1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Welsh language
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Welsh is a member of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages. It is spoken natively in Wales, by some in England, historically it has also been known in English as the British tongue, Cambrian, Cambric and Cymric. The United Kingdom Census 2011 counted 3.1 million residents of Wales, 27% of whom had been born outside Wales, and 73% of whom reported having no Welsh language skills. Of residents of Wales aged three and over, 19% reported being able to speak Welsh, and 77% of these were able to speak, read and this can be compared with the 2001 Census, in which 20. 8% of the population reported being able to speak Welsh. 787,854 of residents in Wales aged three and over had one or more skills in Welsh, in surveys carried out between 2004 and 2006, 57% of Welsh speakers described themselves as fluent in the written language. An estimated 110,000 to 150,000 people speak Welsh in England, Welsh emerged in the 6th century from Common Brittonic, the common ancestor of Welsh, Breton, Cornish and the extinct language known as Cumbric. The Middle Welsh period is considered to have lasted from then until the 14th century, when the Modern Welsh period began, the name Welsh originated as an exonym given to its speakers by the Anglo-Saxons, meaning foreign speech. The native term for the language is Cymraeg, and for the name of the country of Wales it is Cymru, Welsh evolved from Common Brittonic, the Celtic language spoken by the ancient Celtic Britons. Classified as Insular Celtic, the British language probably arrived in Britain during the Bronze Age or Iron Age and was spoken throughout the island south of the Firth of Forth. During the Early Middle Ages the British language began to fragment due to increased dialect differentiation, evolving into Welsh and it is not clear when Welsh became distinct. Kenneth H. Jackson suggested that the evolution in syllabic structure and sound pattern was complete by around 550, Jackson, however, believed that the two varieties were already distinct by that time. The earliest Welsh poetry – that attributed to the Cynfeirdd or Early Poets – is generally considered to date to the Primitive Welsh period. However, much of this poetry was composed in the Hen Ogledd, raising further questions about the dating of the material. An 8th century inscription in Tywyn shows the language already dropping inflections in the declension of nouns, the next main period, somewhat better attested, is Old Welsh, poetry from both Wales and Scotland has been preserved in this form of the language. Both the works of Aneirin and the Book of Taliesin were in this era, Middle Welsh is the label attached to the Welsh of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This is the language of all surviving early manuscripts of the Mabinogion. It is also the language of the existing Welsh law manuscripts, Middle Welsh is reasonably intelligible, albeit with some work, to a modern-day Welsh speaker. The famous cleric Gerald of Wales tells, in his Descriptio Cambriae, during one of the Kings many raids in the 12th century, Henry asked an old man of Pencader, Carmarthenshire whether the Welsh people could resist his army
3.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
4.
John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon
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John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon, KG PC QC is a retired British politician. He was a moderate Labour Member of Parliament from 1959 to 2001, Morris was born in Capel Bangor, Aberystwyth in the County of Ceredigion. He was educated at Ardwyn School, the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth and Gonville, Morris was a barrister and was called to the Bar by Grays Inn in 1954. He practised at 2 Bedford Row Chambers, took silk in 1973 and was made a Bencher of Grays Inn in 1984, between 1982 and 1997 Morris was a Recorder of the Crown Court. He represented Aberavon as its Labour MP from 1959 and was the longest serving Welsh MP until his retirement in 2001 and he served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Power and the Ministry of Transport, and Minister of State at the Ministry of Defence. As such, he was one of only a handful of Labour ministers to hold office under Harold Wilson, James Callaghan. Lord Morris has been Chancellor of the University of South Wales since its formation in 2013, the University of South Wales was formed by a merger between University of Glamorgan and the University of Wales, Newport. He succeeded fellow Labour politician Lord Merlyn-Rees as the Chancellor for the University of Glamorgan, Lord Morris was President of the London Welsh Trust, which runs the London Welsh Centre, Grays Inn Road, from 2001 until 2008. He is also a member of The Princes Trust. 1931–1959, Mr John Morris 1959–1970, Mr John Morris MP 1970–2001, The Rt Hon. John Morris MP2001, The Rt Hon. John Morris 2001–2003, the Lord Morris of Aberavon PC 2003–, The Rt Hon. The Lord Morris of Aberavon KG PC Profile on the University of Glamorgan website Downing Street press notice September 2002 They Work for You. com
5.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
6.
Treforest
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Treforest runs along the west bank of the River Taff while Glyntaff runs along its east bank. Treforest extends from south east of Ynysangharad Park where the A4058 link from the A470 joins the A473 Broadway. The village is connected with the Crawshay family who established a major tinplate works in 1835. Treforest is now known for its association with the University of South Wales, Treforest Industrial Estate is not part of Treforest or its electoral ward, most of which is not even within Pontypridd. Instead this falls partly within the area of Upper Boat, but mostly within the Willowford area of Ton-Teg and Nantgarw Treforest has one railway station, the railway station is located on the Merthyr and Rhondda lines between Pontypridd and Treforest Estate railway stations. Treforest is home to two schools, Parc Lewis and St. The University of South Wales Trefforest campus is located in the village, the population of Treforest consists substantially of students living away from home, who often leave the village during the summer months and return in the new academic year. Notable bars and pubs in the include the Rickards, the Otley Arms, Gecko Bar tapas bar. Treforest is home to football team Treforest Town F. C. this mid-sized semi-professional club has a purpose-built stadium. The Treforest Trading estate, later renamed Treforest Industrial Estate, originated with the formation of the South Wales and this non-profit making company aimed to establish one or more trading estates in Wales, and the first sod was cut on 29 December 1936. By the end of 1937, three factories had been completed and occupied. The first building contract awarded was a factory for the British Coated Board. Extensions and new factories were built by government departments, many of the companies on the estate were established by businesspeople who had arrived as refugees from Nazi-dominated Europe. They had often been able to bring money and equipment with them, by 1944, almost 16,000 people were being employed on the estate. In 1960, the estate came under the control of the Welsh Industrial Estates Corporation, companies which have operated factories on the estate include BOAC, Aero Zip, Metal Alloys Ltd, Finetex Ltd, Ford, South Wales Switchgear, Standard Telephones and Cables, Fram Filters. Treforest is the birthplace of singer and 1960s and 1970s sex symbol, Tom Jones, Jones has a telephone box in his Los Angeles home from Pontypridd, which he imported as a souvenir of Wales. Morfydd Llwyn Owen was a Welsh composer born in Treforest and educated at the Royal Academy of Music and she wrote hymns, choral music and orchestral works often inspired by Welsh literacy and folk songs. In 1917 she married psychoanalyst Ernest Jones, but she died the year at the age of 26
7.
Wales
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Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
8.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
9.
South Wales
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South Wales is the region of Wales bordered by England and the Bristol Channel to the east and south, and Mid Wales and West Wales to the north and west. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. Areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered part of Mid Wales, the expression south Wales is not officially defined, and its meaning has changed over time. Between the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284 and the Laws in Wales Act 1535 and this was divided into a Principality of South Wales and a Principality of North Wales. The southern principality was made up of the counties of Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire, the legal responsibility for this area lay in the hands of the Justiciar of South Wales based at Carmarthen. Other parts of southern Wales were in the hands of various Marcher Lords, the Laws in Wales Acts 1542 created the Court of Great Sessions in Wales based on four legal circuits. The Brecon circuit served the counties of Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Glamorgan while the Carmarthen circuit served Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, Monmouthshire was attached to the Oxford circuit for judicial purposes. These seven southern counties were thus differentiated from the six counties of north Wales, the Court of the Great Sessions came to an end in 1830, but the counties survived until the Local Government Act 1972 which came into operation in 1974. The creation of the county of Powys merged one northern county with two southern ones, there are thus different concepts of south Wales. Glamorgan and Monmouthshire are generally accepted by all as being in south Wales, but the status of Breconshire or Carmarthenshire, for instance, is more debatable. In the western extent, from Swansea westwards, local people might feel that they live in both south Wales and west Wales, areas to the north of the Brecon Beacons and Black Mountains are generally considered to be in Mid Wales. A further point of uncertainty is whether the first element of the name should be capitalized, as the name is a geographical expression rather than a specific area with well-defined borders, style guides such as those of the BBC and The Guardian use the form south Wales. The most densely populated region in the southwest of the United Kingdom, the Brecon Beacons national park covers about a third of South Wales, containing Pen y Fan, the highest mountain south of Snowdonia. This natural beauty changed to an extent during the early Industrial Revolution when the Glamorgan and Monmouthshire valley areas were exploited for coal. By the 1830s, hundreds of tons of coal were being transported by barge to ports in Cardiff, lord Bute then charged fees per ton of coal that was transported out using his railways. Whilst some of the left, many settled and established in the South Wales Valleys between Swansea and Abergavenny as English-speaking communities with a unique identity. Industrial workers were housed in cottages and terraced houses close to the mines and foundries in which they worked. The large influx over the years caused overcrowding which led to outbreaks of Cholera, and on the social and cultural side and this number is now very low, following the UK miners strike, and the last traditional deep-shaft mine, Tower Colliery, closed in January 2008
10.
University of Wales, Newport
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The University of Wales, Newport, was a university based in Newport, South Wales, prior to the merger that formed the University of South Wales in April 2013. Newport had been involved in education since 1841. Originally a Mechanics Institute, set up to further education for workers and tradesmen. Working men and women were able to attend a variety of lectures for two shilling per quarter to study subjects including The Pursuit of Attainment and Knowledge and Popular Superstition. In May 2004 the University of Wales College, Newport secured Privy Council Approval to use the title University of Wales, Newport, CCLL was also a key deliverer of the UHOVI project in partnership with the University of Glamorgan and Further Education Colleges. Closure of Newport Technical College. Clarence Place continues as Newport,2011 Newport City Campus opens after a £35 million investment. Newport however, welcomed the plans, providing they created a new institution. The university was dissolved on 11 April 2013 and merged with the University of Glamorgan to form the new University of South Wales, cardiff Metropolitan still demanded more evidence before committing to further talks and in November 2012, Leighton Andrews withdrew a consultation on plans to force a merger. The University opened a new £35 million campus in Newports City Centre formally on 10 January 2011, the project was a collaboration between the University, Newport City Council and the Welsh Assembly Government operating through Newport Unlimited, the urban regeneration company for the City. The campus is situated on the east bank of the River Usk in the City Centre and it housed the Faculty of Arts and Business whilst the Caerleon Campus housed the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences. The campus was part of a redevelopment of Newport City Centre. The old city campus at Allt-yr-yn was closed and demolished, the University had been involved in higher education since 1841. In 2009 It was rated the number one university in Wales for enterprise education by the Knowledge Exploitation Fund, the 2010 CILECT Congress unanimously voted in Newport Film School as a full member – only two of the ten new applicant schools for full membership were given this accolade. The accommodation facilities on the Caerleon Campus consisted of 661 rooms with a choice of standard or en-suite facilities, en-suite halls were arranged into flats of five rooms whilst the standard halls had approximately 15 residents per floor. Bedrooms were centrally heated and equipped with furniture, whilst hall kitchens were equipped with kitchen appliances. The university had a sports centre housing a sports hall. The University Library was open seven days a week and computer suites were open 24 hours a day, Newport Students Union was the union representing all students at the University. From the moment students enrolled they were automatically a member of the Students’ Union and it was intended that for every year of every course there should have been at least one course representative
11.
University of South Wales
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The University of South Wales is a university in Wales, with campuses in Cardiff, Newport and Pontypridd. It was formed on 11 April 2013 from the merger of the University of Glamorgan, the university can trace its roots to the founding of the Newport Mechanics Institute in 1841. The Newport Mechanics Institute later become the University of Wales, Newport, in 1913 the South Wales and Monmouthshire School of Mines was formed. The school of mines was later to become the Polytechnic of Wales, however the Office of the Independent Adjudicator stated that, in 2013, the number of students was 29,875. The Higher Education Statistics Agency reported student total numbers of 27,710 for the 2014/15 academic year. Therefore during the 2014/15 academic year University was the 16th largest in the UK and the 2nd largest in Wales, after Cardiff University, the university has four faculties spread over its campuses in South East Wales. It offers a range of qualifications from further education to degrees to PhD study, as a Post 92 University it delivers a range of STEM subjects. In June 2013 the fine art course at Newport was closed, a tutor, Kathryn Ashill, said that the students had a responsibility of going out with a bang. The Atrium Building is the building at the campus, originally opened by the University of Glamorgan in 2007 the building recently extended. The campus also includes the Atlantic House building, the £35 million campus on the west bank of the River Usk in Newport city centre was opened in 2011, by the University of Wales, Newport. It hosts a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate courses, including teaching, business, social work, the National Cyber Security Academy is based at the Newport campus. This was formerly the main campus of the University of Glamorgan, currently the universitys largest campus, with a range of facilities, including an indoor sports centre and students union. The campus is located in three parts, - 1) Treforest – Which hosts a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate courses notable in engineering, 2) Glyntaff – Where nursing, science and sport courses are based. 3) Tyn y Wern – The location of the University of South Wales sport park, Caerleon is located on the northern outskirts of Newport. Formerly the second largest campus, it hosted a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate courses, including education, sports, history, fashion design, art, the campus had extensive sports facilities, library, students union shop and a students union bar. It was formerly the main campus of the University of Wales, in 2014, it was announced by the University of South Wales that the Caerleon campus would close in 2016 with courses being integrated into the remaining campuses. The campus opened during 1914 and closed for the last time on 31 July 2016, the University is proposing to sell the campus for housing development but there is strong opposition to the planned re-development from local residents. The University of South Wales expressed their opposition to the proposed listing but the announcement was welcomed by local politicians
12.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
13.
Pontypridd
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Pontypridd is both a community and the county town of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, and is situated 12 miles/19 km north of the Welsh capital city of Cardiff. Pontypridd is often abbreviated to Ponty by local residents, the town sits at the junction of the Rhondda and Taff/Cynon valleys, where the River Rhondda flows into the Taff immediately south of the town at Ynysangharad War Memorial Park. Pontypridd community had a population of approximately 32,700 according to figures gathered in 2011. While Pontypridd Town Ward itself was recorded as having a population of 2,919 also as of 2001, the town lies alongside the dual carriageway north-south A470, between Cardiff and Merthyr Tydfil. The A4054, running north and south of the town, was the main road. South of the town is the A473, for Llantrisant and Pencoed, to the west is the A4058, which follows the River Rhondda to Porth and the Rhondda Valley beyond. The name Pontypridd is from Pont-y-tŷ-pridd the Welsh for bridge by the earthen house, Pontypridd is noted for its Old Bridge, a stone construction across the River Taff built in 1756 by William Edwards. This was Edwards third attempt, and, at the time of construction, was the longest single-span stone arch bridge in the world. Rising 35 feet above the level of the river, the forms a perfect segment of a circle. Notable features are the three holes of differing diameters through each end of the bridge, the purpose of which is to reduce weight. On completion, questions were raised as to the utility of the bridge, with the steepness of the design making it difficult to get horses. As a result, a new bridge, the Victoria Bridge, Pontypridd was known as Newbridge from shortly after the construction of the Old Bridge until the 1860s. Because of its role in transporting cargo, its railway platform is thought to have once been the longest in the world during its heyday. Pontypridd was, in the half of the 19th century, a hive of industry. The Albion Colliery in the village of Cilfynydd in 1894 was the site of one of the worst explosions within the South Wales coalfield, the town is also home to a large hospital, Dewi Sant Hospital. Pontypridd Urban District Council was established in 1894, and operated until 1974, in turn, that authority was incorporated into the unitary Rhondda Cynon Taf Council in 1995. Pontypridd Town Council continues to function as a community council, labour is the dominant political force, and has been since the First World War. Pontypridd came into being because of transport, as it was on the route from the south Wales coast and the Bristol Channel, to Merthyr
14.
Merthyr Tydfil
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Merthyr Tydfil is a town in Wales, with a population of about 63,546, situated approximately 23 miles north of Cardiff. At one time the largest town in Wales, Merthyr Tydfil is today the fourth largest urban area by population. Situated in the county of Glamorgan, it is the main town in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough and is administered by Merthyr Tydfil County Borough Council. Both the town and the county borough are often referred to as simply Merthyr, according to legend, the town is named after Saint Tydfil, a daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog. According to her legend, she was slain at Merthyr by pagans around 480, although merthyr generally means martyr in modern Welsh, the meaning here is closer to the Latin martyrium, the mausoleum or church built over the relics of a martyr. Similar examples, all from south Wales, include Merthyr Cynog, Merthyr Dyfan, the Cornish and Breton language equivalents, in place names, are merther and merzher. Peoples migrating north from Europe had lived in the area for thousands of years. The archaeological record starts from about 1000 BC with the Celts, from their language, the Welsh language developed. Hillforts were built during the Iron Age and the tribe that inhabited them in the south of Wales were called the Silures, according to Tacitus, the Romans arrived in Roman Wales by about 47–53 AD and established a network of forts, with roads to link them. They had to fight hard to consolidate their conquests, and in 74 AD they built a fortress at Penydarren. It covered an area of three hectares, and formed part of the network of roads and fortifications, remains were found underneath the football ground where Merthyr Tydfil FC play. A road ran north–south through the area, linking the southern coast with Mid Wales, parts of this and other roads, including Sarn Helen, can be traced and walked. The Silures resisted this invasion fiercely from their strongholds. In time, relative peace was established and the Penydarren fortress was abandoned by about 120 AD and this had an unfortunate effect upon the local economy, which had come to rely upon supplying the fortress with beef and grain, and imported items such as oysters from the coast. Intermarriage with local women had occurred and many auxiliary veterans had settled locally on farms, with the Decline of the Roman Empire, Roman legions were withdrawn around 380 AD. By 402 AD, the army in Britain comprised mostly Germanic troops and local recruits, sometime during this period, Irish Dalriadan and Picts attacked and breached Hadrians Wall. By about 490 AD hordes of Saxons invaded and settled in the east or lowland Britain, the Latin language and some Roman customs and culture became established before the withdrawal of the Roman army. The girl was considered a martyr after her death in around 480, Merthyr translates to Martyr in English, and tradition holds that, when the town was founded, the name was chosen in her honour
15.
Cardiff
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Cardiff is the capital and largest city in Wales and the eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is the chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media. The unitary authority areas mid-2011 population was estimated to be 346,100, the Cardiff metropolitan area makes up over a third of the total population of Wales, with a mid-2011 population estimate of about 1,100,000 people. Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographics alternative tourist destinations, the city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan. Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities, the Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city. Cardiff was made a city in 1905, and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955, since the 1980s, Cardiff has seen significant development. A new waterfront area at Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd building, home to the Welsh Assembly, sporting venues in the city include the Millennium Stadium, SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff International Sports Stadium and Cardiff Arms Park. The city was awarded the title of European City of Sport twice, due to its role in hosting major sporting events, first in 2009. The Millennium Stadium hosted 11 football matches as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics, including the opening event. Caerdydd derives from the earlier Welsh form Caerdyf, the change from -dyf to -dydd shows the colloquial alteration of Welsh f and dd, and was perhaps also driven by folk etymology. This sound change had probably first occurred in the Middle Ages, Caerdyf has its origins in post-Roman Brythonic words meaning the fort of the Taff. The fort probably refers to that established by the Romans, the anglicised form Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh f borrowed as ff /f/, as also happens in Taff and Llandaff. As English does not have the vowel the final vowel has been borrowed as /ɪ/, although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce. A group of five Bronze Age tumuli is at the summit of The Garth, four Iron Age hill fort and enclosure sites have been identified within Cardiffs present-day county boundaries, including Caerau Hillfort, an enclosed area of 5.1 hectares. The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with Isca Augusta that acted as border defences, the fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued. However, by this time a settlement, or vicus, was established
16.
University of Wales
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The University of Wales was a confederal university based in Cardiff, Wales, UK. The university was the second largest university in the UK, a federal university similar to the University of London, the University of Wales, UK was in charge of examining students, while its colleges were in charge of teaching. Historically, the University of Wales was the university in Wales until the establishment of the University of Glamorgan in 1992. In recent years, it announced its intention to merge with the University of Wales, Lampeter, Trinity University College, in 2007, the University of Wales changed from a federal structure to a confederal one and many of the constituent colleges became independent universities. As a result of a number of controversies in the late 2000s involving overseas affiliates and student visas and this process is projected to be completed in 2017. Prior to the foundation of the university, these three colleges had prepared students for the examinations of the University of London. A fourth college, Swansea, was added in 1920 and in 1931 the Welsh National School of Medicine was incorporated, in 1967 the Welsh College of Advanced Technology entered the federal university as the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, also in Cardiff. In 1971 St Davids College, Wales oldest degree-awarding institution, suspended its own degree-awarding powers, a financial crisis in the late eighties caused UWIST and University College Cardiff to merge in 1988, forming the University of Wales College of Cardiff. In 1992 the university lost its position as the university in Wales when the Polytechnic of Wales became the University of Glamorgan. The existing colleges became constituent institutions and the two new member institutions became university colleges, in 2003, both of these colleges became full constituent institutions and in 2004 UWCN received permission from the Privy Council to change its name to the University of Wales, Newport. Cardiff University and the University of Wales College of Medicine merged on 1 August 2004, the merged institution, known as Cardiff University, ceased to be a constituent institution and joined a new category of Affiliated/Linked Institutions. At the same time, the university admitted four new institutions, the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama subsequently left the university in January 2007. In November 2008, Aberystwyth, Bangor and Swansea Universities decided to exercise their right to students to study for their own awarded degrees. In October, the University announced that it would cease validating courses and this led to calls from the vice chancellors of the universities of Aberystwyth, Bangor, Cardiff, Glamorgan and Swansea for the University of Wales to be wound up. It was announced later in October that the University of Wales would be effectively abolished, which itself merged with Swansea Metropolitan University on 1 August 2013. At present, the University of Wales is still functioning in its own right, the administrative office of the University of Wales is located in Cardiffs Civic Centre. It runs a highly rated research centre, the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, the first edition of Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, which has the same status for Welsh as the OED does for English, was completed in 2002, eighty-two years after it had been started. The University of Wales Press was founded in 1922 and publishes around seventy books a year in both English and Welsh, the university also has a study and conference centre at Gregynog, near Newtown
17.
Mining in Wales
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Mining in Wales provided a significant source of income to the economy of Wales throughout the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. It was key to the Industrial Revolution, northeast Wales also had its own coalfield and Tower Colliery near Hirwaun is regarded by many as the oldest open coal mine and one of the largest in the world. Wales has also had a significant history of mining for slate, gold, there had been small-scale mining in Wales in the pre-Roman British Iron Age, but it would be undertaken on an industrial scale under the Romans, who completed their conquest of Wales in AD78. Substantial quantities of gold, copper, and lead were extracted, along with amounts of zinc. Mining would continue until the process was no practical or profitable. The extensive excavations of the Roman operations at Dolaucothi provide a picture of the level of Roman technology. The Chartist movement and the 1839 Newport Rising showed the growing concerns, although the Factory Acts of the 1830s and resultant Mines Act of 1842 were meant to prevent women and boys under 10 years of age from working underground, it is believed they were widely ignored. To replace female and child labour the pit pony was more widely introduced, incorporating the existing Coity colliery and Kearsleys pit, the Big Pit opened in 1880, so called because it was the first shaft in Wales large enough to allow two tramways. At the height of production, there were over 160 drift mines. Big Pit alone employed some 1,300 men digging a quarter of a million tons of coal a year, large amounts of coal were needed to supply the local ironworks, as it took 3 tons of coal to produce a ton of iron. Blaenavon steam coal was of quality and it was exported globally. Burning hotly while leaving minimum ash, it was ideal to power the engines that drove steamships, Dreadnoughts of the Royal Navy. Finally in February 1980 the coal ran out and even Big Pit, there are still nine headstocks remaining in Wales, including Big Pit. There is a well-known mining song part in Welsh and part in English and it is one of only two remaining mines where it is possible for visitors to journey to the underground workings some 300 ft below using the same cages that transported the miners. Following the miners strike, the two deep mines remained working in Wales. Tower Colliery, Hirwaun, had been run by a miners co-operative since 1994, due to dwindling coal seams, the colliery was last worked on January 18,2008 and the official closure of the colliery occurred on January 25. Drift mining continued at Aberpergwm Colliery, a smaller mine closed by the National Coal Board in 1985 but reopened in 1996, several other small mines still exist, including the Blaentillery drift mine near to the Big Pit National Coal Museum. Greatest mining disaster in Gwent,1878, British Coal-Miners in the Nineteenth Century, A Social History Berger, Stefan Llafur
18.
South Wales Valleys
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The South Wales Valleys are a number of industrialised valleys in South Wales. Many of the valleys run roughly parallel to each other, the Rhondda Valleys and the Cynon Valley are located roughly in the centre. Until the mid-nineteenth century, the South Wales valleys were lightly inhabited, the industrialisation of the Valleys occurred in two phases. First, in the half of the 18th century, the iron industry was established on the northern edge of the Valleys. This made South Wales the most important part of British ironmaking until the middle of the 19th century, second, from 1850 to the outbreak of the First World War, the South Wales Coalfield was developed to supply steam coal and anthracite. The South Wales Valleys were Britains only mountainous coalfield, topography defined the shape of the mining communities, with a hand and fingers pattern of urban development. The population of the Valleys in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was disproportionately young and male, Merthyr Tydfil, at the northern end of the Taff valley became Waless largest town thanks to its growing ironworks at Dowlais and Cyfarthfa Ironworks. The South Wales coalfield attracted huge numbers of people from areas to the valleys. This meant that many rows of terraced housing were built along the sides to accommodate the influx. The coal mined in the valleys was transported south along railways and canals to ports on the Bristol Channel, notably Cardiff, Newport, Cardiff was soon among the most important coal ports in the world and Swansea among the most important steel ports. There was a sense of salvation when the government announced the nationalisation of British coalmines in 1947, the decline in the mining of coal after World War II was a country wide issue, but South Wales and Rhondda were affected to a higher degree than other areas of Britain. Oil had superseded coal as the fuel of choice in many industries, of the few industries that were still reliant on coal, the demand was for quality coals, especially coking coal which was required by the steel industry. These two markets now controlled the fate of the mines in South Wales, and as demand fell from both sectors the knock-on effect on the industry was further contraction. The other major factors in the decline of coal were related to the massive under-investment in South Wales mines over the past decades. Most of the mines in the valleys were sunk between the 1850s and 1880s, which, as a consequence, meant they were far smaller than most modern mines. The Welsh mines were in comparison antiquated, with methods of ventilation, coal-preparation, in 1945 the British coal industry cut 72 per cent of their output mechanically, whereas in South Wales the figure was just 22 per cent. From 15,000 miners in 1947, Rhondda had just a pit within the valleys producing coal in 1984. In 1966, the village of Aberfan in the Taff valley suffered one of the worst disasters in Welsh history
19.
Glamorgan County Council
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Glamorgan County Council was established in 1889 together with the administrative county of Glamorganshire under the Local Government Act 1888. The first elections to the council were held in January 1889, the county was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974. It was replaced by the three counties of Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan and West Glamorgan, the first meeting of the Council was held at the Gwyn Hall in Neath and Sir Hussey Vivian MP elected to the chair. The Liberal group did agree on a list of aldermen before hand, one of the main debates related to the venue for meetings, with the claims of Neath and Pontypridd being most prominent. The Bridgend Local Board of Health had petitioned Lord Dunraven to lobby for that town to be considered, at this meeting also, the chairman of the Council, Sir Hussey Vivian, paid tribute to the magistrates for their past conduct of county business. In contrast to the fist Council which included no working men, Lord Swansea having recently died, the Liberal group were divided on a successor as chairman of the Council. J. Blandy Jenkins defeated Arthur Pendarves Vivian by 31 votes to 30
20.
Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama
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The Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama is a conservatoire located in Cardiff, Wales. Its alumni include Anthony Hopkins, Aneurin Barnard and Rob Brydon, the College was established in 1949 as Cardiff College of Music at Cardiff Castle, but has since moved to purpose-built accommodation within the castle grounds of Bute Park near Cardiff University. It later changed its name to the Welsh College of Music & Drama before being awarded its Royal title in The Queens Golden Jubilee in 2002, making it the fifth conservatoire to be awarded this title. From its opening, the Colleges degrees were awarded by the University of Wales, in 2007, however, it left the university and agreed to a merger with the University of Glamorgan. The University of Glamorgan merged with the University of Wales, Newport in 2013 to form the University of South Wales, the college provides education and training in the performing arts, with approximately two-thirds of its 550 students studying music-related courses and the rest studying drama-related courses. It was the first and is one of two All-Steinway conservatoires in the UK, along with Leeds College of Music
21.
Atrium, Cardiff
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It is located in the Adamsdown area of Cardiff city centre, Wales. The building was first opened as a university building by the University of Glamorgan on 29 November 2007, a new extension added in September 2014 and second in 2016. Opened on 29 November 2007, it is home to one of the Universitys five faculties, the building is located on 86-88 Adam Street, near Cardiff Queen Street railway station. The building comprises a refurbished former BT office block, Enterprise House, and it houses many of the facilities which were formerly based at the campus in Trefforest. These include a studio, two tiered theatre, auditoriums, sound studios, learning resource centre and gallery. A temporary Students Union building was located at the rear of the building opened in September 2009 until it moved to ATRiuM 2A. ATRiuM has expanded on the side of the original structure on un-used land on the eastern side. The new two storey ATRiuM 2A includes part of the Business School, as well as a Students Union bar and it opened for the new term in September 2014. The eastern side ATRiuM 2B, will be a five storey building with new teaching facilities, amongst the key ATRiuM facilities are a design studio, television studio, 180-seat theatre space, cinema,180 seat main lecture theatre, a cafe and advice shops. Media related to Atrium, Cardiff at Wikimedia Commons Official website of the Cardiff Campus
22.
Cardiff city centre
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Cardiff city centre is the city centre and central business district of Cardiff, Wales. The area is bound by the River Taff to the west. Cardiff became a city in 1905, compared to nearby cities, the new St Davids Centre has more retail space than the whole of Newport or Swansea. In 2008–9, the footfall of shoppers was 55 million. Cardiff is the sixth most successful shopping destination in the United Kingdom – behind London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Cardiff was granted city status by Edward VII in 1905. In the 1960s, planners described Cardiff city centre as worn out, inconvenient, drab, the centre had escaped the extensive wartime bomb damage inflicted on other cities, so little redevelopment took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The Buchanan Plan of 1964 envisaged a highly ambitious extended city centre, by the time the legal agreement to implement Centreplan 70 was signed, the 1973 property crash had made it unviable. Development in the 1970s and 80s was more piecemeal than envisaged in Centreplan, the latter became, according to official publicists, one of the icons of Cardiffs new image. Development of the began in February 2010 and is expected to be completed by July 2011. Cardiff Council says that work to create the Castle Quarter as a friendly environment for High Street. Castle Street follows on from Cowbridge Road East from Canton and begins after Cardiff Bridge and it becomes Duke Street after the junction with High Street before turning north and becoming Kingsway, leading to Cardiff Civic Centre. From west to east, streets that begin from the side of this stretch are Westgate Street, Womanby Street, High Street, St Johns Street, Queen Street. Cardiff Castle and Bute Park dominate the northern side of the street, on the southern side are pubs, bars, retail and hotel units. Castle Arcade and Duke Street Arcades begin from this stretch, St. Mary Street and High Street. The former street is named after the 11th century church of St. Mary, today the stretch of road is the home of a number of bars, night clubs and restaurants, as well as branches of many major banks. Also fronting onto the street is Howells department store, which stretches from just after Cardiff Central Market to the corner of Wharton Street, from August 2007 the street was closed to private vehicles, leaving only buses, cycles and taxis allowed to access the whole street. The street is closed to all traffic every Friday and Saturday night to allow the efflux from night clubs and pubs located in that part of the street to clear. It is also closed when major events take place such as at the Millennium Stadium, the Prince Of Wales is a prominent J D Wetherspoon establishment at the junction with Wood Street, which leads to Central Station
23.
Treforest railway station
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Treforest railway station is a railway station serving the village of Treforest, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales. It is located on the Merthyr Line and the Rhondda Line 18 km north west of Cardiff Central, passenger services are provided by Arriva Trains Wales. The first section of the Taff Vale Railway, between Cardiff Docks and Navigation House was opened on 8 October 1840, the station at Treforest was not opened until 1847. The TVR was amalgamated with the Great Western Railway on 1 January 1922, along with the Barry Railway, both the Barry Railway and the TVR had stations named Treforest, so to avoid confusion, the ex-TVR station was renamed Treforest Low Level on 1 July 1924. The former Barry Railway passenger service between Porth and Barry was diverted via Treforest Low Level from 10 July 1930, and on that date the station resumed its previous identity of Treforest. Services to both Cardiff & Barry on this route ended on 10 September 1962, whilst that to Llantrisant had been withdrawn a decade earlier, both lines had closed completely by 1964. The Welsh spelling of Trefforest was adopted on 12 May 1980, during Monday-Saturday daytimes, there are usually six trains an hour from Cardiff Central to destinations including Pontypridd, Treherbert, Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare. There are six trains an hour to Cardiff Central with some trains continuing beyond Cardiff to Bridgend via Llantwit Major or Barry Island, a reduced service operates on Sundays ). The station is a walk from the Treforest campus of the University of South Wales. A station at this location was first opened by the Taff Vale Railway in 1845, train times and station information for Treforest railway station from National Rail
24.
Merthyr line
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The Merthyr line is a commuter railway line in South Wales from central Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare. The line is part of the Cardiff urban rail network, known as the Valley Lines, the line follows the Rhondda line as far as Pontypridd, serving Cathays, Llandaf, Radyr, Taffs Well, Treforest and Pontypridd. It then divides at Abercynon with separate branches to Merthyr and Aberdare up diverging valleys, the Merthyr branch serves Quakers Yard, Merthyr Vale, Troed-y-rhiw, Pentre-bach and Merthyr Tydfil. The enhanced service is said to commence sometime in 2008, the Aberdare branch serves Penrhiwceiber, Mountain Ash, Fernhill, Cwmbach and Aberdare. The line continues beyond Aberdare – for goods purposes only – to serve Tower Colliery, there are a few gaps in the half-hourly service to enable coal/stone trains to run to/from Tower Colliery/Hirwaun. The line is operated by Arriva Trains Wales as part of the Valley Lines network. ATW replaced the previous franchise, Wales & Borders in December 2003, since its termination at Aberdare following the Beeching Axe, there have been various proposals to extend the line northwards towards Hirwaun again. In recent years, these have been driven by the Welsh Assembly Government, in 2006, a study by local transport alliance Sewta appeared to rule out any such extension for the foreseeable future. Network Rail has already begun work on gathering evidence for its study, beginning with cutting away vegetation on track sections to examine the condition of rails and its report is expected to be published in early 2010, before any business case to reopen the lines can be developed. It was announced in March 2011 that the Welsh Assembly Government’s 2011-12 capital programme would include the re-opening of the line to Hirwaun as part of the Cynon Valley Scheme, there is currently no information on when the work will commence and when the line will re-open. On 16 July 2012 plans to electrify the line were announced by the Government as part of a £9. 4bn package of investment of the railways in England, the investment will require new trains and should result in reduced journeys times and cheaper maintenance. It is thought to start between 2014 and 2019, list of railway stations in Cardiff Allen, David
25.
Rhondda line
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The Rhondda line is a commuter railway line in South Wales from Cardiff to Treherbert. The line follows the Merthyr line as far as Pontypridd, where it diverges to continue along the Rhondda Valley. ATW replaced the previous franchise, Wales & Borders in December 2003, the first section of the line, as far as Pontypridd, is historically part of the Taff Vale Railway, from Cardiff to Merthyr Tydfil. At Pontypridd the Rhondda branch diverges and follows the course of the Rhondda Valley and it was single-tracked beyond Porth in the early 1980s, just prior to the commencement of the revival of the Valley Lines network. By 1986 a passing loop was constructed at Ystrad Rhondda station, another new station was opened at Ynyswen on the same day. In March 2007 it was announced that platforms on the branch are to be lengthened to enable 6 car trains to run, together with leasing of an additional eight Class 150s for the whole network. On 16 July 2012 plans to electrify the line were announced by the Government as part of a £9. 4bn package of investment of the railways in England, the investment will require new trains and should result in reduced journeys times and a cheaper to maintain network. It is thought to start between 2014 and 2019, list of railway stations in Cardiff
26.
A470 road
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The A470, also known as the Cardiff to Glan Conwy Trunk Road, is the major long-distance road in Wales, from Cardiff on the south coast to Llandudno on the north coast. It is 186 miles long, and has undergone considerable road improvement in the last two decades, while previously one had to navigate the narrow roads of Llanidloes and Dolgellau, both these market towns are now bypassed due to extensive road modernisation. The road travels through two of Waless national parks, the Brecon Beacons in the south and Snowdonia National Park, the southernmost point of the route is at The Flourish, Cardiff Bay, outside the Wales Millennium Centre. It runs up Lloyd George Avenue, and continues along St. Mary Street in central Cardiff, the road then becomes North Road, and after a tidal flow system running to Maindy and then goes over the flyover at the Gabalfa interchange of the A48 and the A469. It becomes an urban dual-carriageway along Manor Way, with a 40 mph speed limit and it passes without interruption under the M4 at the giant Coryton roundabout. For the next 15 miles it is a modern high-speed dual carriageway by-passing Tongwynlais and Castell Coch, Taffs Well and this marks the northernmost point of the traditional A470. The remainder of the north of Brecon consists of older routes now renamed A470. This artificiality is apparent as a following the entire route north to south must diverge from the main line of respective stretches of road no fewer than five times. A short three lane stretch heads north east before a left turn is required to stay on the road. From this point on the road narrow and twisting and overtaking is problematic except at a few straight sections. Another sharp left turn at a sign in Llyswen takes the road alongside the River Wye into Builth Wells. The road continues to follow the Wye to the crossroads where it meets the A44 in the centre of Rhayader. On reaching Llangurig, a right turn outside the village takes the road past Llanidloes and through Llandinam, another anomalous left turn at a level crossing sets the path for Caersws, Carno and Llanbrynmair. Just beyond the village of Talerddig the road descends and crosses under the Shrewsbury–Aberystwyth railway line, the river bridge at Commins Coch is so narrow and set at such an angle that only one vehicle at a time can pass. At Cemmaes Road the road joins the A487 at a roundabout, a right turn at the roundabout takes the road on to Mallwyd where the A458 joins at yet another roundabout. The country becomes more forested and the road climbs up through Dinas Mawddwy, a right turn beyond the power station takes the road on to Ffestiniog and Blaenau Ffestiniog before heading over the Crimea Pass to Dolwyddelan. A sharp left turn interrupts the A470 as it becomes the A5 for a short distance towards Betws-y-Coed before turning right again back onto the A470 just before Waterloo Bridge. The northernmost point of the route is in Llandudno itself at the sea front, where it meets the North Shore Parade, the route from Cardiff to Brecon was the original A470
27.
Barry College
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Barry College was a Further Education college in Barry, Wales which merged with Coleg Glan Hafren in September 2011 to form the new Cardiff and Vale College. The college admits approximately 10000 students per year and it is partnered with the University of South Wales. Barry College offered many courses, including courses in, Languages, Hairdressing and Beauty, Electrical Engerneering, there is also an aircraft engineering course located near Cardiff International Airport which offers BTEC qualifications in the subject. It was announced in 2010 that Barry College would be merging with Coleg Glan Hafren to form the new Cardiff and this was a result of the Welsh Assembly Government encouraging colleges in Wales to collaborate in order to maximise benefits for students. In September 2011, Barry College merged with Coleg Glan Hafren to form Cardiff and Vale College which is now one of the largest colleges in Wales
28.
Aerospace engineering
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Aerospace engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft. It has two major and overlapping branches, aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering, avionics engineering is similar, but deals with the electrical side of aerospace engineering. Aeronautical engineering was the term for the field. As flight technology advanced to include craft operating in outer space, Aerospace engineering, particularly the astronautics branch, is often colloquially referred to as rocket science. Flight vehicles are subjected to demanding conditions such as produced by changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature. The interaction between these technologies is known as aerospace engineering, because of the complexity and number of disciplines involved, aerospace engineering is carried out by teams of engineers, each having their own specialized area of expertise. Early knowledge of engineering was largely empirical with some concepts. Scientists understood some key elements of aerospace engineering, like fluid dynamics, many years later after the successful flights by the Wright brothers, the 1910s saw the development of aeronautical engineering through the design of World War I military aircraft. The first definition of aerospace engineering appeared in February 1958, the definition considered the Earths atmosphere and the outer space as a single realm, thereby encompassing both aircraft and spacecraft under a newly coined word aerospace. In response to the USSR launching the first satellite, Sputnik into space on October 4,1957, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958 as a response to the Cold War. Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are, Radar cross-section – the study of vehicle signature apparent to Radar remote sensing, fluid mechanics – the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels, astrodynamics – the study of orbital mechanics including prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, statics and Dynamics – the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems. Mathematics – in particular, calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra, electrotechnology – the study of electronics within engineering. Propulsion – the energy to move a vehicle through the air is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, a more recent addition to this module is electric propulsion and ion propulsion. Control engineering – the study of modeling of the dynamic behavior of systems and designing them, usually using feedback signals. This applies to the behavior of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems. Aircraft structures – design of the configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight
29.
Cardiff Queen Street railway station
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Cardiff Queen Street railway station is a railway station serving the north and east of Central Cardiff, Wales. It is the second busiest railway station in Wales, being located near Queen Street and it is one of 20 stations in the city and two in the city centre, the other being Cardiff Central. The station is staffed at most times, with an office and machines. A newsagent is situated opposite the station, in 2014, a reconstruction of the station was completed in order to reduce bottlenecks, with two extra platforms being put in, taking the total number of platforms to 5. A station known as Crockherbtown on this site was built in 1840 by the Taff Vale Railway and it was rebuilt and given its present name in 1887. Other major rebuildings took place in 1907 and by British Rail in 1973, in 2005, the station was fitted with new ticket gates, operational when the station is manned, which allow easier access in both directions. In 2006 LED screens replaced the old information display monitors, the old station car park is now dedicated for private use by residents of a nearby modern development of apartments known as The Aspect. The station is located at the end of the city centre, near the Capitol Centre as well as St Davids Centre. The station has five utilised platforms at a level raised above the surrounding roads, Platform 4 is used for services to Rhymney and Bargoed as well as Coryton in north-west Cardiff. Platform 3 is used for services towards Cardiff Central and onwards to Barry Island and Bridgend via Rhoose Cardiff International Airport, Platform 2 is used for services towards Cardiff Central and onwards to Penarth and Radyr via City Line. Platform 1 is now used for services to Cardiff Bay. The whole Cardiff Area Signalling Renewal project is due to be completed by May 2015, funded by the Department for Transport, Assembly Government, the Assembly Government has committed £7m for the enhancements programme. The stations will be similar in design, featuring slate panels, grey brickwork, pavilion-style roofs, large windows, Cardiff Central will have a new two-storey southern entrance and ticket hall under plans submitted by Network Rail. An eighth platform at Cardiff Central and a fourth and fifth at Cardiff Queen Street will be installed, once finished, the number of trains running to the Valleys will increase from 12 per hour to 16 per hour. The new platforms have now brought into use as of Sunday 14 December 2014. In the Spring of 2016, the Roll of Honour off those who served the armed forces between 1914 and 1919 from the Taff Vale Railway was put on display in the Ticket Hall, both the station and this very page feature prominently in the Torchwood audiobook Ghost Train. Rail transport in Cardiff List of railway stations in Wales Transport in Wales Commuter rail in the United Kingdom Media related to Cardiff Queen Street railway station at Wikimedia Commons
30.
University of Glamorgan Union
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The University of Glamorgan Students Union is the students union at the University of South Wales, Treforest, Wales, UK. It is often known under its letters UGU, the union is an affiliate of National Union of Students of the United Kingdom and is part of NUS Wales. It offers representation, support and services to all the students of the University of South Wales, the new Students Union at Trefforest has many fantastic facilities and services, - The Randy Dragon Inn- serves food, Games machines, pool tables offers pub quizzes and other events. The Inn has a pub atmosphere and can hold 200 people, cables- feeder bar to the main venue, holds 200 people The Basement-800 capacity venue Reflections- coffee shop, sells food such as wraps, pizza, sandwiches, paninies etc. Shop - A large sized shop on campus stocking newspapers, magazines, sandwiches, alcohol, snacks, clothes, groceries, hair dressers Job shop Student letting agency Beauty shop - nails, waxing, vagazzles. Which has been opened since 10 September 2010, TAG is the new student newspaper for the university. It is published 5 or 6 times a year and is run by student volunteers elected each year, RAG stands for Raising and Giving for all Universities, however the university has put a slight twist to the name Raising at Glamorgan. The group runs events and other fundraising activities to raise money for local and national charities and it is run by students and headed by an elected RAG Chairperson. The student union has many societites which specialise in interest and hobby opportunities for the students, the union supports a wide variety of sports teams, who are entered annually into BUCS. Each year, students can start new clubs by contacting the students union Day-to-day running of the Union is vested in the executive officers, executive Officers serve from 1 July to 30 June each year, with elections for post in March of each year. Other elections can be called for the positions at Student council, bi elections can be called if the positions are not filled. Paid sabbatical officers are limited to two terms of office, each standing committee must meet a minimum of five times a year according to the standing orders. The committee will discuss any issues and where appropriate suggest policy proposals for the chair of the committee to bring to the student council meeting, each year there should be a minimum of 5 student council meetings although there are often more. Any enfranchised student may propose or second a policy proposal and then speak on their proposal at student council, all policy proposals must have 10 signatures from enfranchised students who agree with the proposal. Gandolf the goat Glamorgan Union University of Glamorgan website
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Ernest Zobole
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Ernest Zobole was a Welsh painter and art teacher. Zoboles paintings, originally oil on canvas, later switching to oil on board, a member of the Rhondda Group, a circle of artists from the area, Zobole is seen as one of Wales most important artists. one of the visionary artists of Wales. Zobole was born in the village of Ystrad in 1927, to Italian immigrants who had moved to Wales in 1910 and he was educated at Porth Grammar School, before spending five years training at the Cardiff College of Art. His time at Cardiff College was notable for the commute from the Valleys to Cardiff, as it was used as an opportunity for Zobole and five fellow students to discuss. Although the six artists never set up a school or published a manifesto, after leaving Cardiff College, he undertook his service for the British Army, being posted to Palestine and Egypt. On his return from service he returned to the Rhondda and married his childhood sweetheart. With little opportunities to work as an artist, Zobole took up an art teaching post in Llangefni in Anglesey. He found this difficult, he found the flat landscapes dull and uninspiring and described the island as all wind. Zobole also felt apart from the community, a mixture of his inability to speak the Welsh language, which was not a factor in the mainly English speaking Rhondda, and a sense of homesickness. He returned to South Wales in 1957, taking up a post at a Church in Wales school in Aberdare, within two years he found employment teaching within the Rhondda, at Treorchy County Secondary School. Zobole was one of the members of the campaigning art group,56 Group Wales. Initially Zobole painted as he had taught at college. He originally painted oil on canvas, but he switched to oil on board. He began using impasto, mainly applied with a palette knife and his period of work during the mid 1960s are now regarded as the most daring phase of his career. Zobole was influenced during the 1960s by expressionist refugee artists such as Heinz Koppel, from 1963 to 1984 he became a painting lecturer at Newport Art School. In 1996, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the University of Wales, although Zobole lived and worked in a number of places in Wales, he spent most of his life in Ystrad Rhondda, where he died in 1999. Zobole described his ethos to painting as, Painting is a part of my life. your breathing I suppose. it is part of what youre about. part of your thinking. It sounds a bit lofty to say that this thing called painting is the reason for existing
32.
Mintel
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Mintel Group Ltd is a privately owned, London-based market research firm. The corporation also maintains offices in Chicago, New York City, Mumbai, Belfast, Shanghai, Tokyo, Mintel databases, analysis, and forecasts are accessible only to subscribing clients and to students in participating university libraries. Mintel Comperemedia tracks direct mail and print advertising in the United States and Canada and this Web-based tool tracks trends and strategies in industries such as credit cards, telecom, banking, insurance, travel and investments. Added in November 2006, Mintel Comperemedias Email Panel shows emails as they appear in consumers inboxes. Added in 2010, Mintel Global Market Sizes shares and forecasts data for thousands of consumer goods markets worldwide. Mintel Global New Products Database is a database of new fast-moving consumer goods. Over one million records from more than 50 countries provide product ingredients, nutrition facts, packaging, distribution, Added in 2007, Mintel GNPD IRIS allows users to differentiate successful and unsuccessful product launches. Mintel Menu Insights tracks items on US restaurant menus, including chains, independent restaurants, top chefs, beverage-focused restaurants, the data reveals trends in food flavors, ingredients and preparation. Mintel Trends tracks emerging marketing, social and cultural trends, commenting on areas Mintel believes hold potential for sales success, key Note, UK market research Official company website Official company Market Research Store
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UCAS
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The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service is a UK-based organisation whose main role is to operate the application process for British universities. It is situated just inside the parish of Prestbury, Gloucestershire, UCAS was formed in 1992 by the merger of Universities Central Council on Admissions and Polytechnics Central Admissions System and the name UCAS is a contraction of the former acronyms UCCA and PCAS. An early proposal was made for the new merged body to be called PUCCA, UCCA was the older of the two bodies, having being formed in 1961 to provide a clearing house for university applications in the United Kingdom. Its First and Second Reports had already made a number of recommendations aimed at harmonising admissions procedures across different universities, the name UCCA referred originally to the management board overseeing the new process, but soon came to refer to the organisation responsible for its day-to-day operation. This was based initially in London, and moved to Cheltenham, the new scheme had a pilot year handling a subset of applications for entry in 1963, and its first full year of operation handled admissions for 1964. The scheme was essentially a collaborative venture between independent universities, and membership was voluntary, most English universities joined from the start. Oxford and Cambridge joined for the 1966 entry, the London medical and dental schools, as well as Belfast, in 1965 UCCA handled 80,033 applicants, rising to 114,2891969. The acceptance rate of UCCA applicants by universities in 1969 stood at just over 50%, initially, processing of applications was carried out using punched card technology. In 1964, UCCA started using the services of a computer bureau with a Univac machine, despite this the Polytechnics were involved as early as 1972 in discussions with UCCA and the Central Register and Clearing House about the possible future shape of one or more admissions systems. At this stage applicants dealt directly with each individual polytechnic and the polytechnics themselves were strongly regional or local in their appeal. A grant of £210,000, from the British Department for Education and Science, was awarded to set up a new unified admissions system, provisionally called PUCCA. However, instead of a system for both the universities and polytechnics a separate system for polytechnics emerged from the negotiations, modelled on UCCA. Applicants to courses were given the option to apply separately for universities or polytechnics, the PCAS system came into effect in 1985. It was led by its first Chief Executive, Tony Higgins, although many polytechnics offered art and design programmes, and some also offered teacher training courses, these admissions systems remained outside PCAS. In 1992, following the change of status and name of most polytechnics to universities, initially the application form was branded jointly UCCA/PCAS, but in 1994 the new merged body was officially renamed UCAS. In order to apply to university, students must submit an application via UCAS online Apply service. They must then pay a fee and obtain a reference before submitting their application online by the appropriate deadline. The application is then forwarded by UCAS to the universities and colleges that the students have applied to, for applications to universities in the UK, entry requirements for individual courses can either be based on grades of qualifications or in UCAS points
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GCE Advanced Level
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A number of countries, including Singapore, Kenya, Mauritius and Zimbabwe have developed qualifications with the same name as and a similar format to the British A Levels. Obtaining A Level or equivalent qualifications is generally required for university entrance, a Levels are generally worked towards over two years and split into two parts, with one part studied in each year. The first part is known as the Advanced Subsidiary Level, A1 Level or AS Level, the second part is known as the A2 Level and is more in depth and academically rigorous than the A1 Level. Up to June 2009 a third Special/Advanced Extension Award level was available for the brightest candidates, a number of countries use A Levels as a school-leaving qualification. The A Levels taken by students in some countries often differ significantly from the A Levels taken in the United Kingdom, a Levels are the secondary school leaving qualification offered in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. These are not compulsory, unlike GCSEs, in Scotland, A Levels are also offered by selected schools as an alternative school-leaving qualification in place of the Scottish Advanced Higher. The British variant of A/AS levels are taken in many Commonwealth and former Commonwealth countries. British international schools in foreign countries generally offer the British A Levels as offered through Edexcel or Cambridge International Examinations, at select examination centres, the British A Level exams may also be available to private candidates. A-level has become a choice for a number of students in Nepal. A-levels offered in Pakistan by non-governmental, private institutions, along with International Baccalaureate, Examinations are handled by international British boards and the program is equivalent to Higher Secondary School Certificate. Academies are established all around the country which prepare the students to take the examinations as a private candidate, in Brunei, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Brunei or have a format, curriculum, in Malaysia, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Malaysia or have a format, curriculum, for instance, there are two types of A Level in Malaysia, Cambridge A Level and Edexcel International Advanced Level. A number of papers for offered, such as French, are customised to support the national educational standards. Additionally, International A Level qualifications from Edexcel are available, for which exams may be registered through the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate, in Seychelles, the A Level qualification is offered, with examinations conducted by Cambridge International Examinations. Some subjects are unique to Seychelles or have a format, curriculum, in Sri Lanka, A Level is offered by governmental and non governmental schools. The qualifications are awarded upon completion of examinations called Local A Levels while most of the private schools award them upon London A Levels. Local GCE Advanced Level qualification is offered by the Department of Examinations, passing A Levels is the major requirement for applying local universities
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Biohydrogen
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Biohydrogen is defined as hydrogen produced biologically, most commonly by algae, bacteria and archaea. Biohydrogen is a potential biofuel obtainable from both cultivation and from organic materials. Currently, there is a demand for hydrogen. There is no log of the volume and use of hydrogen worldwide, however. Refineries are large-volume producers and consumers of hydrogen, today 96% of all hydrogen is derived from fossil fuels, with 48% from natural gas, 30% from hydrocarbons, 18% from coal, and about 4% from electrolysis. Oil-sands processing, gas-to-liquids and coal gasification projects require an amount of hydrogen and are expected to increase the demand for hydrogen significantly within the next few years. Environmental regulations implemented in most countries increase the requirement at refineries for gas-line. An important future application of hydrogen could be as an alternative for fossil fuels before the oil deposits are depleted and this application is however dependent on the development of storage techniques to enable proper storage, distribution and combustion of hydrogen. If the cost of production, distribution, and end-user technologies decreases. On a mass basis, hydrogen has the highest energy content in comparison with all common fuels, although there are several challenges for hydrogen storage and transportation, it is considered as a fuel of the future. Industrial fermentation of hydrogen, or whole-cell catalysis, requires an amount of energy, since fission of water is achieved with whole cell catalysis. This allows hydrogen to be produced from any material that can be derived through whole cell catalysis since this process does not depend on the energy of substrate. Gaffron never discovered the cause for change and for many years other scientists failed in their attempts at its discovery. He found that the responsible for this reaction is hydrogenase. Chlamydomonas moewusii is also a strain for the production of hydrogen. The result would be an amount of hydrogen gas, possibly on par with the amount of oxygen created. It would take about 25,000 square kilometres to be sufficient to displace gasoline use in the US, to put this in perspective, this area represents approximately 10% of the area devoted to growing soya in the US. The US Department of Energy has targeted a selling price of $2.60 / kg as a goal for making renewable hydrogen economically viable,1 kg is approximately the energy equivalent to a gallon of gasoline
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Wastewater
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Wastewater, also written as waste water, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Wastewater can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or stormwater, municipal wastewater is usually conveyed in a combined sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant. Treated wastewater is discharged into receiving water via an effluent pipe, wastewaters generated in areas without access to centralized sewer systems rely on on-site wastewater systems. These typically comprise a septic tank, drain field, and optionally an on-site treatment unit, the management of wastewater belongs to the overarching term sanitation, just like the management of human excreta, solid waste and stormwater. Sewerage is the infrastructure, including pipes, pumps, screens. Soluble organic material such as urea, fruit sugars, soluble proteins, drugs, pharmaceuticals, inorganic particles such as sand, grit, metal particles, ceramics, etc. Soluble inorganic material such as ammonia, road-salt, sea-salt, cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, thiocyanates, thiosulfates, animals such as protozoa, insects, arthropods, small fish, etc. Macro-solids such as napkins, nappies/diapers, condoms, needles, childrens toys, dead animals or plants. Gases such as sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, etc. Emulsions such as paints, adhesives, mayonnaise, hair colorants, emulsified oils, toxins such as pesticides, poisons, herbicides, etc. The result is that the content of the water will be decreased. Those biochemical reactions create what is measured in the laboratory as the oxygen demand. Such chemicals are also liable to be broken down using strong oxidizing agents, both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of the relative oxygen-depletion effect of a waste contaminant. Both have been adopted as a measure of pollution effect. The BOD test measures the demand of biodegradable pollutants whereas the COD test measures the oxygen demand of oxidizable pollutants. The so-called 5-day BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by oxidation of waste contaminants in a 5-day period. The total amount of consumed when the biochemical reaction is allowed to proceed to completion is called the Ultimate BOD. Because the Ultimate BOD is so time consuming, the 5-day BOD has been almost universally adopted as a measure of pollution effect
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ISO 14001
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The current version of ISO14001 is ISO14001,2015 which was published in September 2015. ISO14000 is similar to ISO9000 quality management in that both pertain to the process of how a product is produced, rather than to the product itself, as with ISO9001, certification is performed by third-party organizations rather than being awarded by ISO directly. The ISO19011 and ISO17021 audit standards apply when audits are being performed, the requirements of ISO14001 are an integral part of the European Unions Eco-Management and Audit Scheme. EMASs structure and material requirements are demanding, mainly concerning performance improvement, legal compliance. In 1992, BSI Group published the worlds first environmental management systems standard, prior to this, environmental management had been part of larger systems such as Responsible Care. BS7750 supplied the template for the development of the ISO14000 series in 1996, by the International Organization for Standardization, as of 2010, ISO14001 is now used by at least 223149 organizations in 159 countries and economies. Other standards included in series are ISO14004, which gives additional guidelines for a good EMS. ISO14000 series is based on an approach to environmental regulation. The series includes the ISO14001 standard, which provides guidelines for the establishment or improvement of an EMS, as with ISO9000, ISO14000 acts both as an internal management tool and as a way of demonstrating a company’s environmental commitment to its customers and clients. ISO14001 sets out the criteria for an Environmental Management System and it does not state requirements for environmental performance, but maps out a framework that a company or organization can follow to set up an effective EMS. It can be used by any organization that wants to improve efficiency, reduce waste. Using ISO14001 can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved, ISO14001 can also be integrated with other management functions and assists companies in meeting their environmental and economic goals. The standard can be applied to a variety of levels in the business, from organizational level, right down to the product, rather than focusing on exact measures and goals of environmental performance, the standard highlights what an organization needs to do to meet these goals. ISO14001 is known as a management system standard, meaning that it is relevant to any organization seeking to improve. All standards are reviewed by ISO to ensure they still meet market requirements. The current version ISO14001,2004 was last reviewed in 2012, the ISO committee decided a revision was necessary. The new version is expected by the end of 2015, after the revision has been published, certified organizations get a three-year transition period to adapt their environmental management system to the new edition of the standard. The new version of ISO14001 is going to focus on the improvement of performance rather than to improve the management system itself
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Cardiff University
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Cardiff University is a public research university located in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. It adapted the name of Cardiff University in 1999. It is the third oldest university institution in Wales and is the only Welsh member of the Russell Group of leading British research universities, the university is composed of three colleges, Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Biomedical and Life Sciences, and Physical Sciences and Engineering. The research quality of Cardiff University was ranked 5th overall in the UK in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the impact of Cardiffs research was also ranked 2nd in the UK. For 2015-16, Cardiff had a turnover of £511.8 million, the university has an undergraduate enrolment of 21,575 and a total enrolment of 30,480 making it one of the ten largest universities in the UK. The Cardiff University Students Union works to promote the interests of the student body within the University, the universitys sports teams compete in the British Universities and Colleges Sport leagues. In October 1881, William Gladstones government appointed a committee to conduct an enquiry into the nature and extent of intermediate. The committee was chaired by Lord Aberdare and consisted of Viscount Emlyn, Reverend Prebendary H. G. Robinson, Henry Richard, John Rhys and Lewis Morris. The committee cited the unique Welsh national identity and that students in Wales could not afford to travel to University in England or Scotland. Furthermore, it advocated for a national degree-awarding university for Wales and it also recommended that the colleges should be unsectarian in nature and that they should exclude the teaching of theology. A competition arose between Swansea and Cardiff about where the college should be located and on 12 March 1883, after a period of arbitration, in April Lord Aberdare was appointed as the Colleges first president. The possible locations considered for the college included Cardiff Arms Park, Cathedral Road or Moria Terrace, Roath, before the site of the Old Royal Infirmary buildings on Newport Road were chosen. The University College was incorporated by Royal Charter the following year, this charter was the first in Wales to allow the enrollment of women, John Viriamu Jones was appointed as the Universitys first Principal, at age 27. As Cardiff was not an independent university and could not award its own degrees and this charter was granted to the new University of Wales in 1893, allowing the colleges to award degrees as members of this institution. The chancellor was set ex officio as the Prince of Wales, in 1885, Aberdare Hall opened as the first hall of residence, allowing women access to the university. This moved to its current site in 1895, but remains a single-sex hall,1904 saw the appointment of the first female associate professor in the UK, Millicent Mackenzie. In 1910 she was appointed the first female professor at a chartered university in the UK. In 1901 principal Jones persuaded the Cardiff Corporation to give the college a site in Cathays Park
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South Wales Police
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South Wales Police is one of the four territorial police forces in Wales. Its headquarters is based in Bridgend, in February 2014, SWP introduced a requirement that anyone wishing to become a police constable first studies for the certificate in knowledge of policing before applying for the role. SWP is the first force in Wales, and only a handful in the UK to introduce this, South Wales Police employ 2,862 sworn officers. In recent years, special constables have not been recruited although about 100 remain throughout the force, there was a recruitment drive for specials in June 2014. South Wales Police employ 400 unsworn PCSOs who are posted throughout the force area and they are mostly funded by the Welsh government. Approximately 1,631 support staff are employed by the force and their roles vary widely from call handlers to crime scene investigators. Police Support Volunteers are used to police officers. South Wales Police currently have 285 Police Support Volunteers which is their maximum capacity, in 1974, with the re-organisation of local government, the forces area was expanded to cover the newly created Mid Glamorgan, South Glamorgan and West Glamorgan. In further local government re-organisation in 1996 the force area lost the Rhymney Valley area to Gwent Police. Today it covers the areas of Bridgend, Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, Neath Port Talbot, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Swansea. This issue caused sharp divisions amongst some members of the police force, the South Wales Police has participated in the World Police and Fire Games since 1995, except for the 1999 Stockholm Games. The current Chief Constable is Peter Vaughan, due to a change in the way the public access police services, only Cardiff Bay and Cardiff Central police stations have front desk services. Michael OBrien, Darren Hall and Ellis Sherwood were arrested and spent 11 years in prison before being released, in 1989 the body of Karen Price was discovered in Cardiff, Wales. Two construction workers unearthed a rolled carpet while installing a garden behind a house, on conclusion of the longest murder trial in British history, in November 1990 three of the men were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. In December 1992 the convictions were ruled unsafe and quashed by the Court of Appeal after it was decided that the investigating the murder had acted improperly. The wrongful conviction of the three men has been called one of the most egregious miscarriages of justice in recent times. The police claimed that they had done nothing wrong, that the men had been released purely on a technicality of law, in 2004 the Independent Police Complaints Commission began a review of the conduct of the police during the original inquiry. Over the next 12 months around 30 people were arrested in connection with the investigation,19 of whom were serving or retired police officers, in 2007 three of the prosecution witnesses at the original murder trial were convicted of perjury and each jailed for 18 months
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Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
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Euro
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Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway