1.
University of Massachusetts Amherst
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The University of Massachusetts Amherst is a public research and land-grant university in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States, and the flagship of the University of Massachusetts system. The university offers degrees, masters degrees, and doctoral degrees in 111 undergraduate,75 masters and 47 doctoral programs in nine schools. The main campus is situated north of downtown Amherst, in a 2009 article for MSN. com, Amherst was ranked first in Best College Towns in the United States. In 2012, U. S. News and World Report ranked Amherst among the Top 10 Great College Towns in America and it is also a member of the Five College Consortium. The University of Massachusetts Amherst is categorized as a Research University with Highest research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, in fiscal year 2014, UMass Amherst had research expenditures exceeding $200 million. UMass Amherst sports teams are called the Minutemen and Minutewomen, the colors being maroon, black, and white, all teams participate in NCAA Division I. The university is a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference, while playing ice hockey in Hockey East, accordingly, the university was initially named the Massachusetts Agricultural College, popularly referred to as Mass Aggie or M. A. C. In 1867, the college had yet to admit any students, had been through two Presidents, and still had not completed any college buildings, in that year, William S. Clark was appointed President of the college and Professor of Botany. He quickly appointed a faculty, completed the plan. Clark became the first functioning President and arguably the founding father of the college. The original buildings consisted of Old South College, North College, the Chemistry Laboratory, also known as College Hall, the Boarding House, the Botanic Museum, although enrollment was slow during the 1870s, the fledgling college built momentum under the leadership of President Henry Hill Goodell. In the 1880s, Goodell implemented a plan, adding the College Drill Hall in 1883, the Old Chapel Library in 1885. The Campus Pond, now the focus of the University Campus, was created in 1893 by damming a small brook. The early 20th century saw expansion in terms of enrollment. The first female student was admitted in 1875 on a part-time basis, in 1903, Draper Hall was constructed for the dual purpose of a dining hall and female housing. The first female students graduated with the class of 1905, the first dedicated female dormitory, the Abigail Adams House was built in 1920. By the start of the 20th century, the college was thriving, the Education curriculum was established in 1907. In recognition of the enrollment and broader curriculum, the college was renamed Massachusetts State College in 1931
University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Massachusetts Agricultural College as it appeared in 1879, with students and faculty standing in front of Old South College, North College, and the college's first chapel.
University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Seal of the University of Massachusetts
University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Old Chapel constructed in 1884 at the campus
University of Massachusetts Amherst
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Welcome sign at the university
2.
Middlesex University (Massachusetts)
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Middlesex University, known primarily for its medical and veterinary schools, operated from 1914 until 1947, first in Cambridge, Massachusetts, later in Waltham, Massachusetts. The Middlesex College of Medicine and Surgery was founded in 1914 by John Hall Smith and originally located in East Cambridge and it was affiliated with the Middlesex Hospital. In 1917, Massachusetts chartered an institution named the University of Massachusetts with the board of trustees. In 1928, it moved to the Waltham campus, the campus of Brandeis University. The building which Brandeis calls The Castle was originally the building of Middlesex University and was designed and constructed by John Hall Smith between 1928 and 1940. In 1935 Middlesex College of Medicine and Surgery received authorization to grant B. A. and B. S. degrees, as of 2012, two Middlesex graduates were still practicing in Massachusetts, and four more were still living. In particular, it freely admitted Jews during a time when most elite universities had Jewish quotas and its medical school experienced difficulty securing AMA accreditation. The AMA said this was due to insufficient funds, faculty, and facilities, Middlesex, alone among medical schools, selected its students on the basis of merit, and refused to establish any racial quotas. In 1947, Brandeis, feeling that the school would never be more than third-rate. However, by this same account Brandeis University did choose to close the school of veterinary medicine
Middlesex University (Massachusetts)
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"
The Castle ", originally the main building of Middlesex University
Middlesex University (Massachusetts)
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Former
seal of Middlesex University
3.
State university system
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A state university system in the United States is a group of public universities supported by an individual state, or a similar entity such as the District of Columbia. These systems constitute the majority of public-funded universities in the country, each state supports at least one such system. State university systems should not be confused with federally funded colleges and universities, at which attendance is limited to military personnel, members of foreign militaries and governments also attend some schools. These schools include the United States service academies, Naval Postgraduate School, a state university system normally means a single legal entity and administration, but may consist of several institutions, each with its own identity as a university. Some states—such as California and Texas—support more than one such system, State universities get subsidies from their states. As more and more Americans attend college, and private tuition rates increase well beyond the rate of inflation, admission to universities is becoming more and more competitive. State university systems were a product of the demand for education in the newly formed United States. The tradition of publicly funded state colleges began primarily in the southern states, there remains significant debate about which institution or institutions are the oldest public universities in the United States. The University of Georgia is the countrys first chartered public university, however, the University of Georgia did not hold classes until 16 years later in the fall of 1801. The first collegiate-level classes conducted by an institution were at another Georgia institution. The school eventually dropped high school instruction, but remained a community college until becoming an institution in 1963. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, while chartered four years after Georgia in 1789, was the first state university to hold classes, classes began at UNC in 1795, and UNC is the only state university to have graduated students in the 18th century. The University of South Carolina was chartered in 1801 and held classes for the first time in 1805, determining which state university was the first is further complicated by the case of New Jerseys state university system. Rutgers University, which had previously been a school affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church, was designated as a state university by acts of the legislature in 1945 and 1956. It became a System with the absorptions of Newark University in 1946 and The College of South Jersey in 1950, becoming Rutgers Newark and Camden campuses, respectively. Rutgers was chartered in 1766, nineteen years before the University of Georgia, castleton State College in Vermont is the oldest state university in New England, chartered in 1787. This was soon followed by the charter of The University of Vermont in 1791, however, neither institution was a state university in the modern sense of the term until many decades later. Castleton State began as the Rutland County Grammar School and it did not become a postsecondary institution until the campus became home to the State Normal School in 1867
State university system
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Ilah Dunlap Little Library, the main library at the University of Georgia
State university system
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University of Houston
4.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
Public university
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Cairo University, the prime indigenous model for Egyptian state universities
Public university
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Old Merensky Library at
University of Pretoria, South Africa
Public university
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Sebelas Maret University, one of Indonesia's prominent public universities.
Public university
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Chulalongkorn University main auditorium in Thailand
5.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
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Basic investment types
6.
Marty Meehan
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Martin Thomas Marty Meehan is an educator, a politican, and a lawyer. Meehan is the President of the University of Massachusetts, a position he assumed in July 2015, Meehan, a Democrat, served in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2007 as the Representative for Massachusetts 5th Congressional District. Meehan was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, one of seven born to Martin T. Meehan, a compositor for The Lowell Sun. He graduated from Lowell High School in 1974, Meehan attended the University of Massachusetts Lowell, graduating cum laude in 1978 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Education and Political Science. In 1981, Meehan graduated from Suffolk University with a Master of Public Administration degree, and he has received honorary degrees from the American College of Greece, Suffolk University, Green Mountain College in Vermont, and Shenkar College of Engineering & Design in Israel. In 1996, Meehan married Ellen T. Murphy and they have two children together, Daniel Martin and Robert Francis. Meehan became the President of the University of Massachusetts, a position he assumed in July 2015, Meehan is the first former graduate of a UMass school to serve as President of the UMass System. Meehan was inaugurated at the Edward M. Meehan made raising money for scholarship funds the centerpiece of his inauguration, with an initial fundraising target of $1 million, the privately funded inauguration far exceeded its goals and generated a record $1.7 million for student scholarships. In his first year of presidency, the University’s enrollment reached a record 73,744 students, UMass increased its own funding of financial aid by nearly $20 million during Meehan’s first year, with spending rising from $236 million to a record $255 million, the highest ever. During his years at UMass Lowell, the institution achieved record growth in enrollment, student retention and funding for research, during his tenure as chancellor, UMass Lowell for the first time was named a top-tier national university. It also was the public research institution in New England for starting salary, mid-career salary. Meehan was presented with the Association of College Unions International 2014 President of the Year Award at the organization’s 100th anniversary celebration and he was honored by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education at the annual District I program in 2012 with the Chief Executive Leadership Award. Interspersed with his studies, Meehan held a number of political positions. From 1978 to 1979 Meehan served on the staff to Lowell mayor Raymond F. Rourke and he was the press assistant to Representative James Shannon from 1979 to 1981 and the head research analyst for the Massachusetts Senates joint committee on election laws from 1981 to 1984. From 1987 to 1988, Meehan was a member of the faculty of the University of Massachusetts Lowell, from 1991 to 1992, Meehan was the First Assistant District Attorney for Middlesex County, where he established an innovative “priority prosecution” policy that targeted hardened criminals. Meehan ran for the U. S. House in the 1992 election and was elected on November 3,1992 and he took office in January 1993. Meehan is generally considered to be a political liberal, Meehan is a prominent advocate for campaign finance reform and was one of the major sponsors of Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. He has also noted for his activism on gay rights issues, for example, Meehan is the chief sponsor of the measure repealing the dont ask
Marty Meehan
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Marty Meehan
Marty Meehan
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Meehan celebrates gaining enough votes to bring his campaign finance reform bill to the floor.
7.
Amherst, Massachusetts
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Amherst is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States in the Connecticut River valley. As of the 2010 census, the population was 37,819, the town is home to Amherst College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, three of the Five Colleges. The name of the town is pronounced without the h, giving rise to the saying, only the h is silent. The communities of Amherst Center, North Amherst, and South Amherst are census-designated places, Amherst is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. Lying 18 miles northeast of the city of Springfield, Amherst is considered the northernmost town in the Hartford-Springfield Knowledge Corridor Metropolitan Region, Amherst celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2009. The Amherst 250th Anniversary Celebration Committee was established to oversee the creation and implementation of activities throughout 2009. The first permanent English settlements arrived in 1727 and it gained precinct status in 1734 and eventually township in 1759. When it incorporated, the governor assigned the town the name Amherst after Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst. Many colonial governors at the time scattered his name amidst the influx of new town applications, Amherst was a hero of the French and Indian War who, according to popular legend, singlehandedly won Canada for the British and banished France from North America. Popular belief has it that he supported the American side in the Revolutionary war, nonetheless, his previous service in the French and Indian War meant he remained popular in New England. For this reason, there have been occasional ad hoc movements to rename the town, suggested new names have included Emily, after Emily Dickinson. According to the United States Census Bureau, Amherst has an area of 27.8 square miles. The town is bordered by Hadley to the west, Sunderland and Leverett to the north, Shutesbury, Pelham, and Belchertown to the east, and Granby and South Hadley to the south. The highest point in the town is on the shoulder of Mount Norwottuck. The town is equidistant from both the northern and southern state lines. For interactive mapping provided by the Town of Amherst, see External Links on this page, Amhersts ZIP code of 01002 is the second-lowest number in the continental United States after Agawam. Amherst has a continental climate that under the Köppen system marginally falls into the warm-summer category. It is interchangeable with the hot-summer subtype dfa with July means hovering around 71.4 °F, winters are cold and snowy, albeit daytime temperatures often remain above freezing
Amherst, Massachusetts
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Amherst Center. Shops along the west side of South Pleasant Street, February 2005.
Amherst, Massachusetts
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Flag
Amherst, Massachusetts
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UMass, looking southeast
Amherst, Massachusetts
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Town Hall
8.
Boston, Massachusetts
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston, Massachusetts
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From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston, Massachusetts
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State Street, 1801
Boston, Massachusetts
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View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston, Massachusetts
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Scollay Square in the 1880s
9.
Dartmouth, Massachusetts
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Dartmouth, Massachusetts is a coastal New England town and was the first area of Southeastern Massachusetts settled. Dartmouth itself is part of the Farm Coast New England comprising a chain of coastal villages, vineyards. It celebrated its 350th birthday June 8,2014 and it is also part of the Massachusetts South Coast. The local daily newspaper is The Standard-Times, the northern part of Dartmouth has the towns large commercial districts. Although it does not abut Buzzards Bay, there are several waterways including Lake Noquochoke, Cornell Pond, Shingle Island River, there are several working farms in town and vineyards. All vineyards in the town are part of the Coastal Wine Tour, the town also has a thriving agricultural heritage and many of the working farms are protected. The southern part of Dartmouth borders Buzzards Bay where a fishing and boating community thrives, off its coast, Marthas Vineyard. The New Bedford Yacht Club in Padanaram hosts a bi-annual Regatta, with unique historic villages and selection of coastal real estate, it has for many generations been a summering community. Notable affluent sections within South Dartmouth are Nonquitt, Round Hill, Barneys Joy, still it has its fair share of year round residents lending to thriving seasonal activities all year. Dartmouth is the third-largest town in Massachusetts, after Plymouth and Middleborough, the distance from Dartmouths northern most border with Freetown to Buzzards Bay in the south is approximately 16 miles. The villages of Hixville, Bliss Corner, Padanaram, Smith Mills, Massachusetts should not be mistaken for Dartmouth College, a private Ivy League research university located 185 miles north of Dartmouth, in Hanover, New Hampshire. Dartmouth was first settled in 1650 and was incorporated in 1664. Dartmouths history was that of an agricultural and seafaring community, and it was named for the town of Dartmouth, Devon, England, from where the Puritans originally intended to depart for America. It was sold to the Religious Society of Friends or Quakers, the towns borders were originally named in the charter as the lands of Acushnea, Ponagansett, and Coaksett. This includes the land of the towns of Westport, Fairhaven, and Acushnet, in 1789, the towns of Westport and New Bedford, which included Fairhaven and Acushnet, separated and were incorporated as towns themselves. The Lloyd Center for Environmental Studies, located in South Dartmouth, is a organization that provides educational programs on aquatic environments in southeastern New England. It is across the mouth of the Slocums River from Demarest Lloyd State Park and its summer evening Barn Bash and winter fundraising auction are held annually. Round Hill was the site of early-to-mid 20th century research into the uses of radio, in 1936, the Colonel died, and the estate fell into disrepair as litigation between his wife and his sister continued for eight years over his vast fortune
Dartmouth, Massachusetts
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Dartmouth Town Hall
Dartmouth, Massachusetts
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The former MIT antenna atop Round Hill
Dartmouth, Massachusetts
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The village of Padanaram, with its bridge in the foreground
Dartmouth, Massachusetts
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The campus of
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
10.
Lowell, Massachusetts
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Lowell is a city in the US Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Located in Middlesex County, Lowell served as a county seat until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999, with an estimated population of 109,945 in 2014, it is the fourth-largest city in Massachusetts, and the second-largest in the Boston metropolitan statistical area. The city is part of a smaller Massachusetts statistical area called Greater Lowell. Incorporated in 1826 to serve as a town, Lowell was named after Francis Cabot Lowell. The city became known as the cradle of the American Industrial Revolution, due to a series of textile mills. Many of the Lowells historic manufacturing sites were later preserved by the National Park Service to create Lowell National Historical Park, during the Cambodian genocide, the city took in an influx of refugees, leading to a Cambodia Town and Americas second-largest Cambodian-American population. Lowell is home to two higher schools, the University of Massachusetts Lowell and Middlesex Community College. As Lowells population grew, it acquired land from neighboring towns, many of the men who composed the labor force for constructing the canals and factories had immigrated from Ireland, escaping the poverty and Potato Famines of the 1830s and 1840s. The mill workers, young women called Mill Girls, generally came from the farm families of New England. By the 1850s, Lowell had the largest industrial complex in the United States, the textile industry wove cotton produced in the South. In 1860, there were more spindles in Lowell than in all eleven states combined that would form the Confederacy. Yet the city did not simply finish raw materials produced in the American South, the city continued to thrive as a major industrial center during the 19th century, attracting more migrant workers and immigrants to its mills. Next were the Catholic Germans, followed by an influx of French Canadians during the 1870s and 1880s. Later waves of immigrants included Portuguese, Polish, Lithuanians, Swedes, Greeks and they came to work in Lowell and settled in ethnic neighborhoods, with the citys population reaching almost 50% foreign-born by 1900. By the time World War I broke out in Europe, the city had reached its economic, in 1885 was founded the Lowell Co-operative Bank, today Sage Bank, one of the oldest still functioning banks in Massachusetts. The Mill Cities manufacturing base declined as companies began to relocate to the South in the 1920s, the city fell into hard times, and was even referred to as a depressed industrial desert by Harpers Magazine in 1931, as the Great Depression worsened. At this time, more than one-third of its population was on relief, several years later, the mills were reactivated, making parachutes and other military necessities for the World War II effort. However, this economic boost was short-lived and the years saw the last textile plants close
Lowell, Massachusetts
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Lowell on the Merrimack River with Cox Bridge
Lowell, Massachusetts
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The Massachusetts Mill at the confluence of the
Merrimack and
Concord Rivers
Lowell, Massachusetts
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Saint Anne's Episcopal Church, built 1824
Lowell, Massachusetts
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Mills sat abandoned after industry left the city in the early twentieth century.
11.
Worcester, Massachusetts
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Worcester /ˈwʊstər/ WUUSS-tər local pronunciation /ˈwᵻstə/ is a city and the county seat of Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. Named after Worcester, England, as of the 2010 Census the citys population was 181,045, Worcester is located approximately 40 miles west of Boston,50 miles east of Springfield and 40 miles north of Providence. Due to its location in Central Massachusetts, Worcester is known as the Heart of the Commonwealth, thus, however, the heart symbol may also have its provenance in lore that the mass-produced Valentines Day card was invented in the city. S. Census Combined Statistical Area, or Greater Boston, the city features many examples of Victorian-era mill architecture. The area was first inhabited by members of the Nipmuc tribe, the native people called the region Quinsigamond and built a settlement on Pakachoag Hill in Auburn. In 1673 English settlers John Eliot and Daniel Gookin led an expedition to Quinsigamond to establish a new Christian Indian praying town and identify a new location for an English settlement. On July 13,1674, Gookin obtained a deed to eight miles of land in Quinsigamond from the Nipmuc people. In 1675, King Philips War broke out throughout New England with the Nipmuc Indians coming to the aid of Indian leader King Philip, the English settlers completely abandoned the Quinsigamond area and the empty buildings were burned by the Indian forces. The town was abandoned during Queen Annes War in 1702. Finally in 1713, Worcester was permanently resettled for a time by Jonas Rice. Named after the city of Worcester, England, the town was incorporated on June 14,1722, on April 2,1731, Worcester was chosen as the county seat of the newly founded Worcester County government. Between 1755 and 1758, future U. S. president John Adams worked as a schoolteacher, in the 1770s, Worcester became a center of American revolutionary activity. British General Thomas Gage was given information of patriot ammunition stockpiled in Worcester in 1775, also in 1775, Massachusetts Spy publisher Isaiah Thomas moved his radical newspaper out of British occupied Boston to Worcester. Thomas would continuously publish his paper throughout the American Revolutionary War, on July 14,1776, Thomas performed the first public reading in Massachusetts of the Declaration of Independence in front of the Worcester town hall. He would later go on to form the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester in 1812, during the turn of the 19th century Worcesters economy moved into manufacturing. Factories producing textiles, shoes and clothing opened along the nearby Blackstone River, however, the manufacturing industry in Worcester would not begin to thrive until the opening of the Blackstone Canal in 1828 and the opening of the Worcester and Boston Railroad in 1835. The city transformed into a hub and the manufacturing industry flourished. Worcester was officially chartered as a city on February 29,1848, immigrants moved into new triple-decker houses which lined hundreds of Worcesters expanding streets and neighborhoods
Worcester, Massachusetts
Worcester, Massachusetts
Worcester, Massachusetts
Worcester, Massachusetts
12.
Springfield, Massachusetts
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Springfield is a city in western New England, and the seat of Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Springfield sits on the bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers, the western Westfield River, the eastern Chicopee River, and the eastern Mill River. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 153,060. Metropolitan Springfield, as one of two areas in Massachusetts, had an estimated population of 698,903 as of 2009. The first Springfield in the New World, it is the largest city in Western New England, and the urban, economic and it is the third-largest city in Massachusetts and fourth-largest in New England after Boston, Worcester, and Providence. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, lies 23.9 miles south of Springfield, bradley International Airport, which sits 12 miles south of Metro Center Springfield, is Hartford-Springfields airport. Springfield was founded in 1636 by English Puritan William Pynchon as Agawam Plantation under the administration of the Connecticut Colony, in 1641 it was renamed after Pynchons hometown of Springfield, Essex, England, following incidents that precipitated the settlement joining the Massachusetts Bay Colony. From 1777 until its closing during the Vietnam War, the Springfield Armory attracted skilled laborers to Springfield, arsenal at Springfield during Shays Rebellion of 1787 led directly to the formation of the U. S. Springfield is located at 42°6′45″N 72°32′51″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.2 square miles, of which 32.1 square miles is land and 1.1 square miles is water. Once nicknamed The City in a Forest, Springfield features over 4, aside from its rivers, Springfields 2nd most prominent topographical feature is the citys 735 acres Forest Park, designed by renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Forest Park also borders Western Massachusetts most affluent town, Longmeadow, Springfield shares borders with other well-heeled suburbs such as East Longmeadow, Wilbraham, Ludlow and the de-industrializing city of Chicopee. The small cities of Agawam and West Springfield, Massachusetts lie less than a mile from Springfields Metro Center, across the Connecticut River. The City of Springfield also owns the Springfield Country Club, which is located in the city of West Springfield, Massachusetts. Springfield, like other cities in southern New England, has a continental climate with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold with a average in January of around 26 °F. During winter, noreaster storms can drop significant snowfalls on Springfield, Springfields summers are very warm and sometimes humid. During summer, several times per month, on hot days afternoon thunderstorms will develop when unstable warm air collides with approaching cold fronts, the daily average in July is around 74 °F. Usually several days during the summer exceed 90 °F, constituting a heat wave, Spring and fall temperatures are usually pleasant, with mild days and crisp, cool nights
Springfield, Massachusetts
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Springfield, Massachusetts
Springfield, Massachusetts
Springfield, Massachusetts
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Main Street in Springfield, 1908
Springfield, Massachusetts
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The
Knowledge Corridor surrounding Springfield from space.
13.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
Massachusetts
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A portion of the north-central
Pioneer Valley in
Sunderland
Massachusetts
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Flag
Massachusetts
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Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the
piping plover
Massachusetts
–
The
Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by
William Halsall (1882). The
Pilgrims were a group of
Puritans who founded
Plymouth in 1620.
14.
University of Massachusetts Boston
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The University of Massachusetts Boston, also known as UMass Boston, is an urban public research university and the third-largest campus in the five-campus University of Massachusetts system. The university is on 177 acres on the Columbia Point peninsula in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, UMass Boston is the only public university in Boston. Students are primarily from Massachusetts but some are from other parts of the U. S. or different countries, the University of Massachusetts Boston was established by vote of the state legislature in 1964. Freshman classes started for 1,227 undergraduate students in September 1965 at a building in the Park Square area of downtown Boston. The Founding Day Convocation was held December 10,1966, at the Prudential Center in Boston, John W. Ryan was installed as the universitys first chancellor. UMass Boston is part of the Greater Boston Urban Education Collaborative, in 1974, it opened its new campus at the Columbia Point peninsula on Dorchester Bay. The university originally occupied five buildings, McCormack Hall, Wheatley Hall, the Science Center, Healey Library, and the Quinn Administration Building. The original Harbor Campus buildings were said to have had sparse and unattractive interiors, with odd mazes of hallways and they were rumored to have been designed by architects who were primarily familiar with prisons, although the library was designed by the Chicago modernist architect Harry Mohr Weese. At one point in his career, Weese designed the Metropolitan Correction Center in Chicago, a special legislative committee was formed to investigative the contract. A scandal erupted after it was learned MBM paid State Senators Joseph DiCarlo, DiCarlo and MacKenzie were convicted of extortion. The Clark Athletic Center, including an ice arena, swimming pool. It also hosted the first presidential debate between then Texas Governor George W. Bush and Vice President Al Gore in 2000. The cancellation of two days of classes to create security for the debate resulted in a protest by UMass Boston students, faculty, the original buildings fell into disrepair, and there are plans for replacement. Allegations of shoddy construction surfaced again in 2006 when the parking garage was closed because it had become structurally unsound. All parking is now outdoors, except for the Campus Center garage, in 2004, a new Campus Center was opened, designed by the Boston-based architectural firm of Kallmann McKinnell & Wood and built by Suffolk Construction at a cost of $80 million. It houses offices, restaurants in a court, event space, student clubs. It also serves as the new entrance for the campus and was the first major building since the original Harbor Campus was built in the 1970s. In January 2015, the university opened its first new building since the original campus was built
University of Massachusetts Boston
–
The
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is located on
Columbia Point next to UMass Boston.
University of Massachusetts Boston
–
University of Massachusetts Boston
University of Massachusetts Boston
–
The UMass Boston campus
15.
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
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The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth is one of five campuses and operating subdivisions of the University of Massachusetts. It is located in North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States, in the center of the South Coast region and it became a UMass campus in 1991 when Southeastern Massachusetts University was merged into the University of Massachusetts system. The campus has a student body of 8,916 students. As of the 2016 academic year, UMass Dartmouth records 392 full-time faculty on staff, for the fourth consecutive year UMass Dartmouth receives top 20 national rank from President’s Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll for its civic engagement. UMass School of Law at Dartmouth opened its doors in September 2010, accepting all current SNESL students with a C or better average as transfer students, the law school achieved full accreditation in December 2016. In 2011, UMass Dartmouth became the first university in the world to have a sustainability report that met the top level of the worlds most comprehensive, credible, and widely used standard. In 2013, UMass Dartmouth became the first university in the world whose annual sustainability report achieved an A+ application level according to the Global Reporting Initiative G3.1 standard. The New Bedford Textile School was renamed the New Bedford Institute of Textiles and Technology, in 1962, the two schools were combined to create the Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute, expanding to become Southeastern Massachusetts University by 1969. In 1964, ground was broken on a unified campus not far from the Smith Mills section of Dartmouth, Group I was completed in 1966, with Group II in 1969 and the other original buildings being finished by 1971. SMU was merged into the UMass system and adopted its present name in 1991 and it also offers a combined MBA/Juris Doctor. The college is the only AACSB-accredited public business school in the region of Massachusetts. AACSB-accredited institutions have a level of quality, higher admission standards. The Charlton College of Business houses multiple, nationally ranked degree programs, for the 2015–16 academic year, the part-time MBA program is ranked No.182 in the nation according to U. S. News & World Report. The schools undergraduate program is nationally ranked No.150 by U. S. News. The Princeton Review lists the Charlton College of Business as one of their best 296 business schools, in 2017 College Choice named Charltons MBA program with concentration in marketing No.28 among the 35 in the United States. In 2016 its online MBA program was listed as No.62 in the nation by U. S. News, additionally Charltons Online MBA program was ranked No.53 for veterans in the special edition of U. S. News. The building architecture is similar to that of the Boston Government Service Center, the stairs were made relatively short in height, ostensibly in order to slow people down and thus allow them to appreciate the campus more fully. Atriums were also placed in the Group 1 and Group 2 buildings to people a place to socialize between sections of the halls
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
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University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
–
The UMass Dartmouth campus
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
–
The Claire T. Carney Library at UMass Dartmouth
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
–
A map of UMass Dartmouth's campus
16.
University of Massachusetts Lowell
–
The University of Massachusetts Lowell is an urban public research university in Lowell, Massachusetts, United States, and part of the University of Massachusetts system. With nearly 1,150 faculty members and 18,058 students, it is the largest university in the Merrimack Valley and the second-largest public institution in the state behind UMass Amherst. The university offers 122 bachelors,43 masters and 36 doctoral degree programs, including nationally recognized programs in engineering, criminal justice, education, music, science, each would follow its own path of expansion through the 20th century. Lowell State College got its start as the Lowell Normal School, the 10th and final normal school to be established in Massachusetts, it opened in 1898 with 108 students and five faculty members. The original classroom building opened the year at the corner of Broadway and Wilder streets. Designed by local firm Stickney & Austin, it reflects the fashion of the time, high-style Beaux Arts with classical symmetry, arches, cast-iron lampposts and its design was influenced in part by Lowell High School, which was also designed by Lowell native Frederick W. Stickney. Frank Coburn, for whom the hall was named, served as the schools first principal until 1908. After being threatened with closure during the Great Depression, school administrators rallied local support to keep it open. A delegation of prominent individuals representing Lowells powerful interest groups traveled to Boston, the result was that the school not only survived, but continued to grow and expand. In 1950, Dr. Daniel OLeary assumed the presidency and initiated a building program. The physical plant of the campus expanded during post-war era from a structure to a multi-building complex. Beginning in 1967, the college was authorized to confer two degrees, Master of Education and Master of Music Education. Established in 1895 as the Lowell Textile School, the institution was founded to train technicians, under the guidance of founder James T. Smith, Lowell Textile opened its doors in February 1897 in the upper floors of a downtown commercial block located on Middle Street. The school offered training programs in cotton and wool manufacturing, design, textile chemistry. In 1903, the school moved from downtown to its permanent location just northwest of the Merrimack River, the yellow brick mill-like Southwick Hall was dedicated to Royal and Dierexa Southwick. Grandparents of the wealthy businessman Frederick Ayer, the Southwicks were Quakers, ten years later, the school granted its first bachelors degrees in textile dyeing and textile engineering. He moved the institute decisively toward general engineering, setting up a program in 1956. The textile program was closed in 1971, reflecting the closure of most of the mills in the city, in 1972, a feasibility study was conducted on merging Lowell State College with Lowell Technological Institute
University of Massachusetts Lowell
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Coburn Hall in 1899
University of Massachusetts Lowell
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University of Massachusetts Lowell
University of Massachusetts Lowell
–
World War I era photo of Southwick and Kitson Hall
University of Massachusetts Lowell
–
Cumnock Hall - University of Massachusetts Lowell
17.
University of Massachusetts Medical School
–
The University of Massachusetts Medical School is one of five campuses of the University of Massachusetts system. One of the academic health centers in the country, UMMS is located in Worcester, Massachusetts, other UMass sites are located in Amherst, Boston, Dartmouth. UMMS is also known as UMass Worcester, the school is ranked 5th in primary-care education and 49th in research among the United States 128 medical schools in the 2015 U. S. News & World Report annual guide, America’s Best Graduate Schools”. During the past four decades UMMS researchers have made advances in a range of disease families, from HIV and infectious diseases to cancer, genetic disorders, diabetes. The School of Medicine accepted its first class of 16 students in 1970, six years later a 371-bed hospital opened on campus, the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences opened in 1979, and the Graduate School of Nursing opened in 1986. Accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, the School of Medicine grants the MD degree to its graduates, with the exception of MD/PhD students, degree candidates were formerly required to be Massachusetts residents, a policy which has changed beginning with the entering class of 2017. Approximately 125 students enroll annually, and more than 2,700 students have received degrees from UMMS. SCImago Journal Rank listed the university as No.74 in the US, over half of each graduating class enters primary-care residencies, a trend underscoring the school’s founding mission. In addition, a number of graduates practice throughout the state. The institution attributes its success in training physicians, in part. Third-year students are required to complete a program, in which they spend six weeks at a time with community-based physicians. Since the first class of seven students enrolled in 1979, more than 300 students have earned PhDs from the GSBS, the program, is gaining national and international recognition for excellence. Since the opening of the Graduate School of Nursing in 1986, UMMS has emerged on the national scene as a research center. In 1998, UMMS researcher Craig Mello and his colleague Andrew Fire discovered RNA interference, Mello and Fire demonstrated that small pieces of double-stranded RNA had interfered with the expression of a gene whose coding sequence of DNA was similar to that of the RNA they tested. Since the discovery of RNAi, researchers at UMMS and around the world have taken advantage of its technology to speed investigation into a variety of diseases, Mello and Fire received the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries related to RNA interference. UMMS scientists also pioneered the fundamental elements of DNA-based flu vaccines during the 1990s, UMMS Professor of Medicine Shan Lu, leader of the UMMS DNA vaccine efforts, and his colleagues have partnered with PowerMed to advance the development of a potential avian-flu vaccine. Federal and private grants and contracts at UMMS rose from about $2 million in 1977 to more than $307.6 million in 2011. UMMS currently supports more than 260 investigators working on advancements in the treatment of disease, the UMass Medical School is affiliated with a number of healthcare organizations and research programs
University of Massachusetts Medical School
–
University of Massachusetts Medical School main building, south side
University of Massachusetts Medical School
–
Aaron Lazare Medical Research Building
University of Massachusetts Medical School
–
Topics
18.
Satellite campus
–
A satellite campus or branch campus is a campus of a college or university that is physically at a distance from the original university or college area. This branch campus may be located in a different city, state, or country, the separate campuses may be under the same accreditation and share resources or they share administrations but maintain separate budgets, resources, and other governing bodies. In many cases, satellite campuses are intended to serve students who cannot travel far from home for college because of family responsibilities, their jobs, financial limitations, the availability of branch campuses may increase higher education enrollment by nontraditional students. Electronic communications technology has helped to facilitate the operation of satellite campuses, one growing trend is the establishment of international branch campuses. These are satellite campuses of a parent institution that is located outside the country where the campus is located. The number of branch campuses worldwide grew from 35 before 1999 to 162 in 2009. As of 2009, the United Arab Emirates was the host of 40 international branch campuses, there were 15 international branch campuses in China,12 in Singapore, nine in Qatar, and six in Canada. Although the overall number of branch campuses has grown rapidly. A new breed of branch campuses of Indian universities in the Persian Gulf region is emerging which aims to meet South Asians aspirations to study abroad in a cost-efficient manner, there are several regional satellite or branch campus consortia but only one national association in the United States. St. Johns University has two satellite campuses, one is located in Rome, Italy and offers two graduate degrees as well as numerous study abroad opportunities for undergraduate students. The other is located in Paris, France and offers undergraduate study abroad programs. Ohio State University has five campuses, located in Lima, OH, Mansfield, OH, Marion, OH, Newark, OH. The University of Michigan has two campuses, one located in Flint, MI and the other in Dearborn, MI. The University of Toronto Scarborough and the University of Toronto Mississauga are satellite campuses of the University of Toronto, the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University at New York City are satellite campuses of Cornell University. The University of Waterloo School of Architecture moved from the main campus in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada to a satellite campus in Cambridge. The satellite facility was established due to lack of space at the main campus, University College London has established branch campuses in Adelaide, Australia and Doha, Qatar. These campuses are research intensive with all studies at graduate level only, pennsylvania State University has 19 commonwealth campuses around the state, known as the Commonwealth Campuses, enrolling approximately 40 percent of the universitys students. The Branch campuses of the University of Wisconsin system only offer two-year programs intended to allow students to transfer to the main campus or other four-year universities
Satellite campus
–
Universities in Castile-La Mancha, showing branch campuses (all UNED centres are branches of the Madrid central campus).
19.
Reuters
–
Reuters /ˈrɔɪtərz/ is an international news agency headquartered in London, England. It is a division of Thomson Reuters, until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, Reuters transmits news in English, French, Arabic, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Urdu, and Chinese. The Reuter agency was established in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in Britain at the London Royal Exchange, Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. Upon moving to England, he founded Reuters Telegram Company in 1851, headquartered in London, the company initially covered commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. The first newspaper client to subscribe was the London Morning Advertiser in 1858, Reuters agency built a reputation in Europe and the rest of the world as the first to report news scoops from abroad. Reuters was the first to report Abraham Lincolns assassination in Europe, for instance, in 1872, Reuters expanded into the far east, followed by South America in 1874. Both expansions were made possible by advances in overland telegraphs and undersea cables, in 1883, Reuters began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers. In 1923, Reuters began using radio to transmit news internationally, in 1925, The Press Association of Great Britain acquired a majority interest in Reuters, and full owners some years later. During the world wars, The Guardian reported that Reuters came under pressure from the British government to national interests. In 1941 Reuters deflected the pressure by restructuring itself as a private company, the new owners formed the Reuters Trust. In 1941, the PA sold half of Reuters to the Newspaper Proprieters Association, the Reuters Trust Principles were put in place to maintain the companys independence. At that point, Reuters had become one of the major news agencies. In 1961, Reuters scooped news of the erection of the Berlin Wall, in 1981, Reuters began making electronic transactions on its computer network, and afterwards developed a number of electronic brokerage and trading services. Reuters was floated as a company in 1984, when Reuters Trust was listed on the stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange. Reuters published the first story of the Berlin Wall being breached in 1989, share price grew during the dotcom boom, then fell after the banking troubles in 2001. In 2002, Brittanica wrote that most news throughout the world came from three major agencies, the Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse, Reuters merged with Thomson Corporation in Canada in 2008, forming Thomson Reuters. In 2009, Thomson Reuters withdrew from the LSE and the NASDAQ, instead listing its shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange, the last surviving member of the Reuters family founders, Marguerite, Baroness de Reuter, died at age 96 on 25 January 2009
Reuters
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Reuters Building, Canary Wharf, London
Reuters
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Reuters building entrance in
New York City
20.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
–
Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
–
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
21.
National Academy of Inventors
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The National Academy of Inventors is a national non-profit organization, which includes around 145 member institutions and approximately 3,000 individual members and Fellows. The academy holds a conference and an annual awards ceremony during which it inducts new Fellows. The National Academy of Inventors edits a multidisciplinary journal Technology and Innovation published by Cognizant Communication Corporation in New York, Technology and Innovation has published information about pharmacology, the academic peer review process, and the application of nanotechnology to energy efficiency. The journal has published new research on global patent harmonization. Technology and Innovation annually publishes the proceedings of the National Academy of Inventors meetings, the academy was founded in 2010 by Paul Sanberg, a neuroscientist, entrepreneur, inventor, and the senior vice president for research and innovation at the University of South Florida. Inventors Digest reported that the NAI acts on tenets of the 1980 Bayh-Dole Act which empowered universities in the United States to retain ownership of their patented inventions. Fellows inducted into the NAI in 2013 were named in the United States House of Representatives, the NAI weighs in on current issues of public policy by publishing articles on topics of importance to their members. On September 18,2014, U. S. Rep. Dennis A. Ross, Senior Deputy Majority Whip, introduced H. R.5650, the legislation has been referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. The NAI holds a meeting each spring. The 2013 annual meeting was held in Tampa, Florida. The 2014 annual meeting was held at USPTO Headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia, the 2015 annual meeting will be held at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. New fellows are inducted into the NAI annually, the stated criteria for induction is prolific innovations, one or more of which is trademarked, which make a significant and positive impact on quality of life, societal welfare, and economic growth. Fellows are named on the basis of achievements in applied science, specifically those who hold one or more patents issued by the United States Patent, curtis Carlson, president and CEO of SRI International and a prominent technologist. Joseph DeSimone, Chancellor’s Eminent Professor of Chemistry in the College of Arts, thomas J. Fogarty, internationally recognized cardiovascular surgeon, inventor and entrepreneur. Greg Hampikian, American biologist and the founder and director of the Idaho Innocence Project, patrick T. Harker, President of the University of Delaware. Nick Holonyak, John Bardeen Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dennis Liotta, an Emory University professor and executive director of the Emory Institute for Drug Development. Esther Takeuchi, Distinguished Professor at Stony Brook University and a Chief Scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory, jay S. Walker, curator and chairman of TedMed and a founder of Priceline. com. National Academy of Inventors Technology and Innovation - Journal of the National Academy of Inventors National Academy of Inventors Annual Conference
National Academy of Inventors
–
National Academy of Inventors
22.
Boston State College
–
Boston State College was a public university located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Boston State Colleges roots began with the Girls High School, which was founded in 1852, in 1872, the Boston Normal School separated from Girls High School and became an independent institution, although it still occupied the building alongside the high school and Girls Latin School. The Normal School was renamed the Teachers College of the City of Boston in 1924, in 1952, it became a state college, the State Teachers College at Boston. The college was renamed the State College at Boston, also known as Boston State College, Boston State College merged with University of Massachusetts Boston in 1982. After the merger, in the mid-1980s, its main campus, located at 621 Huntington Avenue, was acquired by the Massachusetts College of Art. Bill Berglund – ice hockey player Edward G. Connolly – politician Michael L. Healey Library, University of Massachusetts Boston
Boston State College
–
Boston State College
23.
Land-grant colleges
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A land-grant university is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The Morrill Acts funded educational institutions by granting federally controlled land to the states for them to sell, to funds, to establish. This mission was in contrast to the practice of higher education to focus on an abstract liberal arts curriculum. Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large public universities that offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are schools, including Cornell University. The concept of publicly funded agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to attention through the efforts of Jonathan Baldwin Turner in the late 1840s. The first land-grant bill was introduced in Congress by Representative Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont in 1857, the bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan. Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was enacted into law in 1862. Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College as the land grant college on March 29,1864. The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16,1863, the oldest school that currently holds land-grant status is Rutgers University, founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864. The oldest school to ever hold land-grant status was Yale University and this designation was later stripped by the Connecticut legislature under populist pressure and transferred to what would become the University of Connecticut. A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former Confederate states and this act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color. Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of historically black colleges and universities. In imitation of the land-grant colleges focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of sea grant colleges, space grant colleges and it is also the smallest land-grant university in the country. The Farmers High School of Pennsylvania, later to become The Pennsylvania State University, michigan State and Penn State were subsequently designated as the federal land-grant colleges for their states in 1863. Older state universities – such as the University of Georgia, which was established with a grant of land in 1784 – were also funded through the use of land grants. Indeed, land grants to institutions are a practice inherited from Europe. These earlier examples, however, offered a different mission than the education offered by land-grant institutions established under the Morrill Act
Land-grant colleges
–
Painting of an early land grant college (
Kansas State University) from the Westward Expansion Corridor at the
U.S. Capitol
Land-grant colleges
–
Contents
Land-grant colleges
–
United States Postal Service commemorative
stamp
24.
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
–
The Morrill Land-Grant Acts are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges in U. S. states using the proceeds of federal land sales. The Morrill Act of 1862 was enacted during the American Civil War, for 20 years prior to the first introduction of the bill in 1857, there was a political movement calling for the creation of agriculture colleges. The movement was led by Professor Jonathan Baldwin Turner of Illinois College, for example, the Michigan Constitution of 1850 called for the creation of an agricultural school, though it was not until February 12,1855, that Michigan Governor Kinsley S. Unlike the Turner Plan, which provided a grant to each state. This was more advantageous to the populous eastern states. The Morrill Act was first proposed in 1857, and was passed by Congress in 1859, in 1861, Morrill resubmitted the act with the amendment that the proposed institutions would teach military tactics as well as engineering and agriculture. Aided by the secession of states that did not support the plans. The previous day Lincoln signed a bill financing the railroad with land grants. Less than two months earlier he signed the Homestead Act encouraging western settlement, together these actions, taken at a time when the Union Army was poorly performing, did much to define post-Civil War America. Under the act, each state received a total of 30,000 acres of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries. This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions described above. After the war, however, the 1862 Act was extended to the former Confederate states, it was extended to every state and territory. 8 On September 11,1862, the state of Iowa was the first to accept the terms of the Morrill Act which provided the funding boost needed for the fledgling State Agricultural College and Model Farm. The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16,1863, before the Civil War American engineers were mostly educated at West Point. While the Congressional debate associated with the Morrill Act was largely focused on benefits to agriculture, after the Civil War, as the German University model began to replace the English College, with the encouragement of the Morrill Act the engineering discipline was gradually defined. Because the Morrill Act excluded spending on buildings, engineering specific infrastructure such as textbooks, in 1866 there were around 300 American men with engineering degrees and six reputable colleges granting them. By 1911 the United States was graduating 3000 engineers a year, the Morrill Act coincided with the establishment of engineering in the American university. With a few exceptions, nearly all of the Land-Grant Colleges are public, to maintain their status as land-grant colleges, a number of programs are required to be maintained by the college
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
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Justin Smith Morrill
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
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Morrill Hall, on the campus of the
University of Maryland, College Park (a land-grant university), is named for Senator
Justin Morrill, in honor of the act he sponsored.
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
–
Beaumont Tower at
Michigan State University marks the site of
College Hall which is the first building in the United States to teach agricultural science.
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
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Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Morrill Act, at the
Library of Congress, June 23, 2012
25.
Pioneer Valley Transit Authority
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The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority oversees and coordinates public transportation in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts. Currently the PVTA offers fixed-route bus service as well as service for the elderly. The PVTA was created by Chapter 161B of the Massachusetts General Laws in 1974 and it is based in Springfield, Massachusetts and serves Hampden, Hampshire, and Franklin counties. As such, the PVTA contracts with two entities to provide service in the service area, First Transit and UMass Transit Services. The contractors run semi-autonomous garages that act as depots for the surrounding areas. The Springfield Area Transit Company operates the portion of PVTAs service area. SATCo, located at 2808 Main Street in Springfield, is managed by First Transit, PVTAs headquarters are also housed at this same location. All SATCo fixed-route buses are numbered in the 1000 series, except for the Palmer and Ware shuttle buses, Springfield PVTA transports more than 9 million passengers annually. UMass Transit Services is a department within the University of Massachusetts Amherst, the UMass Transit garage is located on-campus at 255 Governors Drive, Amherst. All UMass Transit fixed-route buses are numbered in the 3000 series, UMass Transit is a student-based organization with more than 90% of the employees being UMass students. Amherst PVTA is operated by one of the oldest student driver groups in the country, today, UMass Transit Services operates 10 routes with a fleet of 40 transit vehicles. Service runs 12 months a year,20 hours per day, seven days per week, UMass Transit Services Amherst PVTA transports more than 3.5 million passengers annually. The Valley Area Transit Company operates the portion of PVTAs service area. VATCo, located at 54 Industrial Drive in Northampton, is managed by First Transit, All VATCo fixed-route buses are numbered in the 7000 series, except Easthampton-Nashawannuck vans, which are numbered in the 5000 series. Amherst-area paratransit passengers who are not members of the University community are served by Hulmes, All paratransit vehicles are numbered in the 5000 series. These routes are all operated by SATCo, Route Red 10 Shuttle, Westfield Center & Westfield State University, http, //pvta. com/schedules/R10. pdf http, //pvta. com/schedules/R10S. pdf X90A Inner-City Crosstown. Serves Downtown Holyoke, New Ludlow Road, Memorial Drive, Springfield Plaza, Armory St, Walnut St, White St. serves Downtown Holyoke, Willimansett, Grattan St, Springfield Plaza, Armory St, Walnut St, White St. and Big Y in East Longmeadow. Http, //pvta. com/schedules/X90. pdf X92 Mid-City Crosstown, Route serves Mill Street, Island Pond Rd, Independence House, replaces the former route Green 8, http, //pvta. com/schedules/X92. pdf South Hadley Tiger Shuttle, Formerly the Route Red 25
Pioneer Valley Transit Authority
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Pioneer Valley Transit Authority bus #7813 travels past
Smith College on the B43 in
Northampton.
Pioneer Valley Transit Authority
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Academics
Pioneer Valley Transit Authority
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Research
Pioneer Valley Transit Authority
26.
Kumble R. Subbaswamy
–
Kumble R. Subbaswamy is the 11th and current chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He formerly served as the provost of University of Kentucky, Subbaswamy was born in the city of Bangalore, Karnataka in India. He served as Research associate in the Department of Physics at University of California and he later joined as Assistant Professor at University of Kentucky in 1978 and rose to become the Chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy from 1993 to 1997. He also served as Adjunct professor at University of Pavia in Italy in 1990 and he later served as the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in the Department of Physics at both University of Miami and Indiana University Bloomington. He then served as the provost of University of Kentucky, kumble Subbaswamy is a published author and coauthor of several books, research papers and journals. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016, kumble R. Subbaswamy, College of Arts and Sciences, IU Bloomington. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016, official website - University of Massachusetts Amherst Biography - University of Massachusetts Amherst
Kumble R. Subbaswamy
–
Academics
27.
Quincy, Massachusetts
–
Quincy is the largest city in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. It is a part of Metropolitan Boston and is Bostons immediate southern suburb. Its population in 2010 was 92,271, making it the 8th largest city in the state, first settled in 1625, Quincy was briefly part of Dorchester and Boston before becoming the north precinct of Braintree in 1640. In 1792, Quincy was split off from Braintree, the new town was named after Colonel John Quincy, maternal grandfather of Abigail Adams, Quincy became a city in 1888. For more than a century, Quincy was home to a thriving industry, the city was also the site of the Granite Railway. Shipbuilding at the Fore River Shipyard was another key part of the citys economy, in the 20th century, both Howard Johnsons and Dunkin Donuts were founded in the city. It was visited in 1621 by Plymouth Colony commander Myles Standish and Squanto, four years later, a party led by Captain Wollaston established a post on a low hill near the south shore of Quincy Bay east of present-day Blacks Creek. The settlers found the area suitable for farming, as Chickatawbut and this settlement was named Mount Wollaston in honor of the leader, who left the area soon after 1625, bound for Virginia. The Wollaston neighborhood in Quincy still retains Captain Wollastons name, upon the departure of Wollaston, Thomas Morton took over leadership of the post, and the settlement proceeded to gain a reputation for debauchery with Indian women and drunkenness. In 1627, Morton was arrested by Standish for violating the code of conduct in a way harmful to the colony and he was sent back to England, only to return and be arrested by Puritans the next year. The area of Quincy now called Merrymount is located on the site of the original English settlement of 1625, the area was first incorporated as part of Dorchester in 1630 and was briefly annexed by Boston in 1634. The area became Braintree in 1640, bordered along the coast of Massachusetts Bay by Dorchester to the north and Weymouth to the east, beginning in 1708, the modern border of Quincy first took shape as the North Precinct of Braintree. Following the American Revolution, Quincy was officially incorporated as a town named for Col. John Quincy in 1792. In 1845 the Old Colony Railroad opened, the Massachusetts Historical Commission stated that the railroad was the beginning of a trend toward suburbanization, Quincy became as accessible to Boston as was Charlestown. The first suburban land company, Bellevue Land Co. had been organized in northern Quincy in 1870, Quincys population grew by over 50 percent during the 1920s. Among the citys several firsts was the Granite Railway, the first commercial railroad in the United States, Quincy granite became famous throughout the nation, and stonecutting became the citys principal economic activity. Quincy was also home to the first iron furnace in the United States, in the 1870s, the city gave its name to the Quincy Method, an influential approach to education developed by Francis W. Parker while he served as Quincys superintendent of schools. Parker, a proponent of progressive education, put his ideas into practice in the citys underperforming schools, four years later
Quincy, Massachusetts
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City Hall at Quincy Center in May 2009
Quincy, Massachusetts
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View of Mount Wollaston as it appeared in 1840, virtually unchanged from the time of initial English settlement in 1625. The central part of this sketch was adopted as the seal of Quincy.
Quincy, Massachusetts
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Quincy, Massachusetts, oil on canvas,
Childe Hassam, 1892
Quincy, Massachusetts
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Kam Man Food in Quincy, Massachusetts
28.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
Boston
–
From top to bottom, left to right: the
Boston skyline viewed from the
Bunker Hill Monument; the
Museum of Fine Arts;
Faneuil Hall;
Massachusetts State House;
The First Church of Christ, Scientist;
Boston Public Library; the
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;
South Station;
Boston University and the
Charles River;
Arnold Arboretum;
Fenway Park; and the
Boston Common
Boston
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State Street, 1801
Boston
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View of Boston from
Dorchester Heights, 1841
Boston
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Scollay Square in the 1880s
29.
Columbia Point (Boston)
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Columbia Point, in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts sits on a peninsula jutting out from the mainland of eastern Dorchester into the bay. Old Harbor Park is on the side, adjacent to Old Harbor. The Boston Harborwalk follows the entire coastline, in Dorchester, Columbia Point was the landing place for Puritan settlers in the early 1600s. The Native Americans called it Mattaponnock, the community was, in the 17th and 18th centuries, and through to the mid-19th century, a calf pasture, a place where nearby Dorchester residents took their calves for grazing. It was largely an uninhabited marshland on the Dorchester peninsula and its size was originally 14 acres. Many landfills, subsequent to that time, have enlarged the size to 350 acres in the 20th century. In 1845, the Old Colony Railroad ran through the area and connected Boston and Plymouth, the station was originally called Crescent Avenue or Crescent Avenue Depot as an Old Colony Railroad station, then called Columbia until December 1,1982, and then again changed to JFK/UMass. It is an MBTA rail line station for both the subway and commuter rail line, in the 1880s, the calf pasture was used as a Boston sewer line and pumping station, known as the Calf Pasture Pumping Station Complex. This large pumping station still stands and in its time was a model for treating sewage and it pumped waste to a remote treatment facility on Moon Island in Boston Harbor, and served as a model for other systems worldwide. This system remained in use and was the Boston Sewer systems headworks, handling all of the citys sewage. The pumping station is architecturally significant as a Richardsonian Romanesque designed by the then Boston city architect. It is also the only remaining 19th century building on Columbia Point and is in the National Register of Historic Places, land-filling had caused the creation of Columbus Park on the peninsula and what was then called “Day Boulevard”, now Morrissey Boulevard, by 1934. There was a trash dump on the peninsula which turned into more landfill for other use. During World War II, small barracks were built on this landfill for some prisoners of war, after the war, these were re-used for the Columbia Point Veterans Village. Also, in 1950, Boston College High School relocated from the South End of Boston to its present home on Morrissey Boulevard, the area was now known as Columbia Point. The Columbia Point Development was completed in 1954 and had 1,500 apartments, other infrastructure was added, including public schools. The MBTA rapid transit stop was called Columbia, and is known as the JFK/UMass stop on the Red Line. In the 1960s, there was a movement of community residents from the Columbia Point housing projects to get the city dump and they were able to get attorney F. Lee Bailey interested and to represent them
Columbia Point (Boston)
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1888 German map of Boston Harbor showing Dorchester in the lower left hand corner.
Columbia Point (Boston)
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Landsat image of Boston showing Columbia Point peninsula.
Columbia Point (Boston)
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Map showing all ground in Boston occupied by buildings in 1880. Columbia Point is in the center near bottom with two roads going out to the pumping station and calf pasture. From
U.S. Census Bureau.
Columbia Point (Boston)
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Columbia Point housing from Carson Beach. The photo depicts a 1977 racial conflict between residents of Columbia Point and
South Boston for the use of Carson Beach and the L Street bath house.
30.
Boston Harbor
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Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, and is located adjacent to the city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a shipping facility in the northeastern United States. Since its discovery to Europeans by John Smith in 1614, Boston Harbor has been an important port in American history and it was the site of the Boston Tea Party as well as almost continuous backfilling of the harbor until the 19th century. By 1660 almost all came to the greater Boston area. A rapid influx of people transformed Boston into a booming city, the health of the harbor quickly decreased as the population of Boston increased. As early as the late 19th century Boston citizens were advised not to swim in any portion of the Harbor, in the 19th century two of the first steam sewage stations were built. With these mandates the harbor was seeing small improvements, but raw sewage was still continuously pumped into the harbor, in 1919 the Metropolitan District Commission was created to oversee and regulate the quality of harbor water. However, not much improvement was seen and general awareness of the poor quality of water was very low. In 1972 the Clean Water Act was passed in order to promote increased national water quality. Boston did not receive a clean water act waiver from the Environmental Protection Agency, since the mid-1970s organizations within the Boston community have battled for a cleaner Boston Harbor. More recently, the harbor was the site of the $4.5 billion Boston Harbor Project, failures at the Nut Island sewage treatment plant in Quincy and the companion Deer Island plant adjacent to Winthrop had far-reaching environmental and political effects. Fecal coliform bacteria levels forced frequent swimming prohibitions along the harbor beaches and that suit was followed by one by the Conservation Law Foundation and finally by the United States government, resulting in the landmark court-ordered cleanup of Boston Harbor. The court ordered cleanup continued throughout the two decades and is still ongoing. Before the cleanup projects, the water was so polluted that The Standells released a song in 1966 called Dirty Water about the state of the Charles River. The song is popular with Red Sox fans and is played regularly at Fenway Park whenever the Red Sox win a game. Neal Stephenson, who attended Boston University from 1977 to 1981, based his novel, Zodiac. Boston Harbor is a harbor which constitutes the western extremity of Massachusetts Bay. The harbor is often described as being split into an inner harbor, the harbor itself comprises fifty square miles with 180 miles of shoreline and 34 harbor islands
Boston Harbor
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Signage on the streets of
Boston.
Boston Harbor
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Topographic map of Boston Harbor
Boston Harbor
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Tourist walkway along the harbor
Boston Harbor
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Georges Island
31.
John F. Kennedy Library
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The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and museum of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. Designed by the architect I. M, the library and museum were dedicated in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter and members of the Kennedy family. It can be reached from nearby Interstate 93 or via shuttle bus or walk from the JFK/UMass stop on the Boston subways Red line. At the time there were four other Presidential Libraries, the Hoover Presidential Library, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, the Truman Library. They were all scattered around the country in small towns from New York to Iowa, Kennedy had not decided on any design concept yet, but he felt that the existing presidential libraries were placed too far away from scholarly resources. Kennedy chose a plot of land next to the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, the building would face the Charles River which was a few feet away, and on the other side of which, the dormitories that included Winthrop House where Kennedy spent his upperclassman days. Therefore, the building would have the word museum appended to its name, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, after President Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963, his family and friends discussed how to construct a library that would serve as a fitting memorial. A committee was formed to advise Kennedys widow Jacqueline, who would make the final decision, the group deliberated for months, and visited with architects from around the world including Pietro Belluschi and others from the United States, Brazils Lucio Costa, and Italys Franco Albini. Mrs. Kennedy and others met with the candidates together at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis, Massachusetts, the committee also conducted a secretive process whereby the architects voted anonymously for the most capable of their colleagues. Progress on the building shortly after his death. On January 13,1964, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy announced that a taped oral-history project was to be undertaken for inclusion in the library, the project would feature administration staff, friends, family, and politicians from home and abroad. Large donations came from the Hispanic world with Venezuela pledging $100,000, the oral-history project also began recording, starting with Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert Kennedy. Originally projected to consist of interviews with 150 people,178 had agreed to participate, some notable donations include $900,000 handed over to Postmaster General John A. Gronouski on July 9,1964. It was the sum of a campaign encompassing 102 Federal agencies, Gronouski said many of the Federal employee contributions were in the form of a $5 withholding each payday for a period of three years. The next day the Indian ambassador to the United States, Braj Kumar Nehru, presented Black with a check for $100,000 during a ceremony at the River Club. Nehru said that the Indian people were hit by a sad blow when the President died, and he desired for Indian students abroad in the United States to use the library, then still planned for construction at Harvard along the banks of the Charles River. On December 13,1964, the Kennedy family announced that I. M. Pei was unanimously chosen by a subcommittee as the architect of the library. Even though Pei was relatively unknown amongst the list of candidates, Mrs. Pei did not have a design yet, but the idea as described by Robert Kennedy was to “stimulate interest in politics. ”Meanwhile, the suggestion that Harvard may not be a suitable site for the library had begun cropping up
John F. Kennedy Library
John F. Kennedy Library
–
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
John F. Kennedy Library
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From the pavilion (pictured), designer I. M. Pei says there is a restricted access area that offers the best view in the complex.
John F. Kennedy Library
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President Kennedy had the coconut made into a paperweight. It sat on his desk in the Oval Office. The message reads: "NAURO ISL… COMMANDER… NATIVE KNOWS POS'IT… HE CAN PILOT… 11 ALIVE… NEED SMALL BOAT… KENNEDY"
32.
Boston Globe
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The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was held until 1973. The company was acquired in 1993 by The New York Times Company, in 2011, a BostonGlobe. com subscription site was launched. In 2013, the newspaper and websites were purchased by John W. Henry, the Boston Globe has been awarded 26 Pulitzer Prizes since 1966, and its chief print rival is the Boston Herald. The Boston Globe was founded in 1872 by six Boston businessmen, including Charles H. Taylor and Eben Jordan, the first issue was published on March 4,1872, and cost four cents. Originally a morning daily, it began a Sunday edition in 1877, in 1878, The Boston Globe started an afternoon edition called The Boston Evening Globe, which ceased publication in 1979. By the 1890s, The Boston Globe had become a stronghold, in 1964, Tom Winship succeeded his father, Larry Winship, as editor. The younger Winship transformed The Globe from a local paper into a regional paper of national distinction. He served as editor until 1984, during which time the paper won a dozen Pulitzer Prizes, the Boston Globe was a private company until 1973 when it went public under the name Affiliated Publications. It continued to be managed by the descendants of Charles H. Taylor, in 1993, The New York Times Company purchased Affiliated Publications for US$1.1 billion, making The Boston Globe a wholly owned subsidiary of The New York Times parent. The Jordan and Taylor families received substantial New York Times Company stock, Boston. com, the online edition of The Boston Globe, was launched on the World Wide Web in 1995. Consistently ranked among the top ten websites in America, it has won numerous national awards. Under the helm of editor Martin Baron and then Brian McGrory, the Boston Globe is credited with allowing Peter Gammons to start his Notes section on baseball, which has become a mainstay in all major newspapers nationwide. In 2004, Gammons was selected as the 56th recipient of the J. G. Taylor Spink Award for outstanding baseball writing, given by the BBWAA, and was honored at the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 31,2005. In 2007, Charlie Savage, whose reports on President Bushs use of signing statements made national news, the Boston Globe has consistently been ranked in the forefront of American journalism. The Boston Globe hosts 28 blogs covering a variety of topics including Boston sports, local politics, on April 2,2009, The New York Times Company threatened to close the paper if its unions did not agree to $20,000,000 of cost savings. Some of the cost savings include reducing union employees pay by 5%, ending pension contributions, the Boston Globe eliminated the equivalent of fifty full-time jobs, among buy-outs and layoffs, it swept out most of the part-time employees in the editorial sections. The papers other three major unions had agreed to concessions on May 3,2009, after The New York Times Company threatened to give the government 60-days notice that it intended to close the paper
Boston Globe
–
The April 18, 2011 front page of The Boston Globe
Boston Globe
–
The Boston Globe
Boston Globe
–
Boston Globe headquarters in September 2009
33.
Boston College High School
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Boston College High School is an all-male, Jesuit, Roman Catholic, college preparatory secondary school founded in 1863 with historical ties to Boston College. It has an enrollment in grades 7-12 of approximately 1,600 students and is located on a 40-acre campus on Morrissey Boulevard in the Dorchester section of Boston, Massachusetts, on March 31,1863, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts approved a charter for the incorporation of Boston College. Johannes Bapst, SJ, was selected first president and presided over the grounds on Harrison Avenue in Bostons South End. For most of its history, BC offered a singular 7-year program corresponding to both high school and college. Its first entering class of 22 students ranged in age from 11 to 16 years, the curriculum was based on the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum, emphasizing Latin, Greek, philosophy and theology. While BCs mission, as articulated by founder Fr, john McElroy, SJ, was to educate pupils in the principles and practice of the Catholic faith, its founding documents reflect the historical realities of the time. The great influx of immigrants to Boston in the nineteenth century corresponded with growing anti-Catholic sentiment among the aristocratic elite. As a result, BCs charter was revolutionary for its time in stating that the profession of religion not be a necessary condition for admission to the College. By the start of the 20th century, BCs enrollment had reached nearly 500, expansion of the South End buildings onto James Street enabled increased division between the high school and the college. Nonetheless, traditional ties between BC High and BC have survived, and Boston College remains a destination for BC High graduates. Alumni who graduate from both institutions are called Double Eagles, following the Great Depression, BC High was characterized by increasing enrollment and aging facilities. By the 1940s, the South End buildings proved inadequate once again, overcrowding and a demand for athletic fields led Jesuit President Fr. Robert A. Hewitt to purchase 70 acres on Columbia Point, in the Boston neighborhood of Dorchester in 1948, at a cost of $240,000, critics warned that BC High would be abandoning its city roots and moving to an undeveloped part of the city. Father Hewitts dream began to see fruition in 1950, with the opening of McElroy Hall, by 1954, the entire student body had moved to Columbia Point, though members of the Jesuit Community remained at the South End Residence until 1957. In that year, Loyola Hall, the new Jesuit residence, was completed, William J. Kemeza is the current president of Boston College High School. He was the founder of BC Highs Renaissance Campaign, BC High completed a 63, 000-square-foot addition in the spring of 2005. The project included a new science building, new administrative offices, a new cafeteria. Afterward, during the fall of 2005, President William J. Kemeza announced Renaissance, The Campaign for Boston College High School, the campaign raised over $51 million by its conclusion in June 2008
Boston College High School
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BC's founder, Fr. John McElroy, SJ
Boston College High School
–
BC High's original campus in Boston's South End. the building has been converted to residential condominiums. On the right, a corner of the Jesuit Urban Center can be seen.
34.
Bradford Durfee Textile School
–
The Bradford Durfee College of Technology was a college located in Fall River, Massachusetts. It was chartered in 1895 as the Bradford Durfee Textile School and it was then incorporated in 1899 and opened in 1904. The school was named after Bradford Durfee, a leading early Fall River industrialist, the school was originally built with $35,000 in funds from the state. These funds were then matched by the state, following a precedent at the two state textile schools in Lowell and New Bedford. The first class was five days a week and involved 163 students, four general courses were offered, with the subjects mainly focusing around textiles. A three-year program in General Cotton Manufacturing was also offered along with two courses in Designing and Weaving and in Chemistry and Dyeing, as time went on and the curriculum got more intense, the courses were extended to three years. Around that time, a course in Mechanical Engineering was also added, in 1946, the name of the college was changed to the Bradford Durfee Technical Institute. In 1947, the school was allowed to grant the Bachelor of Science degree, in 1958, the name of the school was again changed to the Bradford Durfee College of Technology. This name change reflected the changing mission of the school, as it was now able to grant degrees and this also occurred because non-degree schools which granted degrees in less than four years were known as technical institutes. In the 1950s and 60s, the school had plans of expansion, as the New Bedford Institute of Technology was also nearby, the state legislature merged the two schools in 1960 to form the Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute. Construction of a new campus for the school, located in North Dartmouth, in 1991, the merged school became part of the University of Massachusetts system as the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. The Bradford Durfee Textile School – Archives & Special Collections (History of Mass Dartmouth
Bradford Durfee Textile School
–
Bradford Durfee College of Technology
35.
Paul Rudolph (architect)
–
Paul Marvin Rudolph was an American architect and the Chair of Yale Universitys Department of Architecture for six years, known for his use of concrete and highly complex floor plans. His most famous work is the Yale Art and Architecture Building, Paul Marvin Rudolph was born October 23,1918 in Elkton, Kentucky. His father was an itinerant Methodist preacher, and through their travels Rudolph was exposed to the architecture of the American south and he also showed early talent at painting and music. Rudolph earned his bachelors degree in architecture at Auburn University in 1940, after three years, he left to serve in the Navy for another three years, returning to Harvard to receive his masters in 1947. Rudolph was known to be gay and he is one of the modernist architecture architects considered part the Sarasota School of Architecture. Following his studies at Harvard, Rudolph moved to Sarasota, Florida, Rudolphs Sarasota time is now part of the period labeled Sarasota School of Architecture in his career. The roof was concave and was constructed using a built-up spray-on process that Rudolph had seen used to cocoon disused ships during his time in the US Navy. In addition, Rudolph used jalousie windows, which enabled the characteristic breezes to, other Sarasota landmarks by Rudolph include the Riverview High School, built in 1957 as his first large-scale project. As Charles Gwathmey, the architect overseeing renovation of Art and Architecture Building at Yale, said, In June 2009 and he then took the chairmanship of the Yale School of Architecture Department of Architecture in 1958, shortly after designing the Yale Art & Architecture Building. Rudolph stayed at Yale for six years until he returned to private practice and he designed the Temple Street Parking Garage, also in New Haven, in 1962. While chair of the Department of Architecture at Yale, Rudolph taught Muzharul Islam, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers, Foster in particular has noted the significant influence that Rudolph had upon him. Rudolph was invited to Bangladesh by Muzharul Islam and designed Bangladesh Agricultural University and he worked on the Milam Residence, which was designed and constructed between 1959 and 1961. It still stands today on Floridas eastern coast, outside Jacksonville, here, the only dimensional control was the size of standard concrete blocks that were used, fair-faced, for structural and partition walls alike. The large blocks provide shade for the windows, allowing the Florida home to be easily cooled and this houses seaside facade of stacked rectangles exemplifies the sculptural nature of Rudolphs work during this period. Rudolphs fascination with European Modernism and the theory made this a difficult building to construct. Rudolph had to concern for multiple influences as well as his own style. At the time, Rudolph was working independently and would become an icon in European Modernism. In 1958, Rudolph was commissioned to create a plan for Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee
Paul Rudolph (architect)
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Wisma Dharmala Sakti office tower, Jakarta
Paul Rudolph (architect)
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A portion of Riverview High School in 2007
Paul Rudolph (architect)
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The Art & Architecture Building (renamed Rudolph Hall in 2008) houses the
Yale School of Architecture and is one of Paul Rudolph's best known works.
Paul Rudolph (architect)
–
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Claire T Carney Library
36.
Lowell State College
–
Lowell State College was a public college located in Lowell, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1894 as the Lowell Normal School, it was chartered as teacher training institution for women, the college merged with nearby Lowell Technological Institute in 1975 to become the University of Lowell, a comprehensive institution. In 1991, the campus was incorporated into University of Massachusetts system as the University of Massachusetts Lowell, the Lowell Normal School was chartered in 1894 as a teacher training institution for women. The tenth and final normal school to be established in Massachusetts, it opened in 1898 with 108 students, the original classroom building opened the next year at the corner of Broadway and Wilder Streets, and quickly became a landmark in the city. Designed by local firm Stickney & Austin, it reflects the fashion of the time, high-style Beaux Arts with classical symmetry, arches, cast-iron lampposts and its design was influenced in part by Lowell High School, which was also designed by Lowell native Frederick W. Stickney. Frank Coburn, for whom the hall was named, served as the schools first principal until 1908. The main mission of the school at that time was to prepare students for the teaching of elementary education, courses typically took two years, with the third and fourth years optional because of space in the building. In 1910, the mission of the school expanded with the creation of a music program. As the mission of the school was to train the students, the nearby Bartlett Training School was first used when twenty seven rooms were made available. After being threatened with closure during the Great Depression, school administrators rallied local support to keep it open. A delegation of prominent individuals representing Lowells powerful interest groups traveled to Boston, the result was that the school not only survived but continued to grow and expand. In 1950, Dr. Daniel OLeary assumed the presidency and initiated a building program. The physical plant of the campus expanded during post-war era from a structure to a multi-building complex. The dedication of several named for each of the schools six presidents was held on June 9,1974. These buildings were built in the style of brutalism, the school gained university status in 1959. In 1972, a feasibility study was conducted on merging the school with the nearby Lowell Technological Institute, in 1975, the schools merged to form the University of Lowell, which changed its name in 1991 to the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Today, the campus is known as the South Campus of UMass Lowell. Graduate School of Education Umass Lowell-History University of Massachusetts-Lowell
Lowell State College
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Coburn Hall in 1899
37.
Lowell Technological Institute
–
The Lowell Technological Institute was a public college located in Lowell, Massachusetts, United States. It was founded in 1895 as the Lowell Textile School and its campus is now part of UMass Lowell. The Lowell Textile School opened on October 4,1897, originally, the first class had over 200 students. The school was modeled on the success of the Polytechnical School at Philadelphia, the school originally opened in three rented rooms on Middle Street in downtown Lowell. The college offered three year diplomas in cotton or wool manufacture, design, or textile chemistry and dyeing, tuition at the time was one hundred dollars. In 1903, the moved to the newly built Southwick Hall. In 1913, the school granted its first bachelors degree in textile dyeing, during World War I, the grounds of the college were used as a military training camp. During this time, the school almost went bankrupt due to the demand for soldiers. During World War II, the school almost went bankrupt again as war demanded soldiers, the enrollment of the school fell to 73 students at one point. The mission of the college moved towards general engineering, and a program was created in 1956. The textile program was closed in 1971, reflecting the closure of most of the mills in the city, in 1947 the first two dormitories were built, Smith and Eames Hall. In 1967, two dormitories were built across the Merrimack River, in 1973, Lowell Technical Institute Dormitory was built near Leitch and Bourgeois Hall. At eighteen stories, the building, which was later renamed Fox Hall, is one of the tallest buildings in Lowell, in 1972, a feasibility study was conducted on merging the school with the nearby Lowell State College. The schools merged in 1975 to form the University of Lowell, today, Lowell Techs campus is known as the North Campus of UMass Lowell. Dave Morey, coach John Leslie Merrill, professor Graduate School of Education Umass Lowell-History University of Massachusetts-Lowell An early image of Southwick, taken off a postcard
Lowell Technological Institute
–
World War I era photo of Southwick and Kitson Hall
38.
Merrimack Valley
–
The Merrimack Valley is a bi-state region along the Merrimack River in the U. S. states of New Hampshire and Massachusetts, United States. The Merrimack is one of the waterways in the New England region and has helped define the livelihood. Major cities in the Merrimack Valley include Concord, Manchester and Nashua in New Hampshire, as well as Lowell, Lawrence, the Merrimack Valley was a major center of the textile industry in America during the 19th century. The cities and towns in this area are, The population of the region in 2010 was 631,477 residents, or slightly more than the city of Bostons at the time, and about one tenth of the state. The Merrimack Valley contains a mixture of 19th-century industrial cities and mill built to take advantage of the rivers waterpower, modern suburbs. The western portion, including Greater Lowell and Haverhill/Lawrence/Methuen, is more urbanized than the eastern portion. The entire Merrimack Valley region within Massachusetts is a component of Greater Boston, automobile travel through the Massachusetts section of the Merrimack Valley is served primarily by Interstate 495. From Lowell and Lawrence, U. S. Route 3 and Interstate 93, respectively, head north along the valley, joining in Manchester, henniker marks the western extent, and Nottingham the east. Manchester boasts a regional airport, with scheduled commercial services. To the east is the Seacoast Region, to the west is the Monadnock Region, Interstate 93 bisects the region which is also served by Interstate 293, U. S. Route 3 and many New Hampshire state highways. The original settlers of the Merrimack Valley were various tribes of the Pennacook Indians, the river provided an easy means of transportation, an exceptional source of salmon as well as other fish, and the land along the river banks was suitable for hunting and sometimes farming. However, much of the soil is full of granite, the earliest European records of the river date to a French expedition under Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, in 1605. By 1629, the British were moving into the area, the city of Newburyport, first settled in 1635, at the rivers mouth, became an important shipbuilding center during the colonial era, using lumber floated downriver from the White Mountains. Prior to this time, other canals had been built around falls and rapids to make the Merrimack navigable, such as the Pawtucket Canal at East Chelmsford. Lowell, the first large-scale planned textile center in America, remained the nations largest into the 1850s, textile production spread up and down the Merrimack Valley in both states for the next century, but eventually was eclipsed after the Second World War. Manchesters Amoskeag Mills was once the largest cotton textile plant in the world, Lawrence was the site of the Bread and Roses strike, a landmark event in the history of labor relations in the United States. After World War II, the industry collapsed rapidly. After a few decades of stagnation, the Massachusetts Miracle came to the valley, bringing the headquarters of Wang Laboratories to Tewksbury, apollo Computer located in Chelmsford and Nashua Corporation in Nashua moved beyond printing to computer products
Merrimack Valley
–
The
Merrimack River in
Haverhill flowing to its mouth in
Newburyport, Massachusetts
Merrimack Valley
–
The
Chain Bridge (Massachusetts), or Essex-Merrimac Bridge, as it crosses the
Merrimack between
Newburyport and
Amesbury, Massachusetts.
Merrimack Valley
–
The North Canal in
Lawrence, Massachusetts
Merrimack Valley
–
The second largest city on the Merrimack River,
Lowell, owes its existence to the waterpower the river provided to run her mills.
39.
America East Conference
–
The America East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA Division I, whose members are located mainly in the Northeastern United States. The conference was known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference-North from 1979 to 1988, the America East Conference was founded as the Eastern College Athletic Conference-North, a mens basketball-only athletic conference in 1979. Many other events have occurred since its formation, Rhode Island left in 1980, the University of Hartford joined in 1985. Colgate left in 1990 to join the Patriot League, the University of Delaware and Drexel University joined in 1991. On July 1,1996, the name changed to its present name. During 2001, Delaware, Drexel, Hofstra and Towson left to join the Colonial Athletic Association while the University at Albany, Binghamton University, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County soon joined in 2003. Northeastern left in 2005 to join the CAA, most recently, Boston University left to join the Patriot League on July 1,2013, while the University of Massachusetts Lowell joined from Division II. There are nine schools with membership, There are currently four schools with associate membership. All are in California, and moved their field hockey teams into the America East in July 2015, a fifth associate member, from Virginia, will be added in mens and womens swimming & diving in the 2017–18 school year. Three schools have had single-sport membership in the past, two of these, Fairfield and Providence, moved their America East sports into their all-sports conferences. The third, NJIT, left when it joined a conference that sponsored its America East sport, full members Other Conference Other Conference The America East Conference sponsors championship competition in seven mens and eleven womens NCAA sanctioned sports. The most recent change to the roster of America East sports was announced in 2016, Notes Notes The conference does not sponsor football. Four members have football programs, all of which compete in the Colonial Athletic Association, Albany, Maine, New Hampshire, the conference does not sponsor ice hockey. Members who participate in that sport do so as members of Hockey East
America East Conference
–
America East Conference (America East)
40.
Hockey East
–
The Hockey East Association, also known as Hockey East, is a college ice hockey conference which operates mostly in New England. It participates in the NCAAs Division I as a hockey-only conference, Hockey East came into existence in 1984 for mens hockey when most of its current members split from what is today known as ECAC Hockey. It largely sought to emulate the Big East Conference, which had grown quickly since its creation a few years earlier, the womens league, the WHEA, began play in 2002. On October 5,2011, the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish announced they would be joining Hockey East as the conferences first non-New England school in 2013 after the CCHA folded. On March 22,2016, Notre Dame subsequently announced their mens team would leave Hockey East for the Big Ten Conference at the start of the 2017-2018 season. The University of Connecticut and Hockey East jointly announced on June 21,2012 that UConns mens team, then in Atlantic Hockey, there are currently 12 member schools, with all 12 participating in the mens division and nine in the womens division. Men Women Both The Hockey East Championship Game has been held in Boston since 1987, first at the Boston Garden and now the TD Garden, the first two were held in Providence, Rhode Island at the Providence Civic Center. The final game and the games are held on consecutive nights in mid-March at the Garden. The quarterfinal round takes place the previous weekend, the top eight teams in the league advance to the quarterfinal round, the quarterfinal round series are 2-out-of-3 series with all games played at the higher seeds rink. There have been two cases where the #8 seed won on the #1 teams ice, the Hockey East Championship was held in Boston from its inception in 2003 until 2007. The event was held at Northeasterns Matthews Arena in 2003 and 2004 before moving to BUs Walter Brown Arena in 2005, the tournament returned to Matthews Arena in 2006, was held at UNHs Whittemore Center in 2007, and at UConns Mark Edward Freitas Ice Forum in 2008. The tournament went back to UNH in 2009, Providence in 2010, the tournament moved to Hyannis, Massachusetts in 2012 and has been held there ever since. Boston College, Boston University, and Northeastern all take part in the annual Beanpot tournament with Harvard of ECAC Hockey, the previously existing fierce rivalry between Boston College and Notre Dame, the Holy War on Ice, became a conference matchup with Notre Dames arrival in Hockey East. The two are rivals in sports as well, as both are members of the Atlantic Coast Conference for most sports. Maine also has a rivalry with New Hampshire, often called The Border War. Providence and UConn also have a rivalry which spills over from the basketball court. At the conclusion of regular season schedule the coaches of each Hockey East team vote which players they choose to be on the three All-Conference Teams, first team, second team and rookie team. Additionally they vote to award up to 6 individual trophies to a player at the same time
Hockey East
41.
Nobel Prize
–
The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895, the prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901. Medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold, between 1901 and 2016, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 579 times to 911 people and organisations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 23 organisations, the prize ceremonies take place annually in Stockholm, Sweden. Each recipient, or laureate, receives a medal, a diploma. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics. The prize is not awarded posthumously, however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century, a prize may not be shared among more than three people. Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden and he was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill and this invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite, Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous. In 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary, titled The merchant of death is dead, as it was Alfreds brother Ludvig who had died, the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered and this inspired him to change his will. On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo, Italy, Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895, Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets,31 million SEK, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. Because of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway. The executors of Nobels will, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobels fortune, Nobels instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize, the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organisations were designated or established and these were Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded, and, in 1900, in 1905, the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved
Nobel Prize
–
Alfred Nobel had the unpleasant surprise of reading his own obituary, which was titled The merchant of death is dead, in a French newspaper.
Nobel Prize
–
The Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize
–
Alfred Nobel's
will stated that 94% of his total assets should be used to establish the Nobel Prizes.
Nobel Prize
–
Wilhelm Röntgen received the first Physics Prize for his discovery of X-rays.
42.
Craig Mello
–
Craig Cameron Mello is an American biologist and professor of molecular medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Andrew Z. Fire and this research was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Medical School and published in 1998. Mello has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator since 2000, Mello was born in New Haven, Connecticut on October 18,1960. He was the child of James and Sally Mello. His father, James Mello, was a paleontologist and his mother and his paternal grandparents immigrated to the US from the Portuguese islands of Azores. His parents met while attending Brown University and were the first children in their families to attend college. His grandparents on both sides withdrew from school as teenagers to work for their families, James Mello completed his Ph. D. in paleontology from Yale University in 1962. The Mello family moved to Falls Church in northern Virginia so that James could take a position with the United States Geological Survey in Washington and he was raised as Roman Catholic. After a brief stay in Falls Church, the moved to Fairfax, Virginia. Among Craigs fondest early memories were field trips with his father, the Mello family had a very strong tradition of discussions around the dinner table and this experience was very important to young Mello. He learned to argue, to listen, and to admit it when he was wrong about something, at a time when young Mello was not performing so well in school, these daily discussions helped to build his confidence and self-esteem. Mello struggled during the first few years of grade school and he started first grade at the age of five in a local private school because he was too young to enter first grade in the public system. He doesnt know if he was a slow learner, or just not interested, in second grade, Mello only pretended that he could read and he was embarrassed by being called on in class. He much preferred playing outdoors, in the woods and creeks, meanwhile, his older siblings were model students, raising the teachers expectations for him. During these early years, Mello had no doubt that he would be a scientist when he grew up and he is now the father of two daughters and a step-daughter and step-son. After receiving his high school diploma, Mello attended Brown University as a biochemistry and he received his Sc. B. from Brown in 1982. Mello attended the University of Colorado, Boulder for graduate studies in molecular, cellular, after Hirsh decided to take a position in industry, Mello moved to Harvard University where he could continue his research with Dan Stinchcomb. Mello completed his Ph. D. at Harvard in 1990 and he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in the laboratory of Dr. James Priess
Craig Mello
–
Craig Mello
43.
MIT
–
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
MIT
–
Stereographic card showing an MIT mechanical drafting studio, 19th century (photo by
E.L. Allen, left/right inverted)
MIT
–
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MIT
–
A 1905 map of MIT's Boston campus
MIT
–
Plaque in Building 6 honoring
George Eastman, founder of
Eastman Kodak, who was revealed as the anonymous "Mr. Smith" who helped maintain MIT's independence
44.
Harvard University
–
Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
Harvard University
–
Engraving of
Harvard College by
Paul Revere, 1767
Harvard University
–
Harvard University
Harvard University
–
John Harvard statue,
Harvard Yard
Harvard University
–
Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.
45.
Boston University
–
Boston University is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students and it offers bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and doctorates, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Bostons Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, BU is categorized as an R1, Doctoral University in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education, the University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities, and 32nd among global universities by U. S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings. In 1876, BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab, American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAAs Division I, BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League, and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for hockey, in which it has won five national championships. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969, on April 24–25,1839 a group of Methodist ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, Vermont, the school was named the Newbury Biblical Institute, in 1847, the Congregational Society in Concord, New Hampshire, invited the Institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused Congregational church building with a capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs, one stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the Methodist General Biblical Institute, with the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the Trustees of the Concord Biblical Institute purchased 30 acres on Aspinwall Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts, as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in Boston, in 1869, three Trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature a charter for a university by name of Boston University. These three were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises and they were Isaac Rich, Lee Claflin, and Jacob Sleeper, for whom Boston Universitys three West Campus dormitories are named. Lee Claflins son, William, was then Governor of Massachusetts, on account of the religious opinions he may entertain, provided, nonetheless, that this section shall not apply to the theological department of said University. Every department of the new university was open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race. The Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the BU School of Theology, in January 1872 Isaac Rich died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the University was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout the core of the city of Boston and was appraised at more than $1.5 million, Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university to that time
Boston University
–
688 Boylston Street, the early home of the College of Liberal Arts, the precursor to the College of Arts & Sciences
Boston University
Boston University
–
Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone at Boston University
Boston University
–
Helen Magill White, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. from an American university
46.
Northeastern University
–
Northeastern University is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts, established in 1898. It is categorized as an R1 institution by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the university offers undergraduate and graduate programs on its main campus in the Fenway-Kenmore, Roxbury, South End, and Back Bay neighborhoods of Boston. The university has satellite campus in Charlotte, North Carolina, Seattle, Washington, an additional satellite campus will open in Toronto, Canada in late 2016. The universitys enrollment is approximately 18,000 undergraduate students and 7,000 graduate students, Northeastern features a cooperative education program that integrates classroom study with professional experience on seven continents and a comprehensive study abroad program. In 2011, the university opened the George J. Kostas Research Institute for Homeland Security, the Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering Complex opened in early 2017. Northeastern is a large, highly residential university, most students choose to live on campus but upperclassmen have the option to live off campus. More than 75% of Northeastern students receive some form of financial aid, in the 2015–16 school year, the university offered $239 million in grant and scholarship assistance. The universitys sports teams, the Northeastern Huskies, compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Colonial Athletic Association in 18 varsity sports, mens Track and Field has won the CAA back to back years in 2015 and 2016. In 2013, mens basketball won its first CAA regular season championship, mens soccer won the CAA title for the first time, in 1903, the first Automobile Engineering School in the country was established followed by the School of Commerce and Finance in 1907. In 1916, a bill was introduced into the Massachusetts Legislature to incorporate the institute as Northeastern College, after considerable debate and investigation it was passed in March 1916. On March 30,1917, Frank Palmer Speare was inaugurated as the new Colleges first President, five years later the school changed its name to Northeastern University to better reflect the increasing depth of its instruction. In March 1923, the University secured general degree granting power from the Legislature, with the exception of the A. B. the S. B. the College of Liberal Arts was added in 1935. Two years later the Northeastern University Corporation was established, with a board of trustees composed of 31 University members and 8 from the YMCA, in 1948 Northeastern separated itself completely from the YMCA. Following World War II Northeastern began admitting women, in the postwar educational boom the University created the College of Education, University College, and the Colleges of Pharmacy and Nursing. The College of Criminal Justice followed, then the College of Computer Science, by the early 1980s the one-time night commuter school had grown to nearly 60,000 enrollees. By 1989–1990 University enrollment had reduced to about 40,000 full, part-time, and evening students, following the retirement of President Kenneth Ryder 1989 the University adopted a slow and more thoughtful approach to change. Historically, it had been accepting between 7,500 and 10,000 students per year based on applications of about 15,000 to 20,000 with acceptance rates between 50% and 75% depending on program. Attrition rates were huge, with a 25% freshmen dropout rate and graduation rate below 50%, when President John Curry left office in 1996 the university population had been systematically reduced to about 25,000
Northeastern University
–
The
Huntington Avenue YMCA circa 1920, site of the "Evening Institute for Younger Men"
Northeastern University
–
Northeastern University
Northeastern University
–
Robert J. Shillman Hall constructed in 1995
Northeastern University
–
Northeastern's historic
Ell Hall on Huntington Avenue
47.
High-performance computing
–
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of computing performance compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second instead of instructions per second. As of 2015, there are supercomputers which can perform up to quadrillions of FLOPS and it tops the rankings in the TOP500 supercomputer list. Sunway TaihuLights emergence is also notable for its use of indigenous chips, as of June 2016, China, for the first time, had more computers on the TOP500 list than the United States. However, U. S. built computers held ten of the top 20 positions, in November 2016 the U. S. has five of the top 10, throughout their history, they have been essential in the field of cryptanalysis. The use of multi-core processors combined with centralization is an emerging trend, the history of supercomputing goes back to the 1960s, with the Atlas at the University of Manchester and a series of computers at Control Data Corporation, designed by Seymour Cray. These used innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance, Cray left CDC in 1972 to form his own company, Cray Research. Four years after leaving CDC, Cray delivered the 80 MHz Cray 1 in 1976, the Cray-2 released in 1985 was an 8 processor liquid cooled computer and Fluorinert was pumped through it as it operated. It performed at 1.9 gigaflops and was the second fastest after M-13 supercomputer in Moscow. Fujitsus Numerical Wind Tunnel supercomputer used 166 vector processors to gain the top spot in 1994 with a speed of 1.7 gigaFLOPS per processor. The Hitachi SR2201 obtained a performance of 600 GFLOPS in 1996 by using 2048 processors connected via a fast three-dimensional crossbar network. The Intel Paragon could have 1000 to 4000 Intel i860 processors in various configurations, the Paragon was a MIMD machine which connected processors via a high speed two dimensional mesh, allowing processes to execute on separate nodes, communicating via the Message Passing Interface. Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s, early supercomputer architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems, supercomputers of the 21st century can use over 100,000 processors connected by fast connections. The Connection Machine CM-5 supercomputer is a parallel processing computer capable of many billions of arithmetic operations per second. Throughout the decades, the management of heat density has remained a key issue for most centralized supercomputers, the large amount of heat generated by a system may also have other effects, e. g. reducing the lifetime of other system components. There have been diverse approaches to management, from pumping Fluorinert through the system. Systems with a number of processors generally take one of two paths
High-performance computing
–
IBM 's
Blue Gene/P supercomputer at
Argonne National Laboratory runs over 250,000 processors using normal data center air conditioning, grouped in 72 racks/cabinets connected by a high-speed optical network
High-performance computing
–
A
Cray-1 preserved at the
Deutsches Museum
High-performance computing
–
A
Blue Gene /L cabinet showing the stacked
blades, each holding many processors
High-performance computing
–
An
IBM HS20 blade
48.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy of the
University of Oxford in full
academic dress
