congress on 19 December 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts, deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense, the National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the authority of the Military Departments. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized authority, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Act moved decision-making authority from the Military Departments to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and it also strengthened the command channel of the military over U. S. forces from the President to the Secretary of Defense. Written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, it was signed into law 6 August 1958, because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is the Secretary and Deputy Secretarys civilian staff. S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies, Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community and these are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence
13.
Research and development
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Research and development, also known in Europe as research and technical development, is a general term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental innovation. Research and development is situated at the front end of the life cycle. R&D differs from the vast majority of activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk. New product design and development is more often not a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In an industry that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and this is necessary due to continuous technology change and development as well as other competitors and the changing preference of customers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on strategic alliances, acquisitions, a system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell. Market research is carried out, which establishes what is needed, if the development is technology driven R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet need. Statistics on organizations devoted to R&D may express the state of an industry, some common measures include, budgets, numbers of patents or on rates of peer-reviewed publications. Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are maintained, public. In the United States, a ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3. 5% of revenues. A high technolog company, such as a manufacturer, might spend 7% or a pharmaceutical companies such as Merck & Co.14. 1% or Novartis 15. 1%. That is, gross profits will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, most industrial companies get 40% revenues only. On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and they often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems. Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program. Research and development are very difficult to manage, since the feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of the invention. One way of reducing the uncertainty of researching know-hows is to obtain already researched know-hows, president Barack Obama requested $147.696 billion for research & development in FY2012. Much of this spending was devoted to research on the mechanisms of disease
14.
Nuclear power
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Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion, since all electricity supplying technologies use cement, etc. during construction, emissions are yet to be brought to zero. Each result is contrasted with coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g CO2 eq/kWh, there is a social debate about nuclear power. Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe, opponents, such as Greenpeace International and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, there have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution. In 2015, Ten new reactors were connected to the grid, seven reactors were permanently shut down. 441 reactors had a net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity. 67 new nuclear reactors were under construction, Most of the new activity is in China where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants. In October 2016, Watts Bar 2 became the first new United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996. The same year, his doctoral student James Chadwick discovered the neutron, further work by Enrico Fermi in the 1930s focused on using slow neutrons to increase the effectiveness of induced radioactivity. Experiments bombarding uranium with neutrons led Fermi to believe he had created a new, transuranic element and they determined that the relatively tiny neutron split the nucleus of the massive uranium atoms into two roughly equal pieces, contradicting Fermi. Numerous scientists, including Leó Szilárd, who was one of the first, recognized that if fission reactions released additional neutrons, a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction could result. In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, this led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved criticality on December 2,1942. In 1945, the pocketbook The Atomic Age heralded the untapped atomic power in everyday objects and depicted a future where fossil fuels would go unused. One science writer, David Dietz, wrote that instead of filling the gas tank of a car two or three times a week, people travel for a year on a pellet of atomic energy the size of a vitamin pill. The United Kingdom, Canada, and the USSR proceeded over the course of the late 1940s, electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20,1951, at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100 kW. Work was also researched in the US on nuclear marine propulsion
15.
National security
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The concept developed all in the United States after World War II. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, the variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. The variety of definitions provide an overview of the usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. To be truly secure, a nation needs other forms of security, authorities differ in their choice of nation security elements. Besides the military aspect of security, the aspects of diplomacy or politics, society, environment, energy and natural resources, the elements of national security correlate closely to the concept of the elements of national power. Romm lists security from narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental security, military security is traditionally the earliest recognised form of national security. Military security implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term military security is considered synonymous with security in much of its usage, diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions form the means of interaction between the objects. Historically, conquest of nations has made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources, economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military security. The creation and protection of jobs that supply defense and non-defense needs are vital to national security, third world countries are less secure due to lack of employment for their citizens. Environmental security deals with issues which threaten the national security of a nation in any manner. The scope and nature of environmental threats to security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate. While all environmental events are not considered significant of being categorised as threats, many transnational issues, romm classifies these as, Transnational environmental problems that threaten a nations security, in its broad defined sense. These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to warming, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Environmental or resource problems that threaten a nations security, traditionally defined and these would be problems whose outcomes would result in conventional threats to national security as first or higher order outcomes. Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare, e. g. Prabhakaran Paleris 2008 definition of a resource is. a support inventory, biotic or abiotic, renewable or expendable. for sustaining life at a heightened level of well-being
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Selective Service System
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The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription. A2010 GAO report estimated the rate at 92% with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file. The Selective Service System provides the names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies program for inclusion in the JAMRS Consolidated Recruitment Database, the names are distributed to the Services for recruiting purposes on a quarterly basis. Regulations are codified at 32 C. F. R, owing to very slow enlistment following the U. S. The Act gave the President the power to men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications, Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread, the age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920, the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by the 76th United States Congress on September 16,1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history. It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service and it originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months, the Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31,1947. The Selective Service Act of 1948, enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, all men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service. All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a requirement of 21 months. Conscripts could volunteer for service in the Regular Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948, in 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War. The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and this lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 1⁄2, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, a Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the several years, however, such legislation was never passed
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World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
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Cold War
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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
19.
National Security Act of 1947
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The National Security Act of 1947 was a major restructuring of the United States governments military and intelligence agencies following World War II. The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on September 18,1947, the Act merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense. It also created the Department of the Air Force, which separated the Army Air Forces into its own service and it also protected the Marine Corps as an independent service, under the Department of the Navy, prohibiting it from ever being absorbed into the Army. Aside from the reorganization, the act established the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. The National Security Act of 1947 was a restructuring of the United States governments military. The act and its changes, along with the Truman Doctrine, the bill signing took place aboard Trumans VC-54C presidential aircraft Sacred Cow, the first aircraft used for the role of Air Force One. The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on September 18,1947 and his power was initially limited and it was difficult for him to exercise the authority to make his office effective. This was later changed in the amendment to the act in 1949, the Act merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense. It also created the Department of the Air Force, which separated the Army Air Forces into its own service and it also protected the Marine Corps as an independent service, under the Department of the Navy, prohibiting it from ever being absorbed into the Army. Initially, each of the three service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, but the act was amended on August 10,1949, at the same time, the NME was renamed as the Department of Defense. The purpose was to unify the Army, Navy, and Air Force into a federated structure. S. s first peacetime intelligence agency. The councils function was to advise the president on domestic, foreign, and military policies, the 1949 Revolt of the Admirals. The Story Behind the National Security Act of 1947, underlying assumptions of the National Security Act of 1947. The National Security Act of 1947, Its Thirtieth Anniversary, enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, compiled 1789 -2008. U. S. National Archives and Records Administration
20.
Jim Inhofe
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James Mountain Jim Inhofe is the senior United States senator from Oklahoma and a member of the Republican Party. Inhofe was born in Des Moines, Iowa, the son of Blanche and he moved with his family to Tulsa, Oklahoma, when he was a child. He was a member of the Class of 1953 at Tulsa Central High School, Inhofe received a B. A. degree when he was nearly 40 years old from the University of Tulsa in 1973. Inhofe worked as a businessman for 30 years before becoming a full-time politician and he worked in the field of aviation, as a real estate developer, and in insurance, eventually becoming the president of the Quaker Life Insurance Company. During the time he worked for Quaker Life, the company went into receivership, Inhofe became active in Oklahoma Republican politics in the mid-1960s. He was a member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives from 1967 to 1969, and a member of the Oklahoma Senate from 1969 until 1977, in 1974, he ran for Governor of Oklahoma. In October 1974, then-President Gerald Ford visited Oklahoma to campaign for him, a late October poll by the Daily Oklahoman showed Boren leading 74%–25%. He lost to Democratic State Representative David Boren 64%–36%, Inhofe won only four counties in the election. He lost 57 pounds during the campaign and was down to 148 pounds, in 1976, he ran for Oklahomas 1st congressional district. In the Republican primary, he defeated State Senator Frank Keating, in the general election, he lost to incumbent Democrat James R. Jones 54%–45%. In 1978, he ran for mayor of Tulsa, defeating Democrat Rodger Randle 51%–46%, in 1980, he won re-election unopposed and in 1982, he won re-election with 59%. In 1986, when Congressman Jones decided to retire to run for the U. S. Senate, Inhofe ran for the 1st District, in the general election, he defeated Democrat Gary Allison 55%–43%. In 1988, he won re-election against Democrat Kurt Glassco, Governor George Nighs legal counsel, in 1990, he defeated Glassco in a rematch 56%–44%. After redistricting, the 1st District contained only two counties, all of Tulsa and some parts of Wagoner, in 1992, he won re-election with 53% of the vote. In 1987, he voted against President Ronald Reagans budget, which included tax increases and he first came to national attention in 1993, when he led the effort to reform the Houses discharge petition rule, which the House leadership had long used to bottle up bills in committee. Inhofe was elected Senator Borens successor in this election cycle saw the Republican Party take both houses of Congress and the Oklahoma governorship. Inhofe took the office on November 16 and took the day, his 60th birthday. After serving the last two years of Borens term, he won his first full term in 1996 and he was reelected in 2002,2008 and 2014
21.
Roger Wicker
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Roger Frederick Wicker is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who serves as the junior United States Senator from Mississippi, in office since 2007. After graduating from the University of Mississippi, Wicker served in the United States Air Force from 1976 to 1980, Wicker served in the House from January 1995 to December 2007, when he was appointed by Governor Haley Barbour to fill the seat vacated by Trent Lott. He subsequently won the 2008 special election for the remainder of the term and was re-elected to a term in 2012. He served as Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee for the 114th U. S. Congress, Wicker was born on July 5,1951, in Pontotoc, Mississippi, the son of Wordna Glen and Thomas Frederick Wicker. In 1967, the 16-year-old Wicker worked as a United States House of Representatives Page for Democratic Congressman Jamie L. Whitten of Mississippis 1st congressional district. He earned a degree in journalism and political science and a law degree from the University of Mississippi where he was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. Wicker was the student body president at Ole Miss, after graduation, Wicker served as an officer in the United States Air Force from 1976 to 1980. Starting in 1980, he was a member of the Air Force Reserve, Wicker served as a judge advocate. Wicker began his career in 1980 as House Rules Committee counsel to Republican Congressman Trent Lott. He was then elected to the Mississippi State Senate in 1987 and he represented the 6th district from 1988 to 1994, which included Tupelo. Representative Jamie L. Whitten declined to seek re-election, he had represented the 1st District for 54 years, Wicker ran to succeed him, spending $750,000 over the course of the election. He finished first in a crowded six-way Republican primary with 7,156 votes and proceeded to a runoff with attorney Grant Fox, in the runoff, Wicker defeated Fox by 11,905 votes to 10,527. In the general election, Wicker defeated Fulton attorney Bill Wheeler by 80,553 votes to 47,192, however, this was not considered an upset, as the 1st has always been a rather conservative district. The district had only supported the official Democratic candidate for president once since 1956, although Whitten had a nearly unbreakable hold on the district, it had been considered very likely that he would be succeeded by a Republican once he retired. Wicker was re-elected six times without serious difficulty, never dropping below 65 percent of the vote, in 2004, he was unopposed by a Democratic candidate, facing only Reform Party nominee Barbara Dale Washer, whom he defeated by 219,328 votes to 58,256. Assuming office in 1995, he was President of the freshman class and he was a member of the House Appropriations Committee. He was also deputy Republican whip, in Congress, Wicker worked on issues related to medical research and on economic development for his home state. He advocated private-public partnerships to bring investment to rural areas, Wicker also worked for veterans issues while serving as a member of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Subcommittee
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