1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
John Sentamu
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John Tucker Mugabi Sentamu is the 97th Archbishop of York, Metropolitan of the province of York and Primate of England. The position of Archbishop of York is the second most senior position in the Church of England after that of Archbishop of Canterbury. Born near Kampala in present-day Uganda, Sentamu studied law at Makerere University before gaining employment as an advocate of the Supreme Court of Uganda, speaking out against the regime of President Idi Amin, he was briefly imprisoned before fleeing to the United Kingdom in 1974. Here, he devoted himself to Anglicanism, beginning his study of theology at Selwyn College, Cambridge, in 1976 and he studied for ordination at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, and was ordained in 1979. In 1996 he was consecrated as the area Bishop of Stepney, in 2005 he was appointed to the position of Archbishop of York. Sentamu is a traditionalist within the Church of England, generally supporting socially conservative moral positions, publicly criticising multiculturalism and he has also received attention for his vocal criticism of Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe. Sentamu was born in 1949 in a village near Kampala, Uganda and he obtained a Bachelor of Laws at Makerere University, Kampala, and practised as an advocate of the High Court of Uganda until 1974, being briefly a judge of the High Court. In 1973, he married his wife Margaret, three weeks after his marriage, he incurred the wrath of the dictator Idi Amin and was detained for 90 days. In a speech in 2007, he described how during that time he had been kicked around like a football and beaten terribly and he fled his home country to arrive as an immigrant in the United Kingdom in 1974. Sentamu studied theology at Selwyn College, Cambridge and he was baptized at Eden Baptist Church, Cambridge. He trained for the priesthood at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, being ordained a priest in 1979 and his doctoral thesis is entitled Some aspects of soteriology, with particular reference to the thought of J. K. He worked as assistant chaplain at Selwyn College, as chaplain at a centre and as curate. Sentamu was consecrated in 1996, as Bishop of Stepney, a suffragan see and it was during this time that he served as advisor to the Stephen Lawrence Judicial Enquiry. In 2002 he chaired the Damilola Taylor review and that same year he was appointed Bishop of Birmingham where his ministry, according to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, was praised by Christians of all backgrounds. Sentamu became President of Youth for Christ in 2004 and President of the YMCA in April 2005, on 17 June 2005 the prime ministers office announced Sentamus translation to York as the 97th archbishop. As Archbishop of York, Sentamu sits in the House of Lords and was admitted, as a matter of course, on 7 March 2007, Sentamu was installed as the first Chancellor of York St John University. On 1 June 2007 he was appointed as the first Chancellor of the University of Cumbria and he took up the position when the university opened on 1 August 2007. In July 2009, he was awarded a doctorate by University of Chester
3.
Archbishop of York
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The Archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop is the bishop of the Diocese of York and the metropolitan bishop of the Province of York. The Archbishop of York is an ex member of the House of Lords and is styled Primate of England. The archbishops throne is in York Minster in central York and his residence is Bishopthorpe Palace in the village of Bishopthorpe outside of York. The incumbent, from 5 October 2005, is John Sentamu who signs as +Sentamu Ebor, there was a bishop in Eboracum from very early times, during the Middle Ages, it was thought to have been one of the dioceses established by the legendary King Lucius. Bishops of York are known to have been present at the Councils of Arles, however, this early Christian community was later destroyed by the pagan Anglo-Saxons and there is no direct succession from these bishops to the post-Augustinian ones. The diocese was refounded by Paulinus in the 7th century, notable among these early bishops is Wilfrid. Until the Danish invasion the archbishops of Canterbury occasionally exercised authority, at the time of the Norman invasion York had jurisdiction over Worcester, Lichfield, and Lincoln, as well as the dioceses in the Northern Isles and Scotland. But the first three sees just mentioned were taken from York in 1072, of these, Durham was practically independent, for the palatine bishops of that see were little short of sovereigns in their own jurisdiction. Sodor and Man were returned to York during the fourteenth century, several of the archbishops of York held the ministerial office of Lord Chancellor of England and played some parts in affairs of state. The bishoprics role was complicated by continued conflict over primacy with the see of Canterbury. Until the mid 1530s the bishops and archbishops were in communion with the pope in Rome and this is no longer the case, as the Archbishop of York, together with the rest of the Church of England, is a member of the Anglican Communion. Walter de Grey purchased York Place as his London residence, which after the fall of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, was renamed the Palace of Whitehall. The Archbishop of York is the bishop of the Province of York and is the junior of the two archbishops of the Church of England after the Archbishop of Canterbury. Since 5 October 2005, the incumbent is the Most Reverend John Sentamu who is also an ex member of the House of Lords. Bede, Willibrord and the Letters of Pope Honorius I on the Genesis of the Archbishopric of York
4.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
5.
Carlisle, Cumbria
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Carlisle is a city and the county town of Cumbria. Historically in Cumberland, it is also the centre of the City of Carlisle district in North West England. Carlisle is located at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Caldew and it is the largest settlement in the county of Cumbria, and serves as the administrative centre for both Carlisle City Council and Cumbria County Council. At the time of the 2001 census, the population of Carlisle was 71,773, ten years later, at the 2011 census, the citys population had risen to 75,306, with 107,524 in the wider city. The early history of Carlisle is marked by its status as a Roman settlement, the castle now houses the Duke of Lancasters Regiment and the Border Regiment Museum. In the early 12th century, Henry I allowed the foundation of a priory in Carlisle, the town gained the status of a city when its diocese was formed in 1133, and the priory became Carlisle Cathedral. The introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution began a process of transformation in Carlisle. This, combined with its position, allowed for the development of Carlisle as an important railway town. Nicknamed the Great Border City, Carlisle today is the cultural, commercial and industrial centre for north Cumbria. It is home to the campuses of the University of Cumbria. The former County Borough of Carlisle had held city status until the Local Government Act 1972 was enacted in 1974, what is known of the ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the works of the Roman historian Tacitus. The earliest recorded inhabitants were the Carvetii tribe of Britons who made up the population of ancient Cumbria. According to Boethius and John of Fordun, Carlisle existed before the arrival of the Romans in Britain and was one of the strongest British towns at the time, in the time of the emperor Nero, it was said to have burned down. The Roman settlement was named Luguvalium, based on a name that has been reconstructed as Brittonic *Luguwaljon, of Luguwalos. This walled civitas, possibly the one in northwest Britain. In the year 79, the two Roman generals Cn, petillius Cerealis advanced through Solway as they continued their campaign further north. As a result, it is likely that control was achieved at Carlisle over anti-imperial groups. This is possibly indicated from the reconstruction of the fort at Carlisle in 83 using oak timbers from further afield, at this time the Roman fort was garrisoned by a 500-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Sebosiana
6.
Lancaster, Lancashire
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Lancaster /ˈlæŋkəstər/, or /ˈlæŋˌkæstər/ is a city and the county town of Lancashire, England. It is situated on the River Lune and has a population of 45,952, long existing as a commercial, cultural and educational centre, Lancaster is the settlement that gives Lancashire its name. Lancaster was granted city status in 1937 for its association with the crown. With its history based on its port and canal, Lancaster is an ancient settlement, dominated by Lancaster Castle, Lancaster Priory Church and it is also home to the campus-based Lancaster University and a campus of the University of Cumbria. The coin evidence also suggests that the fort was not continuously inhabited in early years. The fort was rebuilt in stone around 102 AD, the fort underwent a few more extensions, and at its largest area it was 9–10 acres. The evidence suggests that the fort remained active into the early 5th century, little is known about Lancaster between the end of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century and the Norman Conquest in the late 11th century. Despite a lack of documentation from this period, it is likely that Lancaster was still inhabited, Lancaster was on the fringes of the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, and over time control may have changed from one to the other. Archaeological evidence suggests there was a monastery on or near the site of todays Lancaster Priory by the 700s or 800s. For example, an Anglo-Saxon runic cross found at the Priory in 1807, Lancaster was probably one of the numerous monasteries founded under Wilfrid. The founding charter of the Priory, dated 1094, is the first known document which is specific to Lancaster, by this time William had given Lancaster and its surrounding region to Roger de Poitou. This document also suggests that the monastery had been refounded as a church at some point prior to 1066. Lancaster became a borough in 1193 under King Richard I and its first charter, dated 12 June 1193, was from John, Count of Mortain, who later became King of England. Lancaster Castle, partly built in the 13th century and enlarged by Elizabeth I, Lancaster Castle is well known as the site of the Pendle witch trials in 1612. It was said that the court based in the castle sentenced more people to be hanged than any other in the country outside London, earning Lancaster the nickname, Lancaster also figured prominently in the suppression of Catholicism during the reformation with the execution of at least eleven Catholic priests. A memorial to the Lancaster Martyrs is located close to the city centre, the traditional emblem for the House of Lancaster is a red rose, the red rose of Lancaster, similar to that of the House of York, which is a white rose. These names derive from the emblems of the Royal Duchies of Lancaster and this erupted into a civil war over rival claims to the throne during the Wars of the Roses. In more recent times, the term Wars of the Roses has been applied to rivalry in sports teams representing Lancashire and Yorkshire, not just the cities of Lancaster and York
7.
Ambleside
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Ambleside is a town in Cumbria, in North West England. Historically within the county of Westmorland, it is situated at the head of Windermere, the town is within the Lake District National Park. Ambleside is administered by South Lakeland District Council and forms part of the Lakes civil parish, ‘Steamers’ run to Bowness-on-Windermere and Lakeside offering fine views of the lake and surrounding mountains. Ambleside is a base for hiking, mountaineering and mountain biking and it has a number of hotels, guest houses, pubs and restaurants as well as shops. In particular, there are a number of shops selling equipment for walkers and climbers in the town, Ambleside is also home to the headquarters of Brathay Exploration Group, a youth charity based just beyond Clappersgate on the road to Hawkshead. The album CSI, Ambleside, by Birkenhead-based band Half Man Half Biscuit, is named after the town, Ambleside features an oceanic climate, but being within the Lake District it does experience higher annual rainfall than the average for the North-West of England. Parts of the town have been flooded on numerous occasions, with the River Rothay breaking its banks during Storm Desmond in December 2015, the towns name is derived from the Old Norse Á-mel-sǽtr which literally translates as river – sandbank – summer pasture. To the south of Ambleside is the Roman fort of Galava, in 1650 the town was granted a charter to hold a market. In the reign of James II, another charter was granted for the town to collect tolls, the towns Market Place became the commercial centre for agriculture and the wool trade. The old packhorse trail between Ambleside and Grasmere was the route between the two towns before the new turnpike road was completed in 1770. Smithy Brow at the end of the trail was where pack ponies were re-shod after their journey, with the coming of the turnpikes, the packhorse trains were superseded by horse-drawn stagecoaches, which regularly travelled between Keswick and Kendal via Ambleside. William Wordsworth worked in Ambleside, as Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland, from 1813 and this government position induced Shelley to write a sonnet of mild reprimand, To Wordsworth, but it gave Wordsworth the financial security to pursue his poetry. In 1842, he became the Poet Laureate and resigned his office as Stamp Distributor, Ambleside & District Golf Club was founded in 1903. The German artist Kurt Schwitters lived in Ambleside for two years until his death in 1947 and he had been interned in the Isle of Man during World War II after moving to England to escape the Nazis. The railway engineer Edward Bury and his wife Priscilla Susan Bury lived at Ambleside, Bridge House was built over Stock Ghyll more than 300 years ago, probably as a summer house and apple store for Ambleside Hall. It was purchased by people in 1926 and given to the National Trust. Listed Grade I, the building is now used as a centre for the National Trust. The building was depicted by the Victorian landscapist Lewis Pinhorn Wood in his late 19th century work The Cobblers Shop on the Bridge
8.
Barrow-in-Furness
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Barrow-in-Furness is a town and borough in Cumbria, North West England. Historically part of Lancashire, it was incorporated as a borough in 1867. At the tip of the Furness peninsula, close to the Lake District, it is bordered by Morecambe Bay, the Duddon Estuary, in 2011, Barrows population was 57,000, the second largest urban area in Cumbria after Carlisle. Natives of Barrow, as well as the dialect, are known as Barrovian. In the Middle Ages, Barrow was a hamlet with Furness Abbey, on the outskirts of the modern-day town. The iron prospector Henry Schneider arrived in Furness in 1839 and, with investors, opened the Furness Railway in 1846 to transport iron ore. Further hematite deposits were discovered, of sufficient size to develop factories for smelting and exporting steel, by the late 19th century, the Barrow Hematite Steel Company-owned steelworks was the worlds largest. The original iron- and steel-making enterprises closed down after World War II, leaving Vickers shipyard as Barrows main industry and employer. Several Royal Navy flagships, the vast majority of its nuclear submarines as well as numerous other vessels, ocean liners. Today Barrow is a hub for energy generation and handling, Offshore wind farms form one of the highest concentrations of turbines in the world. The name was originally that of an island, Barrai, which can be traced back to 1190 and this was later renamed Old Barrow, recorded as Oldebarrey in 1537, and Old Barrow Insula and Barrohead in 1577. The island was joined to the mainland and the town took its name. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Barrow was nicknamed the English Chicago because of the sudden and rapid growth in its industry, economic stature, more recently the town has been dubbed the capital of blue-collar Britain by the Daily Telegraph, reflecting its strong working-class identity. Barrow is also jokingly referred to as being at the end of the longest cul-de-sac in the country because of its isolated location at the tip of the Furness peninsula. Barrow and the area has been settled non-continuously for several millennia. Several areas of Barrow including Yarlside and Ormsgill, as well as Barrow, the Domesday Book of 1086 recorded the settlements of Hietun, Rosse and Hougenai, which are now the districts of Hawcoat, Roose and Walney respectively. In the Middle Ages the Furness peninsula was controlled by the Cistercian monks of the Abbey of St Mary of Furness and this was located in the Vale of Nightshade, now on the outskirts of the town. Founded for the Savigniac order, it was built on the orders of King Stephen in 1123, soon after the abbeys foundation the monks discovered iron ore deposits, later to provide the basis for the Furness economy
9.
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
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The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough to the east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. It is in the part of London and covers much of the traditional East End. It also includes much of the redeveloped Docklands region of London, including West India Docks, many of the tallest buildings in London occupy the centre of the Isle of Dogs in the south of the borough. A part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is in Tower Hamlets, the borough has a population of 272,890, which includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country and has an established British Bangladeshi business and residential community. Brick Lanes restaurants, neighbouring street market and shops provide the largest range of Bengali cuisine, woodwork, carpets, the local authority is Tower Hamlets London Borough Council. The council, as of 2017 comprises 23 Labour Councillors,5 Conservative councillors,18 independent councillors of various affiliation, Tower Hamlets is located to east of the City of London and north of the River Thames in East London. The London Borough of Hackney lies to the north of the borough while the River Lea forms the boundary with the London Borough of Newham in the east. On the other side of the Thames is The London Borough of Southwark to the southwest, The London Borough of Lewisham to the South, the River Lea also forms the boundary between those parts of London historically in Middlesex, with those formerly in Essex. The Regents Canal enters the borough from Hackney to meet the River Thames at Limehouse Basin, a stretch of the Hertford Union Canal leads from the Regents canal, at a basin in the north of Mile End to join the River Lea at Old Ford. A further canal, Limehouse Cut, Londons oldest, leads from locks at Bromley-by-Bow to Limehouse Basin, most of the canal tow-paths are open to both pedestrians and cyclists. Victoria Park was formed by Act of Parliament, and administered by the LCC, since the latter authoritys abolition, the park has been administered by Tower Hamlets. Part of the borough is within the boundary of the Thames Gateway development area, the Hamlets of the Tower paid taxes for the militia in 1646. The London Borough of Tower Hamlets forms the core of the East End and it lies east of the ancient walled City of London and north of the River Thames. Over the course of a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, overcrowding, disease, the East End developed rapidly during the 19th century. The area attracted large numbers of people looking for employment. Successive waves of immigration began with Huguenot refugees creating a new extramural suburb in Spitalfields in the 17th century. They were followed by Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, many of these immigrants worked in the clothing industry. The abundance of semi- and unskilled labour led to low wages and this brought the attentions of social reformers during the mid-18th century and led to the formation of unions and workers associations at the end of the century
10.
Million+
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Million+ is funded by subscriptions from its members, currently 19 UK universities. While all of the institutions are new universities, many have long histories as colleges. Formed in 1997 as the Coalition of Modern Universities, the name was changed in 2004 to the Campaign for Mainstream Universities, in November 2007, the organisation was rebranded with the present name. This name was chosen to reflect the fact that the member institutions educate over a million students, million+ is involved in the political debate about the role and contribution of universities to the economy and society, where it is seen as representing the post-1992 new universities. The group is chaired by Professor David Phoenix, Vice-Chancellor of London South Bank University, the Chief Executive is Pam Tatlow
11.
Cumbria
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Cumbria is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbrias county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, the county of Cumbria consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, a large area of the south east of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB. Much of Cumbria is mountainous, and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet above sea level, with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet being the highest point of England. An upland, coastal, and rural area, Cumbrias history is characterised by invasions, migration, notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle, Furness Abbey, Hardknott Roman Fort, Brough Castle and Hadrians Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. D. Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman civitas of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria, the names Cumbria, Cymru, Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant compatriots. In the Early Middle Ages, Cumberland formed the core of the Brittonic kingdom of Rheged, for the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, in 1092 Cumberland was invaded by William II and incorporated into England. There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two sieges during the Jacobite risings. In particular, the west-coast towns of Workington, Millom and Barrow-in-Furness saw large iron and steel mills develop, Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. Later, the childrens writer Beatrix Potter also wrote in the region and became a major landowner and its strategic authority is Cumbria County Council. Local papers The Westmorland Gazette and Cumberland and Westmorland Herald continue to use the name of their historic county, other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as Cumbria, as do the Lake District National Park Authority and most visitors. Cumbria is the most northwesterly county of England, the northernmost and southernmost points in Cumbria are just west of Deadwater, Northumberland and South Walney respectively. Kirkby Stephen and St Bees Head are the most easterly and westerly points of the county, at 978 metres Scafell Pike is the highest point in Cumbria and in England. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, the Lancaster Canal runs from Preston into South Cumbria and is partly in use. The Ulverston Canal which once reached to Morecambe Bay is maintained although it was closed in 1945, the Solway Coast and Arnside and Silverdale AONBs lie in the lowland areas of the county, to the north and south respectively. Cumbria is bordered by the English counties of Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, the boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east
12.
University of Central Lancashire
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The University of Central Lancashire is a public university based in Preston, Lancashire, England. It has its roots in The Institution For The Diffusion Of Useful Knowledge founded in 1828, subsequently, known as Harris Art College, then Preston Polytechnic, then Lancashire Polytechnic, in 1992 it was granted university status by the Privy Council. The university is the 19th largest in the UK in terms of student numbers, the Institution for the Diffusion of Knowledge was founded in 1828 by Joseph Liveseys Temperance Society. The society was born from a made by seven Preston working men to never again consume alcohol. The institute was housed in a classical-revivalist building on Cannon Street, before eventually expanding under the endowment of a lawyer, Edmund Robert Harris. The expansion brought with it several new buildings and houses in the nearby Regent Street were purchased and demolished as a consequence, the institute became a regional centre for the arts and sciences. Its goal was to local youths with a technical education in all areas. The building was progressive for the period, being powered entirely by electricity, the institute existed in this state until 1932 when it changed its name to become the Harris Art College. It underwent further expansion and in 1952 and became the Harris College, in 1973 this became Preston Polytechnic then the Lancashire Polytechnic in 1984. In 1992, full university status was awarded and the University of Central Lancashire came into existence, the first chancellor of the university was Sir Francis Kennedy and he was succeeded in 2001 by Sir Richard Evans. In 2016, Ranvir Singh became the new Chancellor of the University, the journalism division, now part of the School of Journalism and Media, is one of the oldest in the country, opening as part of the Harris College in 1962. In 1991, it one of the first to teach journalism undergraduate degrees. In 2013 the School of Dentistry and the School of Postgraduate Medical and Dental Education merged to create the School of Medicine, the university sponsors Wigan UTC, a university technical college which opened in September 2013. The university has students and researchers from over 100 countries and partnerships with 125 international institutions, within the School of Language and Global Studies, staff speak 30 languages and represent 22 nationalities. UCLan has 98 professors, over 600 research or knowledge transfer-active members of staff, there are 246 Honorary Fellows of the university. Livesey House, is named after temperance activist Joseph Livesey, the university opened the new JB Firth building in September 2011, at a cost of £12. 5m. It houses the School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, which includes such as chemistry. The building was named after James Brierly Firth, a founder of science in Britain
13.
Charlotte Mason
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Charlotte Maria Shaw Mason was a British educator in England at the turn of the twentieth century. Her revolutionary methods led to a shift from utilitarian education to the education of a child upon living ideas and she was inspired by current brain research, by the writings of John Amos Comenius, Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin. This led to a resurgence of Charlotte Masons educational methods for a new generation of teachers, Charlotte Mason schools can now be found across the United States in homes, at charter schools and independent private schools. Masons methods are used widely within the homeschool community, regional and national conferences, retreats, and study groups have sprung up across the country and have increased Masons methods popularity. Charlotte Mason was born in Bangor, an only child, she was mostly educated at home by her parents. Mason taught for more than ten years at Davison School in Worthing, during this time she developed her vision for a liberal education for all. She co-founded the Parents Educational Union, an organisation that provided resources to parents educating their children at home and she launched and served as editor-in-chief at the Parents Review to keep in touch with PEU members. Mason moved to Ambleside, England, in 1891 and established the House of Education, School Education, outlines her methods for educating children from approximately age 9 to 12. Ourselves, was published in 1904. In it, Mason addressed herself directly to the children, or for parents to read aloud with their children, to help them learn to examine themselves and develop high moral standards, the first part is for children under age 16. Book two of Ourselves is written for students over 16, formation of Character, published the following year, in 1905, was developed from a revision of earlier volumes. Her purpose with this volume, she said, was to demonstrate how her methods should assist children to naturally develop, all we can do further is to help a child to get rid of some hindrance––a bad temper, for example––likely to spoil his life. Masons last book, Towards A Philosophy of Education was published in 1923, many home educators who read her volumes recommend starting with volume 6. Mason spent her final years overseeing this network of devoted to a liberal education for all. After her death, the school became Charlotte Mason College and was run by the Cumbrian Local Education Authority. In the 1990s, due to pressure, it became the tenth college of Lancaster University. An unfavourable Ofsted report four years led to a merger with St Martins College to become the Ambleside campus of St Martins College. The buildings now form part of the University of Cumbria and a health centre, there is also a museum attached
14.
Lancaster University
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Lancaster University, also officially known as the University of Lancaster, is a public research university in Lancaster, Lancashire, England. The university was established by Royal Charter in 1964, one of new universities created in the 1960s. The university was based in St Leonards Gate in the city centre. The campus buildings are arranged around a walkway known as the Spine. Lancaster is one of only six universities in the UK. The eight undergraduate colleges are named places of interest in the North West of England. It is currently one of seven universities to be ranked in the top 10 across all national league tables of UK universities. Along with the universities of Durham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Sheffield and York, Elizabeth II, Duke of Lancaster, is the Visitor of the University. After the Second World War higher education became an important concern of government as it tried to cope with the demands of an expanding population, between 1958 and 1961 seven new plate glass universities were announced including Lancaster. The choice of Lancaster as the site of the new university was announced on 23 November 1961 in a written answer in the House of Commons. The university was established by charter in 1964. The charter stipulated that Princess Alexandra of Kent be the first chancellor, the ceremony also saw the granting of various honorary degrees to dignitaries including the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson. Princess Alexandra retired as chancellor in 2004 and was the longest serving chancellor of any British university, on her departure, she gave approval for the Chancellors Medal to be awarded for academic merit to the highest-performing undergraduates and postgraduates. Each year presentations are made to up to five graduates of taught masters courses, the motto, patet omnibus veritas, was adopted. The first science students were admitted in 1965, the university was temporarily based in the city. Many new students were housed in Morecambe, the Grand Theatre was leased as a main lecture room and 112 and 114 in the St Leonards Gate area became teaching and recreational rooms. The library occupied the old workshops of Shrigley and Hunt on Castle Hill, in 2014, Lancaster University celebrated its 50th anniversary with a series of events throughout the year, involving alumni, staff, students and local community members. The purpose-built campus occupies Bailrigg, a 360-acre site donated by Lancaster City Council in 1963, the campus buildings are located on a hilltop, the lower slopes of which are landscaped parkland which includes Lake Carter duck pond and the university playing fields
15.
Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
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The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education is the independent body that checks on standards and quality in UK higher education. It conducts quality assessment reviews, develops reference points and guidance for providers, QAA checks how universities, colleges and alternative providers of UK higher education maintain their academic standards and quality. It does this through external peer review, reviewers check that the 19 expectations of the Quality Code, agreed and recognised by the UK higher education sector, are met. It also provides advice to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, on institutions requests for degree awarding powers, QAA works closely with other organisations that have an interest in the reputation of UK higher education, including the Higher Education Academy, Universities UK and GuildHE. QAAs mission is to safeguard standards and improve the quality of UK higher education wherever it is delivered around the world. Its four strategic aims may be summarised as, to address the needs of students, to standards, to drive improvements. QAA is an independent body, a company and a registered charity in England, Wales. Its objects and constitution are set out in its Memorandum and Articles of Association and its board includes representatives of UK universities, funding councils, and students. It has a office in Gloucester, a Scottish office in Glasgow. QAA is the body that undertakes this independent role in the UK and it does so through processes of peer review. Reviewers have extensive experience of education at a senior level. While there are differences between the methods used by QAA to achieve this, they have some key features in common. Each review results in a report containing judgements on whether UK expectations are met. Separate judgements comment on academic standards, academic quality, and the information provided about courses. Reports include recommendations for improvement, citations of good practice, qAA’s review methods are informed by a self-evaluation submitted in advance by each university or college, and by a student submission - a commentary by its students. Evidence is obtained in a variety of ways, including interviews with relevant individuals and structured discussions with student, QAA reviews do not generally look at individual courses or programmes of study, neither do they review or evaluate students work. Where appropriate, QAA also works with professional, regulatory and statutory bodies, draft guidance is published on QAAs website, where it is accessible for public consultation before being formally published. The Quality Code sets out 19 expectations that must be met by UK higher education providers that receive any kind of public or student loan funding, in 2015 the Quality Code was extended to include the UK frameworks for higher education qualifications and the subject benchmark statements
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County
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A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes, in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French conté or cunté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count or a viscount. The modern French is comté, and its equivalents in other languages are contea, contado, comtat, condado, Grafschaft, graafschap, Gau, when the Normans conquered England, they brought the term with them. The Saxons had already established the districts became the historic counties of England. The Vikings introduced the term earl to the British Isles, thus, the Anglo-Saxons earl and earldom were taken as equivalent to the continental use of count and county under the conquering Normans, and over time the two blended and became equivalent terms. Further, the term became a synonym for the native English word scir or, in Modern English. Since a shire was a division of the kingdom, the term county evolved to designate an administrative division of states or of a national government in most other modern uses. A county may be subdivided into districts, hundreds, townships or other administrative jurisdictions within the county. A county usually, but not always, contains cities, towns, townships, villages, or other municipal corporations, Provinces in Argentina are divided into departments, except in the Buenos Aires Province, where they are called partidos. The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires is divided into communes, in the eastern states of Australia, counties are used in the administration of land titles. They do not generally correspond to a level of government, but are used in the identification of parcels of land, canadas five oldest provinces – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec and Prince Edward Island – are divided into counties. In addition to counties, Ontario is also subdivided into districts, district municipalities, metropolitan municipalities. British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, the word county is used to translate the Chinese term xiàn. In Mainland China, governed by the Peoples Republic of China, counties are the level of local government. There are 1,464 counties in the PRC out of a total of 2,862 county-level divisions, the number of counties has remained more or less constant since the Han dynasty. The county remains one of the oldest levels of government in China, the county government was particularly important in imperial China because this was the lowest layer at which the imperial government functioned. The head of a county during imperial times was the magistrate, in older context, prefecture and district are alternative terms to refer to xiàn before the establishment of the Republic of China. The English nomenclature county was adopted following the establishment of the ROC, contrary to the typical rural location of a county in Western countries, a city in China may enclose several counties
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Higher education
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Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. Tertiary education at non-degree level is referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, in the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education, the term higher education was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level. The latter level of education is referred to as graduate school. Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. However, the admission of so many students of average ability to higher education inevitably requires a decline in academic standards. There is some question as to whether advanced mathematical skills or talent are in fact necessary for such as history, English, philosophy. In contrast, the higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications. Requirements for admission to such high-level graduate programs is extremely competitive, in the United States, there are large differences in wages and employment associated with different degrees. Medical doctors and lawyers are generally the highest paid workers, and have among the lowest unemployment rates and it may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. Engineering disciplines include, aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial, examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing, etc. Higher educational institutions in these arts include Film schools and Art schools, Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a broader scientific field
18.
Workington
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Workington is a town, civil parish and port at the mouth of the River Derwent on the west coast of Cumbria, England. Historically in Cumberland and lying in the Borough of Allerdale, Workington is 32 miles southwest of Carlisle,7 miles west of Cockermouth, at the 2011 Census it had a population of 25,207. Workington is the seat of Allerdale Borough Council, sue Hayman is the MP for the constituency of the same name that includes other towns in Workingtons hinterland. The area around Workington has long been a producer of coal, between AD79 and AD122, Roman forts, mile-forts and watchtowers were established along the Cumbrian coast. They were coastal defences against attacks by the Scoti from Ireland and by the Caledonii, the 16th-century Britannia, written by William Camden describes ruins of the coastal defences at Workington. A Viking sword was discovered at Northside, which is believed to indicate there was a settlement at the rivers mouth. In 2007, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors named Washington Square as the best commercial project in North West England, several works of public art were installed in the town centre, including, Glass Canopies designed by Alexander Beleschenko. The Hub by BASE Structures and Illustrious, the Grilles architectural metalwork at Central Car Park by Tom Lomax in association with pupils from St Patricks Primary School and Alan Dawson. by Paul Scott and Robert Drake. Lookout Clock, a town clock designed by Andy Plant. In 2011 a closed meeting of Allerdale councillors took place to discuss the sale of the site, Tesco stated that they were still seeking a site for a store of around 60,000 sq ft in Workington to replace the established store. Workington lies astride the River Derwent, on the West Cumbrian coastal plain and it is bounded to the west by the Solway Firth, part of the Irish Sea, and by the Lake District fells to the east. The town comprises various districts, many of which were established as housing estates, North of the river these districts include Seaton, Barepot, Northside, Port and Oldside. The Marsh and Quay, a working class area of the town around the docks. Much of the area of the Marsh is now covered by Clay Flatts Industrial Estate. The Cumbria iron ore field lies to the south of Workington, for the first 25 years of the process, until Gilchrist and Thomas improved upon it, phosphorus-free haematite was required. With Cumbria as the premier source, and the local coalfield providing energy for steel production. The Bessemer converter continued to work until July 1974, the Moss Bay Steelworks closed in 1982, despite having received significant infrastructural investment and improvements almost immediately prior to the closure. Workington was the home of Distington Engineering Company, the arm of British Steel Corporation
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Penrith, Cumbria
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Penrith is a market town and civil parish in the county of Cumbria, England. Penrith lies less than 3 miles outside the boundaries of the Lake District National Park, historically a part of Cumberland, Penriths local authority is currently Eden District Council, which is based in the town. Penrith was formerly the seat of both Penrith Urban and Rural District Councils, from 1974 to 2015, Penrith had no town council of its own, and was an unparished area. Penrith Town Council was formed in 2015 and the first elections to the Town Council Civil parish took place on May 7,2015, the exact etymology of the name has been debated. Several toponymists favour a derivation from the Cumbric or Welsh pen head, chief, end + Cumbric rid, on this basis, the name would mean chief ford, hill ford, ford end or Whaleys suggestion, the head of the ford or headland by the ford. Penrith, however, lies around 1 mile from the nearest crossing point on the River Eamont at Eamont Bridge, an alternative has been suggested consisting of the same pen element meaning head, end, top + the equivalent of Welsh rhudd crimson. The name red hill may refer to the large Beacon Hill to the north east of the current town, there is also a place called Redhills to the south west near the M6 motorway. The Roman fort of Voreda occupied the now known as Old Penrith. The Roman road from Manchester to Carlisle ran through the area, excavations in advance of an extension to Penrith Cemetery showed that the road survived better at the edges of the field. The cobble and gravel surfaces appeared to have been ploughed out at the centre. The road was constructed by excavating a wide, shallow trench below the level of subsoil, large cobbles were probably obtained from nearby, as they did not appear frequently within the subsoil in the excavated area. The cobbles were added to the subsoil and this was dumped back into the cut to form a stable foundation. Penrith was a district between 1894 and 1974, when it was merged into Eden District. The authoritys area was coterminous with the parish of Penrith although when the council was abolished Penrith became an unparished area. The area had previously been a urban sanitary district presided over by the Local Board of Health, as well as the town of itself the district also contained the hamlets of Carleton, Bowscar, Plumpton Head and part of the village of Eamont Bridge. The district was divided into 4 wards, North, South, East and West, from 1906 the council was based at Penrith Town Hall which had previously been two houses believed to have been designed by Robert Adam. In the 1920s Penrith Castle came into the possession of the council, the grounds were turned into a public park, and Castle Hill or Tyne Close Housing Estate was built nearby. Penrith North, part of the centre, the New Streets, most of Townhead
20.
Askham Bryan College
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Askham Bryan College is a specialist land-based college based in Askham Bryan, York, England. It also has centres in Leeds, Newcastle, Middlesbrough, Guisborough, Bradford, Wakefield, Scarborough and it was built in 1936, but not opened until after World War II as the Yorkshire Agricultural Institute. Alumni includes Geoffrey Smith, horticulturalist, writer and broadcaster and Joe Maiden, horticulturalist and broadcaster for BBC Radio Leeds
21.
Furness College, Barrow-in-Furness
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Furness College is a college of further education in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria. It provides a range of A levels, vocational education and skills training to over 16s. The college also offers courses for adults, and runs HNDs and other education programmes including foundation degrees, degrees. These are offered in association with the University of Cumbria, the University of Central Lancashire and it is the only college in Barrow and the largest further education college in Cumbria. On 1 August 2016, Furness College merged with Barrow Sixth Form College, in August 2016, Furness College gained chartered college status when it became a member of the Chartered Institution for Further Education. This membership is awarded to the higher performing further education colleges, the college is also a member of the National Skills Academy for Nuclear. Furness College is an education college based on two campuses in Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria. It is the largest provider of education and training in south Cumbria offering a range of vocational courses to its students. The college has over 1400 students aged 16–18, and over 700 adult students, in addition, over 1000 apprentices are trained through the college each year. The college currently has over 500 students studying degrees and other higher education courses, the degrees are validated by the University of Cumbria, the University of Central Lancashire and Lancaster University. The college underwent a transformation with a £42 million rebuild which opened in 2012. The remodelled campus provides the people of Furness and South Cumbria with an environment where their experience of study will be related to the real world. The building provides workshops, salons, restaurant and a university centre. A major new part of project was the development of the college’s sport facilities to house a dedicated gym. As a result of the merger with Barrow Sixth Form College on 1 August 2016. This campus was opened in 1979 to replace existing school sixth form provision in the two grammar schools which have subsequently closed. On 1 August 2016, Furness College underwent a type B merger with Barrow Sixth Form College, the college will continue to operate on both campuses, which are approximately three miles apart, retaining both the Furness College and Sixth Form College brands. A level provision is offered at the colleges Rating Lane campus with technical and professional qualifications mainly delivered at the Channelside campus
22.
King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster)
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The Kings Own Royal Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army. It served under various titles and fought in wars and conflicts. In 1959, the regiment was amalgamated with the Border Regiment to form the Kings Own Royal Border Regiment, the regiment was raised on 13 July 1680 by Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth as the 2nd Tangier Regiment or Earl of Plymouths Regiment of Foot. It saw action at the Battle of Sedgemoor in July 1685 during the Monmouth Rebellion, the regiment embarked for the Netherlands in March 1692 for service in the Nine Years War. It saw action at the Battle of Steenkerque in August 1692, soon after, it was reformed as a regiment of marines and fought at the Battle of Vigo Bay in October 1702 and the capture of Gibraltar in August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. It ceased to be a regiment of marines in 1711, the regiment fought at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746 and received most of the government casualties at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 during the Jacobite rising. In 1751, after various changes, the regiment was titled the 4th Regiment of Foot. The regiment embarked for North America in April 1774 for service in the American Revolutionary War and it fought at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 and the Battle of Long Island in August 1776. It also saw action at the Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776, the Battle of Germantown in October 1777, the regiment was then transferred to the West Indies, where it fought at the Battle of St. Lucia in December 1778 during the Anglo-French War. The regiment was sent to Nova Scotia in May 1787 and took part in the capture of Saint Pierre, after returning to England, it embarked for the Netherlands in September 1799 and fought at the Battle of Alkmaar in October 1799 during the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland. It then pursued the French Army into France and saw action at the Battle of the Nivelle in November 1813 and it briefly returned to England in May 1815, before embarking for Flanders a few weeks later to fight at the Battle of Waterloo in June. During the Crimean War, the regiment fought at the Battle of Alma in September 1854 and Battle of Inkerman in November 1854 and it also saw action in Abyssinia in 1868, and in South Africa in 1879. Under the reforms the regiment became the Kings Own on 1 July 1881, the 2nd Battalion embarked for South Africa in December 1899, to serve in the Second Boer War, and saw action at the Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900. A 3rd, Militia Battalion, was embodied in January 1900, the regiment raised 14 Territorial and New Army battalions during the First World War. The 1st Battalion landed at Boulogne in August 1914 as part of the 12th Brigade in the 4th Division of the British Expeditionary Force. It was nearly destroyed as a unit at the Battle of Le Cateau on 26 August 1914. It served on the Western Front for the rest of the war, the 2nd Battalion returned from India in December 1914 and landed at Le Havre in January 1915 as part of the 83rd Brigade in the 28th Division. It took heavy casualties at the Battle of Frezenberg in May 1915 before moving to Egypt in October 1915, the 3rd Battalion remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and supplied drafts of trained infantrymen as replacements to the regular battalions that were serving overseas
23.
Tim Farron
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Timothy James Farron is a British politician who became Leader of the Liberal Democrats in July 2015. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Westmorland and Lonsdale in 2005 and re-elected in 2010 and 2015, and was the President of the Liberal Democrats from 2011 until 2014. Farron was born in Preston, Lancashire and educated at Lostock Hall High School and Runshaw College, Leyland and he was president of Newcastle University Union Society, the first Liberal Democrat to hold the position, in 1991, having joined the Liberal Party at the age of 16. In 1990, he was elected to the National Union of Students National Executive, before his election to Parliament, Farron worked in higher education at Lancaster University from 1992 to 2002, and St. Martins College, Ambleside, from 2002 to 2005. Farron contested North West Durham at the 1992 general election, where he finished in place, behind the sitting Labour Party MP Hilary Armstrong. He then served on Lancashire County Council from 1993 to 2000 and was also a councillor for Leyland Central ward on South Ribble Borough Council from 1995 to 1999. Farron was selected to contest the Labour/Conservative marginal constituency of South Ribble at the 1997 general election, thereafter, he was a Liberal Democrat candidate for the North West region in the 1999 European Parliament elections. At the 2001 general election, Farron contested the Westmorland and Lonsdale seat and finished second and he then served as a councillor for the Milnthorpe ward on the South Lakeland District Council from 2004 to 2008. At the 2005 general election, Farron again fought Collins in Westmorland and Lonsdale, and he made his maiden speech in Parliament on 25 May 2005. As a new MP, he became a member of the Education, in 2005 he founded the All-party parliamentary group on Hill Farming, of which he was still chair as of March 2015. During Menzies Campbells period as the Liberal Democrat leader, Farron was Campbells Parliamentary Private Secretary, in 2007 he was made Liberal Democrat spokesman for Home Affairs. Farron resigned from the front bench of the Liberal Democrats on 5 March 2008 in protest at the partys abstention from a vote on the EU referendum. However he later returned to the front bench as spokesperson for Environment, Food. He is a member of the Beveridge Group within the Liberal Democrats, in the 2010 general election, Farron achieved an 11. 1% swing from the Conservatives, winning by a majority of 12,264 in his historically Conservative seat. This result was against the run of the rest of the party, making Westmorland, on 27 May 2010, Farron announced he would be standing for the position of Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats, made vacant by the resignation of Vince Cable. On 9 June, Farron lost the competition to the former party President, Hughes won by 20 votes, having had 38 nominations from the parliamentary party, compared to Farrons 18. On 16 September 2010, Farron announced he would be standing for the position of President of the Liberal Democrats following The Baroness Scotts decision not to seek re-election and he won the election with 53% of the vote, beating fellow candidate Susan Kramer on 47%. Farron was one of only eight Liberal Democrats elected nationwide at the 2015 general election and he was considered a favourite to succeed Nick Clegg as Leader of the Liberal Democrats
24.
University of Sunderland
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The University of Sunderland is a university located in Sunderland in the North East of England. The university has 12,995 students and was one of six universities to be short-listed for University of the Year in the Times Higher Education Supplement Awards 2012. Sunderland has been an important centre for education since 674 AD, St. Peters Church was the site of the greatest scriptorium north of the Alps. The oldest existing Latin version of the Bible – the Codex Amiatinus – was written at St Peters Church and this area has been developed as the Sir Tom Cowie Campus at St Peters of the University of Sunderland. The Universitys £9m state-of-the-art Media Centre, launched in 2004, is near St. Peters Church, the universitys modern roots can be traced back to 1901, when Sunderland Technical College was established as a municipal training college. It was the first to offer sandwich courses, Pharmacy and naval architecture departments were established in 1921 and 1922 respectively. The Pharmacy Department began as a bench in the Chemistry Department. From 1930, some students in the Faculty of Applied Science read for degrees of the University of Durham, in 1930, a Mining Department was established and pharmacy students could read for the Bachelor of Pharmacy degree of the University of London. Sunderland was also recognised by London University as a centre for its BEng degree in 1934, during the Second World War, Sunderland ran special courses for the armed forces and the Ministry of Labour. In the 1960s, a PDP-8 hybrid computer was installed at the Chester Road site, there was also an Elliot Brothers 803B digital computer. A new complex of buildings, including a new Students Union and Hall of Residence facilities, Sunderland Polytechnic was established on 26 January 1969, incorporating the Technical College, the School of Art and the Sunderland Teacher Training College. Sunderland was among the first of 30 Polytechnics, like polytechnics or technological universities in other countries their aim was to teach both academic and professional vocational subjects. Their focus was applied education for work and their roots concentrated on engineering and applied science and it is considered one of the best universities in the North East of England. As a polytechnic, Sunderland created the first part-time, in-service BEd programme in the country, after the passage of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, the polytechnic gained university status. Lord Puttnam became the universitys first Chancellor in 1998, the Sunderland Empire Theatre was the regular venue for the graduation ceremonies, although they have been hosted at the Stadium of Light since 2004. In July 2007, he stepped down to become the Chancellor of the Open University, on 23 May 2008 the University announced that former Olympic athlete Steve Cram had been appointed as Chancellor and would be officially installed at a ceremony on 27 June 2008. There are two campuses in Sunderland, one in Hong Kong and one in London, the Sunderland campuses are City Campus and the Sir Tom Cowie Campus at St Peters. St Peters opened during the 1990s on the bank of the River Wear
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College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
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British Universities and Colleges Sport
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British Universities & Colleges Sport is the governing body for university sport in the United Kingdom. BUCS was formed in June 2008 following a merger of the British Universities Sports Association, BUCS is responsible for organising more than 50 inter-university sports within the UK and representative teams for the World University Championships and the World University Games. BUCS is an organisation for over 170 universities and colleges in the UK. BUCS membership is open to all entities that are recognised higher education providers, including universities, HE colleges. BUCS organises a national championships event for individual sports called the BUCS Nationals. This was introduced in 2013, and has held every year in Sheffield. Deloitte which has associated with BUCS since 2012. BUCS also has sponsorship deals with Red Bull, Endsleigh. BUCS awards points in all its competitions towards the BUCS Overall Championship - a ranking of member universities sporting achievements, the overall winner receives the Kerslake Trophy, first awarded in 1959 to Birmingham, Loughborough has won this every year since 1978-79. Besides Loughborough, Birmingham have been champions 15 times, Manchester 4 times, since 2002-03, Bath, Birmingham, Durham, Edinburgh and Leeds Met Carnegie have all achieved multiple top 3 finishes. Until 2005-06, only points were given, in 2006-07 and 2007-08 this was broken down into league and knockout, then from 2008-09 to 2010-11 into team. From 2011-12, team has split into league and cup. Until 2013-14, Loughborough scored highest in every category as well as highest overall, BUCS is the latest manifestation of an association for the promotion of inter-university sport. Competition between various universities had existed for decades before the twentieth century, notably the rivalries between Oxford and Cambridge, and those between the countrys medical schools. However no association existed to oversee or promote more widespread inter-university competition, in 1922, association football, field hockey, rugby union and swimming were added to the events programme and the following year the Women’s Inter-Varsity Board came into being. In 1930 the Universities Athletic Union was established to manage inter-university mens competition across the whole country, to manage Britain’s student representation at an international level, the British Universities Sports Board was formed in 1952. However, colleges and polytechnics were excluded from membership and had their own equivalent bodies, the British Colleges Sports Association, until 1979 men’s and women’s sport were still represented in England and Wales by separate bodies. The Women’s Inter-Varsity Board was then merged into the Universities Athletic Union, in 1992, the divide between universities and polytechnics was removed and a new single organisation was called for to represent them jointly
27.
Keith Tyson
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Keith Tyson is an English artist. In 2002, he was the winner of the Turner Prize and his work is concerned with an interest in generative systems, and an embrace of the complexity and interconnectedness of existence. Tyson works in a range of media, including painting, drawing. Bower moved to Dalton-in-Furness when he was four, adopting his stepfathers Christian name Tyson and he showed an interest in and talent for art at an early age, having been inspired by his very creative and enthusiastic primary school art teacher. However he left school at the age of 15 without qualifications, from 1999, Tyson’s interests practice turned from the Artmachine towards an artistic approach which explored the same thematic terrain, but this time directly by his own hand. The first such body of work was entitled Drawing and Thinking, in December 2002, Tyson was awarded the British visual arts award, the Turner Prize. The other shortlisted artists that year were Fiona Banner, Liam Gillick and his comments that the Turner Prize exhibition at Tate Britain consisted of cold, mechanical, conceptual bullshit were greeted with both approval and criticism in the media. In 2009 Tysons work was shown at the Hayward Gallery as part of the group exhibition Walking in My Mind, each highly crafted cubic sculpture represents a unique yet highly recognizable feature of the world, from popular culture to natural history. A mixture of paints, pigments and chemicals are allowed to interact in specific ways upon an acid primed aluminium panel, the combined processes of gravity, chemical reaction, temperature, hydrophobia and evaporation simultaneously conspire to create surfaces reminiscent of a wide range of natural forms and landscapes. In this respect, the paintings seem to be depict nature, collectively these works on paper represent Tyson’s sketchbook or journal. Each ‘Wall Drawing’ is made on a sheet of paper measuring 158 cm x 126 cm, over the years these sheets have recorded his ideas, emotional tone and mood, visits people made to the studio, world events and even economic fluctuations. They are often exhibited in large non-chronological grids to form walls of diverse images. His favourite gambling method was roulette, which he described as, once you get in the flow of that, it’s almost like a religious experience. The roulette table is one of the inspirations behind his acclaimed History Paintings series, the University of Brighton awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Letters in summer 2005
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Helen Skelton
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Helen Elizabeth Skelton is an English television presenter, best known for co-presenting the BBC childrens programme Blue Peter from 2008 until 2013 and as an occasional presenter on Countryfile. She co-presented two series of the BBC One programme Holiday Hit Squad alongside Angela Rippon and Joe Crowley and she hosted the BBC coverage of the 2016 European Swimming Championships and currently presents daytime series The Instant Gardener. Skelton was born in Carlisle, Cumbria and brought up on a farm in the village of Kirkby Thore. She attended Kirkby Thore Primary School, and then Appleby Grammar School and she graduated from Cumbria Institute of the Arts, where she gained a BA degree in journalism. During her time at college, she worked as an extra on Coronation Street, Skelton is a qualified tap dance teacher and has said that if she was not a broadcaster she would be a teacher. In December 2012, she took part in a Christmas Special edition of the BBC One programme Strictly Come Dancing and her brother, Gavin is a professional footballer and hes also been a player-manager. After briefly working in public relations, Helen decided to concentrate on journalism and she was then a reporter and occasional presenter on childrens news programme Newsround and its weekend sports based version, Sportsround. Skelton was revealed as a new Blue Peter presenter on 28 August 2008, replacing Zöe Salmon, in a challenge for the show, she took an uncredited role in the BBC production of Merlin. In August 2013, she announced her departure from the show and she was replaced by Radzi Chinyanganya. Skelton worked on projects during her time on Blue Peter. These included reporting from the Championships, Wimbledon, after her departure from Blue Peter, she became a presenter of live FA Womens Super League football matches for the BT Sport channel, as well as retaining her BBC reporter roles. She has occasionally presented segments of Countryfile since 2008 and presented two series of Holiday Hit Squad in 2013 and 2014 alongside Angela Rippon and Joe Crowley, since 2014, she has presented the London Marathon Highlights show on the BBC. She also hosted coverage of The 2016 World Swimming Championships with Mark Foster, since 2015, Skelton has co-presented daytime BBC One series The Instant Gardener alongside Danny Clarke. In early 2016, she presented Tonight, Kids V Career and she worked for the BBC at the 2016 Summer Olympics presenting swimming coverage alongside Rebecca Adlington, Adrian Moorhouse, Andy Jameson and Mark Foster. In October 2016, Skelton guest presented five episodes of Lorraine on ITV and she presented a further five episodes in February 2017. Skeltons first novel, Amy Wild, Amazon Summer, was published in May 2015, Skelton completed the run in 23 hours and 45 minutes – just 15 minutes under the time limit of one day. It was an experience, but one Ill never forget. There were tough times but also amazing times, she told Newsround, just weeks later, she completed the 2009 London Marathon
29.
Sheila Fell
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Sheila Fell RA was an English artist. She was born at Aspatria, Cumberland in 1931 and although she lived in London for the part of her life. The Cumberland landscape would always remain her chief influence, inspiration, sheila Fell was born into a poor household at Aspatria in 1931, the only child of John and Anne Fell. Her father was a coalminer who worked at the Brayton Domain Colliery about a mile, by 1936 her father was out of work, but later found work in Whitehaven. Whilst working at another pit in Siddick, some time later, after his convalescnce, he returned to work for a year, but then gave up work altogether. At the age of six Fell contracted diphtheria, but her mother refused to have her admitted to hospital, at the age of 16 she enrolled at the Carlisle School of Art, then housed in Tullie House. She later described this experience as a dismal disaster and she explained, “They said I would never make a painter and should do textile design. ”After rejecting their advice she enrolled at Saint Martins School of Art where she studied under Roland Vivian Pitchforth and John Napper. She gained her National Diploma in Design at the age of 21, Fell augmented the grant received from Cumberland County Council by working in a night club and also at the National Gallery. During her college years she exhibited her work in the Young Contemporaries Show in 1952 and 1953, after leaving college, she worked for a while as a freelance painter during the day, did head modelling, and worked in a café at night. In 1955 at the age of 24, she held her first exhibition, becoming the youngest ever artist to exhibit at the Beaux Arts Gallery in Bond Street, in December 1955, she appeared on the ten-minute Highlight television programme, which spotlighted the personalities of the day. She joined the staff of Chelsea School of Art in 1958. S. Lowry, who bought two paintings and a drawing, bringing a friendship that would last for many years. Lowry gave her all the help he could, he advised, encouraged, sympathised and he made her a weekly allowance of £3 and would often visit her when she returned home to Aspatria for her regular holidays. They would go out to the countryside to paint, Lowry got on well with her parents and always called her Miss Fell, until shortly before his death. ”. Although never married, she had a daughter Anna in 1958, several major artists influenced her style, Cézanne, Constant Permeke, Auerbach and Van Gogh are all evident in parts of her early work. In December 1979, Hunter Davies began his article for the Sunday Times, “I dont think of myself as a woman artist. Artists are either good or bad, I also intend to live until 104. Its what keeps me going when I worry if Ill ever have time to do all the paintings in my head. ”However, the inquest into her death reported that she had died of alcohol poisoning, on 15 December, at her London flat
30.
Charlie Hunnam
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Charles Matthew Hunnam is an English actor. Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, the son of William Billy Hunnam, a gangster and scrap metal merchant, and Jane Hunnam and his maternal grandmother was the premier portrait artist in Newcastle. Hunnam was the child, born after brother William Billy. He has two younger half-brothers, Oliver and Christian, on his mothers side and his parents divorced when he was two years old, and he moved to the village of Melmerby, Cumbria when he was twelve, as his mother remarried. He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle, after moving, he went to Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith, Cumbria. He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design, now the University of Cumbria, at the age of 17, Hunnam was discovered in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while drunkenly clowning around buying shoes for his brother. A production manager for the Newcastle-based childrens show Byker Grove approached him and he also had a brief modeling career where he did a shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him. Aged 18, his first major role came when he was cast by Russell T Davies as fifteen-year-old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk and he followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith. And then moved to Los Angeles and his career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans. He then appeared in the short-lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe, despite critical acclaim, the series was cancelled after one season. Hunnam then appeared on the screen in Abandon, Nicholas Nickleby. Hunnam says his role Patric, a member of The Fishes, I played the psycho in Cold Mountain, my character in Green Street is fairly psychotic and now Ive got this role. From 2008 to 2014, Hunnam starred as Jackson Jax Teller in Sons of Anarchy, Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter, the creator of the show, saw him in Green Street. In 2011, Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama/thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman, in 2012, he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3,2,1. Frankie Go Boom alongside, among others, his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman, Hunnam said that he considered the day that he filmed scenes with Perlman for that film the best and funniest day of filming hes ever had in his whole career. He also appeared as Jay, an ex-boxer, in Stefan Ruzowitzkys crime drama Deadfall, Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toros sci-fi film Pacific Rim, that opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide. It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E. L. James novel Fifty Shades of Grey. However, on 12 October 2013, Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy
31.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
32.
BBC News Online
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BBC News Online is the website of BBC News, the division of the BBC responsible for newsgathering and production. The website is the most frequently accessed news website in the United Kingdom, and forms a part of BBC Online. The website contains international news coverage, as well as British, entertainment, science, BBC News Online is closely linked to its sister department website, that of BBC Sport. Both sites follow similar layout and content options and respective journalists work alongside each other, location information provided by users is also shared with the website of BBC Weather to provide local content. From 1998 to 2001 the site was named best news website at the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards when the category was withdrawn. It has previously won both the Judges award and the Peoples Voice award for best news site at the annual Webby Awards, the website was launched on 4 November 1997, headed by founding editor Mike Smartt and Project Director Bob Eggington. The management team for launch included Dave Brewer, Chris Nuttall, Matthew Karas, Matt Jones, Janet Marsh, Simon George, nic Newman was seconded from BBC World Service to launch and run Talking Point. The broader editorial team was together from within the BBC, from print journalism. A major overhaul in 2003, primarily by Paul Sissons and Maire Flynn, coincided with a relaunch of the BBC News Channel and featured a wider page design. The site launched a set of semi-official RSS0.91 syndication feeds in June 2003, each news index has its own RSS feed, including the in-depth sections. In 2004 the BBC News website partnered with Moreover Technologies, in a response to the 2003 Graf Report, whilst the BBC does not censor or change results the algorithms used tend to give greater weight to national and international sources over regional or local ones. The BBC began providing real-time global user information in June 2006, new features were gradually introduced, including the publicising of video content more prominently, and the introduction of live streaming of the BBC News channel. Beginning on 30 April 2009, some published stories included in-text links, mostly to in-site profile articles on people, the BBC announced on 19 November 2009 that it was to pay more attention to search engine optimisation by extending news headlines. On 14 July 2010 the site was redesigned, with the vertical section headings moved to run horizontally near the top of the page. It was met with mixed opinions, Stephen Fry stated his approval of the redesign, however, there was also criticism, with some stating that the use of white space was too widespread and led to the need for continuous and excessive scrolling. The new design went live on 23 March 2015, there are two different editions of the site, a UK edition, which gives prominence to UK stories, and an international edition, which prioritises international news. Internet users with IP addresses originating from the UK are served the UK edition, the international version contains advertising and an Advertise With Us link at the bottom. All articles are archived indefinitely and can be retrieved via searching or by browsing the extensive Special Reports section, the previous seven days top stories were formerly available through the Week at a Glance section of the website
33.
The National Archives (United Kingdom)
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The National Archives is a non-ministerial government department. Its parent department is the Department for Culture, Media and Sport of the United Kingdom and it is the official archive of the UK government and for England and Wales, and guardian of some of the nations most iconic documents, dating back more than 1,000 years. There are separate national archives for Scotland and Northern Ireland, TNA was formerly four separate organisations, the Public Record Office, the Historical Manuscripts Commission, the Office of Public Sector Information and Her Majestys Stationery Office. It is institutional policy to include the article, with an initial capital letter, in its name. The National Archives is based in Kew in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in south-west London, the building was opened in 1977 as an additional home for the public records, which were held in a building on Chancery Lane. The site was originally a World War I hospital, which was used by several government departments. It is near to Kew Gardens Underground station, until its closure in March 2008, the Family Records Centre in Islington was run jointly by The National Archives and the General Register Office. The National Archives has an office in Norwich, which is primarily for former OPSI staff. There is also a record storage facility in the worked-out parts of Winsford Rock Salt Mine, Winsford. For earlier history, see Public Record Office, the name remained The National Archives. This work helps inform todays decisions and ensure that they become tomorrows permanent record, the National Archives has long had a role of oversight and leadership for the entire archives sector and archives profession in the UK, including local government and non-governmental archives. Under the Public Records Act 1958 it is responsible for overseeing the appropriate custody of certain non-governmental public records in England, under the 2003 Historical Manuscripts Commission Warrant it has responsibility for investigating and reporting on non-governmental records and archives of all kinds throughout the United Kingdom. The National Archives now sees part of its role as being to enhance the archival health of the nation. The collections held by the National Archives can be searched using their online catalogue, entrance to The National Archives is free. Anybody aged 16 or over can access the documents at the Kew site. The reading room has terminals from which documents can be ordered up from secure storage areas by their reference number, Documents can also be ordered in advance. Once a document has been ordered, The National Archives aims to get it to the reader within 45 minutes, special arrangements are in place for readers wishing to retrieve large groups of files. A readers ticket is not needed to access records on microform or online, frequently accessed documents such as the Abdication Papers have been put on microfilm, as have records for two million First World War soldiers
