1.
Carl Levin
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Carl Milton Levin is a former United States Senator from Michigan, having served from 1979 to 2015. He was the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services and is a member of the Democratic Party, born in Detroit, Michigan, Levin is a graduate of Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School. He worked as the General Counsel of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1968, serving from 1969 to 1977, and was president of the City Council from 1973 to 1977. In 1978, Levin ran for the United States Senate, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Levin was re-elected in 1984,1990,1996,2002 and 2008. On March 7,2013, Levin announced that he would not seek a seventh term to the Senate, Levin became Michigans senior senator in 1995. He is the senator in the states history, and was ultimately the fourth longest-serving incumbent in the U. S. Senate. Levin was born in Detroit, and is the son of Jewish parents, Bess, Saul served on the Michigan Corrections Commission. He graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1952, and worked as a taxi driver and he attended Swarthmore College, graduating with his Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1956. He then attended Harvard Law School, where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1959 and he received honorary degrees from Michigan State University in 2004, Wayne State University in 2005, and Michigan Technological University in 2008. After earning his law degree, he was admitted to the State Bar of Michigan and he entered private practice as a lawyer for Grossman, Hyman and Grossman and taught law at Wayne State University and the University of Detroit Mercy. He served as an assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan. Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council in 1969, serving two terms from 1970 to 1977. Levin served as president of the City Council throughout his second term. He was close to Detroit Mayor Coleman Young, the citys first African-American Mayor, during his time on the City Council, Levin practiced law part-time, working as a counsel for the Schlussel, Lifton, Simon, Rands and Kaufman law firm from 1971 to 1973. He later served as the counsel at Jaffe, Snider, Raitt, Garratt and Heuer. Levin was elected to the United States Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin, Committee on Armed Services As Chairman of the full committee, Sen. The bill would designate as wilderness about 32,500 acres of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan, the newly designated lands and inland waterways would comprise the Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness, a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Levin was formerly the chairman of the Armed Services Committee and he has served as the Democratic ranking member on the committee since January 7,1997
2.
John Warner
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John William Warner served as Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and as a five-term Republican United States Senator from Virginia from January 2,1979, to January 3,2009. He did not seek reelection in 2008 and he works for the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he had previously worked before joining the United States Department of Defense. Warner was the husband of actress Elizabeth Taylor, whom he married before being elected to the Senate. He is a veteran of World War II, and was one of five such veterans serving in the Senate at the time of his retirement. John William Warner was born on February 18,1927, in Washington, D. C. to John W. and he grew up in Washington, where he attended the elite St. Albans School before graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School in February 1945. He enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II in January 1945 and he served until the following year, leaving as a Petty Officer 3rd Class. He went to college at Washington and Lee University, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi, graduating in 1949, he then entered the University of Virginia Law School. He joined the U. S. Marine Corps in October 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War and he continued in the Marine Corps Reserves after the war, eventually reaching the rank of captain. He then resumed his studies, taking courses at the George Washington University and that year, he became a law clerk to Chief Judge E. Barrett Prettyman of the United States Court of Appeals. In 1956, he became an assistant U. S. attorney, in 1960 he entered law practice. In 1957, Warner married banking heiress Catherine Conover Mellon, the daughter of art collector Paul Mellon and his first wife, Mary Conover, by his marriage, Warner accrued substantial capital for investing and expanding his political contacts. The Warners, who divorced in 1973, have three children, Virginia, John Jr, and Mary and his former wife now uses the name Catherine Conover. John Warner married actress Elizabeth Taylor on December 4,1976 and they divorced on November 7,1982. Warner and Larry Fortensky were the living former spouses of Elizabeth Taylor at the time of her death in 2011. On December 15,2003, Warner married Jeanne Vander Myde and she is also the widow of White House official Paul Vander Myde. After giving substantial campaign funds and time to the Nixon Presidential election, on February 1969, on May 4,1972, he succeeded John H. Chafee as Secretary of the Navy. He was subsequently appointed by Gerald Ford to the post of Director of the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration, following Fords defeat, Warner began to consider political office for himself. He entered politics in the 1978 Virginia election for U. S. Senate, much of this loss was due to his perceived liberal political stances, especially his soft approach to Soviet relations
3.
Michael Mullen
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Michael Glenn Mike Mullen, AO, MSC is a retired United States Navy admiral, who served as the 17th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1,2007, to September 30,2011. Mullen previously served as the Navys 28th Chief of Naval Operations from July 22,2005, as Chairman, Mullen was the highest-ranking officer in the United States Armed Forces. He retired from the Navy after over 43 years of service, Mullen is now a Professor at Princeton University. He attended St. Charles Borromeo Church Elementary School in North Hollywood, johnson, former Secretary of the Navy and Senator from Virginia Jim Webb, former NSC staff member, political commentator, and author Oliver North, former Director of National Intelligence Dennis C. Blair, and NASA administrator Charles Bolden, as a junior officer, he served in various leadership positions aboard USS Collett, USS Blandy, USS Fox and USS Sterett. Mullen’s last command at sea was as Commander, U. S. Second Fleet/Commander, Mullen served as Company Officer and Executive Assistant to the Commandant of Midshipmen at the U. S. Naval Academy. On the Chief of Naval Operations staff, Mullen served as Deputy Director and Director of Surface Warfare and as Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources, Requirements and he was the 32nd Vice Chief of Naval Operations from August 2003 to October 2004. He was recognized by his peers in 1987 with the Vice Admiral James Bond Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leadership skill and he is one of 53 naval officers to be recognized by this award since its inception in 1980. As Commander, Allied Joint Force Command Naples, Mullen had operational responsibility for NATO missions in the Balkans, Iraq, and the Mediterranean. As Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Europe, he was responsible for providing command, operational control. He assumed these duties on October 8,2004, and was relieved of them upon his becoming Chief of Naval Operations, on October 29,2006, the Honolulu Advertiser published an op-ed by Mullen that defined the concept of the 1, 000-ship navy. On August 3,2007, the U. S. Senate confirmed Mullen as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mullen was sworn in on October 1,2007. On March 18,2009, Gates recommended to President Barack Obama that Mullen be re-nominated for a term as chairman of the Joint Chiefs. He was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on September 25,2009, on February 2,2010, Mullen and Gates said that they fully supported President Obama’s decision to end the Dont ask, dont tell law, which prevented openly gay people from serving in the military. “It is my belief that allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly would be the right thing to do. He noted that, there does not appear to be much political progress in Iraq and he also said, If arent making progress in realm, the prospects for movement in a positive direction are not very good. Failure to achieve progress toward reconciliation requires a strategic reassessment. Mullen further told the Senate that the United States needs to bring as much pressure on as possibly can, President Obama, Secretary of Defense Panetta and Admiral Mullen provided the certification required by the Act to Congress on July 22,2011
4.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
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The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by U. S. The post of a statutory and permanent Joint Chiefs of Staff chair was created by the 1949 amendments to the National Security Act of 1947, the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act elevated the Chairman from the first among equals to becoming the principal military advisor to the President and Secretary of Defense. The National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate, the Goldwater-Nichols Act places the chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands. However the services chiefs do have authority over personnel assignments and oversight over resources, the Chairman may also transmit communications to the combatant commanders from the President and Secretary of Defense as well as allocate additional funding to the combatant commanders if necessary. He also performs all other functions prescribed under 10 U. S. C. §153 or allocates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in the joint staff under his name. The principal deputy to the Chairman is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, another 4-star general or admiral, who among many duties chairs the Joint Requirements Oversight Council. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is assisted by the Joint Staff, led by the Director of the Joint Staff, the National Military Command Center is part of the Joint Staff operations directorate. Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, USN, served as the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief from July 20,1942 to March 21,1949. He presided over meetings of what was called the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chairman is nominated by the President for appointment and must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate. The Chairman and Vice Chairman may not be members of the armed force service branch. However, the President may waive that restriction for a period of time in order to provide for the orderly transition of officers appointed to serve in those positions. However, in a time of war or national emergency, there is no limit to how many times an officer can be reappointed to serve as Chairman, historically, the Chairman has served two terms. By statute, the Chairman is appointed as a general or admiral while holding office. All pay for officers, however, is limited by Level II of the Executive Schedule which is $15,125.10.1, Functions of the Department of Defense. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense, office of the Secretary Defense, Director of Administration and Management, Directorate for Organizational & Management Planning. Official Joint Chiefs of Staff site
5.
Joe Lieberman
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Joseph Isadore Joe Lieberman is an American politician and former United States Senator from Connecticut. A former member of the Democratic Party, he was the nominee for Vice President in the 2000 election. Currently an Independent, he closely associated with the Democratic Party. Born in Stamford, Connecticut, Lieberman is a graduate of Yale University and he was elected as a reform Democrat in 1970 to the Connecticut Senate, where he served three terms as Majority Leader. After an unsuccessful bid for the U. S. House of Representatives in 1980, Lieberman defeated moderate Republican Lowell Weicker in 1988 to win election to the U. S. Senate and was re-elected in 1994 and 2000. The U. S. Supreme Court settled the controversy over the Florida vote recount by ruling 5–4 to stop recounting votes. It was the time in history that the Supreme Court has ruled on a case directly related to a presidential election. Lieberman also unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination in the 2004 presidential election, Lieberman himself was never a member of that party, but instead remained a registered Democrat while he ran. Lieberman was officially listed in Senate records for the 110th and 111th Congresses as an Independent Democrat and sat as part of the Senate Democratic Caucus, on November 5,2008, Lieberman met with Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid to discuss his future role with the Democratic Party. Ultimately, the Senate Democratic Caucus voted to allow Lieberman to keep chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security, subsequently, Lieberman announced that he would continue to caucus with the Democrats. Before the 2016 election, he endorsed Hillary Clinton for President, as Senator he introduced and championed the Dont Ask, Dont Tell Repeal Act of 2010 and legislation that led to the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. Lieberman announced in January 2011 that he would retire from the Senate at the end of his term, Lieberman was born in Stamford, Connecticut, the son of Marcia and Henry Lieberman, who ran a liquor store. His family is Jewish, his grandparents emigrated from Congress Poland. He received a B. A. in both science and economics from Yale University in 1964 and was the first member of his family to graduate from college. At Yale he was editor of the Yale Daily News and a member of the Elihu Club and his roommate was Richard Sugarman, a Professor of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Vermont and advisor to 2016 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. Lieberman later attended Yale Law School, receiving his law degree in 1967, after graduation from law school, Lieberman worked as a lawyer for the New Haven-based law firm Wiggin & Dana LLP. A spokesperson told The Hartford Courant in 1994 that Lieberman received a deferment from the Vietnam War draft when he was an undergraduate. Upon graduating from law school at age 25, Lieberman qualified for a family deferment because he was married and had one child
6.
John McCain
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John Sidney McCain III is an American politician who currently serves as the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for the 2008 U. S. presidential election, McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became an aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, in October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973, McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds have left him with physical limitations. He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1982, McCain served two terms. He was first elected to the U. S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily five times, while generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a maverick for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. He is also known for his work in the 1990s to restore relations with Vietnam. McCain ran for the Republican nomination in 2000 but lost a primary season contest to George W. Bush of Texas. He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration, by 2013, however, he had become a key figure in the Senate for negotiating deals on certain issues in an otherwise partisan environment. In 2015, McCain became chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, John McCain was born on August 29,1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain Jr. and Roberta McCain. He has a brother named Joe and an elder sister named Sandy. At that time, the Panama Canal was under U. S. control, McCains family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors. Both his father and his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. became four-star United States Navy admirals. The McCain family followed his father to various postings in the United States. Altogether, he attended about 20 schools, in 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis
7.
Ray Mabus
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Raymond Edwin Ray Mabus, Jr. is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017. Mabus was born in Starkville, Mississippi, and is a fourth-generation Mississippian, he grew up in Ackerman, the only child of the owner of the local hardware store. After attending public schools, he graduated cum laude from the University of Mississippi. He earned an M. A. in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Mabus began his professional career working in Washington, D. C. as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on Agriculture. In 1983, Mabus was elected auditor and served from 1984 to 1988, during this time. By the time it was finished, Operation Pretense had ensnared 57 county supervisors in 25 counties, at 39 years of age, he defeated Tupelo businessman Jack Reed in the 1987 gubernatorial election by 53% to 47%, becoming the youngest governor in the United States. He won on a wave of black votes and lost the vote by about 3 to 2 despite support from what a coalition one Democratic state chairman described as poor whites and yuppies. Mabus, who ran on the slogan Mississippi Will Never Be Last Again, was billed as the face of the New South, much like his counterpart in Arkansas at the time, Bill Clinton. Mabus was featured in a 1988 New York Times Magazine cover story titled The Yuppies of Mississippi, during his time as governor, he passed B. E. S. T. Gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation, and was named one of Fortune Magazine’s ten education governors, Mississippi also had record growth in new jobs, investment, tourism and exports. Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, on March 27,2009, Mabus was nominated by President Obama as Secretary of the Department of the Navy. He was sworn in on May 19,2009, and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18,2009, where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. Additional naming controversies occurred due to the naming of auxiliary ship after civil rights activist Cesar Chavez who has described his service in the U. S. Navy as. On April 16,2012, the Navy Secretary returned to Naval tradition of naming certain warships after former U. S. presidents, warships named for presidents have been aircraft carriers. Mabus further stated that particular class of auxiliary ship, of which the John Lewis would be the lead ship. Mabus followed this action with his July 14,2016 naming of the subsequent after gay rights icon and former San Francisco Democratic politician, Secretary Mabus has a presence on Facebook and frequently comments about his daily activities. He is the first branch secretary to maintain a web presence, President Obama has asked him to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible. The plan will be designed by states, local communities, Native American tribes, fishermen, businesses, conservationists, on September 16,2013, gunman Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and killed 13 people and injured 14
8.
United States Secretary of Defense
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The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S
9.
Robert Gates
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Robert Michael Bob Gates is an American statesman, scholar, and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011. Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was recruited by the CIA. Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council, after leaving the CIA, Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards. Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group, the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton, Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election, replacing Donald Rumsfeld. He was confirmed with bipartisan support, in a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Time named Gates one of the years most influential people. In 2008, Gates was named one of Americas Best Leaders by U. S. News & World Report and he continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obamas administration. Hell be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy, Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian award, by President Obama during his retirement ceremony. According to a Washington Post book review, he is considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era. Gates was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Isabel V. Gates attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the BSA as an adult. He graduated from Wichita High School East in 1961, Gates is also a Vigil Honor member within the Order of the Arrow, BSAs National Honor Society. Gates then received a scholarship to attend the College of William and Mary, at his William & Mary graduation ceremony, Gates received the Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award naming him the graduate who has made the greatest contribution to his fellow man. Gates then received an M. A. in history from Indiana University in 1966 and he completed his Ph. D. in Russian and Soviet history at Georgetown University in 1974. He received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from William & Mary and he married his wife Becky on January 7,1967. While at Indiana University, Gates was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency, on January 4,1967, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force after attending Officer Training School under CIA sponsorship. After fulfilling his obligation, he rejoined the CIA as an intelligence analyst. Gates left the CIA in 1974 to serve on the staff of the National Security Council and he returned to the CIA in late 1979, serving briefly as the director of the Strategic Evaluation Center, Office of Strategic Research. He was named the Director of the DCI/DDCI Executive Staff in 1981, Deputy Director for Intelligence in 1982, Gates was nominated to become the Director of Central Intelligence in early 1987. He withdrew his name after it became clear the Senate would reject the nomination due to controversy about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, according to Goodman, Gates was part of an agency leadership that proliferated false information and ignored reality
10.
Nuclear power
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Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion, since all electricity supplying technologies use cement, etc. during construction, emissions are yet to be brought to zero. Each result is contrasted with coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g CO2 eq/kWh, there is a social debate about nuclear power. Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe, opponents, such as Greenpeace International and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, there have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution. In 2015, Ten new reactors were connected to the grid, seven reactors were permanently shut down. 441 reactors had a net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity. 67 new nuclear reactors were under construction, Most of the new activity is in China where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants. In October 2016, Watts Bar 2 became the first new United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996. The same year, his doctoral student James Chadwick discovered the neutron, further work by Enrico Fermi in the 1930s focused on using slow neutrons to increase the effectiveness of induced radioactivity. Experiments bombarding uranium with neutrons led Fermi to believe he had created a new, transuranic element and they determined that the relatively tiny neutron split the nucleus of the massive uranium atoms into two roughly equal pieces, contradicting Fermi. Numerous scientists, including Leó Szilárd, who was one of the first, recognized that if fission reactions released additional neutrons, a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction could result. In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, this led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved criticality on December 2,1942. In 1945, the pocketbook The Atomic Age heralded the untapped atomic power in everyday objects and depicted a future where fossil fuels would go unused. One science writer, David Dietz, wrote that instead of filling the gas tank of a car two or three times a week, people travel for a year on a pellet of atomic energy the size of a vitamin pill. The United Kingdom, Canada, and the USSR proceeded over the course of the late 1940s, electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20,1951, at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100 kW. Work was also researched in the US on nuclear marine propulsion
11.
Cold War
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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
12.
Tom Cotton
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Thomas Bryant Tom Cotton is an American politician who is the junior United States Senator from Arkansas. A member of the Republican Party, Cotton has served in the Senate since January 3,2015, at age 39, he is currently the youngest U. S. Senator. Prior to the election of Cotton, Senator Chris Murphy from Connecticut was the youngest incumbent U. S. Senator, Cotton was first elected to the Senate in 2014, defeating two-term Democratic incumbent Mark Pryor. He previously served one term in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 until 2015, Tom Cotton was born on May 13,1977 in Dardanelle, south of Russellville. He is the son of Thomas Leonard and Avis Cotton, and he graduated from Dardanelle High School in June 1995. He attended Harvard College, where he wrote for the Harvard Crimson, graduating in 1998, in summer 1997, Cotton attended the Publius Fellowship program of the Claremont Institute, a conservative think tank. In 1998, he was accepted into a degree program at Claremont Graduate University. He left in 1999, saying that he found life too sedentary, enrolling at Harvard Law School. Immediately after finishing law school in 2002, he served for a year as a clerk for Judge Jerry Edwin Smith at the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. He then entered practice, working at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher for a few months. On January 11,2005, Cotton enlisted in the United States Army, in March 2005, he entered Officer Candidate School, and in June 2005 was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant of Infantry. He was initially stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia, where he entered a 14-week Officer’s Basic Course, after completing OBC in November 2005, Cotton attended the U. S. Army Airborne School as well as Ranger School and Air Assault School. In May 2006, Cotton deployed to Baghdad as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom as a leader with the 101st Airborne Division. In Iraq, he led a 41-man air assault infantry platoon in the 506th Infantry Regiment, the Times did not publish the letter, but it was published on Power Line, a conservative blog which had been copied on the email. In the letter, Cotton called for the responsible for the newspaper article to be imprisoned for espionage. He asserted that the newspaper had gravely endangered the lives of my soldiers and all other soldiers, the article was widely circulated online and reprinted in full in several newspapers. Cotton said in an interview that after meeting with his commander, he was nervous and worried all night long about losing his position and even worse. When he finally met the commander, he was simply told Well, here’s a piece of advice
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