1.
Public university
–
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
–
Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
–
Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
–
Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
–
Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
2.
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Little Rock is the capital and the most populous city of the U. S. state of Arkansas. It is also the county seat of Pulaski County and it was incorporated on November 7,1831, on the south bank of the Arkansas River close to the geographic center of the state. The city derives its name from a rock formation along the river, the capital of the Arkansas Territory was moved to Little Rock from Arkansas Post in 1821. The citys population was 193,524 at the 2010 census, Little Rock is a cultural, economic, government, and transportation center within Arkansas and the South. Little Rocks history is available through history museums, historic districts or neighborhoods like the Quapaw Quarter, the city is the headquarters of Dillards, Windstream Communications, Acxiom, Stephens Inc. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Heifer International, the Clinton Foundation, other large corporations, such as Dassault Falcon Jet and LM Wind Power have large operations in the city. State government is an employer, with many offices being located in downtown Little Rock. Two Interstate highways, Interstate 30 and Interstate 40, meet in Little Rock, Little Rock derives its name from a small rock formation on the south bank of the Arkansas River called le petit rocher. The little rock was used by river traffic as a landmark. The little rock is across the river from big rock, a bluff at the edge of the river. Archeological artifacts provide evidence of Native Americans inhabiting Central Arkansas for thousands of years before Europeans arrived, the early inhabitants may have been the Folsom people, Bluff Dwellers, and Mississippian culture peoples who built earthwork mounds recorded in 1541 by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. Historical tribes of the area were the Caddo, Quapaw, Osage, Choctaw, Little Rock was named for a stone outcropping on the bank of the Arkansas River used by early travelers as a landmark. Le Petit Rocher, named in 1722 by French explorer and trader Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, Travelers referred to the area as the Little Rock, and the landmark name stuck. Little Rock is located at 34°44′10″N 92°19′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 116.8 square miles, of which,116.2 square miles of it is land and 0.6 square miles of it is water. Little Rock is located on the bank of the Arkansas River in Central Arkansas. Fourche Creek and Rock Creek run through the city, and flow into the river, the western part of the city is located in the foothills of the Ouachita Mountains. Northwest of the city limits are Pinnacle Mountain and Lake Maumelle, the city of North Little Rock is located just across the river from Little Rock, but it is a separate city. North Little Rock was once the 8th ward of Little Rock, an Arkansas Supreme Court decision on February 6,1904, allowed the ward to merge with the neighboring town of North Little Rock
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Clockwise from top: Little Rock skyline,
William J. Clinton Presidential Library,
War Memorial Stadium, the River Market District, and the
Arkansas State Capitol
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Seal
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
The skyline of Little Rock, viewed from the north bank of the
Arkansas River
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Astronaut photograph of Little Rock, Arkansas taken from the International Space Station (ISS)
3.
Arkansas
–
Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
Arkansas
–
View from the
Ozark Highlands Scenic Byway in
Boxley Valley
Arkansas
Arkansas
–
The Ozarks: bend in the Buffalo River from an overlook on the Buffalo River Trail near Steel Creek
Arkansas
–
The flat terrain and rich soils of the Arkansas Delta near
Arkansas City are in stark contrast to the northwestern part of the state.
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
7.
University
–
A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
University
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
University
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
University
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
University
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
8.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
U.S. state
–
U.S. states
9.
Graduate school
–
A graduate school is a school that awards advanced academic degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate degree with a high grade point average. The distinction between schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees. Also, some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession, many universities award graduate degrees, a graduate school is not necessarily a separate institution. Those attending graduate schools are called students, or often in British English as postgraduate students and, colloquially, postgraduates. Degrees awarded to students include masters degrees, doctoral degrees. Producing original research is a significant component of graduate studies in the humanities, sciences and this research typically leads to the writing and defense of a thesis or dissertation. In graduate programs that are oriented towards professional training, the degrees may consist solely of coursework, the term graduate school is primarily North American. Unlike in undergraduate programs, however, it is common for graduate students to take coursework outside their specific field of study at graduate or graduate entry level. Some institutions designate separate graduate versus undergraduate staff and denote other divisions, Graduate degrees in Brazil are called postgraduate degrees, and can be taken only after an undergraduate education has been concluded. Lato sensu graduate degrees, degrees that represent a specialization in a certain area, sometimes it can be used to describe a specialization level between a masters degree and a MBA. However, since there are no norms to regulate this, both names are used indiscriminately most of the time, stricto sensu graduate degrees, degrees for those who wish to pursue an academic career. Usually serves as qualification for those seeking a differential on the job market. Most doctoral programs in Brazil require a degree, meaning that a Lato Sensu Degree is usually insufficient to start a doctoral program. Doctors / PhD, 3–4 years for completion, usually used as a stepping stone for academic life. In Canada, the Schools and Faculties of Graduate Studies are represented by the Canadian Association of Graduate Studies or Association canadienne pour les études supérieures and its mandate is to promote, advance, and foster excellence in graduate education and university research in Canada. In addition to a conference, the association prepares briefs on issues related to graduate studies including supervision, funding. Admission to a masters program generally requires a degree in a related field, with sufficiently high grades usually ranging from B+ and higher. Some schools require samples of the writing as well as a research proposal
Graduate school
–
A doctoral graduate (
PhD) of
Chulalongkorn University in
Thailand, dressed in an
academic gown for her
graduation ceremony.
10.
UAMS Medical Center
–
UAMS Medical Center is a teaching hospital and a Level I trauma center located in Little Rock, Arkansas. UAMS Medical Center is affiliated with UAMS College of Medicine, which is part of the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, UAMS Medical Center has been ranked as one of Americas Best Hospitals by US News & World Report 13 consecutive times. In 2011, UAMS Medical Center was awarded and named the Top Hospital out of 23 in the Little Rock Metropolitan Area by U. S. News & World Report. It is also recognized as a high performing hospital in the areas of Cancer, Ear, Nose and Throat, Gynecology, the UAMS campus facilities have undergone massive renovations and expansions in the past decades. The campus currently spans a total of 84 acres, covers over 25 buildings, although UAMS Medical Center was founded in 1879, no patients were admitted or treated at the facility until 1892. What started as a free clinic later evolved into an entity known only as City Hospital when UAMS moved their campus just outside downtown Little Rock in 1935 and that facility is now home to the William H. Bowen School of Law. UAMS and the City Hospital remained at location until 1956. That 40 acre site was deeded to the university by the Arkansas State Hospital, the campus saw extensive growth in the early 1960s to the late 1990s. UAMS began another large campus expansion in phases from 2001 to 2011, Arkansas Childrens Hospital John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital
UAMS Medical Center
–
Main Hospital Entrance at Hooper Drive
UAMS Medical Center
–
UAMS Medical Center
11.
Texarkana, Arkansas
–
Texarkana is the largest city and the county seat of Miller County, Arkansas, United States. Texarkana is a Twin city with Texarkana, Texas, along State Line Avenue, according to the 2010 census, the population of the city was 29,919, ranking it as the states 12th largest city, behind Hot Springs. The city, along with its Texas counterpart, forms the city of the Metropolitan Statistical Area, encompassing all of Bowie County, Texas. The combined population of the two Texarkana cities was 66,330 at the 2010 census, Texarkana, Arkansas, is located at 33°25′59″N 94°1′14″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 41.9 square miles. 41.7 square miles of it is land and 0.19 square miles of it is water, the climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Texarkana has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 26,448 people,10,384 households, the population density was 830.5 people per square mile. There were 11,721 housing units at a density of 368.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 93% White,31. 00% Black or African American,0. 48% Native American,0. 50% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 61% from other races, and 1. 46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 78% of the population,28. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,10. 1% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $31,343, and the median income for a family was $37,157. Males had an income of $35,204 versus $21,731 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,130, about 17. 2% of families and 21. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33. 0% of those under age 18 and 15. 7% of those age 65 or above. The Arkansas Department of Correction operates the Texarkana Regional Correction Center in Texarkana, Arkansas residents whose permanent residence is within the city limits of Texarkana, Arkansas are exempt from Arkansas individual income taxes
Texarkana, Arkansas
–
Texarkana federal building, including the post office and courthouse, straddling the Texas-Arkansas state line
Texarkana, Arkansas
–
Municipal Auditorium is located in the City Hall complex in Texarkana, Arkansas.
Texarkana, Arkansas
–
The Texarkana Fire Department adjoins the Municipal Auditorium.
Texarkana, Arkansas
–
Highland
Church of Christ at 1705 Highland Street in Texarkana, Arkansas
12.
Pharmacy
–
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the health professionals who optimize use of medication for the benefit of the patients. An establishment in which pharmacy is practiced is called a pharmacy or a chemists, often, collaborative teams from various disciplines work together toward the introduction of new therapeutics and methods for patient care. However, pharmacy is not a basic or biomedical science in its typical form, medicinal chemistry is also a distinct branch of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, organic chemistry, and chemical biology. Pharmacology is sometimes considered as the 4th discipline of pharmacy, although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Both disciplines are distinct. Those who wish to practice both pharmacy and pharmacology receive separate training and degrees unique to either discipline, pharmacoinformatics is considered another new discipline, for systematic drug discovery and development with efficiency and safety. The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 2.6 million pharmacists, pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice, pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation. In some cases, the body is also the registering body. The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice, the American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology. A Pharmacy Technician in the UK has recently referred to by some as a professional. Legislation requires the supervision of certain pharmacy technicians activities by a pharmacist, the majority of pharmacy technicians work in community pharmacies. In hospital pharmacies, pharmacy technicians may be managed by other senior pharmacy technicians, Pharmacy technicians are registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council. The GPhC is the regulator of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy premises, in the US, pharmacy technicians perform their duties under supervision of pharmacists. The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances was the Sushruta Samhita, however, the earliest text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD. Many Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets record prescriptions for medicine, Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri such as the Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BC, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus of the 16th century BC. In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus was one of several men studying the properties of plants
Pharmacy
–
The Apothecary or The Chemist by
Gabriël Metsu (c. 1651–67)
Pharmacy
–
Pharmacy
Pharmacy
–
Pharmacy,
tacuinum sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)
Pharmacy
–
Physician and Pharmacist, illustration from Medicinarius (1505) by
Hieronymus Brunschwig.
13.
Nursing
–
Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, Nurses practice in many specialisms with differing levels of prescriber authority. Many nurses provide care within the scope of physicians. However, nurses are permitted by most jurisdictions to practice independently in a variety of settings depending on training level, Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of an interdisciplinary health care team such as therapists, medical practitioners and dietitians. Nurses provide care both interdependently, for example, with physicians, and independently as nursing professionals, Nursing historians face the challenge of determining whether care provided to the sick or injured in antiquity was nursing care. In the fifth century BC, for example, the Hippocratic Collection in places describes skilled care and observation of patients by male attendants, who may have been early nurses. Hence, any one desirous of acquiring a knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it. Before the foundation of modern nursing, members of religious orders such as nuns, examples exist in Christian, Islamic and Buddhist traditions amongst others. Phoebe, mentioned in Romans 16 has been described in sources as the first visiting nurse. These traditions were influential in the development of the ethos of modern nursing, the religious roots of modern nursing remain in evidence today in many countries. One example in the United Kingdom is the use of the sister to refer to a senior nurse. During the Reformation of the 16th century, Protestant reformers shut down the monasteries and convents and those nuns who had been serving as nurses were given pensions or told to get married and stay home. Nursing care went to the inexperienced as traditional caretakers, rooted in the Roman Catholic Church, were removed from their positions, the nursing profession suffered a major setback for approximately 200 years. Florence Nightingale laid the foundations of professional nursing during the Crimean War and her Notes on Nursing became popular. Agnes Jones, who established a training regime at the Brownlow Hill infirmary, Liverpool. In turn, the modern movement began in Germany in 1836. Within a half century, there were over 5,000 deaconesses in Europe, formal use of nurses in the modern military began in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Nurses saw active duty in the First Boer War, the Egyptian Campaign, hospital-based training came to the fore in the early 1900s, with an emphasis on practical experience
Nursing
–
A British nurse caring for a baby
Nursing
–
Florence Nightingale was an influential figure in the development of modern nursing. No uniform had been created when Florence Nightingale was employed during the
Crimean War. Both nursing role and education were first defined by Florence Nightingale.
Nursing
–
A recruiting poster for Australian nurses from
World War I.
Nursing
–
Two nurses in Arizona, 1943
14.
Fay Boozman
–
Fay Winford Boozman, III was a Republican politician from the U. S. state of Arkansas, a close friend of former Governor Mike Huckabee and a brother of U. S. He was the Republican nominee for U. S. Senate in Arkansas in 1998, at the time of his death at the age of fifty-eight as a result of a freak accident, Boozman, an ophthalmologist, was the director of the Arkansas Health Department. He had first become involved in politics working on Huckabees 1993 special election campaign for lieutenant governor. As health department director, Boozman was the front man for Huckabees Healthy Arkansas initiatives, from 1995 to 1998, Boozman was a member of the Arkansas State Senate from Rogers in Benton County. He succeeded the Democrat Reid Holliman, a supporter of former U. S, senator Dale Bumpers and U. S. President Bill Clinton. In 1998, rather than running for a term for the state Senate. Lincoln received 385,878 votes to Boozmans 295,870, in 2010, Boozmans brother, John, defeated Lincoln for the same Senate seat he had unsuccessfully run for. He later apologized for the statement, saying that it was not statistically based, Boozman, who was strongly pro-life, saw his role as director of the health department as that of a Christian and a servant. Those who worked with him found him caring, sensitive, a man a servants heart, nice, compassionate, principled. Dr. Boozman was also a medical advisor to a crisis pregnancy center. A Republican, Dave Bisbee, was elected to succeed Boozman, the seat was held until 2013 by Kim Hendren, another Republican candidate for the U. S. Senate nomination and a brother-in-law of former U. S. Senator Tim Hutchinson and former U. S, representative Asa Hutchinson who currently serves as Governor of Arkansas. After an automobile accident in 1996, Boozman suffered serious injuries, including a heart, broken ribs, kidney problems, a collapsed lung. He was a passenger in the vehicle driven by Timothy Hutchinson, later a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives, Timothy Hutchinsons twin brother, Jeremy Hutchinson, and their mother, Donna Hutchinson, who is divorced from Tim Hutchinson, have also served in the Arkansas House. Ive never known a more tender-hearted human being and his life was an encouragement to everyone who came in contact with him every day, and losing him is just devastating, said Asa Hutchinson. Boozman died near Rogers, Arkansas when a barn in which he had engaged in farm chores collapsed. His father was Fay Winford Boozman, Jr. whose last residence was in Rogers, Governor Huckabee released this statement on Boozmans death, was not only one of my most trusted team members, but he was a close personal friend and Christian brother. One of my happiest days as governor was when he became director of the Department of Health and his death will mark the very saddest day
Fay Boozman
–
Fay Winford Boozman, III
15.
Public Health
–
It is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people, Public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, public policy, mental health and occupational safety, the focus of public health intervention is to improve health and quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions. This is done through surveillance of cases and health indicators, there is a great disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between developed nations and developing nations. In the developing world, public health infrastructures are still forming, many diseases are preventable through simple, nonmedical methods. For example, research has shown that the act of hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases. Public health communications programs, vaccination programs and distribution of condoms are examples of public health measures. Measures such as these have contributed greatly to the health of populations, Public health plays an important role in disease prevention efforts in both the developing world and in developed countries, through local health systems and non-governmental organizations. The World Health Organization is the agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues. Most countries have their own government public health agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, for example, in the United States, the front line of public health initiatives are state and local health departments. In Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada is the agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response. The Public health system in India is managed by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the government of India with state-owned health care facilities. Public health programs providing vaccinations have made strides in promoting health, including the eradication of smallpox, antibiotic resistance, also known as drug resistance, was the theme of World Health Day 2011. Although the prioritization of pressing public health issues is important, Laurie Garrett argues that there are following consequences, when foreign aid is funnelled into disease-specific programs, the importance of public health in general is disregarded. This public health problem of stovepiping is thought to create a lack of funds to other existing diseases in a given country. For example, the WHO reports that at least 220 million people suffer from diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is projected that the number of diabetes deaths will double by the year 2030, the risk of type 2 diabetes is closely linked with the growing problem of obesity. The WHO’s latest estimates highlighted that globally approximately 1.5 billion adults were overweight in 2008, the United States is the leading country with 30. 6% of its population being obese
Public Health
–
Newspaper headlines from around the world about
polio vaccine tests (13 April 1955)
Public Health
–
Three former directors of the
Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980
Public Health
–
Emergency Response Team in
Burma after
Cyclone Nargis in 2008
Public Health
–
The primitive nature of
medieval medicine rendered Europe helpless to the onslaught of the
Black Death in the 14th century. Fragment of a miniature from "The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis" (1272-1352). Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.
16.
Hospital
–
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals, a teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments and specialist units such as cardiology, some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations, by health insurance companies, or by charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions, Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, another noun derived from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guests lodging, hospes is thus the root for the English words host hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. The German word Spital shares similar roots, the grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave without staying overnight, while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months. Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities, some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. In California, district hospital refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of beds in many local communities. Twenty-eight of Californias rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are District hospitals, Californias District hospitals are formed by local municipalities, have Boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs
Hospital
–
All India Institute of Medical Sciences in
Delhi, India
Hospital
–
The
Uniklinikum Aachen in
Germany is one of the biggest hospitals in Europe.
Hospital
–
Lehigh Valley Hospital in
Allentown, Pennsylvania
Hospital
–
McMaster University Medical Centre, a teaching hospital in Canada
17.
Winthrop P. Rockefeller
–
Winthrop Paul Win Rockefeller was a Republican politician who served as the 13th Lieutenant Governor of the US state of Arkansas from 1996 until his death in 2006. He was also a member of the Rockefeller family, Winthrop Paul Rockefeller was born on September 17,1948 in New York City. He was the child of Arkansas Governor Winthrop Rockefeller and actress Jievute Bobo Paulekiute. His parents separated in 1950 and divorced four years later, Rockefeller grew up in both the United States and in Europe and was educated at schools in New York, England and in Switzerland. He graduated from Texas Christian University with a degree in Ranch Management, Rockefeller served from 1981 to 1995 on the Arkansas State Police Commission. In 1991, he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to serve on the President’s Council on Rural America and was elected chairman. Rockefeller also was a President of the Quapaw Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America and he was elected Lieutenant Governor in a November 1996 special election triggered by the resignation of Governor Jim Guy Tucker and the succession of then-Lieutenant Governor Mike Huckabee. Rockefeller was subsequently re-elected in 1998 to a full four-year term, Rockefeller was elected once again in 2002 with 60 percent of the vote. According to his website, As Lieutenant Governor he focused on development, education. In 1997, Rockefeller created Books in the Attic, a program using existing resources, Boy Scouts, in 2004, he served as chairman of the Republican Party of Arkansas. On March 22,1971, Rockefeller married Deborah Cluett Sage of New York, the couple met while both were studying in Oxford, England. The wedding took place in Colonial Willamsburg, Virginia at Bruton Parish Church, the couple had three children, Andrea Davidson Rockefeller Katherine Cluett Rockefeller Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Jr. The couple divorced on January 11,1979, on June 4,1983, Rockefeller married Lisenne Dudderar, an administrative assistant with the Arkansas Nature Conservancy. They had four sons, William Gordon Rockefeller Colin Kendrick Rockefeller John Alexander Camp Rockefeller Louis Henry Rockefeller They also adopted a daughter, Grace, Win and Lisenne founded a school for children with learning disabilities in Little Rock, now known as the Academy at Riverdale. He was an member of the National Federation of Independent Business. Rockefeller was ranked #283 on the Forbes magazine list of the nations wealthiest people in 2005, as lieutenant governor, which was a part-time job, he forwarded his $34,673 state salary to charity. Rockefeller had announced his candidacy for governor and was expected to face the more conservative Asa Hutchinson in the Republican primary election in May 2006. On July 20,2005, however, he bowed out of the race, citing myeloproliferative disease, in October 2005 and March 2006, Rockefeller underwent unsuccessful bone marrow transplants at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington
Winthrop P. Rockefeller
–
Arkansas Lieutenant Governor Win Rockefeller being presented with a check for the Arkansas Read First program on August 14, 2002.
18.
Vertebral column
–
The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column houses the spinal canal, a cavity that encloses, there are about 50,000 species of animals that have a vertebral column. The human vertebral column is one of the most-studied examples, the articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. There are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae, the number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. The number of those in the region however is only rarely changed. There are ligaments extending the length of the column at the front and the back, the vertebrae in the human vertebral column are divided into different regions, which correspond to the curves of the spinal column. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine, vertebrae in these regions are essentially alike, with minor variation. These regions are called the spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum. There are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae and five lumbar vertebrae, the number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. The number of those in the region however is only rarely changed. The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines are independent bones, the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are usually fused and unable to move independently. Two special vertebrae are the atlas and axis, on which the head rests, a typical vertebra consists of two parts, the vertebral body and the vertebral arch. The vertebral arch is posterior, meaning it faces the back of a person, together, these enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord. Because the spinal cord ends in the spine, and the sacrum and coccyx are fused. Two transverse processes and one process are posterior to the vertebral body. The spinous process comes out the back, one transverse process comes out the left, the spinous processes of the cervical and lumbar regions can be felt through the skin. Above and below each vertebra are joints called facet joints and these restrict the range of movement possible, and are joined by a thin portion of the neural arch called the pars interarticularis. In between each pair of vertebrae are two small holes called intervertebral foramina, the spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes
Vertebral column
–
Vertebral column of a goat
Vertebral column
–
Human vertebral column.
Vertebral column
–
A vertebra (diameter 5 mm) of a small
ray-finned fish
Vertebral column
–
Vertebral anatomy of a human spine
19.
Neurosciences
–
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is a branch of biology, that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology. It also draws upon fields including mathematics, pharmacology, physics, engineering, Neuroscience has also given rise to such other disciplines as neuroeducation, neuroethics, and neurolaw. The techniques used by neuroscientists have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of neurons to imaging of sensory. Recent theoretical advances in neuroscience have also aided by the study of neural networks. As a result of the number of scientists who study the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists. The earliest study of the system dates to ancient Egypt. Manuscripts dating to 1700 BC indicate that the Egyptians had some knowledge about symptoms of brain damage, early views on the function of the brain regarded it to be a cranial stuffing of sorts. In Egypt, from the late Middle Kingdom onwards, the brain was removed in preparation for mummification. It was believed at the time that the heart was the seat of intelligence, the view that the heart was the source of consciousness was not challenged until the time of the Greek physician Hippocrates. He believed that the brain was not only involved with sensation—since most specialized organs are located in the head near the brain—but was also the seat of intelligence, plato also speculated that the brain was the seat of the rational part of the soul. Aristotle, however, believed the heart was the center of intelligence, abulcasis, Averroes, Avicenna, Avenzoar, and Maimonides, active in the Medieval Muslim world, described a number of medical problems related to the brain. In Renaissance Europe, Vesalius, René Descartes, and Thomas Willis also made contributions to neuroscience. Studies of the brain became more sophisticated after the invention of the microscope, the procedure used a silver chromate salt to reveal the intricate structures of individual neurons. His technique was used by Santiago Ramón y Cajal and led to the formation of the neuron doctrine, Golgi and Ramón y Cajal shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 for their extensive observations, descriptions, and categorizations of neurons throughout the brain. In parallel with this research, work with brain-damaged patients by Paul Broca suggested that regions of the brain were responsible for certain functions. Carl Wernicke further developed the theory of the specialization of specific structures in language comprehension and production. During the 20th century, neuroscience began to be recognized as an academic discipline in its own right
Neurosciences
–
Drawing by
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) of
neurons in the pigeon cerebellum
Neurosciences
–
The
Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons.
Neurosciences
–
Photograph of a
stained neuron in a chicken embryo
20.
Fayetteville, Arkansas
–
Fayetteville is the third-largest city in Arkansas and county seat of Washington County. The city is located within the county and has been home of the University of Arkansas since the institutions founding in 1871. Fayetteville is on the outskirts of the Boston Mountains, deep within the Ozarks, known as Washington until 1829, the city was named after Fayetteville, Tennessee, from which many of the settlers had come. It was incorporated on November 3,1836 and was rechartered in 1867, the four-county Northwest Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area is ranked 105th in terms of population in the United States with 463,204 in 2010 according to the United States Census Bureau. The city had a population of 73,580 at the 2010 Census, at 1,400 feet of elevation, it is also one of the highest major US cites between the western Great Plains and the Appalachian Mountains. Fayetteville is home to the University of Arkansas, the states largest university, when classes are in session, thousands of students on campus dramatically change the citys demographics. Thousands of Arkansas Razorbacks alumni and fans travel to Fayetteville to attend football, basketball, the Universitys mens track and field program has won 41 national championships to date. Forbes also ranked Fayetteville as the 24th-best city for business and careers in 2016, lonely Planet named Fayetteville among its top 20 places to visit in the South in 2016. Based in nearby Bentonville, the Walmart corporation has dominated Fayettevilles economy, the city hosts the Wal-Mart Shareholders Meetings each year at the Bud Walton Arena. In 1828, George McGarrah settled at Big Spring with his family on the modern day corner of Spring and Willow, founding the town of Washington, on October 17, Washington County was established, Washington chosen as the county seat. The Washington Courthouse was finished in 1829, and also contained the post office, later in the year Postmaster Larkin Newton changed the name to the Fayetteville Courthouse, to avoid confusing with Washington, Hempstead County. Two councilmen selected to name the city were from Fayetteville, Tennessee and that original Fayetteville was named for General Lafayette, a French general who helped the colonies gain independence in the American Revolutionary War. The first store in Fayetteville was opened by John Nye in a building constructed by James Holmsley. In 1832 David Walker, Chief Justice of the Arkansas supreme court, in 1822 Archibald Yell, the second Governor of Arkansas, built a house and called it Waxhaw after his home in North Carolina. This was on the outskirts of town then but now is a named after him that connects College. The first hotels were the Burnside House and the Onstott House, Fayetteville was incorporated as a town on November 3,1836. In 1859, a city charter was obtained from the Legislature, during the Civil War the municipal government was suspended and was not reinstated until 1867. Rhea was the president of the trustees in 1836, J. W. Walker was the first mayor under the charter of 1859
Fayetteville, Arkansas
–
Clockwise from top: Fayetteville skyline around the
Historic Square,
Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium,
Old Main,
Wilson Park, the
Fayetteville Depot, and the
Washington County Courthouse.
Fayetteville, Arkansas
–
The house that served as Union headquarters during the
action at Fayetteville is operated today as
a museum about the war.
Fayetteville, Arkansas
–
The split between the Springfield Plateau and the
Boston Mountains occurs in the center of
Washington County, Arkansas very near Fayetteville. The rough, mountainous terrain south of Fayetteville is the Boston Mountains while the more-habitable Springfield Plateau contains the cities of
Springdale,
Bentonville and
Rogers to the north.
Fayetteville, Arkansas
–
Mount Sequoyah rises above Fayetteville on the city's eastern side
21.
Pine Bluff
–
Pine Bluff is the ninth largest city in the state of Arkansas. It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Arkansas and it is also the principal city of the Pine Bluff Metropolitan Statistical Area and part of the Little Rock-North Little Rock-Pine Bluff Combined Statistical Area. The population of the city was 49,083 in the 2010 Census, the city is situated in the Southeast section of the Arkansas Delta and straddles the Arkansas Timberlands region to its west. Its topography is flat with wide expanses of farmland consistent with other places in the Delta Lowlands, Pine Bluff is home to a number of creeks, streams, bayous, and larger bodies of water such as Lake Pine Bluff, Lake Langhofer and the Arkansas River. Pine Bluff is home to over three-quarters of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, the area along the Arkansas River had been inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous peoples of various cultures. They used the river for transportation like settlers after them, by the time of encounter with Europeans, the historical Quapaw were the chief people in the area, having migrated from the Ohio River valley centuries before. The city of Pine Bluff was founded by Europeans on a bank of the Arkansas River heavily forested with tall pine trees. The high ground furnished settlers a safe haven from annual flooding, Joseph Bonne, a Métis fur trader and trapper of mixed Quapaw and French ancestry, settled on this bluff in 1819. In 1829 Thomas Phillips claimed a section of land where Pine Bluff is located. Jefferson County was established by the Territorial Legislature on November 2,1829, at the August 13,1832 county election, the pine bluff was chosen as the county seat. The Quorum Court voted to name the village Pine Bluff Town on October 16,1832, Pine Bluff was incorporated January 8,1839, by the order of County Judge Taylor. At the time, the village had about 50 residents, improved transportation facilities aided in the growth of Pine Bluff during the 1840s and 1850s. With its proximity to the Arkansas River, the town served as a port for travel. Steamships provided the primary mode of transport, arriving from downriver ports such as New Orleans, from 1832-1858, Pine Bluff was also a station on the passage of Seminole and Black Seminoles who were forcibly removed from Florida to the Territory. They included the legendary John Horse, who landed in the city on the steamboat Swan in 1842. Pine Bluff was prospering by the outbreak of the Civil War with wealth built on the commodity crop of cotton, the city had one of the largest slave populations in the state by 1860 and Jefferson County, Arkansas was second in cotton production in the state. Union troops under Colonel Powell Clayton arrived September 17,1863, marmaduke tried to expel the Union Army in the Battle of Pine Bluff October 25,1863, but was repulsed by a combined effort of soldiers and freedmen. In the final year of the war, the 1st Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry, was the first African-American regiment in the war to go into combat
Pine Bluff
–
Downtown Pine Bluff
Pine Bluff
–
Mural in downtown Pine Bluff
Pine Bluff
–
Bayou Bartholomew
Pine Bluff
–
Jefferson County Courthouse in downtown Pine Bluff
22.
El Dorado, Arkansas
–
El Dorado is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Arkansas, USA. According to estimates, the 2012 census, the population of the city is 18,491, El Dorado is headquarters of the Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission as well as Murphy Oil, Murphy USA, Deltic Timber Corporation, and the Lion Oil Refinery. El Dorado is the population, cultural, and business center of the regional area, the city is best known as being the heart of the 1920s oil boom in southern Arkansas. Its nickname is Arkansas’s Original Boomtown, El Dorado is located about 100 miles from the state capital of Little Rock. El Dorado is located at 33°12′49″N 92°39′45″W. in Union County, Union County is the largest county in the state of Arkansas and borders the state of Louisiana. The area has the feature of sharing its border with eight counties and parishes, Ouachita, Calhoun, Bradley, Columbia, Ashley, Claiborne Parish, Union Parish. El Dorado is the largest urban center in its region. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 16.3 square miles. El Dorado is located in the West Gulf Coastal Plain, In Arkansas and this Lowland area of Arkansas is characterized by pine forests and farmlands. Natural resources include natural gas, petroleum deposits and beds of bromine flats, the lowest point in the state is found on the Ouachita River in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas. El Dorado is located about 28 miles to the west of Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, El Dorado is located in the humid subtropical zone. El Dorado is hot during summer temperatures tend to be in the 90s. The annual average precipitation at El Dorado is 54.11 inches, rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The wettest month of the year is May with a rainfall of 5.49 inches. U. S. Highway 63 U. S. Highway 82 U. S. Highway 167 Highway 7 Highway 15 future I-69 El Dorado has two airports, one commercial and a general aviation airport, both of which are owned by the city. The South Arkansas Regional Airport at Goodwin Field offers mostly private aircraft, El Dorados second airport is located within the city limits and closer to the downtown area. The airport was serviced by SeaPort Airlines, but flights ceased following SeaPorts liquidation on 20 September,2016. The US Department of Transportation announced 9 December,2016 that a new EAS contract had been awarded to Southern Airways Express to fly 18 weekly round trip non stop flights to Dallas Fort Worth
El Dorado, Arkansas
–
Main Street Square
El Dorado, Arkansas
–
El Dorado Chamber of Commerce building is located downtown.
El Dorado, Arkansas
–
Regions Bank in El Dorado
El Dorado, Arkansas
–
El Dorado News-Times office
23.
Fort Smith, Arkansas
–
Fort Smith is the second-largest city in Arkansas and one of the two county seats of Sebastian County. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 86,209, Fort Smith has a sister city relationship with Cisterna, Italy, site of the World War II Battle of Cisterna, fought by United States Army Rangers commanded by Fort Smith native William O. Darby. Fort Smith lies on the Arkansas-Oklahoma state border, situated at the junction of the Arkansas and Poteau Rivers, also known as Belle Point. The city began as a frontier military post in 1817 and would later become well known for its role in the settling of the Wild West. In 2007, Fort Smith was selected by the United States Department of the Interior to be the location of the new United States Marshals Service National Museum, the site that would later become Fort Smith became part of the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. Soon after, the Pike Expedition explored the Arkansas River, Fort Smith was founded in 1817 as a military post. A stockade was built and occupied, from 1817 until 1822, around the fort a small settlement began forming, but the Army abandoned the first Fort Smith in 1824 and moved 80 miles further west to Fort Gibson. Fort Smiths name comes from General Thomas Adams Smith, who commanded the United States Army Rifle Regiment in 1817, General Smith had ordered Army topographical engineer Stephen H. Long to find a suitable site on the Arkansas River for a fort. General Smith never visited the town or forts that bore his name, many displaced Native Americans settled in Fort Smith and Van Buren, while Sebastian county was formed in 1851, separated from Crawford County north of the Arkansas River. The fort was occupied by the Confederate Army during the years of the U. S. Civil War. Union troops under General Steele took control of Fort Smith on September 1,1863, a small fight occurred there on July 31,1864, but the Union army maintained command in the area until the war ended in 1865. The town became a haven for runaway slaves, orphans, Southern Unionists, federal troops abandoned the post of Fort Smith for the last time in 1871. The town continued to thrive despite the absence of federal troops, two of Fort Smiths most notable historic figures were Judge Isaac Parker and William Henry Harrison Clayton, sometimes referred to as W. H. H. In 1874, William Henry Harrison Clayton was appointed United States Attorney for the Western District of Arkansas by President Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Smith was a bustling community full of brothels, saloons and outlaws, just across the river from Indian Territory. William Clayton realized a strong judge would be necessary to bring law and he knew of a strong judge in Isaac Parker. But there was a problem, as Judge Parker had been appointed Chief Justice of Utah Territory, with the help of President Grant and US Senator Powell Clayton, former governor of Arkansas, William Clayton was able to undo that appointment and redirect Judge Parker to Fort Smith. Judge Isaac Parker served as U. S. District Judge 1875–1896, over the course of his career in Fort Smith, Parker sentenced 160 people to death. Of those,79 actually were executed on the gallows and his courthouse is now a National Historic Site where more men were put to death by the U. S. Government
Fort Smith, Arkansas
–
Garrison Avenue – Fort Smith, AR.
Fort Smith, Arkansas
–
Judge Isaac Parker, Hanging Judge
Fort Smith, Arkansas
–
Gallows Ft. Smith Arkansas
Fort Smith, Arkansas
–
Downtown fountain after a freeze.
24.
Jonesboro, Arkansas
–
Jonesboro is a city in Craighead County, Arkansas, United States. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the city was 71,551, a college town, Jonesboro is the largest city in northeastern Arkansas and the Arkansas Delta, it is the fifth-most populous city in the state. It is the city of and is included in the Jonesboro. In 2010, the Jonesboro metropolitan area had a population of 121,026, Jonesboro is home to Arkansas State University and New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicines A-State campus. It is a center for manufacturing, agriculture, medicine, education. The Jonesboro area was first inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous peoples, at the time of European encounter, historic tribes included the Osage, the Caddo, and the Quapaw. The name of the state of Arkansas comes from the Quapaw language, french and Spanish traders and trappers had relations with these groups. After the United States acquired this territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and they began exploring, hunting, trapping, and trading with the local Indian tribes. A permanent settlement of Jonesboro was set up shortly after 1815, in 1859, land was taken from nearby Greene, Mississippi, and Poinsett counties and was used to form Craighead County. Jonesboro was designated as the county seat. As the population increased in the west of the county, Lake City was named as the second seat, in 1859 Jonesboro had 150 residents. It was named after State Senator William A. Jones in recognition of his support for the formation of Craighead County, originally spelled Jonesborough, the city name was later shortened to its present-day spelling. During the late 19th century, the city tried to develop its court system, shortly after being named county seat, the highest point in Jonesboro was identified and a court house was planned for construction. This was delayed for years as the locals did not want to ruin their deer hunting. The first court house was completed but was destroyed by a fire in 1869. A store across from this site was rented and used as a court house and it was destroyed in an 1876 fire. Another building was constructed on the site, but it fell to a fire in 1878. Soon afterward, another house was constructed, and it still stands
Jonesboro, Arkansas
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Clockwise from top:
Craighead County Courthouse, house in the
West Washington Avenue Historic District, downtown Jonesboro, and
Arkansas State University 's Dean B. Ellis Library
Jonesboro, Arkansas
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The Bell House is one of twelve Jonesboro sites listed on the
National Register of Historic Places.
Jonesboro, Arkansas
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A flock of Canadian geese at Craighead Forest Park
Jonesboro, Arkansas
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The Dean B. Ellis Library at
Arkansas State University 's main campus
25.
Helena, Arkansas
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Helena is the eastern portion of Helena-West Helena, Arkansas, a city in Phillips County, Arkansas. As of the 2000 census, this portion of the city population was 6,323, Helena was the county seat of Phillips County until January 1,2006, when it merged its government and city limits with neighboring West Helena. Helena is the birthplace of Arkansas former Senior United States Senator Blanche Lincoln, Helena is home to the longest running daily radio program in the U. S. King Biscuit Time. From 1906 to 1946, Helena was a point on the former Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad. After, a loss of service in early 2015, a successful effort was launched by the Helena-West Helena/Phillips County Port Authority to have freight service restored. The service was restored on October 1,2015 and two new freight customers have already been gained, Helena is located at 34°31′34″N 90°36′5″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, Helena had an area of 8.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,323 people,2,312 households, the population density was 710.7 people per square mile. There were 2,710 housing units at a density of 304. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of Helena is 67. 93% Black or African American,30. 59% White,0. 13% Native American,0. 60% Asian,0. 17% from other races,0. 73% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.28. In Helena, the population is out with 32. 5% under the age of 18,10. 0% from 18 to 24,22. 1% from 25 to 44,20. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years, for every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.5 males, the median income for a household in Helena is $18,662, and the median income for a family was $21,534. Males had an income of $27,203 versus $17,250 for females. The per capita income for Helena is $13,028, about 38. 4% of families and 41. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 54. 9% of those under age 18 and 24. 1% of those age 65 or over. Helena, Arkansas is home to a number of buildings such as the Sidney H. Horner House. Helena-West Helena School District operates schools in what was Helena, dorathy M. Allen, the first woman elected to the Arkansas Senate Bruce Bennett, former Arkansas Attorney General Caroline Shawk Brooks, First known American sculpture to work with butter
Helena, Arkansas
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Downtown Helena
26.
Magnolia, Arkansas
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Magnolia is a city in Columbia County, Arkansas, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 11,577, the city is the county seat of Columbia County. Magnolia is home to the Worlds Largest Charcoal Grill and the World Championship Steak Cookoff, the city was founded in 1853. At the time of its incorporation in 1858, the city had a population of about 1,950. The city grew slowly as an agricultural and regional cotton market until the discovery of oil just east of the city in March 1938, with the Barnett #1 drilled by the Kerr-Lynn Company. In March 2013 more than 5,000 barrels of oil leaked from a Lion Oil Trading & Transportation storage tank in Magnolia, Magnolia is located in southwest Arkansas, north of the center of Columbia County at 33°16′27″N 93°14′1″W. The average altitude is 336 ft above sea level according to NOAA, the surrounding region is a mix of dense forest, farm prairies, and low rolling hills. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.3 square miles, of which 0.027 square miles. Magnolia is located about 50 miles east of Texarkana, about 135 miles south of Little Rock, the average temperature is 64 °F, and the average annual rainfall is 50.3 inches. The winters are mild but can dip into the teens at night and have highs in the 30s and even some 20s, the springs are warm and can be stormy with strong to severe storms and average highs in the mid 70s. Summers are often hot, humid and dry but with occasional isolated afternoon storms, highs in the mid to upper 90s, in the fall the temps cool from the 90s and 100s to 80s and 70s. Early fall temps are usually in the 80s but can reach 90s, Late fall temps fall to 70s and 60s. It is not uncommon to see snow and ice during the winter and it has been known to snow a few times as late as April and as early as November in Magnolia. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,858 people,4,204 households, the population density was 1,165.3 people per square mile. There were 4,821 housing units at a density of 517.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 58. 24% White,39. 38% Black or African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 65% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 48% from other races, and 1. 00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 07% of the population, of 4,204 households,101 are unmarried partner households,91 heterosexual,4 same-sex male,6 same-sex female households. 34. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.01
Magnolia, Arkansas
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Downtown Magnolia
Magnolia, Arkansas
Magnolia, Arkansas
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Magnolia City Hall
Magnolia, Arkansas
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First
Baptist Church of Magnolia
27.
Dental hygienist
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A dental hygienist is a licensed dental professional, registered with a dental association, or regulatory body within their country of practice. They are a primary healthcare professional who works independently or alongside dentists and they have the training and education that focus and specialize in the prevention and treatment of oral disease. They can choose to work in a range of settings from independent practice, private practice, specialists practices to public sector. Dental hygienists have a scope of clinical procedures they provide to their patients. They assess a patients condition in order to offer patient-specific preventative and educational services to promote, the use of therapeutic methods assists their patients in controlling oral disease, while providing tailored treatment plans that emphasize the importance of behavioral changes. In most jurisdictions, hygienists work for a dentist or dental specialist, the major role of a dental hygienist is to perform periodontal therapy which includes things such periodontal charting, periodontal debridement, prophylaxis for patients with periodontal disease. They are also able to work at a clinic and can perform many tasks there. Such as selecting and sizing of orthodontic bands for dental braces, Dental hygienists work together with other dental professionals, with a higher number working at general practices with dentists, Dental therapists and oral health therapists. A smaller number work at specialist practices alongside orthodontists and periodontists and they help with the contribution of an interdisciplinary approach, aiming to provide optimum oral health care to their patients. Dental hygienists also aim to work inter-professionally to provide oral health care in the best interest of their patient. Dental hygienists also offer expertise in their field and can provide a dental hygiene diagnosis, professional education, They are able to provide education by teaching and training dental hygiene students and dental assistants. They can also choose to present research at a variety of different events, community health, They provide assistance and group talks in community dental clinics, residential care, hospitals and nursing homes. For example, helping clients that suffer from medical and mental disorders, military dentistry, They are able to provide dental care to service members and their dependents or to civilians during humanitarian disasters. Marketing and sales, They can promote dental products and services through dental companies as a company representative. Periodontal therapy is a continuous cycle requiring regular evaluation and maintenance to optimise treatment outcomes, the treatment is normally carried out by a dental hygienist or oral health therapist, but involves all members of the dental team and can include specialists throughout the course of care. The provisional diagnosis is generated following an oral examination, data collection. An ASA physical status classification system is used to indicate future treatment options for the patient, whilst considering the implications of risk factors and this also allows the dental clinician to begin planning all non-surgical therapy. It is normally accomplished with the incorporation of patient education and motivational interviewing, therefore, mechanical and chemical plaque control are involved in this phase
Dental hygienist
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Dental hygienist holding a scaler
Dental hygienist
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A dental hygienist at work
28.
University of Arkansas
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The University of Arkansas is a public, co-educational, land-grant, space-grant, research university in Fayetteville, in the U. S. state of Arkansas. More than 26,000 students are enrolled in over 188 undergraduate, graduate and it is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with highest research activity. Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871, its present name was adopted in 1899 and it is noted for its strong architecture, agriculture, business, communication disorders, creative writing, history, law, and Middle Eastern studies programs. Enrollment for the semester of 2014 was 26,237. Academic programs are in excess of 200, the ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19,1. The University of Arkansas was founded in 1871 on the site of a farm that overlooked the Ozark Mountains. The university was established under the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862, the universitys founding also satisfied the provision in the Arkansas Constitution of 1868 that the General Assembly was to establish and maintain a State University. Bids from state towns and counties determined the universitys location, the citizens of Fayetteville and Washington County. Pledged $130,000 toward securing the university, a sum that proved to be more than other offers, classes started on January 22,1872. Completed in 1875, Old Main, a brick building designed in the Second Empire style, was the primary instructional. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its design was based on the plans for the main academic building at the University of Illinois, which has since been demolished. However, the clock and bell towers were switched at Arkansas, the northern taller tower is the bell tower, and the southern shorter tower is the clock tower. One legend for the switch is that the taller tower was put to the north as a reminder of the Union victory during the Civil War. A second legend is that the contractor accidentally swapped the tower drawings after having had too much to drink, although the southern tower was designed with clock faces, it never held a working clock until October 2005. The bell tower has always had some type of chime, initially a bell that was rung on the hour by student volunteers, electronic chimes were installed in 1959. In addition to the chimes of the clock, the universitys Alma Mater plays at 5 pm every day. Old Main housed many of the earliest classes at the university, the lawn at Old Main serves as an arboretum, with many of the trees native to the state of Arkansas found on the lawn. Sitting at the edge of the lawn is Spoofers Stone, a place for couples to meet, students play soccer, cricket and touch football on the lawns open green
University of Arkansas
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Old Main on the University of Arkansas campus.
University of Arkansas
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Vol Walker Hall contains the
School of Architecture.
University of Arkansas
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Bell Engineering Center contains the
College of Engineering.
University of Arkansas
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University of Arkansas School of Law.
29.
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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The University of Arkansas at Little Rock is a metropolitan public research university located in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States. Established as Little Rock Junior College by the Little Rock School District in 1927 and it returned to public status in 1969 when it merged with the University of Arkansas System under its present name. The university features more than 100 undergraduate degrees and 60 graduate degrees, including certificates, masters degrees. It is characterized by student-run organizations and affiliation groups that support social, academic, athletic and religious activities, UALR provides a variety of on-campus living options for students ranging from traditional resident rooms to multiple bedroom apartments. The university has four halls on the eastern side of the campus. Six learning communities focusing on justice, arts and culture, majors and careers, future business innovators, nursing careers. UALRs 14 athletic teams are known as the Little Rock Trojans, Little Rock is one of two Sun Belt members that do not sponsor football, UALR last fielded a football team in 1955 when it was known as Little Rock Junior College. Little Rocks main athletic offices are located in the Jack Stephens Center and that team instead competes in the Missouri Valley Conference. On July 1,2014, the UALR Collections and Archives division was created. S. S
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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UALR Student Services Center
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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University of Arkansas at Little Rock
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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UALR homecoming boat regatta
University of Arkansas at Little Rock
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UALR Trojan Grill
30.
Psychiatric hospital
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Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialize only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients, others may specialize in the temporary or permanent care of residents who, as a result of a psychological disorder, require routine assistance, treatment, or a specialized and controlled environment. Patients are often admitted on a basis, but people whom psychiatrists believe may pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to involuntary commitment. Psychiatric hospitals may also be referred to as psychiatric wards when they are a subunit of a regular hospital, modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes brutal, a crisis stabilization unit is in effect an emergency room for psychiatry, frequently dealing with suicidal, violent, or otherwise critical individuals. Open units are units that are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. Another type of hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. In the United Kingdom, both admissions and medium term care is usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or adolescent wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children or adolescents with mental illness, long-term care facilities have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation back into society within a short time-frame. Another institution for the mentally ill is a halfway house. Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced the older lunatic asylums, the development of the modern psychiatric hospital is also the story of the rise of organized, institutional psychiatry. It greatly differed from the view in which the insane were viewed as under the influence of the Devil therefore needing to be isolated from society. The first psychiatric hospital was built by the Muslims in Baghdad in 705 AD, others would rapidly follow, with some of the more famous ones being built in Cairo in 800 AD and in Damascus in 1270 AD. The physicians of the Islamic world would invent and use a variety of treatments, including occupational therapy, music therapy, as well as medication. Western Europe would adopt these views later on with the advances of physicians like Philippe Pinel at the Bicêtre Hospital in France and they advocated the viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. The arrival in the Western world of institutionalisation as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an event of the nineteenth century, nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in Nottinghamshire. In 1828, the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums, the Lunacy Act 1845 made the construction of asylums in every country compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary. The Act required asylums to have written regulations and to have a resident physician, at the beginning of the nineteenth century there were a few thousand sick people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000
Psychiatric hospital
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Traverse City State Hospital,
Traverse City, Michigan
Psychiatric hospital
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The
York Retreat (c.1796) was built by
William Tuke, a pioneer of moral treatment for the insane.
Psychiatric hospital
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Vienna 's
Narrenturm —
German for "fools' tower"—was one of the earliest buildings specifically designed for mentally ill people. It was built in 1784.
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