1.
Unincorporated area
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Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
7.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
North American Numbering Plan
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The North American Numbering Plan is a telephone numbering plan that encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America, including the Caribbean and the U. S. territories. Not all North American countries participate in the NANP, each participating country forms a regulatory authority that has plenary control over local numbering resources. The FCC also serves as the U. S. regulator, Canadian numbering decisions are made by the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium. The NANP divides the territories of its members into numbering plan areas which are encoded numerically with a telephone number prefix. Each telephone is assigned a telephone number unique only within its respective plan area. The telephone number consists of a central office code and a four-digit station number. The combination of a code and the telephone number serves as a destination routing address in the public switched telephone network. For international call routing, the NANP has been assigned the calling code 1 by the International Telecommunications Union. The North American Numbering Plan conforms with ITU Recommendation E.164, from its beginnings in 1876 and throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Bell System grew from essentially local or regional telephone systems. These systems expanded by growing their subscriber bases, as well as increasing their service areas by implementing additional local exchanges that were interconnected with tie trunks and it was the responsibility of each local administration to design telephone numbering plans that accommodated the local requirements and growth. As a result, the Bell System as a developed into an unorganized system of many differing local numbering systems. The diversity impeded the efficient operation and interconnection of exchanges into a system for long-distance telephone communication. The new numbering plan was accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas. Each NPA was assigned a Numbering Plan Area code, often abbreviated as area code and these codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10,1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing was introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities. In the following decades, the system expanded to all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda. By 1967,129 area codes had been assigned, mexican participation was planned, but implementation stopped after two area codes had been assigned and Mexico opted for an international numbering format, using country code 52
11.
Area codes 747 and 818
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Area code 818 is a California telephone area code that consists largely of the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California. It was split from area code 213 on January 7,1984, on June 14,1997, area code 818 was split again, with area code 626 having been created for most of the San Gabriel Valley. Area code 747 is an overlay of 818 that became effective on May 18,2009, after the standardization of American telephone area codes in 1947, almost all of Los Angeles County used the 213 area code. The 818 area code entered service on January 7,1984, Area code 626 was split from it on June 14,1997. In November 1999, it was proposed that at some date, a new 747 area code would split from 818. Public hearings were held, and the public sentiment was for an overlay rather than the split. The new 747 area code would be used for numbers associated with new service, on April 24,2008, the CPUC decided that area code 747 would overlay area code 818 effective May 18,2009. From that date, new numbers could be assigned to the new area code, callers within the 818 and 747 area codes would be required to dial 1 plus the area code for all calls. There was a period starting October 11,2008 during which callers could still complete calls using the seven-digit number. Beginning April 18,2009, calls would need to be dialed with 1 plus the area code, the first telephone number block to be assigned to area code 747 became effective on October 11,2009. Bell Canyon North Ranch Oak Park The 747 area code conflicted with 10-digit Session Initiation Protocol addresses on some VoIP networks such as Gizmo5. Because of this conflict, some outgoing calls from VoIP networks using a 10-digit SIP address could have be mistaken for calls originating from the actual 747 area code and these addresses are no longer in use as Gizmo5 service was discontinued as of April 3,2011. In the movie Go, Ronna tells Claire not to go 818 on me when she acts reluctant to do some of the films illegal/dangerous activities, List of California area codes List of NANP area codes North American Numbering Plan NANPA Area Code Map of California
12.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
13.
San Fernando Valley
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The San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in Los Angeles County, California, defined by the mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it. Home to 1.8 million people, it lies north of the larger, nearly two thirds of the valleys land area is part of the city of Los Angeles. The other incorporated cities in the valley are Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills, the Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek and Bell Creek, between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Ave. in Canoga Park. These creeks headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the rivers two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin, a seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, the elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about 600 ft to 1,200 ft above sea level. Universal City, an enclave in the part of the valley, is unincorporated land housing the Universal Studios filming lot. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, in this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the missions support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops. The San Fernando Valley contains five incorporated cities—Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas—and part of a sixth, Los Angeles, the unincorporated communities are governed by the County of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city districts,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city,34 are in the valley, the valley is represented in the California State Legislature by seven members of the State Assembly and five members of the State Senate. The valley is divided into five congressional districts, the San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections. This is especially true in the areas which include Sherman Oaks. The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a station, municipal and superior courts. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge, many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley. For independent libraries see Incorporated Cities in the Municipalities and districts list below, Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, and independent valley city departments
14.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
15.
Major film studio
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The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate. The Big Six majors, whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood, are all centered in film studios active during Hollywoods Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s. In three cases—20th Century Fox, Warner Bros. and Paramount—the studios were one of the Big Five majors during that era as well, in two cases—Columbia and Universal—the studios were also considered majors, but in the next tier down, part of the Little Three. In the sixth case, Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age, it was an important Hollywood entity, metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, United Artists, and RKO were majors. Today, Disney is the member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles. The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City, Philadelphia, the six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies, which are known as independents or indies. The leading independent producer/distributors—Lionsgate Films, The Weinstein Company, and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer—are sometimes referred to as mini-majors, from 1998 through 2005, DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major, despite its relatively small output. In 2006, DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom, Paramounts corporate parent, in late 2008, DreamWorks once again became an independent production company, its films were distributed by Disneys Touchstone Pictures until 2016, at which point distribution switched to Universal. The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement, while the majors still do a modicum of true production, their activities are focused more in the areas of development, financing, marketing, and merchandising. Since the dawn of filmmaking, the U. S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the film industry. U. S. Today, the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets, polyGram Filmed Entertainment - sold to Universal Studios in 1999. Relativity Media - filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on July 15,2015 Emerged in March 2016, now known as Lionsgate, it was founded in 1997 by financier Frank Giustra. In 2003, the company doubled in size with the acquisition of Artisan Entertainment, in January 2012, Lionsgate acquired Summit Entertainment, which was the highest-grossing mini-major the previous three years. Summit was founded as an independent overseas sales company in 1991, moved into production in the mid-1990s, Lionsgate also owns a minority stake in the independent distribution company Roadside Attractions. Lionsgate is apparently on the cusp of becoming a studio with the parents purchase of Summit Entertainment as well as its controlling share of Roadside Attractions. With its top five box office showing it was declared a new major studio by Variety, however, the Weinstein Company was founded in late 2005 by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein after their departure from Miramax Films, which they had founded in 1979. In 1993, they control of Miramax to the Walt Disney Company. When the Weinsteins left Disney, they retained the right to the Dimension Films brand, after the success of 1408, released in June 2007, the studio went two years without a hit
16.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
17.
Economy of California
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California has experienced waves of migration. In 1847, California was controlled by a U. S. Army-appointed military governor, after the finding of extensive gold deposits in California the California gold rush started in 1848. Commerce and economic activity in California initially centered around the vastly expanded cities of San Francisco, San Jose, Los Angeles initially remained a sleepy backwater of less than 5,000 residents. Before 1850 government was judged inadequate and poorly run and statehood status was sought to start trying to remedy this problem, due to the California Gold Rush, by 1850 California had grown to have a non-Indian and non-Californio population of over 110,000. Despite a major conflict in the U. S, soon after statehood in 1850 the state required and paid through taxes for nearly universal elementary school education. Other private schools were founded and are doing well. In the 1930s the California was a leader in the high school movement to students beyond elementary school. State-subsidized college educations have a history in California as well as many private elementary, middle, high schools. There are three public funded higher education systems in the state, the California State University, the University of California system, CSU is the largest university system in the United States. As of fall 2011, the University of California has 10 campuses, a student body of 234,464 students,18,896 faculty members,189,116 staff members. The California Community College System consisting of 112 community colleges in 72 community college districts in California has over 1,800,000 students, California also has an extensive private college system of over 133 colleges and universities including California Institute of Technology and Stanford University. About half the settlers coming to California after 1846 came by the trains on the California Trail. The other half came by sea via paddle steamers going to, the building of the Panama Railroad in 1855 made this a much more used route especially for passengers. The other main sailing ship route was going around Cape Horn, nearly all freight to California till 1869 took this long route around South America—shipping by ship has nearly always been relatively slow but cheap. Overland shipping was too difficult and took too long for all cargo. The First Transcontinental Telegraph replaced the Pony Express in 1861 and established the first rapid communication with the east coast. The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed across the states of Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah. This rail link tied California and the rest of the Pacific states firmly into the union and led to more rapid
18.
Planning permission
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Planning permission or developmental approval refers to the approval needed for construction or expansion in some jurisdictions. It is usually given in the form of a building permit, generally, the new construction must be inspected during construction and after completion to ensure compliance with national, regional, and local building codes. Planning is also dependent on the sites zone – for example, one cannot obtain permission to build a nightclub in an area where it is inappropriate, such as a high-density suburb. Failure to obtain a permit can result in fines, penalties, house building permits, for example, are subject to local housing statutes. The criteria for planning permission is a part of planning and construction law. Since building permits usually precede outlays for construction, employment, financing and furnishings and this type of permit is issued by a national broadcasting authority, but does not imply zoning any other permission that must be given by local government. The permit itself also does not necessarily imply permission to operate the station once constructed, in the U. S. a construction permit is valid for three years. Afterwards, the station must receive a license to operate. This is provided by a separate broadcast license, also called a license to cover by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, further permission or registration for towers may be needed from aviation authorities. In the U. S. construction permits for commercial stations are now assigned by auction, rather than the former process of determining who would serve the community of license best
19.
Universal Studios Hollywood
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Universal Studios Hollywood is a film studio and theme park in the Universal City county island area of the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is one of the oldest and most famous Hollywood film studios still in use and its official marketing headline is The Entertainment Capital of LA. It was initially created to offer tours of the real Universal Studios sets and is the first of many full-fledged Universal Studios Theme Parks located across the world, woody Woodpecker is the official mascot for Universal Studios Hollywood. Outside the theme park, a new, all-digital facility near the Universal Studios backlot was built in an effort to all of NBCUniversals West Coast operations into one area. As a result, the current home for KNBC, KVEA, in 2013, the park hosted 6,148,000 guests, placing it 17th in the world and 9th among North American parks. From the beginning, Universal had offered tours of its studio, there was also a chance to buy fresh produce, since then-rural Universal City was still in part a working farm. This original tour was discontinued in around 1930, due to the advent of sound coming to Universal. Universal Studios Hollywoods back lot has been damaged by nine times throughout its history. The first was in 1932 when embers from a brush fire were blown toward the back lot causing four movie sets to be destroyed. Seventeen years later in 1949 another brush fire caused the destruction of one building. In 1957, the New York street film studio set was destroyed by a fire causing half a million dollars in damage. Ten years later, in 1967, twice as much damage was done when the Little Europe area and it also destroyed the European, Denver and Laramie street sets. In 1987, the portion of Spartacus Square was destroyed along with street sets. As with the 1957 fire, this was suspected to be the result of an arsonist, just three years later another deliberate fire was started in the back lot. The New York Street set, the Ben Hur set and the majority of Courthouse Square were destroyed, in 1997, the seventh fire occurred at the back lot. A portion of the Courthouse Square was again destroyed, though most survived, the most damage was done on June 1,2008 when a three alarm fire broke out on the back lot of Universal Studios. The fire started when a worker was using a blowtorch to warm asphalt shingles being applied to a facade, aerial news footage captured the Courthouse building surviving fire for the third time in its history, with only the west side of it being slightly charred. Over 516 firefighters from various local fire departments, as well as two helicopters dropping water, had responded to the fire, fourteen firefighters and three Los Angeles County sheriffs deputies sustained minor injuries
20.
Universal CityWalk
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Universal CityWalk are the entertainment and retail districts located adjacent to the theme parks of Universal Parks & Resorts. CityWalk began as an expansion of Universals first park, Universal Studios Hollywood, CityWalk can also be found at the Universal Orlando Resort and Universal Studios Japan in Osaka, Japan. CityWalk Hollywood and CityWalk Orlando have some common tenants, but their respective architectural styles are quite different, where CityWalk Hollywood incorporates a classic modern blend of Hollywood, CityWalk Orlando is almost entirely modern in appearance. Universal CityWalk Hollywood is an entertainment, dining, shopping promenade. It has more than 30 places to eat, a 19-screen movie theater featuring Imax, seven night spots, indoor skydiving, designed by Jon Jerde, CityWalk opened in May 1993 adjacent to the Cineplex Odeon cinema. A $1 billion,93,000 sq ft. expansion opened in 2000, cityWalks central plaza is topped by a 170-foot radial trelis designed and built by Pearce Structures. The courtyard features a fountain, created by WET. Street performers are a common sight,5 Towers is an interactive outdoor concert venue on Universal CityWalk, featuring a technologically advanced staging system. The stage is equipped with thousands of LED fixtures, motion sensors, five soaring 42-foot light tower sculptures, a massive video monitor. The new staging system serves as the structural artistic centerpiece for CityWalk, the Universal CityWalk in Orlando opened in 1999 as one component of the expansion that transformed Universal Studios Florida into todays Universal Orlando Resort. It was built over the former Universal Studios parking lot and entrance, guests arriving at the resort park in one of two multi-story parking structures, then travel via covered moving sidewalks over Universal Boulevard into CityWalk. From there, guests can proceed into either of the theme parks, Hard Rock Cafe Orlando – This is actually the second Hard Rock Cafe built on Universal property. The first cafe was built near the Psycho house, Bates Motel, E. T. Adventure, the Old Hard Rock Cafe building was demolished in October 2011. Jimmy Buffetts Margaritaville, Live bands take to the stage to perform every evening. Hollywood Drive-In Mini Golf – A miniature golf course harkening back to 50s era drive-in movies, the facility has two different and intricately themed courses, The Haunting of Ghostly Greens and Invaders from Planet Putt-Putt. Tommy Bahama BMG Gear Fossil, Inc
21.
10 Universal City Plaza
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10 Universal City Plaza is a 35-story,154.23 m rhombic skyscraper in the Universal City/Studio City and Burbank Media District submarket of Los Angeles, California. The tower was completed in 1984 by Hathaway Dinwiddie, and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and it is the tallest building in the San Fernando Valley. French conglomerate Vivendi Universal sold the building to CarrAmerica Realty Corporation and Beacon Capital Partners in 2003, CarrAmerica have owned 80% of this building, while Vivendi and NBC Universal own the remainder. The building was sold to Broadway Partners in December 2006, on October 3,2013, it was reported that Comcast Corporation, owner of NBCUniversal, had purchased the building for about $420 million. The building was built to be the headquarters of Getty Oil. When Getty was acquired by Texaco in 1984/85, the building housed the West Coast offices of that company for several years, other NBCU businesses such as Universal Filmed Home Entertainment, HRConnection, and corporate functions are also housed here. The property is home to The Terrace Studios at 10UCP, a broadcast facility housing two sound stages and their accompanying facilities, Entertainment news programs Access Hollywood and Access Hollywood LIVE began broadcasting from this facility in June 2015. The tower is home to the offices and newsroom facility. List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles
22.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
23.
Hilton Hotels & Resorts
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Hilton Hotels & Resorts is a global brand of full-service hotels and resorts and the flagship brand of Hilton. The original company was founded by Conrad Hilton, as of 2017, there were more than 570 Hilton Hotels & Resorts properties in 85 countries and territories across six continents. Properties are either owned by, managed by, or franchised to independent operators by Hilton, Hilton Hotels & Resorts is Hiltons flagship brand and one of the largest hotel brands in the world. The brand is targeted at business and leisure travelers with locations in major city centers, near airports, convention centers. Hilton Hotels & Resorts participates in Hilton Honors, Hiltons guest loyalty program, Conrad Hilton founded the hotel chain in 1919, when he bought his first property, the Mobley Hotel, in Cisco, Texas. The first hotel to bear the Hilton name was the Dallas Hilton, in 1954, at the Caribe Hilton Hotels Beachcomber Bar in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Ramon Monchito Marrero reportedly created the Piña Colada. The Conrad Hilton Hotel in Chicago figured prominently in the 1968 Democratic Convention riots that occurred across the street in Grant Park, John Lennon and Yoko Ono held their first Bed-In for Peace between March 25 and March 31,1969 at the Amsterdam Hilton, in Room 902. This room became a popular tourist destination, in 1989, Hilton established the Hilton Honors program, a seal of approval for hotels of the highest quality with a series of benefits for participants. Controversially, only Hilton hotels were ever awarded Honors, and further, basically all Hiltons were so honored, even the worst ones, in 2009, the company relocated its global headquarters from Beverly Hills, California to McLean, Virginia. With construction on the Beirut Hilton finished, the hotel was scheduled to open on April 14,1975, the hotel never opened and was severely damaged during the war, and the building was demolished in the late 1990s. However, a different hotel was established later, under the name Hilton Beirut Grand Habtoor, later on, the Hilton Chain bought the Metropolitan hotel directly facing the Grand Habtoor and renamed it Hilton Metropolitan. On February 13,1978, the Sydney Hilton Hotel was the site of one of the few terrorist incidents on Australian soil, when a bomb blast killed three people. The Hilton Nicosia in Nicosia, Cyprus, was the scene of the assassination of Youssef Sebai, the assassination and the hijacking of a Cyprus Airways DC-8 at Larnaca Airport led to the Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airport by Egyptian forces. The intervention by the Egyptians led to the deterioration of relations between Cyprus and Egypt, in 2009 Hilton opened Canadas tallest hotel at 58 stories, in Niagara Falls, Ontario. In late 2010, Hilton announced a change of the Hilton Hotels brand to Hilton Hotels & Resorts along with a new logo design. In March 2013, Hilton announced that it would be entering Burma for the first time with the construction of a 300-room hotel in Yangon, in 2015, approximately 20 Hilton Hotels & Resorts properties were inducted into the Historic Hotels of America organization. Among these hotels were Hilton Fort Worth, which hosted John F. Kennedys final speech, and Hilton Hawaiian Village Waikiki Beach Resort, in 2016, Hilton N’Djamena opened in Chad. It was the brands first property in the country and the 100th country Hilton began operations in worldwide, hyatt List of chained-brand hotels List of hotels Sheraton Hotels and Resorts Official Hilton Hotels & Resorts website Hilton Hotels & Resorts index homepage
24.
Red Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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The Red Line is a heavy rail subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and North Hollywood via the districts of Hollywood and Mid-Wilshire. In North Hollywood it connects with the Orange Line service for stations to the Warner Center in Woodland Hills and it is operated by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The Red Line, which is one of six forming the Metro Rail rapid transit system. Together with the Purple Line, these two rail lines combine to form L. A. Metro Rails busiest line. As of October 2013, the combined Red and Purple lines averaged 169,478 boardings per weekday, the Red Line begins at Union Station and travels southwest through Downtown Los Angeles, passing the Civic Center, Pershing Square and the Financial District. At 7th St/Metro Center, travelers can connect to the Metro Blue Line, from here, the train travels between 7th Street and Wilshire Boulevard west through Pico-Union and Westlake, arriving at Wilshire/Vermont in the citys Mid-Wilshire/Koreatown district. Up to this point, the track is shared with the Metro Purple Line, at Wilshire/Vermont, from here, the Red Line travels north along Vermont, and then west along Hollywood Boulevard, traveling through Koreatown and Hollywood. Finally, the line turns northwest and crosses into the San Fernando Valley and this route matches a branch of the old Red Car system, dismantled during The Great American Streetcar Scandal. Trains run between approximately 4,30 a. m. and 1,00 a. m. the following morning, on Friday and Saturday evenings, trains are extended until 2,00 a. m. of the following morning. First and last train times are as follows, To/From North Hollywood Eastbound First Train to Union Station,4,31 a. m, last Train to Union Station,12,54 a. m. Westbound First Train to North Hollywood,4,30 a. m, last Train to North Hollywood,12,17 a. m. Trains on the Red Line operate every ten minutes during peak hours Monday through Friday and they operate every twelve minutes during the daytime weekdays and all day on the weekends after approximately 10 a. m. Night service can range between 10–20 minutes, the Red Line project consisted of the current Red Line and Purple Line corridors, plus other corridors that were never built. To Fairfax Avenue, then north along Fairfax to the San Fernando Valley. This zone stretched on either side of Wilshire Boulevard from Hancock Park to west of Fairfax, congress passed the ban in 1986. Subsequently, any plans for a subway west of Western Avenue diverted the line south around the zone, using Crenshaw, Pico, and San Vicente Boulevards. The passage of the legislation forced the then SCRTD to terminate the route at Western Avenue, and no longer qualify for the current round of Federal funding for the remaining miles of the rail line. Bound tunnel and turn north on Vermont, west on Sunset, then north to the San Fernando Valley, the line would then turn north along Highland Avenue to Universal City and North Hollywood
25.
Universal City/Studio City station
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Universal City/Studio City, formerly Universal City, is a rapid transit station on the Red Line of the Metro Rail in Los Angeles, California. Serving Universal Studios Hollywood and City Walk, Universal City/Studio City station straddles the hills between the Los Angeles Basin to the south and the San Fernando Valley to the north. Universal City/Studio City station lies within the Los Angeles neighborhood of Studio City, specifically at the intersection of Lankershim Boulevard, Campo de Cahuenga, Universal City/Studio City station serves the nearby Universal Studios theme park, as well as the NBC Universal studio complex. Riders can cross the street and board the tram to go to City Walk, a pedestrian tunnel was originally proposed by Metro but was ultimately scrapped because of Universals reluctance to pay the growing costs of the project. Universal, in conjunction with Metro, constructed a bridge over Lankershim Boulevard. NBCUniversal agreed to fund a portion of the $19.5 million project, the Universal City/Studio City station lies underground, in this case beneath Bluffside Drive at its intersection with Campo de Cahuenga. Access is provided by two entrances, one on the northwest and the other on the southwest corner of the intersection between Lankershim Boulevard and Campo de Cahuenga, the station features a park and ride lot. Metro Local,150,155,224,237,240,656 Metro Rapid,750 Universal City Shuttle Tram Media related to Universal City/Studio City at Wikimedia Commons Station connections overview
26.
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
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With 17,694 total employees the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, officially the County of Los Angeles Sheriffs Department, is the nations largest Sheriff’s Department. The Department’s three, and the housing and transportation of inmates within the county jail system, the Departments headquarters are located in downtown Los Angeles at the Los Angeles County Hall of Justice. The Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department is the largest sheriffs department, there are approximately 17,926 employees, over 9,972 sworn deputies and 7,954 non sworn members. There are an additional 4,200 civilian volunteers,791 reserve deputies and 400 explorers, on December 1,2014, Jim McDonnell took the oath of office and was sworn in as the 32nd Los Angeles County Sheriff. Court Services Division - Provides security and support services to the Superior Court in the County of Los Angeles and this includes staffing bailiffs, operating courthouse lock-ups, and serving and enforcing civil and criminal process. The Detail also trains personnel in the handling of labor disputes. South Patrol Division - Carson, Cerritos, Lakewood, Lomita, Norwalk, east Patrol Division - Altadena, Crescenta Valley, Industry, San Dimas, Temple, and Walnut/Diamond Bar. Central Patrol Division - Avalon, Century, Compton, Marina Del Rey, reserves may use either STARS Center or College of the Canyons for academy training. Academy training is 22 weeks long, many law enforcement agencies throughout Los Angeles County utilize STARS Center and deputy sheriff trainees graduating as deputy sheriffs also undergo detention-specific training. There are separate academy curricula for Deputy Sheriffs, Custody Assistants, Security Officers, the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department operates the largest jail system in the world. The Los Angeles County Jail provides short-term incarceration services for all of the County, the Mens Central Jail and Twin Towers Correctional Facility are located in a dense cluster northeast of Union Station that is next to the stations rail yard. The North County Correctional Facility is the largest of the four facilities located at the Pitchess Detention Center in Castaic. County womens jail, called the Century Regional Detention Facility or the Lynwood Jail, is located in Lynwood, the Los Angeles County Jail incarcerates about 200,000 individuals each year, and with such large numbers, the jail has faced numerous problems with its facilities. In May 2013, the Mens Central Jail and the Twin Towers Correctional Facility ranked as one of the ten worst prisons in the United States, one of such issues is visitation controversy, exemplified by a recent event in the Mens Central Jail. 23-year-old male Gabriel Carillo was severely beaten and pepper sprayed by a deputy in Los Angeles Mens Central Jail on Saturday, Carillo was there with his girlfriend, Grace Torres, to visit his younger brother. Both Torres and Carillo brought their cell phones into the jail and were caught having the phones on them, the deputies confiscated both phones shortly after, handcuffed Carillo, and took both Carillo and Torres into the break room, where Carillo was assaulted. Following the controversy, Los Angeles County Sheriff, Lee Baca, construction of a new jail has been proposed to replace the Mens Central Jail. Another challenge that the Los Angeles County Jail faces is violence within the jail community, many researchers assert that the violence seen in jails is in part due to males wanting to maintain a position of superiority
27.
Los Angeles County Fire Department
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As of 2013 the department is responsible for just over 4 million residents spread out in over 1.2 million housing units across an area of 2,305 square miles. The department is commanded by Chief Daryl L. Osby with an budget of $939 million. The Los Angeles County Fire Department began in 1920, and was known as the Los Angeles County Forestry Department and Los Angeles County Fire Protection Districts. The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors enlisted Stuart J. Flintham to lead the new department and he succeeded in opening 30 Fire Protection Districts, which served, and continue to serve, towns and the unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County. Cities could choose to join the Fire Protection District by allocating property tax for this service, cities formed as contract cities in the post-World War II period normally retained membership in the Fire Protection District. Following the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, property taxes were capped at 1%, properties within the district that are not covered under a fee for service arrangement also pay a special fire tax as a result of Proposition E, passed in 1997. The Los Angeles County Fire Department Emergency Operations are commanded by Chief David R. Richardson, the 4 Bureaus that the Chief Deputy oversees contain the bulk of the firefighting and rescue personnel and apparatus that the Fire Department provides, as well as the Technical Services Division. The 3 Operations Bureaus consist of the fire stations and camps that are geographically based. The 3 Operations Bureaus of LACoFD serve 58 cities with 22 Battalions and 9 Divisions, each Division is commanded by an assistant chief, the only exception being the Lifeguard Division, which is led by the Chief Lifeguard. The LACoFD has 8 fire camps with handcrews which are used for fire prevention and wildland firefighting. Inmates assigned to the camps are nonviolent offenders who have completed physical and they are trained by county firefighters to help fight fires and assist with clearing brush and debris. The camps are run in conjunction with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, the Los Angeles County Lifeguards are an entity within the Los Angeles County Fire Department, serving the 72 miles coastline that Los Angeles County shares with the Pacific Ocean. As of 2013 the division employed 151 year-round lifeguards with an additional 630 seasonal lifeguards for the busy summers and these personnel staff the 159 lifeguard towers and 23 stations. All lifeguards are EMT certified and have training in rescue operations as well as swift water rescue. The LACoFD sponsors one of the eight FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces in California, County Fire Apparatus are painted reddish-orange as opposed to Los Angeles City Fire Department which are fire engine red. The benefit of a quint is that it also has a built in pump and water tank, the LA County Fire Department has 9 helicopters available for search and rescue as well as aerial firefighting. With the exception of Copter 10 which is used primarily for command purposes, all copters are outfitted with water tanks for aerial firefighting. The headquarters for the Air Operations Section is located at Barton Heliport, three Sikorsky S-70A Firehawks Copter 15, Copter 16 and Copter 19, are each capable of transporting up to 4 patients and are fitted with 1,000 US gallons tanks
28.
Jack Webb
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John Randolph Jack Webb, also known by the pen name John Randolph, was an American actor, television producer, director, and screenwriter, who is most famous for his role as Sgt. Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise and he was also the founder of his own production company, Mark VII Limited. Webb was born in Santa Monica, California on Good Friday 1920, son of Samuel Chester Webb and he grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles. His father left home before Webb was born, and Webb never knew him and he was raised a Roman Catholic by his Irish and Native American mother. One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was an ex-jazzman and began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park, where he served as an altar boy. He then attended Belmont High School, near downtown Los Angeles and later, St. Johns University, Minnesota, in Belmont High, Webb was a student body president. He wrote to the student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook, Campanile, You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know, during World War II, Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Force, but he washed out of flight training. He later received a discharge, since he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother. Following his discharge, he moved to San Francisco, where a shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio. The Jack Webb Show was a comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946. Prior to that, he had a program, One Out of Seven. By 1949, he had abandoned comedy for drama, and starred in Pat Novak for Hire, a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective. Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the style of such writers as Raymond Chandler, with lines such as. Her voice was hot and sticky--like a furnace full of marshmallows, Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero, Pier 23, Jeff Regan, Investigator, Murder and Mr. Malone, Pete Kellys Blues, and One Out of Seven. Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven, often vigorously attacking racial prejudice, Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D. I. with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private. Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role, that of Drill Instructor Gunnery Sergeant James Moore, but The D. I. was a box-office failure. Webb had a role as a crime lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night
29.
Emergency!
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Not to be confused with Emergency, a TV program aired on GMA Network in the Philippines. Is an American television series that combines the drama and action-adventure genres. It was a joint production of Mark VII Limited and Universal Television, was created and produced by Jack Webb and Robert A. Cinader, who were also responsible for the police dramas Adam-12 and Dragnet. Harold Jack Bloom is also credited as a creator, Webb does not receive credit as a creator. In the shows original TV-movie pilot, Webb was credited only as its director. The plot of the pilot film described the passing of state legislation, eventually signed by then State Governor Ronald Reagan. Squad 51 worked in concert with the fictional Rampart General Hospital medical staff, debuted, the Smithsonian Institution accepted Emergency. Memorabilia into its National Museum of American Historys public-service section, including the firefighters helmets, turnouts, biophone, the vehicles of Station 51 are a part of the collection of the Los Angeles County Fire Museum. To train for their parts, the actors, Mantooth and Tighe. sat in on paramedic classes and rode out on extensive ride-alongs with LACoFD. In an interview with Tom Blixa of WTVN, Mantooth said that the wanted them to train so that they would at least know the fundamentals. Mantooth mentioned that you needed to take the course to be a paramedic. Mantooth became an advocate for firefighters and paramedics after the series ended and he continued, as of late October 2014, to give speeches and make appearances all over the country at special events. Supporting characters were the crew of Station 51s A shift, some of whom were played by professional firefighters, chet Kelly, Marco Lopez, Mike Stoker, Captain Dick Hammer, and Captain Hank Stanley. Lanier, an actual LACoFD Dispatcher, retired from the department shortly after Emergency, Lopez spoke Spanish, and occasionally translated for the crew when a victim or onlooker spoke Spanish but no English. Boyett was also a regular on Adam-12, playing Sergeant MacDonald, Robert Fuller as Kelly Brackett, M. D. F. A. C. S. Julie London as Dixie McCall, R. N, bobby Troup as Joe Early, M. D. F. A. C. S. Ron Pinkard as Mike Morton, M. D. Randolph Mantooth as Firefighter Paramedic John Roderick Johnny Gage, County FD Squad 51 Kevin Tighe as Firefighter Paramedic Roy DeSoto, L. A. County FD Squad 51 Tim Donnelly as Firefighter Chester B, County FD Engine 51 Marco Lopez as Firefighter Marco Lopez, L. A
30.
Carson, California
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Carson is a city in Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census, Carson had a population of 91,714, located 13 miles south of downtown Los Angeles and approximately 14 miles away from the Los Angeles International Airport. Incorporated on February 20,1968, Carson is the youngest municipality in the South Bay region of Metropolitan Los Angeles, according to the United States Census Bureau, Carson has an area of 19.0 square miles. 18.7 square miles of it is land and 0.2 square miles of it is water. Carson is bordered by West Compton on the north, Compton on the northeast, Long Beach on the east, Wilmington on the south, and West Carson and Harbor Gateway on the west. Carson experiences a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, similar to that of the Los Angeles Basin with noticeably cooler temperatures during the due to the nearby Pacific Ocean. Rainfall is scarce during the summer in Carson but receives enough rainfall throughout the year to avoid Köppens BSh, Carson, like many of the Southern California coastal areas, is subject to a late spring/early summer weather phenomenon called June Gloom. This involves overcast or foggy skies in the morning which yield to sun by early afternoon, the 2010 United States Census reported that Carson had a population of 91,714. The population density was 4,835.2 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Carson was 21,864 White,21,856 African American,518 Native American,23,522 Asian,2,386 Pacific Islander,17,151 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 35,417 persons. The Census reported that 90,411 people lived in households,1,170 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters,3,776 households were made up of individuals and 1,790 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.56, there were 20,726 families, the average family size was 3.90. The median age was 37.6 years, for every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males. There were 26,226 housing units at a density of 1,382.6 per square mile, of which 19,529 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 3%, the vacancy rate was 3. 7%. 68,924 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 21,487 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 89,730 people,24,648 households, the population density was 4,762.2 inhabitants per square mile
31.
Carl Laemmle
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Carl Laemmle was a pioneer in American film making and a founder of Universal Studios. Laemmle produced or worked on over 400 films, regarded as one of the most important of the early film pioneers, Laemmle was born in modern-day Germany. He emigrated to the United States in 1884 and worked in Chicago for 20 years before he began buying nickelodeons, eventually expanding into a distribution service. Laemmle was born on 17 January 1867 in Laupheim, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, in Germany, to a Jewish family and his parents were born with the same surname and were first cousins. As a youth, he was an apprentice in Ichenhausen and he worked a variety of jobs, but by 1894 he was the bookkeeper of the Continental Clothing Company in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he introduced a bolder advertising style. In 1906, Laemmle quit his job and started one of the first motion picture theaters in Chicago and he challenged Thomas Edisons monopoly on moving pictures under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. After moving to New York, Carl Laemmle got involved in producing movies, forming Independent Moving Pictures, the city was the site of many new movie-related businesses. They founded the Company with studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey, in 1915, the studio moved to 235 acres of land in the San Fernando Valley, California. Universal maintained two East Coast offices, The first was located at 1600 Broadway, New York City and this building, initially known as The Studebaker building, was razed around 2004-5. The second location to house Universals executive offices was at 730 Fifth Avenue, many years later,445 Park Avenue was the location of Universals executive offices. After moving to California, Laemmle purchased as a residence for his family the home of film pioneer Thomas Ince on Benedict Canyon Drive. The house was razed in the early 1940s, Laemmle also maintained a large apartment for himself and his two children, Rosabelle Laemmle and Carl Jr. at 465 West End Avenue, New York City, one block off Riverside Drive near the Hudson River. In 1916, Laemmle sponsored the $3,000 three-foot-tall solid silver Universal Trophy for the winner of the annual Universal race at the Uniontown Speedway board track in southwestern Pennsylvania, Universal filmed each race from 1916 to 1922. in the title role, and The Man Who Laughs. In the early and mid-1930s, Laemmles son, Carl Laemmle and his occasional successes included Back Street, 1936s Show Boat. Carl Laemmle and his son were forced out of the company in 1936 during the Great Depression. He died from disease on September 24,1939 in Beverly Hills, California. Laemmle was entombed in the Chapel Mausoleum at Home of Peace Cemetery, to ensure and facilitate their immigration, Laemmle contacted American authorities, members of the House of Representatives and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. He also intervened to try to secure entry for the refugees on board the SS St. Louis, who were sent back from Havana to Europe in 1939
32.
Lankershim Boulevard
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Lankershim Boulevard is a major north-south thoroughfare in the eastern San Fernando Valley, primarily within the City of Los Angeles, in Los Angeles County, California. Lankershim Boulevard starts off at San Fernando Road in the Sun Valley portion of the San Fernando Valley, in addition to Sun Valley, it runs through North Hollywood and Universal City. It runs for about 7.3 miles before ending south of Ventura Boulevard. It crosses intersection with Interstate 5, State Route 134, Metro Local line 224 serves Lankershim Boulevard. It is also served by Metro Local lines 154,162. It passes two Metro Rail stations, North Hollywood and Universal City/Studio City, both of which are served by the Red Line, and the North Hollywood Station is also served by the Orange Line. Named for one of the founding families, Lankershim Blvd. is one of the oldest streets in the area surrounding what is now the neighborhood of North Hollywood. It was a thoroughfare for the town of Toluca, connecting it to Los Angeles by way of the Cahuenga Pass. In the center of Toluca it crossed the Southern Pacific Railroad, the foundations of the original Campo de Cahuenga adobe were unearthed beneath Lankershim Boulevard during construction of the Metro Red Line subway. The parts of the foundations within the park are preserved as an exhibit, and the footprint of the foundations under the street and sidewalk is marked by decorative pavement
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Nickelodeon (movie theater)
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The nickelodeon was the first type of indoor exhibition space dedicated to showing projected motion pictures. Usually set up in converted storefronts, these small, simple theaters charged five cents for admission, Nickelodeon was concocted from nickel, the name of the U. S. For unknown reasons, in 1949 the lyricist of a popular song, incorporated the refrain Put another nickel in, in the nickelodeon…, evidently referring to either a jukebox or a mechanical musical instrument such as a coin-operated player piano or orchestrion. The meaning of the word has been muddied ever since, the earliest films had been shown in peep show machines or projected in vaudeville theaters as one of the otherwise live acts. Nickelodeons drastically altered film exhibition practices and the habits of a large segment of the American public. Although they were characterized by continuous performances of a selection of short films, film historian Charles Musser wrote, It is not too much to say that modern cinema began with the nickelodeons. The name Nickelodeon was first used in 1888 by Austins Nickelodeon, however, the term was popularized by Harry Davis and John P. Harris, who opened their small storefront theatre with that name on Smithfield Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on June 19,1905. They called it the Nickelodeon, joining nickel with the Greek word for an enclosed theater adopted by the 18th-century Odéon in Paris. Although it was not the first theater to show films, in 1919 a news article stated that it was the first theater in the world devoted exclusively to exhibition of moving picture spectacles, larger nickelodeons sometimes had the capacity for well over 1000 people. Other well-known nickelodeon owners were the Skouras Brothers of St. Louis, nickelodeons radically altered the mode of representation that corresponded with changes in the modes of distribution and the types of films being made. Around 1903, longer multi-shot films became prevalent, and this shift brought about important innovations in the distribution of films with the establishment of film exchanges. Film exchanges would buy films from manufacturers and then rent them out to exhibitors, with a steady supply of different films, exhibitors finally had the possibility to open venues where films were the central attraction. They did not have to worry about finding new audiences because the audience would return again and again to watch different films. Exhibition practices greatly varied and programs lasted anywhere from ten minutes to an hour, often, programs ran continuously and patrons would join a program already in progress when they arrived and stay as long as they liked. While some nickelodeons only showed films, others offered shows that combined films with vaudeville acts or illustrated songs, the desirability of longer films, which enabled nickelodeons to grow the way they did, was the result of a number of factors. For one, economic competition between film production companies put pressure on them to more elaborate, and often longer, films. Also, longer films were more attractive as the price paid by exhibitors depended on a length and the longer a film. Directors had a desire to make longer films because it meant greater artistic innovation as they tried to find new ways to engage audiences
34.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
35.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
36.
The Moving Picture World
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The Moving Picture World was an influential early trade journal for the American film industry, from 1907 to 1927. An industry powerhouse at its height, Moving Picture World frequently reiterated its independence from the film studios, in 1911, the magazine bought out Views and Film Index. Its reviews illustrate the standards and tastes of film in its infancy, by 1914, it had a reported circulation of approximately 15,000. The publication was founded by James Petrie Chalmers, Jr. who began publishing in March 1907 as The Moving Picture World and View Photographer. In December 1927, it was announced that the publication was merging with the Exhibitors Herald, in 1931, a subsequent merger with the Motion Picture News occurred, creating the Motion Picture Herald. The Moving Picture World, archived issues at Media History Digital Library at archive. org Volume 3 Volume 17, Issues 1-6 Volume 25, Issues 4-6
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Request stop
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In this way, stops with low passenger counts can be incorporated into a route without introducing unnecessary delay. Vehicles may also save fuel by continuing through a station there is no need to stop. Request stops may also introduce extra travel time variability and increase the need for schedule padding, the methods by which transit vehicles are notified that there are passengers waiting to be picked up at a request stop vary by transit system and by route. Most local, inner-city bus operations operate almost all of their stops as request stops, to distinguish stops that are served on every trip, these are usually called stations and they are most often at the terminals of a route. Such stops are also used as timepoints. In bus transport the term request stop may also be used to refer to a stop on a hail and ride section of a route. In hail and ride operations, there are few or no marked stops, for example, in London, TfL operates request stops at a number of locations such as Blackheath park Micheldever road. Buses do not stop at stops, unless a passenger waiting at the bus shelter signals the bus to stop or if a passenger wishes to disembark. In some cities, flag stops may refer to any stop that has regular service, in long distance transport, transit vehicles, such as passenger trains or buses operating on motorways, usually operate at higher speeds than local transport. This means that stopping is more troublesome and that it may be difficult to see a passenger in time to stop for them. This difference often results in more complicated ways of signalling a stop to the vehicle, some services, like Amtrak, require that a ticket be purchased in advance, specifying a specific origin and destination. Since the trains crew know what tickets were sold, they know where people are coming from and going to. Services that lack advanced ticketing, or which sell tickets for a range of destinations or travel times, require ways of knowing whether or not someone is waiting at a station or platform. Along some ferry routes in the fjords in Norway, some stops are equipped with a light that embarking passengers must switch on in order for the ferry to include the stop, the system is known under the name signalanløp. Similar to Norway, commuter ferries are requested to stop by a semaphore signal, the many islands of the Stockholm archipelago are an example of this. The appearance of request stops varies wildly, many are clearly signed, but many others rely on local knowledge
38.
Studio Tour
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The Studio Tour is a ride attraction at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park in California. The Tour is the attraction at the park, and goes into a working movie studio. In recent years, guests have sat in multi-car trams for the duration of the ride, the Tour lasts about 45–60 minutes and is led by a live tour guide who can be seen throughout the tram on video screens. It travels through the Front Lot, Backlot and various attractions, passing sets, the tour inspired a smaller but similar version at Universal Studios Florida, which was removed in 1995. The tour has always been at the heart of Universal, during the early years of the tram tour all of the attractions at Universal were reached via the tram. The tour originally departed from the front lot comissary, in 1965, the upper lot studio tour center opened. In 1991, the boarding was moved to the lower lot following the construction of the Starway escalator system. In 1996, boarding moved back to the lot to make room for Jurassic Park. As the movie studio has continued to evolve, the tour has evolved along with it, in late 1989, CD players finally gave the tour guides a chance to rest their voices. In 2000, the CD players were replaced by DVD players and LCD screens, in 2011, Jimmy Fallon joined the tour as a video host to supplement the live-action narration and also appeared in some filming scenes. Since 2006, some tours have bypassed the Collapsing Bridge. However, the bridge has undergone renovations, and was added back to the tour schedules in August 2008. Since July 2010, the Collapsing Bridge has been used as a representation of the Skull Island city for the new King Kong,360 3-D attraction. Sets from the Universal films Psycho, War of the Worlds, Back to the Future, The Sting, The Great Outdoors and How The Grinch Stole Christmas are visited in the tour. There are also general purpose sets visited, such as the neighborhood Wisteria Lane from Desperate Housewives, and this neighborhood has six streets, each with the essentials of a saloon and sheriffs station. Before the advent of sound, up to six westerns could be shot at once, the tour also winds through sound stages, and the tour guide explains what movies, television shows, music videos, commercials, and/or still camera photo shoots are currently shooting on the lot. Stage One, where The Tonight Show with Conan OBrien was filmed from June 2009 to January 2010, was added to the tour, OBrien and announcer Andy Richter staged events outside the studio on occasion as part of The Tonight Shows Tour-ific Tramtacular sketch. The tram also passes by miniature models of the ship and Skull Island from the 2005 film King Kong, however, these sets were constructed mainly of wood and therefore were highly flammable, and burned to the ground in an early morning fire
39.
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
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Forest Lawn Memorial Park — Hollywood Hills is one of the six Forest Lawn Southern California cemeteries. It is located at 6300 Forest Lawn Dr, Los Angeles, CA90068, in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Forest Lawn — Hollywood Hills is a dedicated to the preservation of American history and hosts high-profile events such as an annual Veterans Day ceremony attended by dignitaries. The park features such sights as, The Court of Liberty features statues of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, at 162 feet long and 28 feet high, Birth of Liberty is the largest historical mosaic in the United States. It is composed of ten pieces of Venetian glass and depicts twenty-five scenes from early America. The Old North Church, a replica of Bostons historic church. The historical rooms have documents and mementos of the colonial period, the Hall of Liberty American History Museum has a copy of the Liberty Bell and other exhibits. The museum has a 1, 200-seat auditorium, monument to Washington, a marble and bronze tribute to Americas first president, created by sculptor Thomas Ball. Four of Washingtons generals are honored in the memorial, the Lincoln Terrace features a 16-foot bronze statue of the 16th president by Augustus St. Gaudens, flanked by a panoramic mosaic depicting key scenes from Lincolns life. The Plaza of Mesoamerican Heritage has indigenous/non-Christian sculptures by Meliton Salas Rodriguez, of Guadalajara, the first Forest Lawn, in Glendale, was founded in 1906 by businessmen who hired Dr. Hubert Eaton, a firm believer in a joyous life after death. Before it was a cemetery, Forest Lawn was a location used by directors such as Carl Laemmle. The climactic battle scenes for D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation were filmed there. The alternate names of the site are Providencia Flats, Nestor Ranch, Oak Ranch, Oak Crest Ranch, Universal Ranch/Universal City, Lasky Ranch. When Eaton made known his desire to open a second Forest Lawn location in the Hollywood Hills, the local residents protested vehemently. To circumvent the protesters, Mr. Eaton sent his staff to the county morgue to claim 6 John Does, in the morning, the protesters had no power because, by law, the property was now a cemetery. A mausoleum, for crypt or vault interments, a crematory and columbarium, for cinerary interments. A place where six or more bodies are buried. The new mortuary and cemetery opened in 1952, interred or entombed in the Hollywood Hills cemetery are many famous people, particularly from the entertainment industry
40.
MCA Inc.
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MCA, Inc. was an American media company. Initially starting in the business, the company next became a dominant force in the film business. MCA, Inc. is the predecessor of NBCUniversal, which since March 2013 is a wholly owned subsidiary of Comcast. MCA was formed in 1924 by Jules Stein and William R. Goodheart, Jr. as Music Corporation of America, MCA helped pioneer modern practices of touring bands and name acts. Early on, MCA booked such prominent artists as King Oliver and Jelly Roll Morton for clubs and speakeasies run by legendary notorious Chicago mobsters such as Al Capone and others. Lew Wasserman joined MCA in 1936 at the age of 23 and rose through the ranks of MCA for more than four decades, Wasserman helped create MCAs radio show, Kay Kyser and His Kollege of Musical Knowledge, which debuted on NBC Radio that same year. Following that success, Stein installed Wasserman in New York City in 1937, the company was guided by a codification of Steins pet policies known as The Rules of The Road. The Rules were passed down from the Prohibition era, Chicago–area MCA to the 1940s Los Angeles–area firm, which focused on representing movie actors. The Rules were next passed to the 1950s generation of MCA talent agents, including Jerry Perenchio, Perenchio is well known for his version of the Rules, which vary from year to year and have some internal contradictions. Its aggressive acquisition of its clientele in all entertainment sectors earned MCA the nickname of The Octopus and this behavior led U. S. Department of Justice agents to investigate not only whether MCA was a monopoly breaking anti-trust laws, but also its suspected connections to underworld criminal activities. This investigation continued for the few decades. In 1948, Jules Stein moved up as MCAs first chairman and that year, Stein and Wasserman decided to get into a new medium that would, decades later, change the entertainment landscape forever, television. Although many motion picture studios would not touch this new medium, thinking it was just a fad and would fade away, MCA decided to embrace it. First, however, the company needed to get a waiver from the Screen Actors Guild, thanks to the newly elected SAG president, Ronald Reagan, MCA was granted a waiver to start producing TV shows. After the waiver was granted, the company formed MCA Television Limited for syndication, prior to 1958, all Revues shows were filmed at the old Republic Pictures studio lot in Studio City, California. In February 1958, MCA acquired Paramount Pictures pre-1950 sound feature film library through a newly created MCA subsidiary, EMKA, Ltd. Also in 1958, MCA bought the 423-acre Universal Studios lot from Universal Pictures for $11 million and renamed it, as well as the television unit. Stein, who by this time was the owner of MCA, decided to take the company public by giving 51% of his ownership of MCA to his employees
41.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
42.
The Birth of a Nation
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The Birth of a Nation is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed and co-produced by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. The screenplay is adapted from the novel and play The Clansman and it was released on February 8,1915. Three hours long, the film was presented in two parts separated by an intermission, it was the first 12-reel film in America. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth is dramatized, there were widespread African-American protests against The Birth of a Nation, such as in Boston, while thousands of white Bostonians flocked to see the film. The NAACP spearheaded a campaign to ban the film. Griffiths indignation at efforts to censor or ban the film motivated him to produce Intolerance the following year. The films release is credited as being one of the events that inspired the formation of the second era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia. The Birth of a Nation, along with the trial and lynching of Leo Frank for the 1913 murder of Mary Phagan in Atlanta, was used as a tool for the KKK. Under President Woodrow Wilson, it was the first American motion picture to be screened at the White House, Griffiths innovative techniques and storytelling power have made The Birth of a Nation one of the landmarks of film history. In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, the film follows two juxtaposed families. One is the Northern Stonemans, abolitionist U. S, representative Austin Stoneman, his daughter, and two sons. The other is the Southern Camerons, Dr. Cameron is married to his wife, the couple also has three sons and two daughters. Phil, the elder Stoneman son, falls in love with Margaret Cameron, while the visit to the the Cameron estate in South Carolina. Meanwhile, young Ben Cameron idolizes a picture of Elsie Stoneman, during the Civil War, the young men from both families enlist in their respective armies for the war. The younger Stoneman and two of the Cameron brothers are killed in the war, meanwhile, the Cameron women are rescued by Confederate soldiers who rout a Black militia, after an attack on the Cameron home. Ben Cameron leads a charge at the Siege of Petersburg. But he is wounded and captured. He is then taken to a Union hospital in Washington, D. C, during his stay at the hospital, he is told that he will be hanged
United States of America
California
Los Angeles
Universal City
