1.
University of Baltimore
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The University of Baltimore, located in midtown Baltimore, Maryland, in the Mt. Vernon neighborhood at 1420 N. Charles Street, is part of the University System of Maryland. The university is an undergraduate, graduate, and professional university located in the heart of the states largest city. UBs schools and colleges provide education in business, law, public affairs, the area near campus was first settled in the 1700s, with farm land and wood plots surrounding the Jones Falls, which was then a practical transportation medium. The rivers transportation legacy presaged later uses, With the creation of the competing Mount Royal Station and Penn Station railroad venues and these were erected in addition to significant residential development in the Midtown-Belvedere area, which benefitted heavily from the neighborhoods status as a regional hub on competing railroads. The university would not initially reside at its campus, however. In 1937, after the addition of day programs to augment the initial night courses, other changes in the following decades included the construction of the Langsdale Library in 1966, according to an administrative history of the school. In the 1970s, UB merged with Eastern College, Mount Vernon School of Law, during the presidency of Thomas Granville Pullen, the university became fully accredited in 1971 with the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and built the Langsdale Library. In 1975, UB became an upper division academic institution, offering only third, at the same time, ownership was assumed by the State of Maryland. In 1988, the state merged UB into the new university system, the University of Maryland System. The Lower Division Initiative was a program began in 2005 to extend the University of Baltimores position to once again offer the first two years of the baccalaureate degree. In April 2005, the University System of Marylands Board of Regents approved plans that would allow UB to start accepting freshmen, under the original plan, freshmen and sophomore were to be admitted starting in the fall of 2006. This was the initiative that had received approval from the Board of Regents in 2005, however. The University stated that the new program better reflected the current focus and was designed to prepare students in business, pre-law, technology, public affairs, and applied liberal arts. The University said that it would offer free tuition for their first year. An estimate stated that 140 freshmen were expected in the class of fall of 2007. Near the time of the change, the University also changed the colors to blue and green, updated the UB logo. As of 2016, the colors are just blue, PMS7690. In 2011, the school acted as the site of the 2011 Balkan Business Summit, years since that event have witnessed the creation of a new, 12-story building for the universitys law school, along with the construction of additional residential capacity on campus
2.
University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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In addition, US News & World Report has placed UMBC in the top ten for best undergraduate teaching six years in a row, being placed at #5, the second highest-ranked public university. Established as a part of the University of Maryland System in 1966, UMBC has the fourth highest enrollment of the University System of Maryland, specializing in natural sciences and engineering, as well as programs in the liberal arts and social sciences. Athletically, the UMBC Retrievers have 19 NCAA Division I teams that participate in the America East Conference. At this time, the University of Maryland, College Park was the higher education source in the region. In 1955, Governor Theodore McKeldin issued The Needs of Higher Education in Maryland, in 1963, the Maryland Legislature approved the development of several new universities throughout Maryland. By the end of year,435 acres were purchased from Spring Grove State Hospital. The new campus would be located in Southwestern Baltimore, and would be able to be accessed from Wilkens Avenue. Architectural design and planning of the new campus was completed at the University of Maryland, College Park. The first classes began on September 19,1966 with 750 students,3 buildings, and the wing of the Biological Sciences building,45 faculty members,35 support staff. As university enrollment increased drastically over the years, the university would also coincide with the turbulent changes in society in the 1960s. While undergoing the Civil rights movement and the Vietnam War, UMBC would prove to be a new and different atmosphere with open, in 1971, Albin Owings Kuhn resigned his position as UMBCs first chancellor, succeeded by Calvin B. T. Lee. Five years later in 1976, John Dorsey, Administrative Vice President at the University of Maryland, by 1980, undergraduate enrollment reached 5,800 students. Also in this year, Homecoming and Quadmania were established as cornerstone events that would become UMBC tradition for years to come, during this decade, the University Center and Sherman Hall were opened, as well as Hillside and Terrace Apartments. In addition, University of Maryland, College Park alum Jim Henson funds the establishment of the Imaging Research Center at UMBC, in 1986, Michael Hooker becomes chancellor until 1992 when he moves to president of the University of Massachusetts system. In 1988, a merger of UMBC with the University of Baltimore was considered but was voted down by the University System of Maryland Board of Regents. In 1990, undergraduate enrollment reached over 10,000 students, in 1991, a merger plan between UMBC and the University of Maryland, Baltimore was approved in the Maryland House of Delegates, but was rejected by the Senate. Throughout the last decade of the century, the university opened the Engineering and Computer Science Building. The current university president, Freeman A. Hrabowski III was appointed in 1992, the first decade of the twenty-first century featured many university developments as UMBC approached its fortieth anniversary in 2006
3.
University System of Maryland
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The University System of Maryland is a public corporation and charter school system comprising 12 Maryland institutions of higher education. It is the 12th-largest university system in the United States, with over 125,000 undergraduate,43,000 graduate, each campus had its own administrator. Each member school was in turn administered by its own chancellor, in 1975, the University of Baltimore joined the Board of Trustees of the State Colleges System as an upper-division institution. In 1976, the Maryland General Assembly changed the name of the Board of Trustees of the State Colleges System to the State University, in 1985, the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute was established. In 1997, its name was changed to the University System of Maryland, in 1999, the Maryland General Assembly transformed the system to the charter model. The system headquarters are in unincorporated Adelphi in Prince Georges County, the Chancellor from August 2002 through June 2015 was William Kirwan. Chancellor Kirwan announced on May 13,2014 that he would step down from his position upon the appointment, Kirwan remained chancellor through June 30,2015. His successor, Robert L. Caret, who was University of Massachusetts System President and had served as president of Towson University and his appointment was announced on Dec.17,2014. It is a constituent of both the College Park campus and Virginia Tech, with its campus at Virginia Tech. The USM institutions with the words University of Maryland in their names are independently chartered institutions, and are not satellite campuses of the University of Maryland, College Park
4.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
5.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
University of Maryland School of Medicine
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The University of Maryland, Baltimore, was founded in 1807. It comprises some of the oldest professional schools of dentistry, law, medicine, pharmacy, social work and it is the original campus of the University System of Maryland. Located on 60 acres in downtown Baltimore, it is part of the University System of Maryland, effective July 1,2010, Jay A. Perman was appointed president of the university by William English Kirwan, chancellor of the University System of Maryland. In 1812, it was rechartered as the University of Maryland and given the authority to establish additional faculties in law, divinity, the faculty of law was founded in 1816, though it operated intermittently until 1868. The faculty of arts and sciences also operated intermittently in the 19th century, the University of Maryland School of Dentistry was the first dental school in the world. Founded in 1840 as the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, it was chartered by an act of the Maryland General Assembly and its principal founders were Drs. Horace H. Hayden and Chapin A. Harris. It was the first school in the world to offer a curriculum in dentistry. It currently ranks among top 10 in the nation to receive NIH research funding, the school moved to a new building in October 2006. The new building, located adjacent to the old one in Baltimore Street, offers some of the newest facilities and technologies in the world for education and patient care. The cost of construction and equipment was over $140 million USD, the University of Maryland School of Law opened in 1816 as the Maryland Law Institute in a spacious and commodious building on South street, near Market street. It is the third-oldest law school in the nation, the law school moved to a new building in 2002, adjacent to the site of Westminster Presbyterian Burying Ground the cemetery where the poet and writer Edgar Allan Poe is buried. It is the law school in the United States with a famous author buried on its campus. Westminster Hall is used for events and is often requested for wedding ceremonies. The School of Laws students undergraduate median GPA is a 3.65 and it admits 16. 1% of applicants, making it one of the most selective law schools in the country. The law school takes about 225 full-time day students and about 50 evening students per year, the current Dean of the School of Law is Donald Tobin, one of the nation’s leading experts on the intersection of tax and campaign finance laws. The campus includes Davidge Hall, which was built in 1812, UMB SOM was ranked 40th in U. S. News and World Reports 2016 rankings of Best Medical Schools, Research and 65th in Best Medical Schools, Primary Care. The School of Medicine is closely affiliated with the University of Maryland Medical Center and it also offers PhD programs through the Graduate Program in Life Sciences and several combined degree programs, the MD/PhD MSTP, the MD/MPH, and an MD/MS in Public Health. In a 2011 article in Forbes magazine, Steven Salzberg criticized the inclusion of pseudoscientific subjects such as homeopathy in the curriculum
8.
University of Maryland, College Park
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Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. It is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Marylands proximity to the nations capital has resulted in research partnerships with the Federal government. The operating budget of the University of Maryland during the 2009 fiscal year was projected to be approximately $1.531 billion, for the same fiscal year, the University of Maryland received a total of $518 million in research funding, surpassing its 2008 mark by $118 million. As of December 12,2012, the universitys Great Expectations campaign had exceeded $1 billion in private donations, on March 6,1856, the forerunner of todays University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert, a future U. S. Congressman, Calvert founded the school later that year. On October 5,1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College, the school became a land grant college in February 1864. During the Civil War, Confederate soldiers under Brigadier General Bradley Tyler Johnson moved past the college on July 12,1864 as part of Jubal Earlys raid on Washington, D. C. By the end of the war, financial problems forced the administrators to sell off 200 acres of land, for the next two years the campus was used as a boys preparatory school. Following the Civil War, in February 1866 the Maryland legislature assumed half ownership of the school, the college thus became in part a state institution. By October 1867, the school reopened with 11 students, in the next six years, enrollment grew and the schools debt was paid off. In 1873, Samuel Jones, a former Confederate Major General, twenty years later, the federally funded Agricultural Experiment Station was established there. Morrill Hall was built the following year, on November 29,1912, a fire destroyed the barracks where the students were housed, all the schools records, and most of the academic buildings, leaving only Morrill Hall untouched. There were no injuries or fatalities, and all but two returned to the university and insisted on classes continuing. Students were housed by families in neighboring towns until housing could be rebuilt, a large brick and concrete compass inlaid in the ground designates the former center of campus as it existed in 1912. The state took control of the school in 1916, and the institution was renamed Maryland State College and that year, the first female students enrolled at the school. On April 9,1920, the became part of the existing University of Maryland, replacing St. Johns College. In the same year, the school on the College Park campus awarded its first PhD degrees. In 1925 the university was accredited by the Association of American Universities, by the time the first black students enrolled at the university in 1951, enrollment had grown to nearly 10,000 students—4,000 of whom were women
9.
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)
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St. Johns College is a private liberal arts college known for its distinctive curriculum centered on reading and discussing the Great Books of Western Civilization. It has two U. S. campuses, one in Annapolis, Maryland, and one in Santa Fe, New Mexico, St. Johns College is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in the United States. It traces its origins to King Williams School, a school founded in 1696. The school grants only one degree, in Liberal Arts. The Master of Arts in Eastern Classics is only available at the Santa Fe campus, the College has no religious affiliation. According to U. S. News & World Report, the Fall 2015 undergraduate acceptance rate was 78% in Annapolis, St. Johns College traces its origins to King Williams School, founded in 1696. In 1784, Maryland granted it a charter under a new name, St. Johns College, the college took up residence in a building known as Bladens Folly, which was originally built to be the Maryland governors mansion, but was not completed. There was some association with the Freemasons early in the colleges history, the College always maintained a small size, generally enrolling fewer than 500 men at a time. After years of inconsistent funding and litigation, the College accepted an annual grant in lieu of being funded through the states annual appropriations process. During the civil war, the closed and its campus was used as a military hospital. In 1907 it became the college of a loosely organized University of Maryland that included the professional schools located in Baltimore. By 1920, when Maryland State College became the University of Maryland at College Park, the College curriculum has taken various forms throughout its history. It began with a program of study in the liberal arts. It ended compulsory military training with Major Enoch Gareys accession as president in 1923, garey and the Navy instituted a Naval Reserve unit in September 1924, creating the first-ever collegiate Department of Naval Science in the United States. In 1936, the College lost its accreditation and they introduced a new program of study, which remains in effect today. Buchanan became dean of the College, while Barr assumed its presidency, thus this great institution was reborn as a survival measure. In 1940, national attention was attracted to St. Johns by a story in Life entitled The Classics, classic works unavailable in English translation were translated by faculty members, typed, mimeographed, and bound. The wartime years were difficult for the all-male St. Johns, enlistment and the draft all but emptied the college,15 seniors graduated in 1943, eight in 1945, and three in 1946
10.
Annapolis, Maryland
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Annapolis is the capital of the U. S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. Its population was measured at 38,394 by the 2010 census, the city served as the seat of the Continental Congress in 1783–84 and was the site of the 1786 Annapolis Convention and the Annapolis Peace Conference, held in 2007. Annapolis is the home of St. Johns College as well as the United States Naval Academy, a settlement in the Province of Maryland named Providence was founded on the north shore of the Severn River in 1649 by Puritan exiles from Virginia led by Governor William Stone. The settlers later moved to a harbor on the south shore. The settlement on the shore was initially named Town at Proctors, then Town at the Severn. In 1654, after the Third English Civil War, Parliamentary forces assumed control of Maryland, per orders from Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, Stone returned the following spring at the head of a Cavalier force. On March 25,1655, in what is known as the Battle of the Severn, Stone was defeated, taken prisoner, Fendall governed Maryland during the latter half of the Commonwealth. In 1660, he was replaced by Phillip Calvert as fifth/sixth Governor of Maryland), Annapolis was incorporated as a city in 1708. Water trades such as oyster-packing, boatbuilding and sailmaking became the chief industries. Annapolis is home to a number of recreational boats that have largely replaced the seafood industry in the city. Dr. Alexander Hamilton was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Annapolis became the temporary capital of the United States after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783. For the 1783 Congress, the Governor of Maryland commissioned John Shaw, the flag is slightly different from other designs of the time. The blue field extends over the height of the hoist. Shaw created two versions of the flag, one started with a red stripe and another that started with a white one. In 1786, delegates from all states of the Union were invited to meet in Annapolis to consider measures for the regulation of commerce. Delegates from only five states—New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, the Philadelphia convention drafted and approved the Constitution of the United States, which is still in force. During this period, a prisoner of war camp, Camp Parole, was set up in Annapolis. As the war continued, the camp expanded to a location just west of the city
11.
Land-grant university
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A land-grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled land to the states for them to sell, to funds, to establish. This mission was in contrast to the practice of higher education to focus on an abstract liberal arts curriculum. Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large public universities that offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are schools, including Cornell University. The concept of publicly funded agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to attention through the efforts of Jonathan Baldwin Turner in the late 1840s. The first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont in 1857, the bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan. Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was enacted into law in 1862. Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College as the land grant college on March 29,1864. The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16,1863, the oldest school that currently holds land-grant status is Rutgers University, founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864. The oldest school to ever hold land-grant status was Yale University and this designation was later stripped by the Connecticut legislature under populist pressure and transferred to what would become the University of Connecticut. A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former Confederate states and this act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of historically black colleges and universities. In imitation of the land-grant colleges focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of sea grant colleges, space grant colleges and it is also the smallest land-grant university in the country. The Farmers High School of Pennsylvania, later to become The Pennsylvania State University, michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863. Older state universities – such as the University of Georgia, which was established with a grant of land in 1784 – were also funded through the use of land grants. Indeed, land grants to institutions are a practice inherited from Europe. These earlier examples, however, offered a different mission than the education offered by land-grant institutions established under the Morrill Act
12.
Maryland General Assembly
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The Maryland General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Maryland that convenes within the State House in Annapolis. It is a body, the upper chamber, the Maryland State Senate, has 47 representatives and the lower chamber. Members of both houses serve four-year terms, the 2016 Legislative Session, the General Assemblys 436th session, convened January 13 - April 11,2016. The General Assembly will reconvene Wednesday, January 11,2017 at 12,00 p. m. for its 437th session, the forerunner of the Maryland General Assembly was the colonial institution, an assembly of free Marylanders, which bore the same name. Marylands foundational charter created a state ruled by the Palatine lord, Lord Baltimore, in addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he desired. In some ways the General Assembly was an improvement upon the institutions of the mother country, during the American Revolution the colonial Assembly ceased to exist, and was replaced by its modern successor. Each senator or delegate must be a citizen of Maryland and a resident of the state for at least one year preceding his or her election, a prospective legislator must have resided for the six months prior to election in the legislative district the candidate seeks to represent. A senator must be at least twenty-five years of age at the time of election, persons elected to or holding a civil or military office other than as a member of a reserve component under the federal or State government are not eligible for election to the General Assembly. However, members of the General Assembly are not term limited, a Constitutional amendment, the plan created 47 legislative districts, many of which cross county boundaries to delineate districts relatively equal in population. Each legislative district elects one senator and three delegates, in most districts, the three delegates are elected at large from the whole district via block voting. The Senate is led by a President and the House by a Speaker whose respective duties and prerogatives enable them to influence the process significantly. The President and Speaker preside over the sessions of their respective chambers, maintaining decorum. As legislation is introduced, they assign it to a committee for consideration. The president pro tempore appoints majority and minority whips and leaders, a bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law. A House Bill is one introduced in the House of Delegates, bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, HB16 refers to the bill introduced in the House of Delegates. The numbering starts afresh each session, the names of the sponsor, the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title. They are listed with the title of a legislator rather than the Governor due to requirements in the Maryland Constitution
13.
University of Maryland, Baltimore
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The University of Maryland, Baltimore, was founded in 1807. It comprises some of the oldest professional schools of dentistry, law, medicine, pharmacy, social work and it is the original campus of the University System of Maryland. Located on 60 acres in downtown Baltimore, it is part of the University System of Maryland, effective July 1,2010, Jay A. Perman was appointed president of the university by William English Kirwan, chancellor of the University System of Maryland. In 1812, it was rechartered as the University of Maryland and given the authority to establish additional faculties in law, divinity, the faculty of law was founded in 1816, though it operated intermittently until 1868. The faculty of arts and sciences also operated intermittently in the 19th century, the University of Maryland School of Dentistry was the first dental school in the world. Founded in 1840 as the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, it was chartered by an act of the Maryland General Assembly and its principal founders were Drs. Horace H. Hayden and Chapin A. Harris. It was the first school in the world to offer a curriculum in dentistry. It currently ranks among top 10 in the nation to receive NIH research funding, the school moved to a new building in October 2006. The new building, located adjacent to the old one in Baltimore Street, offers some of the newest facilities and technologies in the world for education and patient care. The cost of construction and equipment was over $140 million USD, the University of Maryland School of Law opened in 1816 as the Maryland Law Institute in a spacious and commodious building on South street, near Market street. It is the third-oldest law school in the nation, the law school moved to a new building in 2002, adjacent to the site of Westminster Presbyterian Burying Ground the cemetery where the poet and writer Edgar Allan Poe is buried. It is the law school in the United States with a famous author buried on its campus. Westminster Hall is used for events and is often requested for wedding ceremonies. The School of Laws students undergraduate median GPA is a 3.65 and it admits 16. 1% of applicants, making it one of the most selective law schools in the country. The law school takes about 225 full-time day students and about 50 evening students per year, the current Dean of the School of Law is Donald Tobin, one of the nation’s leading experts on the intersection of tax and campaign finance laws. The campus includes Davidge Hall, which was built in 1812, UMB SOM was ranked 40th in U. S. News and World Reports 2016 rankings of Best Medical Schools, Research and 65th in Best Medical Schools, Primary Care. The School of Medicine is closely affiliated with the University of Maryland Medical Center and it also offers PhD programs through the Graduate Program in Life Sciences and several combined degree programs, the MD/PhD MSTP, the MD/MPH, and an MD/MS in Public Health. In a 2011 article in Forbes magazine, Steven Salzberg criticized the inclusion of pseudoscientific subjects such as homeopathy in the curriculum
14.
Arbutus, Maryland
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Arbutus is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 20,483 at the 2010 census, the census area also contains the communities of Halethorpe and Relay, in which all three names were used during the 1960 census when the area had a population of 22,402. Residents of Arbutus are often called Arbutians, the Thomas Viaduct railroad bridge over the Patapsco River was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Arbutus is located at 39°14′40″N 76°41′38″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.5 square miles, all of it land. Herbert Run, a stream, runs through Arbutus and surrounding areas, as of the 2010 census Arbutus had a population of 20,483. As of the census of 2000, there were 20,116 people,8,120 households, the population density was 3,093.8 people per square mile. There were 8,380 housing units at a density of 1,288.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 85. 21% White,6. 27% African American,0. 28% Native American,6. 10% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 48% from other races, and 1. 63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 53% of the population,27. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 2.99. In the CDP, the population was out with 22. 2% under the age of 18,8. 5% from 18 to 24,33. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $47,792, and the median income for a family was $54,003. Males had an income of $37,766 versus $29,129 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,456, about 4. 5% of families and 6. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 5% of those under age 18 and 6. 1% of those age 65 or over. Fire and emergency services are provided by the Arbutus Volunteer Fire Department Baltimore County Station 35. This station provides fire protection, heavy rescue, swift water rescue, and paramedic-level emergency medical services to the citizens of Arbutus, mutual aid is provided by the surrounding Baltimore County stations as well as the Baltimore City and Howard County fire departments. Police protection is provided mainly by the Baltimore County Police Department, additional police service is provided by the Baltimore County Sheriffs Office, UMBC Police, Maryland State Police, and the Maryland Transportation Authority Police
15.
Catonsville, Maryland
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Catonsville is a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. The population was 41,567 at the 2010 census, the community lies to the west of Baltimore along the citys border. Catonsville contains the majority of University of Maryland, Baltimore County, europeans were the second group to settle the area now known as Catonsville. It is generally believed by historians that native tribes, known as the Piscataway and this tribe occupied the land between the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay and up the Patapsco River. Catonsville was located along the Piscataway Trail, the colonists and the tribes got along until the mid-17th century, when the English government ended the practices of Catholic missionaries in the area. It is believed that the tribes were driven from their villages, as happened in many areas of early colonial America, diseases unknown to the tribes were spread by the colonists. Eventually, the tribes moved north under the protection of the Iroquois, with most of the natives scattered, the colonists expanded across Maryland. Present-day Catonsville was settled in the 18th century, Catonsville as we know it today was settled along this route by Richard Caton, under the authority of his father-in-law Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Travelers along the turnpike rested and conducted business in the area, the large Victorian and Colonial homes located in Catonsville were built by wealthy Baltimoreans. Originally, these communities were used as residences to escape the heat in Baltimore. Eventually, as in communities with the introduction of the automobile and electric trolley. Baltimore attempted over the years to annex Catonsville, the last attempt in 1918, the community remains an unincorporated town in Baltimore County. It is home to Spring Grove Hospital Center, the second oldest continuously operating psychiatric hospital. Catonsville was briefly made quite famous during the 1968 protest by the Catonsville Nine, in 2007 Money magazine ranked Catonsville the 49th best place to live in the USA, third best in Maryland and Virginia. Catonsville is located at 39°16′26″N 76°44′17″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.0 square miles, all of it land. It is centered along Frederick Road, formerly the main road from Baltimore leading to points west, johnnycake Road and Academy Road form the northern and northeastern borders of Catonsville. Catonsville is bordered by Woodlawn to the north, Baltimore to the east, by Arbutus to the southeast, by Ilchester to the southwest, the main north-south roads in the area are Rolling Road, Ingleside Avenue and Bloomsbury Avenue. Catonsville is a terminus of the Trolley Line Number 9 Trail, Academy Heights, a residential community surrounding Mount de Sales Academy
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Baltimore County, Maryland
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Baltimore County is a county in the U. S. state of Maryland. Since 1854, the county seat has been in Towson, Baltimore County is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area and Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area. The county is part of the Northeast Megalopolis stretching from Boston to Washington. As of 2009, the countys workforce totalled 410,100, with 25% employed in the fields of education, health, and human services, 10% in retailing, and less than 1% in agriculture. The county is home to the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Towson University, Goucher College, in 1674, a proclamation of the Proprietor, established the then extensive boundary lines for old Baltimore County. In 1674, a portion of northeastern Baltimore County, as well as a portion of northwestern Kent County, was split off to create Cecil County. In 1748, a portion of western Baltimore County, as well as a portion of Prince Georges County to the south, were split off to create Frederick County, in 1773, Harford County to the east was split off from Baltimore County. In 1837, another part of western Baltimore County was combined with a part of eastern Frederick County to create Carroll County, the Baltimore County court sessions had been held in private residences before 1674, with a small amount of documentary evidence. Since 1712, the seat had been located in old Joppa, later by 1724, the Assembly authorized Thomas Tolley, Capt. John Taylor, Daniel Scott, Lancelot Todd and John Stokes to purchase 20 acres from a tract named Taylors Choice after John Taylor who also held other parcels in the area. The Ordinance directed that the land be divided into 40 lots with streets and alleys to accompany the courthouse and jail which had already been previously erected. By 1750 there were some 50 houses, a church, courthouse,3 stone warehouses, inns, taverns, stores and these events have been commemorated ever since by Defenders Day on September 12th. A second city-county courthouse constructed in 1805–1809 was moved to the side of the Square at North Calvert. The first county seat of Baltimore County was known today as Old Baltimore and it was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County. In 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house, the site of the court house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House. The court house on the Bush River referenced in the 1683 Act was in all likelihood the one created by the 1674 Act, Old Baltimore was in existence as early as 1674, but we dont know what if anything happened on the site prior to that year. The exact location of Old Baltimore was lost for years and it was certain that the location was somewhere on the site of the present-day Aberdeen Proving Grounds, a U. S. Army weapons testing facility
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University of Maryland Eastern Shore
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University of Maryland Eastern Shore, located on 1,100 acres in Princess Anne, Maryland, United States, is part of the University System of Maryland. UMES is a black university, as well as an 1890 Historically Black Land-Grant University. The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, the school was founded in 1886 through the offices of the Delaware Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and was known as the Delaware Conference Academy. Later UMES came to be called Industrial Branch of Morgan State College, in 1919 the state of Maryland assumed control of the academy and changed its name to Eastern Shore Branch of the Maryland Agricultural College. In 1948 the name was changed, this time to Maryland State College. In 1970, the university obtained its current name of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, the student population has increased to 4,500. Within the last decade, UMES has added 20 degree granting programs to its academic roster, business, criminal justice, and biology are the most popular majors. UMES also has an engineering program. UMES offers masters degrees in applied science, criminology and criminal justice, food and agricultural science, rehabilitation counseling, marine and environmental science. UMES also offers a Master of Education in career and technology education, special education, beginning in fall 2013 UMES also offers a Master in Medical Science in physician assistant studies. UMES offers doctorates in science and technology, marine and environmental sciences, toxicology. Other terminal degree programs include doctorates in physical therapy and educational leadership, and, starting in the fall of 2010, UMES was one of the founding members of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference in 1970. The school left the MEAC in 1979 but re-joined in 1981 and has been a member ever since, the Hawks compete in 15 sports at the Division I level, seven mens and eight womens. Prior to 1970, UMES was a member of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association in Division II, in 1948, Maryland State College and Albright College played one of the first intercollegiate football game between an historically black institution and a majority-white institution. After a consultant produced a study in 2012 on the feasibility of reinstating football, bell put together a task force to weigh whether football should be reinstated. On Feb.28,2013, the decision was to continue without football, NFL player and coach Art Shell attended UMES. UMES is tied with Florida State for the most alumni appearing in a single Super Bowl game. In the 1968 game between the New York Jets and the Baltimore Colts, UMES was represented by five alumni, Earl Christy, Johnny Sample, Emerson Boozer, Charlie Stukes, and James Duncan
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Princess Anne, Maryland
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Princess Anne is a town in Somerset County, Maryland, United States, and also serves as its county seat. The population was 3,290 at the 2010 census, Princess Anne is included in the Salisbury, Maryland-Delaware Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town is notable as the location of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, with a population just under 4,000 people, this hamlet at the head of the Manokin River was named for Princess Anne of Great Britain, daughter of King George II. It was established in 1733 and serves as the county seat for Somerset County, in the mid-18th century, Princess Anne gained considerable importance as a market center because of the river trade. This was later augmented by the extension of the Eastern Shore Railroad on Marylands Eastern Shore. At that time, the Manokin River was navigable as far as the bridge at Princess Anne, much of the towns architectural heritage from those days has been preserved. About 150 acres of the old town, containing about 300 structures, is entered on the National Register of Historic Places as the Princess Anne Historic District, Princess Anne has the ignoble distinction of being the site of the last lynching in Maryland history. In 1933, a man named George Armwood was accused of assaulting an elderly white woman. He was removed from the Princess Anne jail by a mob, dragged around town by a truck. After his death, the rope that formed the noose was cut up, Princess Anne is located at 38°12′N 75°42′W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 1.69 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Princess Anne has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,290 people,1,276 households, the population density was 1,970.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,500 housing units at a density of 898.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 57. 1% White,38. 4% African American,0. 2% Native American,1. 4% Asian,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 9% of the population. 37. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the town was 24.7 years. 21. 6% of residents were under the age of 18, 29% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 6% were from 25 to 44,17. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 8. 1% were 65 years of age or older
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Somerset County, Maryland
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Somerset County is the southernmost county in the American State of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 26,470, making it the second-least populous county in Maryland. The county seat is Princess Anne, the county was named for Mary, Lady Somerset, the wife of Sir John Somerset and daughter of Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour. She was also the sister of Anne Calvert, Baroness Baltimore, who lent her name to Anne Arundel County. Somerset County is included in the Salisbury, MD-DE Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is located on the states Eastern Shore The University of Maryland Eastern Shore is located in Princess Anne. The Royal Charter that Lord Baltimore had received from King Charles I in 1632 had granted Maryland the land north of the length of the Potomac River up to the 40th parallel. In conjunction with the two new settlements, Baltimore set up a commission for the Eastern Shore territory, made up of two Marylanders and one Virginian. Colonel Scarborough and his force of forty mounted men arrived at Horseys new residence on October 11,1663, colonel Scarborough and his force of forty mounted men was summarily tossed out of the settlement. Unable to secure oaths of allegiance from the inhabitants of the Annemessex settlement Scarborough and company moved on to the Manokin Settlement, Horsey was immediately recognized as a leader when he was selected to sit on the first county court which was given the job of running the new county. Charles Calvert appointed Stephen Horsey on December 11,1665, along with Captain William Thorne, Mr. William Stevens, Mr. George Johnson, Mr. John Winder, Mr. James Jones and Mr. Henry Boston. Horsey was able to count himself among the Whos Who list of the fathers of Somerset County. To add to this leadership role, Horsey found himself ensconced with the title of Mister. Horsey sat as a member of the Somerset County Court through the winter. From the beginning, Horsey established himself as a nonconformist and as someone willing to stand up for his beliefs. The northernmost boundary of the county was also in dispute, Baltimore believed his Eastern Shore territory extended all the way up to the top of the peninsula, where the Delaware River meets the Bay. In the 1680s, William Penn claimed this territory as his own, however, Penn, Baltimore, and their heirs began a protracted legal battle to determine the exact boundaries. Their compromise was to split the Delmarva Peninsula, however they disagreed as to whether the line should be drawn at the location of Cape Henlopen or at Fenwick Island. Unlike the dispute of Somersets southern border, there were few settlers in the frontier on either side to take issue and that boundary would finally be settled in 1763 when surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon incorporated the Transpeninsular Line as the definitive boundary between Delaware and Maryland
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University of Maryland University College
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The University of Maryland University College is an American public not-for-profit university located in Adelphi in Prince Georges County, Maryland in the United States. UMUC serves over 90,000 students worldwide and is one of the largest distance learning institutions in the world, UMUC is open to all applicants with a 100 percent acceptance rate for undergraduate programs. The university offers 120 academic programs in instructor-led and online classes, including bachelor, masters, UMUC is a member of the University System of Maryland, which includes eleven separate public universities in Maryland. UMUC is an outgrowth of the program for adults at the University of Maryland that began in the 1920s. In 1947, the College of Special and Continuation Studies was established, in 1959, The CSCS became the University of Maryland University College. In 1970, UMUC became an independent institution, and it became a member of the University System of Maryland in 1988, UMUC formerly had an international campus in Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany until 2002. The residential campus offered an associate degree and mainly served high school graduate children of U. S. military. UMUC offers courses on over 130 military installations at locations throughout Europe, in 2004, UMUC shared the ICDE Prize of Excellence from the International Council for Open and Distance Education. UMUC is a college in the traditional American sense of the word, albeit one associated with a university—hence, the University of Maryland prefix indicates the historical entity to which the college belonged originally. To American ears, the university and college may sound synonymous. Among the collegiate universities of Europe, however, the practice of giving one college in the university the name University College is not uncommon. In England, for example, one of the 39 colleges of the University of Oxford is called University College, Oxford as well as University College London, part of the University of London. When UMUC first opened in 1947, the school was named College of Special and Continuation Studies to distinguish it as an independent from the University of Maryland. In 1953, Raymond Ehrensberger, chancellor of the institution at that time, wanted to change the name to something meaningful and less cumbersome for people to say. Early suggestions for the name included College of General Studies, College of Adult Education, in 1959, Chancellor Ehrensberger persuaded the University System of Marylands Board of Regents to change the name to University of Maryland University College. Therefore, UMUC is not a division of the University of Maryland, College Park, UMUC is one of the largest providers of distance education in the United States. Courses are delivered in traditional settings, as well as online. Even before the advent of education by way of the World Wide Web, UMUC was a distance education pioneer
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Normal school
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A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century
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University of Maryland School of Dentistry
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The University of Maryland School of Dentistry is the dental school of the University System of Maryland. It was founded as an independent institution, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery and it is known as the first dental college in the world. It is headquartered at the University of Maryland, Baltimore campus and it is the only dental school in Maryland. Related history, Harvard School of Dental Medicine > History The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery was chartered by an act of the Maryland General Assembly in 1840. Its co-founders, Drs. Horace H. Hayden and Chapin A. Harris have been inducted in the Pierre Fauchard Academy Hall of Fame. Dr. Harris was the schools first dean and a professor of practical dentistry, following the death of Dr. Hayden on January 25,1844, he became the school second president. The College is still in existence today and is part of the University of Maryland, the establishment of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is seen as one of the three crucial steps in the foundation of the dental profession in the United States. Today, the University of Maryland School of Dentistry enjoys one of the most advanced dental education facilities in the world, the new 12-story building in downtown Baltimore was completed in October 2006. The total cost for the establishment amounted to over $140 million, harry Estes Kelsey George Edward Post, Class of 1863 John Mankey Riggs, Class of 1854 University of Maryland School of Dentistry University System of Maryland Yearbooks from 1901-1989
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Horace H. Hayden
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Horace Henry Hayden D. D. S. was the first licensed American dentist and dentistry school founder. After working as a boy, architect and schoolteacher, Hayden consulted with John Greenwood, George Washingtons personal dentist. Thereafter, he began the study of dentistry under Greenwoods tutelage, in 1800, Dr. Hayden began a dental practice in Baltimore Maryland. Dr. Hayden was issued a license by the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in 1810, during the War of 1812, he served as a private in the 39th Regiment, Maryland Militia, and later as an assistant surgeon. Hayden is considered the father of the profession of Dentistry in the United States of America and he has been inducted in the hall of fame of the Pierre Fauchard Academy. Pierre Fauchard Academy- PFA International Hall of Fame of Dentistry
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University of Maryland School of Law
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The University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law is the law school of the University of Maryland, Baltimore and is located in Baltimore City, Maryland, U. S. Founded in 1816 as the Maryland Law Institute with regular instruction beginning in 1824, because of its location, Maryland Law is part of the Baltimore-Washington legal and business community. In 2003, the law school moved into a new facility in downtown Baltimore near the Inner Harbor, in 2011, the law school received a US$30 million donation from the W. P. Carey Foundation, which is the largest gift in the schools history, in response, the law school changed its name to the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law. Maryland Law has been ranked in the top tier of American law schools by U. S. News & World Report and it was ranked 48th as of the 2016 edition. The 2016 Rankings also gave Maryland Law top standing in health law, part-time program. Maryland Law is fully accredited by the American Bar Association and it is a member of the Association of American Law Schools and has a chapter of the Order of the Coif honor society. There are approximately 705 students enrolled at Maryland Law in the Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, the racial makeup of students in the J. D. program is approximately 60% white, with about 35% identifying as a minority race. Around 72% of J. D. students are under 25 years old, there are more than 40 student organizations, four specialized legal centers, and five law journals. The total cost of attendance for the 2016–2017 academic year is $58,191 for Maryland residents and these required courses form the basis for more specialized study through more than 150 elective courses, seminars, independent studies, simulations, clinics, and externships. Maryland Law is home to several specialty programs that enable students to areas of interest through experiential learning. The law school offers several options, Maryland Law has a combined J. D. /M. B. A. From the University of Maryland School of Public Policy J. D. /Ph. D through the University of Maryland Baltimore County School of Public Policy J. D. /M. C. P. Program provides legal education for lawyers and law students seeking to develop expertise in a area of study. It is a designed for individuals from the U. S. Through the Cardin Requirement, named after Maryland Law alumnus U. S, senator Benjamin Cardin, each full-time day student gains hands-on legal experience by representing actual clients who would otherwise lack access to justice. Most students fulfill the Cardin Requirement through the Clinical Law Program, more than 25 clinics focus on a broad range of practice areas, including civil and criminal litigation, advice and counseling, and transactional work. Civil practice areas include environmental law, health, housing and community development, juvenile law and children, AIDS, criminal student attorneys often represent defendants in misdemeanor cases in Maryland’s district courts, as well as work in the School of Laws community justice efforts
25.
Westminster Hall and Burying Ground
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Westminster Hall and Burying Ground is a graveyard and former church located at 519 West Fayette Street in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Occupying the southeast corner of West Fayette and North Greene Street on the west side of downtown Baltimore, the complex was declared a national historic district in 1974. John Eager Howard, former commander of the famous Maryland Line regiment of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, col. Howard owned the estate and mansion of Belvidere, in what was called Howards Woods, north of Baltimore Town. Poe was taken to the Church Home and Infirmary on Broadway and he was interred in the old Western Burying Grounds of the First Presbyterian Church. Some time later a stone was erected at the plot in the southeastern corner of the cemetery. By a year later, a church was planned to be erected over the grounds built upon supporting brick. Because of his subsequent growing literary fame as the 19th Century progressed following his death, John Basil, Jr. principal of the Number 8 Grammar School, and was adopted appointing a committee of five—Professors Basil, (Thomas D. Baird and J. J. G. By March 1871 the Poe Memorial Fund amounted to about $587.00, then a new committee of Profs. The monument was carved by local sculptor and stonemason Hugh Sisson. Poes body was exhumed and moved to the new more prominent northwestern site near the entrance gate at the corner of North Greene. The monument was dedicated November 17,1875 in the presence of a concourse of spectators with addresses by Profs. Shepherd, and the locally famous civic activist, author-artist and orator John H. B, latrobe, and representatives of several other public schools, colleges and institutions. The design of the monument consists of a pedestal with an ornamental cap wholly of marble, resting on two marble slabs, and a granite base. The front of the die block bears a portrait of the author-poet by the sculptor Volck, while on the western side appear the lines of inscription, Edgar Allan Poe. 20,1809, died Oct.7,1849, there is also additionally, very popular tours of the graves and catacombs below the old church and hall and activities on the festival of Halloween in late October. In 2006, the Westminster Preservation Trust installed more than 20 interpretive signs around the burying ground, the site has been used in an episode of Creepy Canada, with paranormal investigators from BSPR discussing its possible haunting. A number of famous Marylanders are interred here, including many Revolutionary patriots, other Marylanders include, James Calhoun, last Mayor of Baltimore Town and first Mayor of the City of Baltimore James Morrison Harris, U. S. Representative Edward Johnson, Mayor of Baltimore during British attack in September 1814, chair of the Committee of Vigilance and Safety
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Edgar Allan Poe
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Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and he is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole, and he was one of the countrys earliest practitioners of the short story. Poe is generally considered the inventor of the fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a difficult life. Poe was born in Boston, the child of two actors. His father abandoned the family in 1810, and his mother died the following year, thus orphaned, the child was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but Poe was with them well into young adulthood, tension developed later as John Allan and Edgar repeatedly clashed over debts, including those incurred by gambling, and the cost of secondary education for the young man. Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money, Poe quarreled with Allan over the funds for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under an assumed name. It was at time that his publishing career began, albeit humbly, with the anonymous collection of poems Tamerlane and Other Poems. With the death of Frances Allan in 1829, Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement, however, Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point, declaring a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and he ultimately parted ways with John Allan. Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the several years working for literary journals and periodicals. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, in Richmond in 1836, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845, Poe published his poem The Raven to instant success and his wife died of tuberculosis two years after its publication. For years, he had been planning to produce his own journal The Penn, Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, a number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre. He was born Edgar Poe in Boston on January 19,1809 and he had an elder brother William Henry Leonard Poe, and a younger sister Rosalie Poe. Their grandfather David Poe Sr. had emigrated from Cavan, Ireland to America around the year 1750, Edgar may have been named after a character in William Shakespeares King Lear, a play that the couple were performing in 1809
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
28.
Law School Admissions Test
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The Law School Admission Test is a half-day standardized test administered four times each year at designated testing centers throughout the world. Administered by the Law School Admission Council for prospective law school candidates, the LSAT is designed to assess reading comprehension, logical, and verbal reasoning proficiencies. The test is an part of the law school admission process in the United States, Canada, the University of Melbourne, Australia. An applicant cannot take the LSAT more than three times within a two-year period, the test has existed in some form since 1948, when it was created to give law schools a standardized way to assess applicants aside from GPA. The current form of the exam has been used since 1991, the exam has six total sections, four scored multiple choice sections, an unscored experimental section, and an unscored writing section. Raw scores are converted to a score with a high of 180, a low of 120. When an applicant applies to a law school all scores from the past five years are reported, though, depending on the school, the 2016–2017 price to take the LSAT is US$180. The purpose of the LSAT is to aid in predicting student success in law school, researchers Balin, Fine, and Guinier performed research on the LSATs ability to predict law school grades at the University of Pennsylvania. They found that the LSAT could explain about 14% of the variance in first year grades, the goal was to find a test that would correlate with first year grades rather than bar passage rates. This led to an invitation of representatives from Harvard Law School and Yale Law School who ultimately accepted the invitation and began to draft the first administration of the LSAT exam. At a meeting on November 10,1947, with representatives of law schools extending beyond the original Columbia, Harvard, and Yale representatives, the first administration of the LSAT followed and occurred in 1948. LSAC administers the LSAT four times per year, June, September/October, December, the June examination marks the start of a new cycle of testing as most test-takers plan to apply for admission the following year. The September/October administration is typically the most popular with the February administration being the least popular, the number of LSATs administered fell more than 25% over a two-year period. The October 2012 administration reflected a 16. 4% drop in volume from its 2011 counterpart, LSAT numbers continued to drop over the next two cycles but to a lesser degree, with 13. 4% and 6. 2% drops, respectively, for the 2012–13 and 2013–14 cycles. February 2014 showed the first increase in test takers since June 2010, LSAT—India is a test conducted to test an aspirants reasoning and reading skills. LSAT—India is designed by the USA based Law School Admission Council and is conducted in India by Pearson VUE, on the basis of a students score in LSAT—India 2016, he/she can secure admission in law programmes offered in more than 70 colleges in India. The LSAT consists of five 35-minute multiple choice sections followed by a writing sample section. Modern tests have 99–102 scored items in total, the LSAT contains two logical reasoning sections, commonly known as arguments, designed to test the takers ability to dissect and analyze arguments
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Medical school
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A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Doctor of Medicine, many medical schools offer additional degrees, such as a Doctor of Philosophy, Masters degree, a physician assistant program, or other post-secondary education. Medical schools can also employ medical researchers and operate hospitals, around the world, criteria, structure, teaching methodology, and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably. Medical schools are highly competitive, using standardized entrance examinations, as well as grade point average and leadership roles. In most countries, the study of medicine is completed as a degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework. However, a number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses. In the United States and Canada, almost all medical degrees are second entry degrees, many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum. More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks, in preclinical sciences, students study subjects such as biochemistry, genetics, pharmacology, pathology, anatomy, physiology and medical microbiology, among others. Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree, a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority. Licensing may also require passing a test, undergoing a background check, checking references, paying a fee. Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all the medical schools, Entry into these medical schools are highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations. The University of Ghana Medical School has however introduced a graduate medical program to admit students with mainly science-related degrees into a 4-year medical school program. Students graduating from any of these schools get the MBChB degree. For the First 3 years Students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical science for University of Ghana medical school, Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana as House Officers. Upon completion of the mandatory 2-year housemanship, these doctors are permanently registered with the MDC. Medical officers are sometimes hired by the Ghana Health Service to work in the Districts/Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians. In Kenya, medical school is a faculty of a university, Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate degree. The first two years of medical school cover the medical sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences
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College of Medicine of Maryland
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The College of Medicine of Maryland, or also known since 1959 as Davidge Hall, has been in continuous use for medical education since 1813, the oldest such structure in the United States. A wide pediment stands in front of a low, domed drum structure, a circular chemistry hall was housed on the lower level under the anatomical theater. The dome is a Delormé structure, with small slats forming the dome, the design, originated by Philibert de lOrme, was also used at Jeffersons Monticello. Somewhat inspired by the ancient Pantheon in Rome, the supervising architect was Robert Cary Long, Sr. a famous local father-son team of architects who also designed many other famous buildings in the city. The front portico facing West Lombard Street is of wood construction with Doric columns, to the west is South Greene Street Davidge Hall was named for the founder and first dean of the College of Medicine of Maryland, Dr. John Beale Davidge. The College of Medicine is the oldest public and fifth oldest medical school in the United States, Dr. Davidge, along with James Cocke and John Shaw, offered medical instruction in a small theater beginning in late 1807. In November of that year, a mob broke into Davidges small domed theater, took the cadaver, in December, the Maryland General Assembly passed a bill establishing a college of medicine. A lot was obtained for construction of a building in 1811, evidence exists that in addition to Robert Cary Long, Jr. early design work may have also been performed by French émigré architect J. Maximilian M. Godefroy, son-in-law of Dr. Work began in 1812 and was completed the following year, the use of the name Davidge Hall did not appear until about 1959, when a previous UMAB campus building of the same name was demolished. Davidge Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 25,1977, Davidge Hall is also considered the oldest building in continuous use for medical education in the Northern Hemisphere. It is included within the Baltimore City National Heritage Area, mD-304, University of Maryland, Medical Building, Greene & Lombard Streets, Baltimore, Independent City, MD,11 measured drawings, supplemental material Explore Baltimore Heritage - Davidge Hall
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Pantheon, Rome
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The Pantheon is a former Roman temple, now a church, in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus. The present building was completed by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated about 126 AD and he retained Agrippas original inscription, which has confused its date of construction as the original Pantheon burnt down so it is not certain when the present one was built. The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns under a pediment, a rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheons dome is still the worlds largest unreinforced concrete dome, the height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same,43.3 metres. Mary and the Martyrs but informally known as Santa Maria Rotonda, the square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. The Pantheon is a property, ruled by Italys Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism through the Polo Museale del Lazio. The Pantheons large circular domed cella, with a temple portico front, is unique in Roman architecture. Nevertheless, it became a standard exemplar when classical styles were revived, Pantheon is derived from the Ancient Greek Pantheion meaning of, relating to, or common to all the gods. His uncertainty strongly suggests that Pantheon was merely a nickname, not the name of the building. In fact, the concept of a dedicated to all the gods is questionable. The only definite pantheon recorded earlier than Agrippas was at Antioch in Syria and it seems highly significant that Dio does not quote the simplest explanation for the name—that the Pantheon was dedicated to all the gods. Godfrey and Hemsoll maintain that the word Pantheon need not denote a group of gods, or, indeed, even all the gods. Certainly the word pantheus or pantheos, could be applicable to individual deities…, bearing in mind also that the Greek word θεῖος need not mean of a god but could mean superhuman, or even excellent. It seems likely that the Pantheon and the Basilica of Neptune were Agrippas sacra privata and this less solemn designation would help explain how the building could have so easily lost its original name and purpose in such a relatively short period of time. However, archaeological excavations have shown that the Pantheon of Agrippa had been destroyed except for the façade. Lise Hetland argues that the present construction began in 114, under Trajan and her argument is particularly interesting in light of Heilmeyers argument that, based on stylistic evidence, Apollodorus of Damascus, Trajans architect, was the obvious architect. The form of Agrippas Pantheon is debated and this description was widely accepted until the late 20th century. The only passages referring to the decoration of the Agrippan Pantheon written by an eyewitness are in Plinys Natural History, from him we know that the capitals, too, of the pillars, which were placed by M
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Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
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U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
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University of Maryland Medical Center
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It gets more than 35,000 inpatient admissions and 165,000 outpatient visits each year. UMMC has approximately 6,500 employees as well as 1,000 attending physicians, all members of the medical staff are on the faculty of the University of Maryland School of Medicine. The University of Maryland Medical Center was named one of the nations best acute-care hospitals in patient safety and quality of care in 2006 and 2007 by the Leapfrog group, the University of Maryland Medical Center is one of the nation’s oldest teaching hospitals. It was created in 1823 as the Baltimore Infirmary, which was located on the site as today’s medical center. It has one of the nations largest kidney transplant programs and is known for developing and performing minimally invasive surgical procedures, shock Trauma has more than 100 inpatient beds dedicated to emergency surgery, resuscitation, intensive care, and acute surgical care. The trauma staff treat more than 7,500 critically injured patients each year who arrive by helicopter or ambulance, UMGCC also is known as a center with expertise in laboratory and clinical research. UMGCC researchers actively particate in new development, and the center offers more than 100 clinical trials. The University of Maryland Childrens Hospital provides care for serious and complex problems in patients ranging from newborns to young adults. UMCH has its own pharmacy and emergency room, and is also very active in childrens health care research. Special programs and services include a clinic, asthma program, AIDS program, pediatric surgery. Infants born prematurely are transported from around the region to be cared for in the 52-bed NICU — the largest in the state, the University of Maryland Heart Center was recognized as one of the 100 Top Cardiovascular Hospitals by Thomson Healthcare for 2007. The Heart Center is recognized for its expertise in robotic surgery, minimally invasive heart bypass and valve surgery, heart transplants. The Heart Center also emphasizes heart disease prevention by educating patients about lifestyle factors, including proper nutrition and it is also known for its laboratory and clinical research, and offers a wide selection of clinical trials
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Master of Public Health
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The MPH degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. Master of Public Health programs are available throughout the world in Programs in Public Health, Medical Schools, Schools of Public Health, in some countries the MPH program is only available for physician graduates. In those countries, individuals without a degree may enter a Master of Science in Public Health or Master of Medical Science in Public Health programs. The DrPH degree is for those who intend to pursue or advance a professional career in public health and for leaders. They face the challenge of understanding and adapting scientific knowledge in order to achieve health gain. This degree leads to a career in administration, teaching, or practice. The usual requirement for entry into this program is a degree in Public Health. The DrPH program develops in its candidates all competencies included in MPH programs, with increased emphasis on high skills in problem-solving. In the United States, any person with an undergraduate degree may pursue an MPH or MSPH. Based on the accreditation of the Council on Education for Public Health, in fact, most hospital systems have MPH public health staff to study disease trends and help to combat hospital-acquired infections and immediately determine epidemiologic trends. CPH is the public health board certification available in the world for public health professionals. Continuing Education for CPH, After a candidate passes this examination, the Council is sponsored by the Association for Prevention Teaching and Research. In the United Kingdom, the MPH or MSc in Public Health is usually a one-year full-time program, taught modules typically account for two thirds of the MPH and a project one third. Students may be medical or non-medical graduates, degrees vary in their content, but most cover similar areas of public health. Because of the key role played by public health practitioners in the NHS a UK MPH also often includes Health economics, specialist accreditation is through participation in a four-year program analogous to specialist training for doctors. Specialist trainees must pass an examination, demonstrably achieve certain skills, however specialist training in public health is also open to non-doctors. Relevant work experience in health or development sector will be an advantage, MPH degree in India is such so as to Cover all disciplines Of public health, but some institutes offer specialization such as Social epidemiology, Health Policy, Economics & Finance
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Public health
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It is concerned with threats to health based on population health analysis. The population in question can be as small as a handful of people, Public health incorporates the interdisciplinary approaches of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, public policy, mental health and occupational safety, the focus of public health intervention is to improve health and quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions. This is done through surveillance of cases and health indicators, there is a great disparity in access to health care and public health initiatives between developed nations and developing nations. In the developing world, public health infrastructures are still forming, many diseases are preventable through simple, nonmedical methods. For example, research has shown that the act of hand washing with soap can prevent many contagious diseases. Public health communications programs, vaccination programs and distribution of condoms are examples of public health measures. Measures such as these have contributed greatly to the health of populations, Public health plays an important role in disease prevention efforts in both the developing world and in developed countries, through local health systems and non-governmental organizations. The World Health Organization is the agency that coordinates and acts on global public health issues. Most countries have their own government public health agencies, sometimes known as ministries of health, for example, in the United States, the front line of public health initiatives are state and local health departments. In Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada is the agency responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response. The Public health system in India is managed by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare of the government of India with state-owned health care facilities. Public health programs providing vaccinations have made strides in promoting health, including the eradication of smallpox, antibiotic resistance, also known as drug resistance, was the theme of World Health Day 2011. Although the prioritization of pressing public health issues is important, Laurie Garrett argues that there are following consequences, when foreign aid is funnelled into disease-specific programs, the importance of public health in general is disregarded. This public health problem of stovepiping is thought to create a lack of funds to other existing diseases in a given country. For example, the WHO reports that at least 220 million people suffer from diabetes. Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is projected that the number of diabetes deaths will double by the year 2030, the risk of type 2 diabetes is closely linked with the growing problem of obesity. The WHO’s latest estimates highlighted that globally approximately 1.5 billion adults were overweight in 2008, the United States is the leading country with 30. 6% of its population being obese
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Steven Salzberg
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He is a member of the Institute of Genetic Medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where he is also Director of the Center for Computational Biology. Salzberg did his studies at Yale University where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1980. In 1981 he returned to Yale, and he received his Master of Science, after several years in a startup company, he enrolled at Harvard University, where he was awarded a Ph. D. in Computer Science in 1989. In 2013, Salzberg won the Benjamin Franklin award in bioinformatics and he was also chosen for this list when it was first created in 2001. The Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships were established in 2013 by a gift from Michael Bloomberg, Salzberg holds joint appointments in the Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Salzberg has been a prominent scientist in the field of bioinformatics and he has also been a leader in genome assembly research and is one of the initiators of the open source AMOS project. He was a participant in the human genome project as well as many other projects, including the malaria genome. In 2001-2002, he and his colleagues sequenced the anthrax that was used in the 2001 anthrax attacks and they published their results in the journal Science in 2002. These findings helped the FBI track the source of the attacks to a single vial at Ft. Detrick in Frederick, Salzberg together with David Lipman started the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project in 2003, a project to sequence and make available the genomes of thousands of influenza virus isolates. The Tuxedo suite, including the Bowtie, TopHat, and Cufflinks programs, has been downloaded by thousands of scientists and the original papers have over 20,000 citations. Salzberg has also been an advocate against pseudoscience and in favor of the teaching of evolution in schools. He writes a widely read column at Forbes magazine on science, medicine and his work at Forbes won the 2012 Robert P. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking
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Pseudoscience
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Pseudoscience consists of claims, beliefs, or practices presented as being plausible scientifically, but which are not justifiable by the scientific method. The term pseudoscience is often considered pejorative because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively, accordingly, those termed as practicing or advocating pseudoscience often dispute the characterization. The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has philosophical and scientific implications, differentiating science from pseudoscience has practical implications in the case of health care, expert testimony, environmental policies, and science education. The word pseudoscience is derived from the Greek root pseudo meaning false and the English word science, an earlier recorded use of the term was during 1843 by the French physiologist François Magendie. From time to time, though, the usage of the word occurred in a formal, technical manner around a perceived threat to individual and institutional security in a social and cultural setting. A number of principles are accepted by scientists as standards for determining whether a body of knowledge, method. Experimental results should be reproducible and verified by other researchers, statistical quantification of significance, confidence, and error are also important tools for the scientific method. During the mid-20th century, Karl Popper emphasized the criterion of falsifiability to distinguish science from nonscience, falsifiability means a result can be disproved. For example, a statement such as God exists may be true or false, Popper used astrology and psychoanalysis as examples of pseudoscience and Einsteins theory of relativity as an example of science. The point is made there is no physical test to refute the claim of the presence of this dragon. No matter what test you think you can devise, there is then a reason why this does not apply to the invisible dragon, sagan concludes, Now, whats the difference between an invisible, incorporeal, floating dragon who spits heatless fire and no dragon at all. During 1942, Robert K. Merton identified a set of five norms which he characterized as what makes a real science, If any of the norms were violated, Merton considered the enterprise to be nonscience. These are not broadly accepted by the scientific community and his norms were, Originality, The tests and research done must present something new to the scientific community. Detachment, The scientists reasons for practicing this science must be simply for the expansion of their knowledge, the scientists should not have personal reasons to expect certain results. Universality, No person should be able to easily obtain the information of a test than another person. Social class, religion, ethnicity, or any other factors should not be factors in someones ability to receive or perform a type of science. Skepticism, Scientific facts must not be based on faith, one should always question every case and argument and constantly check for errors or invalid claims. Public accessibility, Any scientific knowledge one obtains should be available to everyone
