1.
University College Hospital
–
University College Hospital is a teaching hospital located in London, United Kingdom. It is part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is associated with University College London. The hospital has 665 in-patient beds,12 operating theatres and houses the largest single critical care unit in the NHS, the Accident & Emergency department sees approximately 80,000 patients a year. It is a teaching hospital and a key location for the UCL Medical School. It is also a centre for medical research and part of both the UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre and the UCL Partners academic health science centre. The hospital is located on Euston Road in the Fitzrovia area of the London Borough of Camden, the nearest London Underground stations are Euston Square and Warren Street, with Goodge Street nearby. The urology department moved to University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street, formerly the Heart Hospital and it soon became known as University College Hospital. In 1835 Robert Liston became the first professor of surgery at UCH. UCH was split from UCL in 1905, and a new building designed by Alfred Waterhouse. UCH merged with the National Dental Hospital in 1914, and the Royal Ear Hospital in 1920, the hospital was run by the Bloomsbury Area Health Authority from 1974. In 1994 UCH became part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, the hospital site at the Cruciform Building was closed in 1995, despite strikes and an occupation in 1993. The building was purchased by UCL, for use as the home for the Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and the teaching facility for UCL bioscience and medical students UCL Medical School. A major new £422 million,75,822 m² hospital was opened in 2005, in November 2008, the £70 million University College Hospital Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing was opened, allowing the hospital to offer all womens health services in one place
2.
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital
–
Established in 1874, its motto is Audient surdi mutique loquentur. The hospital specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, the Central London Throat Nose and Ear Hospital was founded in 1874 by Lennox Browne, Llewellyn Thomas, Alfred Hutton, George Wallis and Ernest Turner. The hospital initially opened in Manchester Street, but demand for its services was such that in 1875 it moved to its current location on Grays Inn Road. In January 1942 the hospital was amalgamated with the Hospital for Diseases of the Throat in Golden Square to form The Royal National Throat Nose, in April 2012, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust took over management of the hospital from the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust. Professor Ronald Hinchcliffe was a consultant at the hospital in the 1960s, edith Whetnall led the way in treating the deaf. Healthcare in London List of hospitals in England Official Site
3.
National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery
–
The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery is a neurological hospital in London, United Kingdom and part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. It was the first hospital to be established in England dedicated exclusively to treating the diseases of the nervous system. It is closely associated with University College London and in partnership with the UCL Institute of Neurology and it supports the Sir William Gowers Epilepsy Assessment Unit at the National Society for Epilepsy Centre at Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire. The NHNN also runs The National Brain Appeal, a charity dedicated to supporting the Hospital for the funding of equipment, buildings, the hospital is located on Queen Square in the Bloomsbury area of Central London. The current name, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, came into use in 1988 and it was merged in 1948 with the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases, which in turn owed its foundation in 1866 to a German, Julius Althaus. The hospital became part of University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust in 1996, the hospital includes 244 in-patient beds, and has 4 operating theatres. The neurology wards are named John Young and David Ferrier, the wards are named Victor Horsley, Bernard Sunley. Nuffield ward accommodates private medical and surgical inpatients, there are neurological and neurosurgical intensive care units referred to as MITU and SITU respectively. The two inpatient rehabilitation units are the Albany Rehabilitation Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, the main outpatient department is named in memory of Basil Samuels
4.
Eastman Dental Hospital
–
The Eastman Dental Hospital is a specialist hospital for dental treatment located in London, United Kingdom, and a part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. It is based on Grays Inn Road in the Bloomsbury area of Central London, in 2009 there were more than 22,000 orthodontic appointments at the hospital, making its orthodontic department one of the largest in the UK. The hospital is part of both the UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre and the UCL Partners academic health science centre, in 1926, George Eastman donated £200,000 for the establishment of a specialist dental and oral health clinic for the benefit of poor children of Central London. The Eastman Dental Clinic was constructed between 1928 and 1930 to the design of Sir John Burnet and Partners and was opened on 20 November 1931 by the American Ambassador, until 1947/48, the clinic was integrated into the Royal Free Hospital. Afterwards, as an independent institution, it was established as the postgraduate dental institute of the Postgraduate Medical Federation, the Objects of the Institute were stated as follows, The training of consultants, specialists and teachers, in various branches of dentistry. To provide facilities for and encourage research by members of staff, to provide clinical and laboratory facilities and instruction for candidates working for higher degrees or diplomas. To provide short courses for general practitioners, in so far as it is possible to do so without interfering with the objects as set out above. Francis Crick Institute University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust UCL Eastman Dental Institute UCL School of Life & Medical Sciences UCL Partners
5.
University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street
–
University College Hospital at Westmoreland Street, named The Heart Hospital until refurbished and renamed in 2015, was a specialist cardiac hospital located in London, United Kingdom until 2015. It is part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and is associated with University College London. After the 2015 refurbishment the hospital provided thoracic surgery, and the UCLH urology department moved there. Before the 2015 refurbishment the Heart Hospital conducted over 1,000 surgical heart operations each year, had 95 in-patient beds and it treated around 1,700 new outpatients,5,500 follow-up outpatients and 1,200 inpatients each year. It was a centre for research, home to the UCL Centre for Cardiology in the Young, and part of the UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre. It is a hospital for the UCL Medical School. The National Heart Hospital was founded in 1857 in Margaret Street by Dr Eldridge Spratt, in 1913 new premises were constructed in the current location on Westmoreland Street near Harley Street. It was one of the first hospitals in the world built for the treatment of cardio-vascular disease, as well as for postgraduate training. In 1991 the hospital was closed and its services moved to the Royal Brompton Hospital, in 1994 the hospital building was sold to the private Gleneagles Hospital UK, and in 1997 was re-opened as a private cardiac hospital, with new accommodation and equipment. After falling into debt as an institution, the hospital was acquired by University College London Hospitals NHS Trust. The hospital was renamed The Heart Hospital and re-opened as the new home for all of the trusts cardiac services, the hospital currently provides thoracic surgery and urology services
6.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
7.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
8.
University College London
–
University College London is a public research university in London, England, and a constituent college of the federal University of London. It is the largest postgraduate institution in the UK by enrollment and is regarded as one of the worlds leading research universities. UCL also makes the claims of being the third-oldest university in England. In 1836 UCL became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London, which was granted a charter in the same year. UCL has its campus in the Bloomsbury area of central London, with a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London. UCL is organised into 11 constituent faculties, within there are over 100 departments, institutes. In 2015/16, UCL had around 38,300 students and 12,000 staff and had an income of £1.36 billion. UCL ranks highly in national and international league tables and its graduates rank among the most employable in the world, UCL academics discovered five of the naturally occurring noble gases, co-discovered hormones, invented the vacuum tube, and made several foundational advances in modern statistics. There are at least 29 Nobel Prize winners and 3 Fields medalists amongst UCLs alumni and current, UCL was founded on 11 February 1826 under the name London University, as an alternative to the Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge. London Universitys first Warden was Leonard Horner, who was the first scientist to head a British university and this suggests that while his ideas may have been influential, he himself was less so. In 1827, the Chair of Political Economy at London University was created, with John Ramsay McCulloch as the first incumbent, in 1828 the university became the first in England to offer English as a subject and the teaching of Classics and medicine began. In 1830, London University founded the London University School, which would later become University College School, in 1833, the university appointed Alexander Maconochie, Secretary to the Royal Geographical Society, as the first professor of geography in the UK. In 1834, University College Hospital opened as a hospital for the universitys medical school. In 1836, London University was incorporated by charter under the name University College. The Slade School of Fine Art was founded as part of University College in 1871, in 1878, the University of London gained a supplemental charter making it the first British university to be allowed to award degrees to women. The same year, UCL admitted women to the faculties of Arts and Law and of Science, although women remained barred from the faculties of Engineering and of Medicine. Armstrong College, an institution of Newcastle University, also allowed women to enter from its foundation in 1871. Women were finally admitted to medical studies during the First World War in 1917, in 1898, Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements krypton, neon and xenon whilst professor of chemistry at UCL
9.
UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre
–
The UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre is a biomedical research centre based in London. Calls for expressions of interest in applying for Biomedical Research Centre status were released by the National Institute for Health Research in April 2006, all NHS providers in England were eligible to apply in collaboration with academic partners. UCLH and UCL made a joint application for Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre status, an international expert Selection Panel then reviewed the Pre-Qualifying Questionnaires and identified a shortlist, which included UCLH/UCL. Shortlisted candidates were invited to submit full applications by 13 October 2006. The UCLH/UCL application was successful and the UCLH/UCL National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre was established in April 2007, in June 2009 the Centre was part of a consortium that won £1. A study co-funded by the Centre was published in May 2010 which established that premature babies experience increased pain sensitivity for the rest of their lives, in 2011 the centre was awarded a further £98 million funding from the NIHR. In November 2012 it was announced that BRC-supported research had resulted in the discovery of a mutation that increases the risk of developing Alzheimers disease. In 2012 BRC researchers worked on the team which identified genetic mutations associated with dystonia, in November 2012 the world’s first adolescent rheumatology research centre opened with BRC researchers leading the research agenda. In 2016, the BRC was awarded its third tranche, another million in research funds from the NIHR. The original 11 BRC were now expanded to 20, but the UCHL/UCL BRC remained in the top three, the ones awarded a three-figure grant. The BRC Board is the executive decision-making body of the BRC, reporting to the Board are 16 research themes and the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility. A Theme Management Team meets regularly to discuss new ideas and approaches, the BRCs work focuses on translating fundamental biomedical research into clinical research into treatments and therapies that have a direct effect on patients. In particular the centre focuses on experimental research projects, such as early phase human studies and studies looking at mechanisms in therapeutics, diagnostics. The BRC supports experimental medicine research projects by investing in staff posts, equipment, facilities, UCLH/UCL NIHR BRC website University College London University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust National Institute for Health Research
10.
UCL Partners
–
UCL Partners is an academic health science centre located in London, England. In July 2007 the then Health Minister Lord Darzi recommended the establishment of a number of health science centres in the UK. Key strategic appointments were made in summer 2009, including Professor David Fish as Managing Director, an alliance between UCL, UCL Partners, Yale University and Yale-New Haven Hospital was announced in October 2009. The UCL Partners academic strategy and key research priorities were agreed in November 2009, barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust agreed to join UCL Partners in April 2012. In May 2013 UCL Partners was officially designated as one of 15 Academic Health Science Networks established by the NHS in England, the governing body of UCL Partners is UCL Partners Ltd, a company limited by guaranteed. The governance arrangements consist of, A board led by an independent chair, an executive group comprising the four chief executives of the four NHS Trusts, the UCL Vice-Provost, the UCL Research Dean and the Managing Director of UCL Partners. Internationally renowned clinical academics to direct programmes for research, service delivery and education
11.
Academic health science centre
–
An academic health science centre is a partnership between one or more universities and healthcare providers focusing on research, clinical services, education and training. AHSCs are intended to ensure that medical research breakthroughs lead to direct benefits for patients. The organisational structures that comprise an AHSC can take a variety of forms, ranging from simple partnerships to, AHSCs currently in operation in Canada include, Hamilton Health Sciences Health Sciences North Only trauma center in Northern Ontario and the neighbouring province of Manitoba. Four more AHSCs have subsequently been established in the UK and one is planned, funding mainly comes from NHS and work was already in hand to identify the funding when expressions of interest were solicited. When contracts were signed with NHS in 2013, AHSCs shared among themselves around £60 million of funding
12.
City, University of London
–
City, University of London is a public research university in London in the United Kingdom. Until 2016 it was the City University, London, or colloquially, just and it was founded in 1894 as the Northampton Institute and became a university when The City University, London, was created by royal charter in 1966. The Inns of Court School of Law, which merged with City in 2001, was established in 1852, on 1 September 2016, City joined the federal University of London, becoming part of the 18 Colleges and ten research institutes that make up the University. City, University of London, has its campus in the Islington area of central London, with additional campuses in the City of London. In 2015/16, City had an income of £217.5 million. In 2016, the university was ranked 27th in the Times Higher Educations Table of Tables which combines the results of three domestic league tables. Cass Business School is ranked 5th in the UK and top 40 in the world in the Financial Times 2017 Global MBA Rankings, City, University of London, is a member of the Association of MBAs, EQUIS and Universities UK. The institute was established to provide for the education and welfare of the local population, Northampton Polytechnic Institute was an institute of technology in Clerkenwell, London, founded in 1894. Alumni include Colin Cherry, Stuart Davies and Anthony Hunt, in 1937 Maurice Dennis of the was the 1937 ABA Middleweight Champion. Frederick Handley Page was a lecturer in aeronautics at the institute, the Handley Page Type A, the first powered aircraft designed and built by him, ended up as an instructional airframe at the school. The novelist Eric Ambler studied engineering at the institute, in 1903–04 a separate technical optics department was established. In 1909 the first students qualified for University of London BSc degrees in engineering as internal students, since 1909 the institute had been involved in aeronautics education, and in 2009 the School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences celebrated the centenary of aeronautics at City. In 1908 the Institute was used for the Olympic Games, boxing took place at the Institute. The institute was designated a College of Advanced Technology in 1957, in 1961 the institutes involvement in information science began with the introduction of a course on Collecting and Communicating Scientific Knowledge. In 1966 City received its charter, becoming The City University to reflect the institutions close links with the City of London. In 1971 the Apollo 15 astronauts visited City and presented the Vice-Chancellor, Tait, the University formed a strategic alliance with Queen Mary, University of London, in April 2001. In May 2001, a fire in the college building gutted the fourth floor offices. In August 2001 City and the Inns of Court School of Law agreed to merge, following a donation from Sir John Casss Foundation, a multimillion-pound building was built at 106 Bunhill Row for the Cass Business School
13.
King's College London
–
Kings College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom, and a founding constituent college of the federal University of London. Kings was established in 1829 by King George IV and the Duke of Wellington, in 1836, Kings became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London. It is a member of organisations such as the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association. Kings has five campuses, its main campus on the Strand in central London. In 2015/16, Kings had an income of £738.4 million, of which £193.2 million was from research grants and contracts and as of 2014/15. It has the fifth largest endowment of any university in the United Kingdom, and its academic activities are organised into nine faculties which are subdivided into numerous departments, centres and research divisions. Kings is home to six Medical Research Council centres and is a member of the Kings Health Partners academic health sciences centre, Francis Crick Institute. Kings College London, so named to indicate the patronage of King George IV, was founded in 1829 in response to the controversy surrounding the founding of London University in 1826. The need for such an institution was a result of the religious and social nature of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which then educated solely the sons of wealthy Anglicans. The secular nature of London University was disapproved by The Establishment, indeed, thus, the creation of a rival institution represented a Tory response to reassert the educational values of The Establishment. Winchilsea and about 150 other contributors withdrew their support of Kings College London in response to Wellingtons support of Catholic emancipation. In a letter to Wellington he accused the Duke to have in mind insidious designs for the infringement of our liberty, the letter provoked a furious exchange of correspondence and Wellington accused Winchilsea of imputing him with disgraceful and criminal motives in setting up Kings College London. The result was a duel in Battersea Fields on 21 March 1829, Winchilsea did not fire, a plan he and his second almost certainly decided upon before the duel, Wellington took aim and fired wide to the right. Accounts differ as to whether Wellington missed on purpose, Wellington, noted for his poor aim, claimed he did, other reports more sympathetic to Winchilsea claimed he had aimed to kill. Honour was saved and Winchilsea wrote Wellington an apology, duel Day is still celebrated on the first Thursday after 21 March every year, marked by various events throughout Kings, including reenactments. Kings opened in October 1831 with the cleric William Otter appointed as first principal, despite the attempts to make Kings Anglican-only, the initial prospectus permitted, nonconformists of all sorts to enter the college freely. William Howley, the governors and the professors, except the linguists, had to be members of the Church of England but the students did not, though attendance at chapel was compulsory. Kings was divided into a department and a junior department, also known as Kings College School
14.
London South Bank University
–
London South Bank University is a public university in Newington, London. It has 17,605 students and 1,700 staff, founded from charitable donations in 1892 as the Borough Polytechnic Institute, it absorbed several other local colleges in the 1970s and 1990s, and achieved university status in 1992. LSBU is a post-1992 or new university, the current Chancellor is investor Richard Farleigh and Vice-Chancellor is Prof David Phoenix. LSBU was founded in 1892 as the Borough Polytechnic Institute, the University has also merged with a number of other educational institutions. The Committee was successful in persuading the Charity Commissioners to pledge to match whatever could be raised from the public, up to the sum of £200,000 to establish polytechnics in South London. A public meeting at Mansion House kick-started the public appeal and by 1891 enough money had been raised to establish polytechnics at Battersea and at Borough Road, Southwark, during 1890, the former buildings of Joseph Lancasters British and Foreign Schools Society were purchased for the Borough Polytechnic Institute. In May that year, the South London Polytechnics Institutes Act was passed, so that by June 1891 the governing structure and general aims of the new Institute had been created. These aims were the promotion of the skills, general knowledge, health. On 30 September 1892, the Borough Polytechnic Institute was officially opened by Lord Rosebery, the Polytechnic was given a seal based on the Bridge House emblem of the City of London and a motto taken from Ecclesiastes — Do it with thy Might. A gala event was held to mark the occasion which was reported in the press because of Lord Roseberys speech on the banning of smoking in the new Institute. One of the speeches included the hope that the Polytechnic would do its share towards perfecting many a valuable gem found in the slums of London. The Polytechnic specialised in courses that reflected local trades including leather tanning, typography, metalwork, electrical engineering, laundry, baking, on 10 October 1894, the National School of Bakery and Confectionery was opened with 78 pupils. In 1897, the Polytechnic was let to sightseers who wished to see the Diamond Jubilee parade for Queen Victoria, in 1902 the Borough Road building was once again let to sightseers who wished to see the Coronation parade of King Edward VII. In 1911, the Governors commissioned Roger Fry to create a set of seven murals to decorate the student dining room with the theme of London on Holiday. During the First World War, the Polytechnic manufactured munitions and gas masks for the war effort, after the War, the National Certificate system was taken up, engineering courses were offered to women in the 1920s and printing classes were dropped and run at Morley College. J W Bispham was elected the new Principal in 1922 when C T Millis retired, class numbers increased to 8,682 students by 1927 and on 20 February 1930 the Duke of York officially opened the Polytechnics new buildings. In 1933, Dr D H Ingall took over as Principal, in 1933, farriery was dropped as it was too difficult to bring horses into the building. During the Second World War, a third of the Polytechnics campus was destroyed or damaged from the Blitz, Southwark was bombed seven times and its population halved by the end of the War
15.
UCL Medical School
–
UCL Medical School is the medical school of University College London and is located in London, United Kingdom. The School provides a range of undergraduate and postgraduate medical education programmes and also has a medical education research unit. UCL has offered education in medicine since 1834, Middlesex Hospital and University College Hospital merged their medical schools in 1987 to form University College & Middlesex School of Medicine. The London School of Medicine for Women was established in 1874 by Sophia Jex-Blake, in 1998 The Royal Free & University College Medical School was formed from the merger of the two medical schools. On 1 October 2008, it was officially renamed UCL Medical School, in appreciation of the historic beginnings of UCL Medical School, its student society has retained the name RUMS and runs clubs and societies within University College London Union. The medical school is one of the largest in the country with an intake of 330 students. Undergraduate teaching is spread across three campuses based in Bloomsbury, at Archway and in Hampstead. The school is not only regarded as one of the best medical schools in the country. UCL offers a variety of integrated BSc degrees ranging from the traditional subjects like anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. Since 1994 there is also the opportunity to intercalate a PhD, UCL also operates a MBBS Oxford Transfer programme where each year a small number of students from Oxford Medical School can transfer to complete their clinical training at UCL. Admission to the school, in common with all 32 medical schools in the UK, is extremely competitive. The medical school receives approximately 2,500 applications yearly of which up to 700 applicants are selected for interview, approximately 450 offers are given for 322 places. Prospective students must apply through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, the International Baccalaureate, although less common, is also an acceptable entry qualification. The course is open to graduates with a minimum of a 2,1 required. Additionally, applicants must sit an exam, the BioMedical Admissions Test which is used alongside the rest of the UCAS application to determine selection for interview. UCL Faculty of Medical Sciences is one of four Faculties within the UCL School of Life, in the 2014/15, QS World University Rankings by Subject UCL was ranked 10th in the world for Medicine. In the 2014 Academic Ranking of World Universities subject tables, UCL was ranked 17th in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy. In domestic rankings for Medicine, UCL is ranked 2nd in the 2015 Complete University Guide, 4th in the 2014 Guardian University Guide, RUMS has a proud and illustrious past having been formed in the wake of the merger between the three constituent medical schools in 1998
16.
Middlesex Hospital
–
The Middlesex Hospital was a teaching hospital located in the Fitzrovia area of London, England. First opened in 1745 by Edinburgh Medical School trained surgeon Charles Bell on Windmill Street and its staff and services were transferred to various sites within the University College London Hospitals NHS Trust. The Middlesex Hospital Medical School, with a history dating back to 1746, the first Middlesex Hospital opened in 1745 as the Middlesex Infirmary in Windmill Street, London W1, named after the county of Middlesex. The infirmary started with 18 beds to provide treatment for the poor. Funding came from subscriptions and, in 1747, the became the first in England to add lying-in beds. The second Middlesex Hospital, in Mortimer Street, was opened in 1757, the foundation stone was laid in 1755 by the hospitals president, the Earl of Northumberland. The Hospital was Incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1836, allowing it various benefits as a charity, over the years extra wings were added but, in 1924, it was decided that the building was structurally unsound and an entirely new building would be required. The Duke of York, later King George VI, visited the hospital on 26 June 1928 to lay the foundation stone of the new building and he returned to open the completed building on 29 May 1935. The hospital had been rebuilt, on the same site and in stages, without ever being closed. The nurses home in Foley Street was connected to the hospital by underground tunnels to allow safe and convenient access for nursing staff at night. In 1992 the St. Peters Hospitals were closed down and moved into new accommodation in the Middlesex Hospital, although the former county name Middlesex is common to all, there was no working connection between the Middlesex Hospital and the North Middlesex, Central Middlesex and West Middlesex Hospitals. The Middlesex Hospital Medical School traced its origins to 1746, when students were walking the wards. The motto of the school, Miseris Succurrere Disco, was provided by one of the deans, Dr William Cayley, from Virgils Queen Dido aiding a shipwreck, Non ignara mali. This refusal prompted the foundation of the North London Hospital, now University College Hospital, the medical schools of the Middlesex Hospital and University College Hospital merged in 1987 to form the University College and Middlesex School of Medicine. The current UCL Medical School, which resulted from the merger of UCMSM, the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry of the Middlesex Hospital Medical School was opened by Samuel Augustine Courtauld in 1928, the foundation stone having been laid on 20 July 1927. Its main entrance was in Riding House Street, Courtauld also endowed a Chair of Biochemistry. Notable researchers at the institute include Frank Dickens FRS, Edward Charles Dodds FRS, the Middlesex Hospital closed in December 2005. The chapel of 1890, designed by John Loughborough Pearson, the Grade II listed stone and brick building on the corner of Nassau and Mortimer Street was also preserved
17.
Westminster Hospital
–
Westminster Hospital was a hospital in London, England, founded in 1719. In 1834 a medical school attached to the hospital was formally founded, in 1939 a newly built hospital and medical school opened in Horseferry Road, Westminster. In 1994 the hospital closed, and its resources were moved to the new Chelsea, Hoare & Co, and his associates. The hospital was rebuilt in 1832 with help from Charles Hoare and it was the first subscription hospital erected in London, and was incorporated in 1836. In 1720, a house was taken for the purpose of an infirmary in Petty France, from which, in 1724, the institution was removed to Chapel Street, and some time after to James Street. A new and spacious building was completed and opened in 1834, of an embattled quasi-Gothic character. According to the same 1878 description, Patients are admitted by order from a governor, except in cases of accident, which are received, without recommendation, at all hours of the day or night. Malvina Longfellow, a silent movie actress of the 1920s, died at the Hospital on 2 November 1962, having been admitted from her flat in South Street, Mayfair. The Conservative Member of Parliament Airey Neave died at the hospital on 30 March 1979, ernest Tidyman, American author of Shaft and Academy Award winning screenwriter of The French Connection, also died in Westminster Hospital on July 14,1984 of a perforated ulcer and complications. Tidyman was in London for a meeting about a film to be made in Europe
18.
Guy's Hospital
–
Guys Hospital is a large NHS hospital in the borough of Southwark in central London. It is part of Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust and one of the institutions that comprise the Kings Health Partners and it is a large teaching hospital and is, with St Thomas Hospital and Kings College Hospital, the location of Kings College London School of Medicine. The Tower Wing is the second tallest hospital building, standing at 148.65 metres with 34 floors. The hospital was founded in 1721 by Thomas Guy, a publisher of unlicensed Bibles who had made a fortune in the South Sea Bubble and it was originally established as a hospital to treat incurables discharged from St Thomas Hospital. Guy had been a Governor and benefactor of St Thomas and his fellow Governors supported his intention by granting the south-side of St Thomas Street for a rent for 999 years. Guy is interred in the crypt of the Chapel of his foundation, Guys has expanded over the centuries. The original buildings formed a courtyard facing St Thomas Street, comprising the hall on the east side, two inner quadrangles were divided by a cloister which was later restyled and dedicated to the hospitals members who fell in World War I. The east side comprised the wards and the counting house with the governors Burfoot Court Room. The north-side quadrangle is dominated by a statue of Lord Nuffield who was the chairman of governors for many years and these original parts of the hospital are now administrative and social accommodation. Despite substantial bomb damage during World War II, the original 18th century chapel remains intact including the tomb of Thomas Guy with a sculpture by John Bacon. A bequest of £200,000 by William Hunt in 1829, one of the largest charitable bequests in England in historic terms, Hunts name was given to the southern expansion of the hospital buildings. These were replaced c.2000 by new buildings for Kings College. In 1974, the added the 34-storey Guys Tower and 29-storey Guys House. At 148.65 metres high, Guys Tower regained its tallest hospital building in the status in 2014 and is currently the 21st tallest building in London. It was designed by Watkins Gray, over 13,650 staff work in Guys Hospital and St Thomas Hospital. They are two of the oldest teaching hospitals, and they are situated right in the heart of the capital, one of the services that the trust provides is dental care, looking after over 120,000 patients a year. The site consists of 19 distinct, but interconnected, buildings with functions including public medical services, teaching, research, collectively the buildings are known by local students as the squirrel due to the buildings strange silhouette. It was for six years surpassed by the Phase 3 Building of the Hong Kong Sanatorium and Hospital in Happy Valley, in May 2014 it regained its title following the completion of extensive repair and improvement works
19.
St George's Hospital
–
St George’s Hospital is a teaching hospital in Tooting, London. Founded in 1733, it is one of the UKs largest teaching hospitals and it is run by the St Georges University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. It shares its main site in Tooting in the London Borough of Wandsworth, with the St Georges, University of London which trains NHS staff. The hospital has around 1,000 beds and most general tertiary care such as accident and emergency, maternity services and care for older people and it is also home to one of four major trauma centres and one of eight hyper-acute stroke units for London. St Georges Hospital also provides care for patients from a catchment area in the South East of England. Other services treat patients all over the country, such as family HIV care. The trust also provides a nationwide endoscopy training service, as of the end of 2014 it became the subject of the Channel 4 documentary 24 Hours in A&E. By 1732 the Governors were forced to seek a larger building. The majority of the Governors favoured a house in Castle Lane, the original site was in Lanesborough House at Hyde Park Corner, originally built in 1719 by James Lane, 2nd Viscount Lanesborough in what was then open countryside. The new St Georges Hospital was arranged on three floors and accommodated 30 patients in two wards, one for men and one for women, the hospital was gradually extended and, by 1744, it had fifteen wards and over 250 patients. By the 1800s, the hospital was slipping into disrepair, the old Lanesborough House at Hyde Park Corner was demolished to make way for a new 350 bed facility designed by architect William Wilkins. Building began in 1827 and was completed by 1844, by 1859, a critical shortage of beds led to the addition of an attic floor. This was soon insufficient and led to the creation of a new convalescent hospital, Atkinson Morleys in Wimbledon, a medical school was established in 1834 at Kinnerton Street and was incorporated into the hospital in 1868. In 1948, the National Health Service was introduced and plans for a new site for St Georges at The Grove Fever, in 1954, the Grove Hospital became part of St Georges, and clinical teaching started in Tooting. In 1973, building began on the new site, the new hospital and school buildings were now well advanced. The School was completed, as were two wings of the new hospital, which provided a total of 710 beds, in 1976, the Medical School opened at Tooting and, in 1980, St Georges Hospital at Hyde Park Corner closed its doors for the last time. In 1981, medical education in London was reorganized to recognize the movement of population away from the centre, there are now fewer, larger medical schools in London. The expansion of St Georges, University of London has become part of this policy, in 2003, neuroscience services located at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon moved to the brand new Atkinson Morley Wing on the main St Georges site
20.
Royal London Hospital
–
The Royal London Hospital is a large teaching hospital in London, United Kingdom. It is part of Barts Health NHS Trust, the Royal London provides district general hospital services for the City and Tower Hamlets and specialist tertiary care services for patients from across London and elsewhere. It is also the base for Londons Air Ambulance, operating out of a rooftop helipad, there are 675 beds,110 wards and 26 operating theatres at the Royal London Hospital. The new building opened in February 2012, the Royal London was founded in September 1740 and was originally named the London Infirmary. The name changed to the London Hospital in 1748, and in 1990 to the Royal London Hospital, the first patients were treated at a house in Featherstone Street, Moorfields. On 3 November the London Infirmary opened in a house on Featherstone Street, in May 1741 the hospital moved to larger premises in Prescott Street, in that time in an exceedingly bad district. In 1742, the 2nd Duke of Richmond was persuaded by the surgeon, John Harrison. The name changed to the London Hospital around 1748, the next year, the trustees of the charity acquired a royal charter so that they could constitute themselves as a legal entity. Private medical schools had long established, but the London College was the first medical school in England. Joseph Merrick, known as the Elephant Man, was admitted to the hospital in 1886 and his mounted skeleton is currently housed at the medical school, but is not on public display. In 1990 the Queen visited the hospital and added Royal to the name, prior to this, the school of nursing was known as the Princess Alexandra College of Nursing and Midwifery. In 1995 the new Nursing School was incorporated into City University, in March 2005 planning permission was granted for a £1 billion redevelopment and expansion of the Royal London Hospital. On completion of the project, the hospital will have London’s leading trauma and emergency centre, one of Europe’s largest renal services. Barts is also undergoing redevelopment and will become a cancer and cardiac centre of excellence, the Royal London has a museum which is located in the crypt of a 19th-century church. It reopened in 2002 after extensive refurbishment and is open to the free of charge. The museum covers the history of the hospital since its foundation in 1740 and it is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. It includes works of art, surgical instruments, medical and nursing equipment, uniforms, medals, documents, there is a forensic medicine section which includes original material on Jack the Ripper, Dr Crippen and the Christie murders. There are also displays on Joseph Merrick and former Hospital nurse Edith Cavell, there is the model of a church in the hospital that was built by Joseph Merrick who spent the last few years of his life at the hospital
21.
Great Ormond Street Hospital
–
Great Ormond Street Hospital is a childrens hospital located in the Bloomsbury area of the London Borough of Camden, and a part of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust. The Hospital is known internationally for receiving from J. M. Barrie the copyright to Peter Pan in 1929, which has provided significant funding for the institution. After a long campaign by Dr Charles West, the Hospital for Sick Children was founded on 14 February 1852 and was the first hospital providing in-patient beds specifically for children in England, the Nurses League was formed in February 1937. Diana, Princess of Wales, served as president of the Hospital from 1989 until her death, a plaque at the entrance of the hospital commemorates her services, as well as a bust in the lobby of the hospital chapel. The Charles West School of Nursing transferred from Great Ormond Street to London South Bank University in 1995, in 2002 Great Ormond Street Hospital commenced a redevelopment programme which is budgeted at £343 million and the next phase of which was scheduled to be complete by the end of 2016. The redevelopment is needed to expand capacity, deliver treatment in a comfortable and modern way. In July 2012, Great Ormond Street Hospital was featured in the ceremony of the London Summer Olympics. The hospital’s archives are available for research under the terms of the Public Records Act 1958, Admission records from 1852 to 1914 have been made available online on the Historic Hospital Admission Records Project. St Christophers Chapel is a chapel decorated in the Byzantine style and it was built in elaborate Franco-Italianate style. The dome depicts a pelican pecking at her breast in order to feed her young with drops of her own blood, a traditional symbol of Christs sacrifice for humanity. Along the rear of the chapel is a row of teddy bears and other toys, provided by families of ill children. In addition, the chapel has a tree where messages of hope and support can be written for sick children at the hospital. When the old hospital was being demolished in the late 1980s, the stained glass and furniture were temporarily removed for restoration and repair. It was reopened along with the new Variety Club Building on 14 February 1994 by Diana, Princess of Wales, then president of the hospital. In April 1929 the hospital was the recipient of playwright J. M. Barries copyright to the Peter Pan works and this gave the institution control of the rights to these works, and entitled it to royalties from any performance or publication of the play and derivative works. Four theatrical feature films were produced, innumerable performances of the play have been presented and its trustees commissioned a sequel novel, Peter Pan in Scarlet, which was published in 2006 and received mixed reviews, with a film adaptation planned. The terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act now prevail in the UK, the hospital has relied on charitable support since it first opened. One of the sources for this support is Great Ormond Street Hospital Childrens Charity
22.
Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust
–
Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust is an NHS foundation trust based in London, United Kingdom. The Free Hospital was founded in 1828 to provide hospital care to the poor. The title Royal was granted by Queen Victoria in 1837 in recognition of the treatment of cholera victims. Royal Free Hospital moved to its present site in the mid-1970s, bringing together the old Royal Free Hospital on Grays Inn Road with the Lawn Road, New End, the former Hampstead Childrens Hospital became the nursing accommodation for the hospital. UCL Partners was officially designated as a health science centres by the UK Department of Health in March 2009. In April,2011 the Trust announced that it would be making 450 redundancies as part of a plan to reduce costs by £40 million per year. The Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust was authorised by Monitor as an NHS foundation trust on 1 April 2012, in the same month, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust took over management of Royal National Throat Nose and Ear Hospital from the Trust. In 2013 the Trust had a turnover of around £450m. Royal Free Hospital has a total of roughly 900 beds and treats around 700,000 patients each year, in partnership with University College London, the Trust has major research activities and it forms part of the UCL Partners academic health science centre. The Royal Free Hospital is also a centre for the UCL Medical School. The Trust has a Board of Directors comprising eleven statutory members including the Chairman, the role of the Board is to consider the key strategic and managerial issues facing the Trust in carrying out its statutory and other functions. The Chief Executive is responsible for the performance of the executive functions of the Trust. In July 2016 David Sloman, the Chief Executive took over as “interim accountable officer” at North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust as part of the Royal Free’s hospital chain project, one of the trusts directors is also taking over as Chief Executive at West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust. When the trust took over Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals Trust in 2014 it discovered a large backlog of patients waiting for elective treatment that year, by April 2015 the trust had reviewed 7,174 patients who have now received treatment. The review concluded that one patient “may have experienced serious harm” and 39 patients had “potentially” suffered “moderate harm”,1,541 patients were sent to private providers since July 2014, predominately for endoscopy and ear, nose and throat treatments. In November 2014 the trust started a project to scan 750,000 documents using Kodak scanners as part of its move to paper free working, business process outsourcing firm MISL are scanning partners in an operation which will take more than a year. It is hoped to analyse data of patients to identify previously unknown trends about medical conditions, the trust has access to patientsGP records in the Urgent Care Centre run by Haverstock Healthcare in its A&E department using the EMIS Web integrated clinical IT system. This enables the majority of patients to be sent home with written information on self care or referred to a pharmacy, the trust reported that vacancies had reached 1/6 of the nursing workforce in July 2015
23.
Proton Beam Therapy
–
Proton therapy, or proton beam therapy, is a medical procedure, a type of particle therapy that uses a beam of protons to irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer. The chief advantage of proton therapy over other types of external beam radiotherapy is that as a charged particle the dose is deposited over a narrow range, Proton therapy is a type of external beam radiotherapy that uses ionizing radiation. In proton therapy, medical personnel use a particle accelerator to target a tumor with a beam of protons and these charged particles damage the DNA of cells, ultimately killing them or stopping their reproduction. Cancerous cells are vulnerable to attacks on DNA because of their high rate of division. All protons of a given energy have a range, very few protons penetrate beyond that distance. Furthermore, the dose delivered to tissue is maximized only over the last few millimeters of the particle’s range, to treat tumors at greater depths, the proton accelerator must produce a beam with higher energy, typically given in eV or electron volts. Proton therapy treats tumors closer to the surface of the body with lower energy protons, accelerators used for proton therapy typically produce protons with energies in the range of 70 to 250 MeV. Adjusting proton energy during the treatment maximizes the cell damage the proton beam causes within the tumor, tissue closer to the surface of the body than the tumor receives reduced radiation, and therefore reduced damage. Tissues deeper in the body receive very few protons, so the dosage becomes immeasurably small, in most treatments, protons of different energies with Bragg peaks at different depths are applied to treat the entire tumor. These Bragg peaks are shown as blue lines in the figure to the right. The total radiation dosage of the protons is called the spread-out Bragg peak, the first treatments were performed with particle accelerators built for physics research, notably Berkeley Radiation Laboratory in 1954 and at Uppsala in Sweden in 1957. In 1961, a collaboration began between HCL and the Massachusetts General Hospital to pursue proton therapy, over the next 41 years, this program refined and expanded these techniques while treating 9,116 patients before the cyclotron was shut down in 2002. Later, The Northeast Proton Therapy Center at Massachusetts General Hospital was brought online, by 2010 these facilities were joined by an additional seven regional hospital-based proton therapy centers in the United States alone, and many more worldwide. Physicians use protons to treat conditions in two categories, Disease sites that respond well to higher doses of radiation, i. e. dose escalation. In some instances, dose escalation has demonstrated a higher probability of cure than conventional radiotherapy and these include, among others, uveal melanoma, skull base and paraspinal tumors, and unresectable sarcomas. In all these cases proton therapy achieves significant improvements in the probability of local control over conventional radiotherapy, in treatment of ocular tumors, proton therapy also has high rates of maintaining the natural eye. The second broad class are those treatments where proton therapys increased precision reduces unwanted side effects by lessening the dose to normal tissue. In these cases, the dose is the same as in conventional therapy
24.
Christie NHS Foundation Trust
–
The Christie NHS Foundation Trust is located in Withington, Manchester, and is one of the largest cancer treatment centres in Europe. The Christie became a NHS Foundation Trust in April 2007 and is also a leader in cancer research and development. The hospital had its beginnings in the largesse of Sir Joseph Whitworth and he wanted this to be spent on good causes in Manchester and entrusted his bequest to three legatees, one of whom was Richard Copley Christie. Consequently, some of that money was used to buy land off Oxford Road, adjacent to Owens College, in 1901 it was renamed the Christie Hospital in honour of Richard Christie and his wife Mary. It was the hospital outside London for the treatment of cancer alone. The Roentgen apparatus was purchased, but no records survive of treatment, by 1905, Dr Wild had become interested in the therapeutic use of the newly discovered radium and experimented, once more with aid from Professor Schuster, on three patients. Radium was expensive, however, and the management refused to purchase any more until the results of tests from London hospitals were available, by 1914, a leading local doctor, Sir William Milligan, had begun a campaign in the Manchester Guardian to raise funds for radium treatment. Appealing to a mixture of pride and the contemporary enthusiasm for the curative powers of radium. In 1921 it moved to new premises in Nelson Street donated by Sir Edward and Lady Holt, Ralston Paterson was appointed as Director of the Radium Institute in 1931, and went on to build a world recognised centre for the treatment of cancer by radiation. After Ralston Patersons retirement in 1963, Professor Eric Craig Easson and he became world famous for his contribution to the curability of Hodgkins disease and to cancer education. He was awarded a personal Professorial Chair at the University of Manchester and he was the government adviser on cancer for many years, and was a prime mover in the Union Internationale Contre Cancer in Geneva, as well as the WHO cancer group. During Professor Eassons tenure as Director, many doctors throughout the world visited the Christie Hospital to absorb its ethos. Early impetuses to research came from new local diseases of such as mule spinners cancer and chimney sweeps cancer. New research laboratories, provided by the Womens Trust Fund and named after the Patersons, were opened in 1966. The Womens Trust Fund was a charity, chaired by Lady Margaret Holt, daughter-in-law of Sir Edward Holt. Core funding for the laboratories was secured from the Medical Research Council, the CRC also located the CRC Department of Medical Oncology, led by Professor Derek Crowther, at the Paterson. Lajtha was succeeded as Director in 1983 by Professor David Harnden, Professor T. Michael Dexter served in the post for a short ime before the appointment of Professor Nic Jones as Director in March 1999. Professor Jones stepped down in 2011 and Professor Richard Marais was appointed as the new Director in 2012, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute History
25.
Tottenham Court Road
–
Tottenham Court Road is a major road in Central London, running from St Giles Circus to Euston Road. Historically a market street, it well known for selling electronics. Tottenham Court Road runs from St Giles Circus north to Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden near its boundary with the City of Westminster, a distance of about three-quarters of a mile. It has for years been a one-way street, all three lanes are northbound only, the corresponding southbound traffic uses Gower Street which runs parallel to it to the east. It is generally regarded as marking the boundary between Bloomsbury to the east and Fitzrovia to the west, linking Somers Town to the north with Soho to the south. The south end of the road is close to the British Museum and to Centre Point, there are a number of buildings belonging to University College London along the road, and University College Hospital is near the north end of the road. The road is served by three stations on the London Underground—from south to north these are Tottenham Court Road, Goodge Street, on 3 June 2014 Camden Council announced plans to reserve the road for buses and bicycles only, during daylight hours from Monday to Saturday. They claimed it will make the street safer and boost business ahead of the opening of a new Crossrail station in 2018, the current one-way system will be replaced with two-way traffic flows. Wider pavements, cycle lanes and safer pedestrian crossings will also be installed as part of the £26m plan, the area through which the road is built is mentioned in the Domesday Book as belonging to the Dean and Chapter of St Pauls Cathedral. In the time of Henry III, a manor house slightly north-west of what is now the corner of Tottenham Court Road, in about the 15th century, the area was known variously as Totten, Totham, or Totting Hall. After changing hands several times, the manor was leased for 99 years to Queen Elizabeth, in the following century, it became the property of the Fitzroys, who built Fitzroy Square on a part of the manor estate towards the end of the 18th century. Tottenham Court Road was predominantly rural in nature until well into the 19th century, when Heals was established on former farmland, the lease stipulated there must be appropriate accommodation for 40 cows. These cowsheds were destroyed in a fire in 1877, further north there are several furniture shops, including Habitat and Heals. Shops such as Proops Brothers and Z & I Aero Services lined both sides of the road at that time, by the 1960s they were also selling Japanese transistor radios, audio mixers and other electronic gadgets. Many British-made valve stereos were offered too, lisle Street, on the north side of Leicester Square, was another place where a large variety of electronic surplus was available. One of the stores was the furniture maker Maple & Co. In recent years, the growth of e-commerce has reduced the importance of electronics retailing in the area, opposite Habitat and Heals is a small public open space called Whitfield Gardens. On the side of a house is a painting, the Fitzrovia Mural and it was painted in 1980 in a style resembling that of Diego Rivera
26.
British Olympic Association
–
The British Olympic Association is the National Olympic Committee for the United Kingdom. It represents the Olympic movement and organises the participation of athletes at the summer, winter, sovereign Base Areas The BOA is one of 206 National Committees currently recognised by the International Olympic Committee. The IOC leads the promotion of Olympism in accordance with the Olympic Charter, working with the national governing bodies of each sport, the BOA selects Team GBs members to compete in all sports at the summer and winter Olympics. The BOA is independent and receives no funding from the government and its income comes from fundraising and events. The United Kingdom is one of five countries which have never failed to be represented at the Summer Olympic Games since 1896. Great Britain is also the nation in the Olympic Games to have won a Gold in every games. Great Britain has hosted three Olympic Games, all of them in London, in 1908,1948 and 2012 and it now includes as its members the thirty-three national governing bodies of each Olympic sport, both summer and winter. A representative of each of the Olympic sports makes up the NOC, the NOC elects three officers, a President, a Chairman, and a Vice-Chairman, each for a four-year term. Six members of the NOC are elected to the Board, which oversees the work of the BOA and it traces its roots back to the National Olympian Association, which held its inaugural meeting at the Liverpool Gymnasium, Myrtle Street, Liverpool in November 1865. It promoted a series of sporting events across Britain, with the aim of encouraging participation in Physical Education through Olympian festivals. The NOA came about mainly through the efforts of John Hulley of Liverpool, Dr. William Penny Brookes and it took the existing Olympian Games of Much Wenlock as its example, thus the NOA Games were open to all comers and not just the products of Britains public schools. After the NOA closed in 1883 its motto and ethos were inherited by the National Physical Recreation Society which was founded in 1885. From 1902 the President and Treasurer of the NPRS were members of the Olympic Comité Britannique and the NPRS was a founding body of the British Olympic Association in 1905
27.
Hospital Corporation of America
–
Hospital Corporation of America is an American for-profit operator of health care facilities. Its based in Nashville, Tennessee and currently manages 168 hospitals and 116 freestanding surgery centers in the United States, HCA was founded in 1968, in Nashville, Tennessee by Dr. Thomas F. Frist Sr. Jack C. Massey and Dr. Thomas F. Frist Jr. Frist Sr. is the father of former U. S. Senate majority leader Bill Frist, milton Johnson is the CEO of HCA. The first hospital that HCA owned was Park View Hospital, near downtown Nashville, the small group of founders worked out of a small house not far from Park View for the first few years of operation. In 1969, HCA conducted its first Initial Public Offering on the New York Stock Exchange, as HCA grew, the small house that served as office space for the company no longer provided enough space. In 1972, the built an new office to house corporate operations behind Centennial Park in Nashville. During the 1970s and 1980s the corporation went through a growth period acquiring hundreds of hospitals across the United States which numbered 255 owned and 208 which HCA managed. In 1988, the operator was acquired for $5.1 billion in a management buyout led by Chairman Thomas F. Frist, Jr. In 1993 HCA merged with Louisville-based Columbia Hospital Corporation to form Columbia/HCA, in April 1998, Birmingham, Alabama-based HealthSouth Corporation announced it was acquiring the majority of HCAs surgical division. At the time of its announcement, the HCA buyout was the first of several to set new records for the largest and it would later be surpassed by the buyouts of Equity Office Properties and TXU. On Friday May 7,2010, HCA announced that the corporation would once again go public with an expected $4. 6-billion IPO. On Wednesday, March 9,2011, HCA sold 126.2 million shares for $30 each, raising about $3.79 billion, making it, at that time, the largest private-equity backed IPO in U. S. history. As of 2012, HCA operated 162 hospitals and 113 freestanding surgery centers located in 20 U. S. states and in the United Kingdom. The Princess Grace Hospital specializes in breast cancer and surgery, aided by Professor Kefah Mokbel and Dr. Nick Perry who, in 2005, in 1997, the company was part of a fraud investigation initiated by a number of governmental departments in the United States. Later that year, Rick Scott resigned as chairman and he later became the 45th and current Governor of Florida. The case was settled in 2002 at a reported cost of $2 billion to HCA and this made it the largest fraud settlement in US history. Following the raids, the Columbia/HCA board of directors forced Rick Scott to resign as chairman and he was paid a settlement of $9.88 million and left with 10 million shares of stock worth over $350 million, mostly from his initial investment. In 1999, Columbia/HCA changed its name back to HCA, Inc and they filed false cost reports, fraudulently billing Medicare for home health care workers, and paid kickbacks in the sale of home health agencies and to doctors to refer patients
28.
Barts Health NHS Trust
–
Barts Health NHS Trust is an NHS Trust operating in the City of London and East London. It is part of UCL Partners and it is the largest NHS Trust in the UK. Barts Health was formed on 1 April 2012 by the merger of Barts and The London NHS Trust, Newham University Hospital NHS Trust, the Trust has the largest Private Finance Initiative contract in the UK, a £1bn scheme. Innisfree Ltd, Skanska, Carillion, Synergy Health, Siemens Medical Solutions, paying back that PFI is costing the Trust £115m a year. It is one of the biggest providers of specialised services in England, there were concerns about waiting times performance, and levels of clinical harm. The Trust spent £935,500 on a management consultant, Donald Muir. At the time, Mr Morris was the highest paid NHS Trust CEO in the country, in March 2015 the trust was placed into special measures following a CQC report into Whipps Cross Hospital. In May 2015 the CQC said it was seriously understaffed, focussed too little on safety and had cancelled operations on numerous occasions because there were too few beds, rating it inadequate. The trust was one of 26 responsible for half of the growth in patients waiting more than four hours in accident. The trust reported 1200 vacancies - 1/5 of the workforce in July 2015. The trust spent £83.6 million on staff in 2014/5. In March 2016 the Trust was rated as having a poor reporting culture in the Learning from Mistakes League
29.
Google
–
Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
30.
Euston Road
–
Euston Road in Central London, England, runs from Marylebone Road to Kings Cross. The road is part of the London Inner Ring Road and forms part of the London congestion charge zone boundary, traffic increased when major railway stations, including Euston, opened in the mid-19th century and led to the roads renaming in 1857. Euston Road was widened in the 1960s to cater for the demands of motor traffic. The road contains several significant buildings including the Wellcome Library, the British Library, the road starts as a continuation of the A501, a major road through Central London, at its junction with Marylebone Road and Great Portland Street. It meets the end of Tottenham Court Road at a large junction where there is an underpass. The road ahead to Islington is Pentonville Road, the road is part of the London Inner Ring Road and on the edge of the London congestion charge zone. Drivers are not charged for travelling on the road, but may be if they turn south into the zone during its hours of operation. Kings Cross and St Pancras railway stations are at the end of the road, the British Library is nearby. The Euston Tower is a landmark on the road, the old and new headquarters of the Wellcome Trust are on its south side. From west to east the road passes Regents Park, Great Portland Street, Warren Street, Euston Square, Euston, London Bus Route 205 runs along the entire extent of Euston Road from Great Portland Street to Kings Cross. Before the 18th century, the land along which Euston Road runs was fields, Camden Town was a village retreat for Londoners working in the city. Euston Road was originally part of New Road, promoted by Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, construction began in May that year, and it was open to traffic by September. The road provided a new road for moving sheep and cattle to Smithfield Market avoiding Oxford Street and Holborn. The Capper family, who lived on the side of the proposed route, opposed its construction. Capper Street, a street off Tottenham Court Road, is named after the family. A clause in the 1756 Act stipulated that no buildings should be constructed within 50 feet of the road, during the 19th century the law was increasingly ignored. Euston Station opened on the side of New Road in July 1837. It was planned by Robert Stephenson on the site of gardens called Euston Grove and its entrance, designed by Philip Hardwick, cost £35,000 and had the highest portico in London at 72 feet
31.
Fitzrovia
–
It is characterised by its mixed-use of residential, business, retail, education and healthcare, with no single activity dominating. The historically bohemian area was home to such writers as Virginia Woolf, George Bernard Shaw. The neighbourhood is classified as above-averagely deprived, and parts of it have the worst living environment in the according to a government report. In 2016 the Sunday Times named the district as the best place to live in London, Fitzrovia is probably named after the Fitzroy Tavern, a public house situated on the corner of Charlotte Street and Windmill Street within the district. Until the end of the 19th century the area now includes Fitzrovia belonged to the Duke of Grafton and his family, their surname is Fitzroy. The name was adopted during the years initially by and later in recognition of the artistic. The name Fitzrovia was recorded in print for the first time by Tom Driberg MP in the William Hickey gossip column of the Daily Express in 1940. The writer and dandy Julian MacLaren-Ross recalled in his Memoirs of the Forties that Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu aka Tambi, Tambi had apparently claimed to have coined the name Fitzrovia. Maclaren-Ross recalls Tambimuttu saying, Now we go to the Black Horse, the Burglars Rest, maclaren-Ross replied, I know the Fitzroy to which Tambimuttu said, Ah, that was in the Thirties, now they go to other places. Tambimuttu then took him on a pub crawl, the Fitzroy Tavern was named after Charles FitzRoy, who first developed the northern part of the area in the 18th century. FitzRoy purchased the Manor of Tottenhall and built Fitzroy Square, to which he gave his name, the square is the most distinguished of the original architectural features of the district, having been designed in part by Robert Adam. The south-western area was first developed by the Duke of Newcastle who established Oxford Market, in addition to Fitzroy Square and nearby Fitzroy Street, there are numerous locations named for the FitzRoy family and Devonshire/Portland family, both significant local landowners. Charles FitzRoy was the grandson of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland and his wife Margaret Harley lend their names to Portland Place, Great Portland Street and Harley Street. Margaret Harley was daughter of Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, for whom Oxford Street, the Marquessate of Titchfield is a subsidiary title to the Dukedom of Portland, hence Great Titchfield Street. The name of the Grafton familys country estate is Euston Hall, two of Londons oldest surviving residential walkways can be found in Fitzrovia. Colville Place and the pre-Victorian Middleton Buildings are in the old London style of a way, another notable modern building is the YMCA Indian Student Hostel on Fitzroy Square, one of the few surviving buildings by Ralph Tubbs. The Candy brothers scheme, which was unpopular with local people, stanhope plc took over the project, and proposed a short term project which would allow residents to create temporary allotments on the site until a new development was started. However, the Icelandic bank Kaupthing, which had a controlling interest in the site, announced in March 2010 its intention to sell the site on the open market, in July 2010, the site passed into the ownership of Aviva Investments and Exemplar Properties
32.
London Borough of Camden
–
The London Borough of Camden /ˈkæmdən/ is a borough in north west London, and forms part of Inner London. The southern reaches of Camden form part of central London, the local authority is Camden London Borough Council. The borough was created in 1965 from the area of the metropolitan boroughs of Hampstead, Holborn, and St Pancras. The borough was named after Camden Town, which had gained its name from Charles Pratt, the transcribed diaries of William Copeland Astbury, recently made available, describe Camden and the surrounding areas in great detail from 1829–1848. There are 162 English Heritage blue plaques in the borough of Camden representing the diverse personalities that have lived there. The area is in the part of the city, reaching from Holborn. Neighbouring areas are the City of Westminster and the City of London to the south, Brent to the west, Barnet and Haringey to the north and Islington to the east. It covers all or part of the N1, N6, N7, N19, NW1, NW2, NW3, NW5, NW6, NW8, EC1, WC1, WC2, W1 and it contains parts of central London. Camden Town Hall is located in Judd Street in St Pancras, Camden London Borough Council was controlled by the Labour Party continuously from 1971 until the 2006 election, when the Liberal Democrats became the largest party. In 2006, two Green Cllrs, Maya de Souza and Adrian Oliver, were elected and were the first Green Party councillors in Camden, Camden was the fourth to last council to drop out of the campaign, doing so in the early hours of 6 June. Borough councillors are elected every four years, between 2006 and 2010 Labour lost two seats to the Liberal Democrats through by-elections, in Kentish Town and Haverstock wards. A Labour Councillor in Haverstock ward also defected to the Liberal Democrats in February 2009, at the local elections on 6 May 2010 the Labour party regained full control of Camden council. The new council is made up of 30 Labour,13 Liberal Democrats,10 Conservatives, at the Councils AGM, Labours Nasim Ali took office as Camdens first leader from the Bengali community. Labour Councillor Jonathan Simpson was elected the Mayor of the Borough, the organisations staff are led by the Chief Executive who is currently Mike Cooke. Each directorate is divided into a number of divisions headed by an assistant director and they in turn are divided into groups which are themselves divided into services. This is a model to most local government in London. Pancras in the south, represented by Labours Keir Starmer, in 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough were already developed and had a total population of 96,795. This continued to rise throughout the 19th century as the district became built up
33.
Intensive care medicine
–
They may also be admitted for intensive/invasive monitoring, such as the crucial hours after major surgery when deemed too unstable to transfer to a less intensively monitored unit. Intensive care is only offered to those whose condition is potentially reversible. A prime requisite for admission to an intensive care unit is that the condition can be overcome. Medical studies suggest a relation between ICU volume and quality of care for mechanically ventilated patients, after adjustment for severity of illness, demographic variables, and characteristics of the ICUs, higher ICU volume was significantly associated with lower ICU and hospital mortality rates. For example, adjusted ICU mortality was 21. 2% in hospitals with 87 to 150 mechanically ventilated patients annually, hospitals with intermediate numbers of patients had outcomes between these extremes. This may include interpreting machine noises as human voices, seeing walls quiver, in general, it is the most expensive, technologically advanced and resource-intensive area of medical care. In the United States, estimates of the 2000 expenditure for critical care medicine ranged from US$15–55 billion, during that year, critical care medicine accounted for 0. 56% of GDP,4. 2% of national health expenditure and about 13% of hospital costs. In 2011 hospital stays with ICU services accounted for just over one-quarter of all discharges, the mean hospital charge was 2.5 times higher for discharges with ICU services than for those without. Intensive care usually takes a system by system approach to treatment, the nine key systems are each considered on an observation-intervention-impression basis to produce a daily plan. As well as the key systems, intensive care treatment raises other issues including health, pressure points, mobilisation and physiotherapy. The nine key IC systems are, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, endocrine system, gastro-intestinal tract, hematology, microbiology, peripheries, renal, and respiratory system. The provision of care is, in general, administered in a specialized unit of a hospital called the intensive care unit or critical care unit. The naming is not rigidly standardized, Critical care medicine is a relatively new but increasingly important medical specialty. Physicians with training in critical care medicine are referred to as intensivists, US board certification in critical care medicine is available through all five specialty boards. The American Society of Critical Care Medicine is a well-established multiprofessional society for working in the ICU including nurses, respriatory therapists. Most medical research has demonstrated that ICU care provided by intensivists produces better outcomes and this has led the Leapfrog Group to make a primary recommendation that all ICU patients be managed or co-managed by a dedicated intensivist who is exclusively responsible for patients in one ICU. However, in the US, there is a shortage of intensivists. Other members of the care team may also pursue additional training in critical care medicine as intensivists
34.
National Health Service
–
The National Health Service is the name of the public health services of England, Scotland and Wales, and is commonly used to refer to those of Northern Ireland. They were established together as one of the social reforms following the Second World War on the founding principles of being comprehensive, universal. Today, each provides a range of health services, the vast majority of which are free for people ordinarily resident in the United Kingdom. Taken together, the four National Health Services in 2015-16 employed around 1.6 million people with a budget of £136.7 billion. For non-residents, the NHS is free at the time of use, for general practitioner, the NHS began on the Appointed Day of 5 July 1948. This put into practice Westminster legislation for England and Wales from 1946 and Scotland from 1947, when Clement Attlees Labour Party won the 1945 election he appointed Aneurin Bevan as Health Minister. Bevan then embarked upon what the historian of the NHS, Charles Webster. Three years after the founding of the NHS, Bevan resigned from the Labour government in opposition to the introduction of charges for the provision of dentures and glasses, the following year, Winston Churchills Conservative government introduced prescription charges. These charges were the first of many controversies over reforms to the NHS throughout its history, each of the UKs four nations have their own separate NHS, each with its own history. From its earliest days, the history of the NHS has shown its place in British society reflected and debated in film, TV, cartoons. However, some functions might be performed by one health service on behalf of another. There have been issues about cross-border payments, taken together, the four National Health Services in 2015-16 employed around 1.6 million people with a combined budget of £136.7 billion. In 2014 the total health sector workforce across the UK was 2,165,043 and this broke down into 1,789,586 in England,198,368 in Scotland,110,292 in Wales and 66,797 in Northern Ireland. The NHS is free at the time of use, for general practitioner and emergency treatment not including admission to hospital, people with the right to medical care in European Economic Area nations are also entitled to free treatment by using the European Health Insurance Card. Those from other countries with which the UK has reciprocal arrangements also qualify for free treatment, people not ordinarily resident in the UK are in general not entitled to free hospital treatment, with some exceptions such as refugees. People not ordinarily resident may be subject to an interview to establish their eligibility, patients who do not qualify for free treatment are asked to pay in advance, or to sign a written undertaking to pay, except for emergency treatment. The provision of treatment to non-UK-residents, formerly interpreted liberally, has been increasingly restricted. As of 2016 the surcharge was £200 per year, with exemptions and reductions in some cases, the systems are 98. 8% funded from general taxation and National Insurance contributions, plus small amounts from patient charges for some services
