1.
Latin language
–
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin language
–
Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin language
–
Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin language
–
A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin language
–
Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
2.
Rector (academia)
–
A rector is a term used in non-English-speaking countries for a university chancellor. In the sphere of academia, it is the highest academic official of universities and in certain other institutions of higher education. The term and office of a rector are called a rectorate, the title is used widely in universities in Europe. And is very common in Latin American countries and it is also used in Brunei, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Israel and the Middle East. In some universities, the title is phrased in an even loftier manner and this term is generally not used in English-speaking countries. In England and elsewhere in Great Britain, the head of a university is referred to as a chancellor. This pattern has been followed in the Commonwealth, the United States, in Scotland, many universities are headed by a chancellor, with the Lord Rector designated as an elected representative of students at the head of the university court. The head of a university in Germany is called a president, rector magnificus or rectrix magnifica, in Dutch universities, the rector magnificus is the most publicly prominent member of the board, responsible for the scientific agenda of the university. In the Netherlands, the rector is, however, not the chair of the university board, the chair has, in practice, the most influence over the management of the University. In some countries, including Germany, the position of teacher in secondary schools is also designated as rector. In the Netherlands, the rector and conrector are used commonly for high school directors. This is also the case in some Maltese secondary schools, in the Scandinavian countries, the head of a university or a gymnasium is called a rektor. In Sweden and Norway, this term is used for the heads of primary schools. For example, in Portugal, the rector of the University of Coimbra, the heads of Czech universities are called the rektor. The rector acts in the name of the university and decides the universitys affairs unless prohibited by law, the rector is nominated by the University Academic Senate and appointed by the President of the Czech Republic. The nomination must be agreed by a majority of all senators. The vote to elect or repeal a rector is secret, the term of office is four years and a person may hold it for at most two consecutive terms. The rector appoints vice-rectors, who act as deputies to the extent the Rector determines, Rectors salaries are determined directly by the Minister of Education
Rector (academia)
–
Inauguration of Rector Lubomír Dvořák (
Palacký University)
Rector (academia)
–
Colonnade at the reconstructed
Yushima Seidō in Tokyo. The hereditary rectors of this
Edo period institution were selected from the
Hayashi clan.
Rector (academia)
–
Herminio Dagohoy, the 96th Rector Magnificus of the
Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, Manila
3.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
Finland
–
Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp
Finland
–
Flag
Finland
–
Now lying within Helsinki,
Suomenlinna is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.
Finland
–
Pioneers in Karelia (1900) by
Eero Järnefelt
4.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
Finnish language
–
Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken, the Kven language, a dialect of Finnish, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. Finnish is the member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea, several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains region and/or the bend of the middle Volga. The Finns are more similar to their Indo-European-speaking neighbours than to the speakers of the geographically close Uralic language Sami. It has been argued that a native Finnic-speaking population absorbed northward migrating Indo-European speakers who adopted the Finnic language, the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States classifies Finnish as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers. Finnish is spoken by five million people, most of whom reside in Finland. There are also notable Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, the majority of the population of Finland,90. 37% as of 2010, speak Finnish as their first language. The remainder speak Swedish, Sami and other languages and it has achieved some popularity as a second language in Estonia. Finnish is one of two languages of Finland and one of the official languages in the European Union since 1995. Finnish language started to gain its role during the Grand Duchy of Finland, along with the nationalistic Fennoman movement and it enjoys the status of an official minority language in Sweden. The Finnic languages evolved from the Proto-Finnic language after Sámi was separated from it around 1500–1000 BCE, current models assume three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE. During the Middle Ages, Finnish was solely an oral language, the first known written example of Finnish comes from this era and was found in a German travel journal dating back to c.1450, Mÿnna tachton gernast spuho somen gelen emÿna daÿda. According to the journal, a Finnish bishop, whose name is unknown, was behind the above quotation. Finnish priestdom at the time was largely Swedish-speaking, the first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by Mikael Agricola, a Finnish bishop, in the 16th century
Finnish language
–
Mikael Agricola, a 19th-century drawing by
Albert Edelfelt
Finnish language
–
Official language.
Finnish language
–
Elias Lönnrot as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the
Kalevala
Finnish language
–
Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus (1745) by
Daniel Juslenius was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.
6.
University
–
A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
University
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
University
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
University
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
University
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
7.
Natural Sciences
–
Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence. Mechanisms such as review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances. Natural science can be divided into two branches, life science and physical science. Physical science is subdivided into branches, including physics, space science, chemistry and these branches of natural science may be further divided into more specialized branches. Modern natural science succeeded more classical approaches to natural philosophy, usually traced to ancient Greece, galileo, Descartes, Francis Bacon, and Newton debated the benefits of using approaches which were more mathematical and more experimental in a methodical way. Still, philosophical perspectives, conjectures, and presuppositions, often overlooked, systematic data collection, including discovery science, succeeded natural history, which emerged in the 16th century by describing and classifying plants, animals, minerals, and so on. Today, natural history suggests observational descriptions aimed at popular audiences, philosophers of science have suggested a number of criteria, including Karl Poppers controversial falsifiability criterion, to help them differentiate scientific endeavors from non-scientific ones. Validity, accuracy, and quality control, such as peer review and this field encompasses a set of disciplines that examines phenomena related to living organisms. The scale of study can range from sub-component biophysics up to complex ecologies, biology is concerned with the characteristics, classification and behaviors of organisms, as well as how species were formed and their interactions with each other and the environment. The biological fields of botany, zoology, and medicine date back to periods of civilization. However, it was not until the 19th century that became a unified science. Once scientists discovered commonalities between all living things, it was decided they were best studied as a whole, modern biology is divided into subdisciplines by the type of organism and by the scale being studied. Molecular biology is the study of the chemistry of life, while cellular biology is the examination of the cell. At a higher level, anatomy and physiology looks at the internal structures, constituting the scientific study of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, chemistry deals primarily with collections of atoms, such as gases, molecules, crystals, and metals. The composition, statistical properties, transformations and reactions of these materials are studied, chemistry also involves understanding the properties and interactions of individual atoms and molecules for use in larger-scale applications. Most chemical processes can be studied directly in a laboratory, using a series of techniques for manipulating materials, chemistry is often called the central science because of its role in connecting the other natural sciences. Early experiments in chemistry had their roots in the system of Alchemy, the science of chemistry began to develop with the work of Robert Boyle, the discoverer of gas, and Antoine Lavoisier, who developed the theory of the Conservation of mass. The success of science led to a complementary chemical industry that now plays a significant role in the world economy
Natural Sciences
–
The natural sciences seek to understand how the world and
universe around us works. There are five major branches:
Chemistry (center),
astronomy,
earth science,
physics, and
biology (clockwise from top-left).
Natural Sciences
–
Space missions have been used to image distant locations within the
Solar System, such as this
Apollo 11 view of
Daedalus crater on the
far side of the Moon.
Natural Sciences
–
Plato (left) and Aristotle in
a 1509 painting by
Raphael. Plato rejected inquiry into natural philosophy as against religion, while his student, Aristotle, created a body of work on the natural world that influenced generations of scholars.
Natural Sciences
–
Isaac Newton is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time.
8.
Cyclotron
–
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1934 in which charged particles accelerate outwards from the centre along a spiral path. The particles are held to a spiral trajectory by a magnetic field. Lawrence was awarded the 1939 Nobel prize in physics for this invention, the largest single-magnet cyclotron was the 4.67 m synchrocyclotron built between 1940 and 1946 by Lawrence at the University of California at Berkeley, which could accelerate protons to 730 MeV. The largest cyclotron is the 17.1 m multimagnet TRIUMF accelerator at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, there are over 1200 cyclotrons used in nuclear medicine worldwide for the production of radionuclides. The cyclotron was conceived in Germany in the 1920s, at Aachen University in 1926, the cyclotron was proposed by a co-student of Rolf Widerøe, who rejected the idea as too complicated to construct. In 1927, Max Steenbeck developed the concept of the cyclotron at Siemens, the first cyclotron patent was filed by Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard in 1929, while working at Humboldt University of Berlin. The cyclotron was developed and patented by Ernest Lawrence of the University of California, Berkeley. Lawrence went on to make a working cyclotron using large electromagnets from Poulsen arc radio transmitters provided by the Federal Telegraph Company. A graduate student, M. Stanley Livingston, did much of the work of translating the idea into working hardware, Lawrence read an article about the concept of a drift tube linac by Rolf Widerøe, who had also been working along similar lines with the betatron concept. He also developed a 467 cm synchrocyclotron, the first European cyclotron was constructed in Leningrad in the physics department of the Radium Institute, headed by Vitaly Khlopin. This Leningrad instrument was first proposed in 1932 by George Gamow and Lev Mysovskii and was installed, in Nazi Germany a cyclotron was built in Heidelberg under supervision of Walther Bothe and Wolfgang Gentner, with support from the Heereswaffenamt, and became operative in 1943. A cyclotron accelerates a charged particle beam using a high alternating voltage which is applied between two hollow D-shaped sheet metal electrodes called dees inside a vacuum chamber. The dees are placed face to face with a gap between them, creating a cylindrical space within them for the particles to move. The particles are injected into the center of this space, the dees are located between the poles of a large electromagnet which applies a static magnetic field B perpendicular to the electrode plane. The magnetic field causes the path to bend in a circle due to the Lorentz force perpendicular to their direction of motion. If the particles speed were constant, they would travel in a path within the dees under the influence of the magnetic field. However a radio frequency alternating voltage of several thousand volts is applied between the dees, the frequency is set so that the particles make one circuit during a single cycle of the voltage. Each time after the pass to the other dee electrode the polarity of the RF voltage reverses
Cyclotron
Cyclotron
–
A modern cyclotron used for
radiation therapy. The magnet is painted yellow.
Cyclotron
–
Vacuum chamber of Lawrence 69 cm (27 in) 1932 cyclotron with cover removed, showing the dees. The 13,000 V RF accelerating potential at about 27 MHz is applied to the dees by the two feedlines visible at top right. The beam emerges from the dees and strikes the target in the chamber at bottom.
Cyclotron
–
A French cyclotron, produced in
Zurich,
Switzerland in 1937. The vacuum chamber containing the dees (at left) has been removed from the magnet (red, at right)
9.
Alvar Aalto
–
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was a Finnish architect and designer, as well as a sculptor and painter. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware and his furniture designs were considered Scandinavian Modern. The Alvar Aalto Museum, designed by Aalto himself, is located in what is regarded as his home city Jyväskylä, hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland. His father, Johan Henrik Aalto, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, when Aalto was 5 years old, the family moved to Alajärvi, and from there to Jyväskylä in Central Finland. Aalto studied at the Jyväskylä Lyceum school, where he completed his education in 1916. In 1916 he then enrolled to study architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology and his studies were interrupted by the Finnish Civil War, which he fought in. He fought on the side of the White Army and fought at the Battle of Länkipohja and he built his first piece of architecture while still a student, a house for his parents, at Alajärvi. Afterwards, he continued his education, graduating in 1921, in the summer of 1922 he began his official military service, finishing at the Hamina reserve officer training school, and was promoted to reserve second lieutenant in June 1923. In 1920, while still a student, Aalto made his first trip abroad, travelling via Stockholm to Gothenburg, in 1922, he accomplished his first independent piece at the Industrial Exposition in Tampere. In 1923 he returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened his first architectural office under the name Alvar Aalto, Architect, at that same time he also wrote articles for the Jyväskylä newspaper Sisä-Suomi under the pseudonym Remus. During this time, he designed a number of small houses in Jyväskylä. On October 6,1924, Aalto married architect Aino Marsio, their journey to Italy was Aaltos first trip there. The latter trip together sealed an intellectual bond with the culture of the Mediterranean region that was to remain important to Aalto for the rest of his life, following winning the architecture competition for the Southwest Finland Agricultural Cooperative building in 1927 the Aaltos moved their office to Turku. They had made contact with the citys most progressive architect, Erik Bryggman, already before moving, Aaltos biographer, Göran Schildt, claimed that Bryggman was the only architect with whom Aalto cooperated as an equal. With increasing works in the Finnish capital, the Aaltos office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki, in 1926 the young Aaltos designed and had built for themselves a summer cottage in Alajärvi, Villa Flora. Aino Aalto died of cancer in 1949, Aino and Alvar Aalto had 2 children, a daughter Johanna Hanni Alanen, born Aalto,1925, and a son Hamilkar Aalto,1928. In 1952 Aalto married architect Elissa Mäkiniemi, who had been working as an assistant in his office, in 1952 Aalto designed and had built a summer cottage, the so-called Experimental House, for himself and his new wife in Muuratsalo in Central Finland. Alvar Aalto died on 11 May 1976, in Helsinki, and is buried in the Hietaniemi cemetery in Helsinki and his wife and the office employees continued the works of the office which were still in progress
Alvar Aalto
–
Alvar and Elissa Aalto in the 1950s
Alvar Aalto
–
Alvar Aalto portrayed on a stamp published in 1976
Alvar Aalto
–
The signature of Alvar Aalto on the wall of
Jyväskylä 's theatre building.
Alvar Aalto
–
Auditorium of the Viipuri Municipal Library in the 1930s.
10.
Arto Sipinen
–
Arto Sipinen is a Finnish architect. He worked in the office of architects Alvar Aalto in 1959–61 and he founded his own architects office in 1965. Sipinen has taught at Helsinki University of Technology Department of Architecture, in 1970 Sipinen won the architectural competition for the design of a new campus at the University of Jyväskylä, his former employer Aalto having designed the first campus. Among Sipinens other best known works are the centres for the cities of Espoo, Mikkeli, Imatra. Vilhelm Helander, Modern Architecture in Finland, Kirjayhtymä, Helsinki,1995, media related to Arto Sipinen at Wikimedia Commons
Arto Sipinen
–
Arto Sipinen:
University of Jyväskylä, Ylistönrinne campus
Arto Sipinen
–
Arto Sipinen:
Espoo cultural centre
Arto Sipinen
–
Arto Sipinen: Innova tower in
Jyväskylä
11.
Kortepohja
–
Kortepohja is a district and a student village in Jyväskylä, Finland. It is located at around 2.5 kilometres from the city centre on the Western side of Lake Tuomiojärvi, Laajavuori Ski Resort and a small neighbourhood of Haukkala are both located on the district. Majority of 6700 people living in the district are inhabitants of the Kortepohja student village, a Child Psychiatric Institute is located in Haukkala. The construction of the student village began in the 1960s to solve the issue of finding apartments for students of the Jyväskylä Educational College and it is owned by the Student Union of the University of Jyväskylä. Approximately 1900 students live in the village, all rooms in Kortepohja are rented unfurnished but basic furniture is available in the storage rooms. Laundry facilities, saunas and meeting rooms are available in the buildings, Laajavuori Ski Resort has 12 slopes and 6 lifts for alpine skiing. The longest slope is 915 meters with 106 meters top vertical, the resort hosts FIS ski slopestyle world cup competitions. Laajavuori forests host 62 kilometres cross country skiing tracks with four lean-tos, literature Media related to Kortepohja at Wikimedia Commons Kortepohja Student village Laajavuori Ski Resort Ravintola Rentukka City of Jyväskylä
Kortepohja
–
Kortepohja student houses
Kortepohja
–
Laajavuori ski run
Kortepohja
–
The Kortepohja Church is an example of 1970s architecture
Kortepohja
–
Apartment building on the street Emännäntie
12.
Sofi Oksanen
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Sofi Oksanen is a Finnish writer. Oksanen has published five novels, of which Purge has gained widest recognition and she has received several international and domestic awards for her literary work. Her work has translated into 50 language territories and sold altogether more than two millions. She was born in Finland, to a Finnish father and Estonian mother, sofi-Elina Oksanen was born and raised in Jyväskylä in Central Finland. Her father is a Finnish electrician, her mother an Estonian engineer who grew up in Estonia during the Soviet period, Oksanen studied literature at the University of Jyväskylä and University of Helsinki and later drama at the Finnish Theatre Academy in Helsinki. Oksanen is actively involved in debate in Finland and comments on current issues in her columns. She is bisexual and has suffered from eating disorders, in 2009 she received an award from the organizers of Helsinki Pride for her activism on behalf of LGBT people in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. Oksanen first became known for her novel Stalinin lehmät, a story about a young girls eating disorder and it was nominated for the Runeberg Prize. Two years later, she released her second novel Baby Jane about anxiety disorder as well as violence among lesbian couples, Oksanen’s first play Puhdistus was staged at the Finnish National Theatre in 2007. From out of the play grew Oksanen’s third novel Puhdistus and it ranked number 1 on the bestseller list for fiction in Finland when it was published and has received numerous awards, both in Finland and abroad. The play Purge had its American première at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, in New York City, the text was translated by Eva Buchwald and the production directed by Zishan Ugurlu. From October 2011, the play was produced in 11 countries, with productions in Norway, France, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Iceland, Lithuania, Germany and Hungary. It premiered in London at the Arcola Theatre from 22 February -24 March with a new production directed by Elgiva Field. The novel has been adapted into a film – see Purge – directed by Antti Jokinen, Purge was adapted into an opera, composed by Jüri Reinvere, and it premiered at Finnish National Opera in 2012. In 2012, Oksanen published a map of Soviet Gulag prison camps, drawn by Niilo Koljonen and her fourth novel Kun kyyhkyset katosivat was published in Finland August 31,2012 and it was the most sold Finnish novel of the year. The title refers to German soldiers catching and eating all the pigeons in Tallinn during the German occupation of Estonia, the book is translated into English by Lola Rogers, When the Doves Disappeared, A novel. Oksanen has written a libretto for Kaija Saariaho´s opera, the world premiere is in 2020 at Royal Opera House, Coven Garden, in London. Oksanen has also numerous articles published in international newspapers
Sofi Oksanen
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Sofi Oksanen
13.
Jutta Urpilainen
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Jutta Pauliina Urpilainen is a former Minister of Finance of Finland. She was the chairperson of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 2008 to 2014 and she was elected in June 2008 as the first female chairperson of the SDP. Born in Lapua, Southern Ostrobothnia, Urpilainen studied at the University of Jyväskylä and she worked as a school teacher until her election to parliament. She was also president of JEF-Finland in 2001 and she has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001. In 2002 she made a CD of her own Christmas carols, Urpilainen has been a member of parliament for the Vaasa constituency since 2003. She is a member of the Parliamentary Education and Culture Committee and she is also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs. Urpilainen was elected as the chair in June 2008, succeeding former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance Eero Heinäluoma. She won on the ballot, defeating former Minister for Foreign Affairs Erkki Tuomioja by 218 votes to 132. After the 2011 parliamentary election, where the SDP finished second, Urpilainen was appointed Minister of Finance, on 6 July 2012, Urpilainen commented on her website, Finland would prefer to consider leaving the Eurozone rather than to pay other countries debts in the currency area. International news media, such as The Daily Telegraph, misinterpreted the statement as threat that Finland would leave the Eurozone, urpilainens assistant Matti Hirvola later clarified her statements and that she simply meant that Finland did not wish to be responsible for paying other countries debt deposits. Urpilainen sought another term as party chair in the Social Democratic Partys 2014 party conference in May and she was, however, narrowly defeated by her challenger Antti Rinne in a 257 to 243 vote. Urpilainen subsequently stepped down as Finance Minister in June
Jutta Urpilainen
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Jutta Urpilainen
14.
Tanzania
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Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, Africas highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. Tanzanias population of 51.82 million is diverse, composed of ethnic, linguistic. Dar es Salaam, the capital, retains most government offices and is the countrys largest city, principal port. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power, from its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015, the CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly. Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. These movements took place at about the time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania, European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction, following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located, three of Africas Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africas largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibars largest marine protected area, over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africas language families, Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, Swahili and English are Tanzanias official languages. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili, approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a language, many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English
Tanzania
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An ancient stone chopping tool discovered at
Olduvai Gorge and currently on display at the
British Museum
Tanzania
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Flag
Tanzania
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General
Lettow-Vorbeck in
Dar es Salaam with a British Officer (left) and German Officer (right), March 1919
Tanzania
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Arusha Declaration Monument
15.
Aalto University
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Aalto University is a university primarily located in Greater Helsinki, Finland. It was established in 2010 as a merger of three major Finnish universities, the Helsinki University of Technology, the Helsinki School of Economics, the close collaboration between the scientific, business and arts communities is intended to foster multi-disciplinary education and research. The Finnish government, in 2010, set out to create a university that fosters innovation, the university is composed of six schools with close to 20,000 students and 4,500 staff members, making it Finlands second largest university. The main campus of Aalto University is located in Otaniemi, Espoo, other functions of the School of Business are located in Töölö. The School of Arts, Design and Architecture is located in Arabianranta, in addition, the university operates several units outside Greater Helsinki in Mikkeli, Pori and Vaasa. Aalto universitys operations showcase Finland’s experiment in higher education, in 2004, a workgroup led by Anne Brunila of the Finnish Ministry of Finance concluded that Finland had too many universities and other institutes of tertiary education which should be consolidated. Following this, Yrjö Sotamaa, president of the University of Art and Design Helsinki at the time, sotamaas line of reasoning was that this move would create a unique interdisciplinary university that was needed to create new innovative thought. The idea received attention within the Finnish Ministry of Education, which appointed Raimo Sailas, after Sailas group reported that it considered the merger to be beneficial to the Finnish academic world and economy, the Finnish government decided to go on with the project on November 11,2007. On May 29,2008, the government announced that the new university would be named after the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto in honor of his achievements in technology, economics and art. On December 19,2008, Prof. Tuula Teeri was selected by the Board to be the first President of Aalto University, Aalto University started operating on January 1,2010. In the process of creating the university the university law of Finland was rewritten for the university to be allowed to collect endowment, the university managed to reach its goal of collecting 200 million euros in private donations. The sum was augmented by 2.5 times by the Finnish state, as the Aalto University was founded the four schools of science and engineering were formed out of the departments of the Helsinki University of Technology, founded in 1849 by Grand Duke Nicholas I. It received university status in 1908, in 1966, the University of Technology moved from Hietalahti in downtown Helsinki to its current Otaniemi campus, designed by Alvar Aalto. At the time of creation of Aalto University, TKK had about 250 professors and this means the largest part of the Aalto University is formed from the former Helsinki University of Technology. The Helsinki School of Economics was established in Helsinki in 1904 by the community and was given the status of a university in 1911. It operated as a university until 1974, when the state of Finland was given the financial responsibility of the university. Following the merger, the university was briefly renamed Aalto University School of Economics, the University of Art and Design Helsinki has been the largest art university in the Nordic countries. Media Centre Lume - the National Research and Development Center of audiovisual media - is also located in the university, the university awarded the following academic degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Arts
Aalto University
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Surveying students with professor in the early days of the university of technology.
Aalto University
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Aalto University
Aalto University
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A lecture of mathematics for undergraduates inside the main building.
Aalto University
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Radio science done with the receiver in the Planck probe reveals the age and composition of the universe.
16.
University of Eastern Finland
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The University of Eastern Finland is a university in Finland with three campuses in Joensuu, Kuopio, and Savonlinna. It was formed in 2010 by a merger of two independent universities. The University of Eastern Finland was formed through a merger of two independent universities, the University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio. These ceased to exist when the University of Eastern Finland began to operate in January 2010, the new Universities Act further extended the autonomy of Finnish universities by giving each university an independent legal personality, either as a public corporation or as foundation. At the same time, the management and decision-making system were reformed. The Finnish Parliament passed the Universities Act on 16 June 2009, although the University of Eastern Finland launched operations in 2010, cooperation between the University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio was tight already before the actual merger. 2009 The first joint student admissions to the University of Eastern Finland were carried out in Economics and Business Administration, further more, the University of Eastern Finland was in 2009 granted permission to organise dentistry education, which began in 2010. On May 18,2009 The Sino-Finnish Environmental Research Centre located in Nanjing and it is a joint effort by University of Joensuu, University of Kuopio and University of Nanjing. SFERC is focused on education and research addressing forestry, energy. It is the first unit established by Finnish universities in China and it will operate at the University of Nanjing campus as a permanent satellite campus for the University of Eastern Finland. 2008 The organisation structure and strategy of the University of Eastern Finland were completed, the University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio received a joint right to confer degrees in Economics and Business Administration. 2007 A working group led by Professor Reijo Vihko submitted a report proposing that cooperation between the University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio be intensified. On 2 May, the University Senates of the University of Joensuu, on 26 September, the University Senates decided on the official name of the new university, i. e. the University of Eastern Finland. The project for the University of Eastern Finland was selected as one of the Ministry of Education spearhead projects, the project was appointed a working group led by Professor Reijo Vihko. The University of Eastern Finland has two campuses, one in Joensuu and the other in Kuopio. In addition to the campuses, the University of Eastern Finland also has a smaller campus in Savonlinna. The Mekrijärvi Research Station, which constitutes part of the UEF, is located in Ilomantsi. The main campuses are located approximately 130 kilometres apart and the Savonlinna Campus is located some 130 kilometres from Joensuu and 160 kilometres from Kuopio
University of Eastern Finland
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One of the main buildings, Mediteknia, on the Kuopio campus.
University of Eastern Finland
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University of Eastern Finland
University of Eastern Finland
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The main building of Joensuu campus.
Media related to University of Jyväskylä at Wikimedia Commons
