1.
New Orleans University
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New Orleans University was a historically black college that operated between 1873 and 1934 in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was founded by the Methodist Episcopal Church and affiliated with a number of schools located in various parts of the state of Louisiana. It merged with Straight College in 1934 to form Dillard University, New Orleans University originally opened at Camp and Race streets in New Orleans. In 1866, it moved to St. Charles Avenue near what is presently Jefferson Avenue
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
4.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
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Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
6.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
7.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
10.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
11.
Southland Conference
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The Southland Conference is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the South Central United States. It participates in the NCAAs Division I for all sports, for football, the Southland sponsors 17 sports, nine for women and eight for men, and is governed by a presidential Board of Directors and an Advisory Council of athletic and academic administrators. Tom Burnett was named the Southlands sixth commissioner on Dec.23,2002, from 1996 to 2002, for football only, the Southland Conference was known as the Southland Football League. The conferences offices are located in the Dallas suburb of Frisco, founded in 1963, its members were Abilene Christian College, Arkansas State College, Arlington State College, Lamar State College of Technology, and Trinity University. Since its founding, the Southland Conference has been the home for 18 college, in addition, the conference has also been home to some schools for one sport only. In the case of football, Troy University fielded a team from 1996 to 2000, notes Abilene Christian re-joined the Southland Conference in 2013 after joining the NAIA and Lone Star Conference after the 1972–73 season. Lamar re-joined the Southland Conference after competing in the American South, notes Full members Full members Associate members 1. - Southwestern Louisiana became the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 1999, - Northeast Louisiana became the University of Louisiana at Monroe in 1999. The Southland Conference sponsors championship competition in eight mens and nine womens NCAA sanctioned sports, the Southland was instrumental in founding the Independence Bowl, and the Southland champion served as the automatic home team for that bowl from 1976–1980. On May 21,2014, the Southland Conference approved the use of instant replay at all its home games becoming the first FCS league to fully commit to having all games utilize instant replay. Among notable NBA stars attending Southland Conference schools include Karl Malone, Joe Dumars, Scottie Pippen, Jeff Foster, former member Louisiana-Monroe advanced to the 1985 NCAA Womens Final Four. Notes, Texas A&M–Corpus Christi uses off-campus Whataburger Field as their field for some high-profile games. Abilene Christian will move its football program into the new Wildcat Stadium for the 2017 season, Abilene Christians new Elmer Gray Stadium opened on April 10,2015. The stadium is used for both Track & Field and Soccer, the new stadium replaces the original Elmer Gray Stadium, which was demolished to make way for Wildcat Stadium. The Conference began its own syndicated broadcast entity in 2008, the Southland Conference Television Network and it aired in over 25 markets in the leagues four-state region, plus on national networks such as Fox College Sports, ESPN GamePlan, and ESPN3. In 2008-09, the network featured 35 broadcasts, and over 30 in each of the four seasons. For 2013 and 2014, the network was restricted to only regular season football games. ESPN3 also carried a package of football games beyond the syndicated networks schedule
12.
New Orleans Privateers
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The New Orleans Privateers are the intercollegiate athletic teams of the University of New Orleans, located in the Lake Terrace/Lake Oaks neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The Privateers compete in NCAA intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Southland Conference at the Division I level, UNOs athletic teams participated in NCAA Division II from 1969 to 1975 before moving to Division I and becoming a charter member of the Sun Belt Conference. The school submitted an application in May 2010 and in June 2010, the school originally announced that it intended to add football, along with womens golf and womens soccer as part of the transition to NCAA Division III. UNO left the Sun Belt on June 30,2010 and competed as an NCAA Division I Independent in all sports during the 2010-11 academic year as part of the transition from Division I. Following the findings of the analysis and institutional research, the LSU Board of Supervisors meetings approved the move down from Division I to Division II instead of Division III. UNO was placed on the NCAA Division II Membership Committee spring agenda, the Privateers added womens golf, mens cross country and womens cross country to reach Division II’s minimum requirement of 10 sports. On March 7,2012, however, UNO President Dr. Peter Fos announced that UNO would remain in Division I, on August 21,2012, UNO announced that it would be joining the Southland Conference, effective the 2013-2014 academic year. New Orleans is currently an independent, Head coach - Blake Dean The UNO baseball team plays its home games at Maestri Field at Privateer Park. New Orleanss most notable rivals are LSU and Tulane. Despite being a newcomer to college baseball, the UNO baseball team has a history of fielding competitive teams. Most of the success belongs to Ron Maestri who led the team to the Division II World Series in 1974. After making the jump to Division I, Maestri once again brought success to the Privateers, in 1984, the Privateers became the first University in Louisiana to make the Division I College World Series. During the tenure of Tom Walter, the Privateers made post-season appearances in 2007 &2008, augie Schmidt won the Golden Spikes Award with the Privateers in 1982. UNO qualified for four NCAA tournaments in 10 seasons between 1987 and 1996, and for a fifth in 2017, UNO won the Sun Belt Conference in 1978 and 96. Tim Floyd coached UNO to tournaments in 1991 and 93, and is currently the coach for the University of Texas at El Paso. The Privateers have been ranked four times,1987,91,93 and 96. The highest rank was 16th by the Associated Press in 1987, the schools best winning percentage came when it was an NCAA Division I Independent in 1983. In the 2017 NCAA tournament, UNO earned a bid by winning the Southland Conference tournament
13.
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
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The organization was first established in 1946 as the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies by a consortium of southern universities. This was an effort championed by William G. Pollard, who was its director until 1974. The name Oak Ridge Associated Universities was adopted in 1966, in 1950, ORINS opened a hospital where it conducted clinical research for the United States Atomic Energy Commission on the use of radiation and radioactive materials in cancer treatment. The hospital treated patients until the mid-1970s, ORINS also conducted training courses in radioisotopes and established resident training programs in nuclear medicine. In the 1980s, clinical research at ORINS was the subject of investigation by the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, the Institute for Energy Analysis was organized as a unit of ORAU in January 1974, under the leadership of former Oak Ridge National Laboratory director Alvin Weinberg. This institutes focus was evaluation of alternatives for meeting future energy requirements, from 1976 until it ceased operation with Weinbergs retirement in 1984, the Institute for Energy Analysis was a center for study of diverse issues related to carbon dioxide and global climate. In the mid-1970s, ORAU operated the Training And Technology Project, TAT taught basic sciences, as well as technical skill concentrations, such as welding, machining, mechanical operations, drafting and physical testing. Employment search assistance was provided to trainees to integrate with regional industrial company opportunities, oRAUs mission continues to be the advancement of scientific research and education. ORAU operates the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education under contract to the Department of Energy, health physics and epidemiology continue to be major areas of activity for ORAU and ORISE. Activities include radiological surveys, dose reconstruction, and health screening for workers who may have exposed to radioactive material, beryllium. The Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site continues to operate as a part of ORISE, imperial College London is the British university affiliated with the ORAU. Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory
14.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
15.
Lake Terrace/Lake Oaks, New Orleans
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Lake Terrace/Lake Oaks is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Lakefront is a sometimes used for the larger neighborhood created by the Orleans Levee Boards land-reclamation initiative in early 20th-century New Orleans. It includes Lake Terrace and Lake Oaks, as well as Lakeshore Drive, the lakefront park system, the University of New Orleans, Lake Vista and it is considered one of the wealthier areas of the city. This was the location of Milneburg, whose historic name has been revived by a modern neighborhood somewhat farther south. Land was reclaimed from Lake Pontchartrain in an Orleans Levee Board project which began in the 1920s and was completed in the 1930s, creating the space now occupied by the neighborhood. During World War II, the area included important war-effort facilities such as Higgins Industries shipyards, Camp Leroy Johnson, and a Naval air base called NAS New Orleans. NAS New Orleans later moved across the Mississippi River to Belle Chasse, Lake Terrace/Lake Oaks is located at 30°01′41″N 90°03′42″W and has an elevation of 0 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the district has an area of 18.26 square miles. 1.51 square miles of which is land and 16.75 square miles of which is water, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,162 people,689 households, and 526 families residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 1,432 /mi², as of the census of 2010, there were 2,464 people,982 households, and 544 families residing in the neighborhood. The Federal Bureau of Investigation operates its New Orleans Field Office in Gentilly, New Orleans Public Schools within the neighborhood are directly administered or supervised by either the Orleans Parish School Board or the Recovery School District. Benjamin Franklin High School, an OPSB-supervised public charter school, is in Lake Terrace/Lake Oaks, neighborhoods in New Orleans Gentilly, New Orleans
16.
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
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This agency accredits over 13,000 public and private educational institutions ranging from preschool to college level in the Southern United States. Its headquarters are in North Druid Hills, Georgia, near Decatur, there are a number of affiliate organizations within the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. One affiliate organization is the Southern Association of Community, Junior, the reports include specific public sanctions of schools and statements disclosing why those institutions have been placed on sanction. The Commission on Colleges accredits both public and private institutions of education in the United States, including some community colleges as well as four-year institutions. As a regional accreditor, SACSCOC accreditation extends to all of the programs offered at the accredited institution. The SACSCOC has also accredited the American University in Dubai, SACS CASI accredits over 13,000 primary, middle, and secondary schools, as well as school systems located in the SACS region. In 2006, AdvancED was established with the unification of SACS CASI, NCA CASI, today, SACS CASI acts as an accreditation division of AdvancED. List of recognized accreditation associations of higher learning Official website
17.
Louisiana State University System
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The Louisiana State University System is budgetarily the largest public university system in Louisiana. F. King Alexander is president of Louisiana State University, administrative headquarters are located in the University Administration Building on the property of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge—3810 West Lakeshore Drive. Hebert Law Center - Baton Rouge Pennington Biomedical Research Center - Baton Rouge Lallie Kemp Regional Medical Center, the LSU System has a presence in all 64 Louisiana parishes through its cooperative extension service. This service assists farmers, gardeners, and other businesses in dealing with some of Louisianas unique environmental challenges, List of colleges and universities in Louisiana List of hospitals in Louisiana LSU System Web Site LSU Health Care Services Division
18.
Louisiana State Senate
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The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party held a majority in the Senate, the Senate President is a Democrat-turned-Republican, John Alario from Westwego. The Louisiana State Senate is composed of 39 senators elected from single-member districts from across the state of Louisiana by the electors thereof. Senators must be an elector, be at least eighteen years of age, be domiciled in their district for at least one year. The senate is the judge of its members qualifications and elections, all candidates for a senate seat in a district run in nonpartisan blanket primary and in a runoff if necessary. Elections to the Senate occur every four years and senators are limited three four-year terms, if a seat is vacated early during a term then it will be filled in a special election. Senate sessions occur every year, along with the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Senate convenes for sixty legislative days in general session in even-numbered years, and for forty-five days in appropriations session in odd-numbered years. The Senate is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature and. In addition it tries officials impeached by the House of Representatives, †First elected in a special election The Louisiana State Senate currently has over fifteen different committees in which the senators sit. These committees address a range of issues such as environmental quality, education, labor relations. A full list of the committees can be found at the senate committees page, likewise, a full list of committee assignments can be found at the committee assignments page. The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the officer of the Louisiana State Senate. The President is elected by the members of the state senate, although not mandated by law or the Louisiana Constitution the Governor usually chooses the president, who in turn is usually elected by a near-unanimous, if not unanimous, vote. The president is chosen from the majority party, even if it is not the Governors party. One example of this is when Republican Governor Mike Foster chose Republican State Senator John Hainkel to serve as senate president even though the Democrats had a large majority. The President is fifth in the line of succession to the Governorship after the Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer. The first senate president to succeed to the governorship was Henry S. Thibodaux, Thibodaux served for one month before the Governor-elect, Henry Johnson, took office
19.
Theodore M. Hickey
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Theodore M. Hickey, known as Ted Hickey, was a Democratic member of the Louisiana State Senate from the 8th Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana. He served from 1955 to 1957 and again from 1963 until 1984, in his last year, he was the Louisiana Senate President Pro Tempore. Hickey was the youngest of five children of George Fulton Hickey, a New Orleans firefighter, and Mary Karcher Hickey, Hickey and his wife, the former Henrietta Miller, were living at 1833 Mandeville Street in New Orleans in the 1940 census. The Hickeys lost a son, Theodore T. Hickey. The Hickeys, their son, and his mother are entombed along Crucifixion Walk at Saint Roch Cemetery No.1 in New Orleans and his father, George Hickey, is interred at St. Vincent de Paul Cemetery No. Hickey was the author in 1956 of the act established the University of New Orleans. At the time New Orleans was the largest metropolitan area in the United States without a public university though it had several private universities, such as Tulane, Loyola, the institution was originally named Louisiana State University in New Orleans but renamed in 1973. The UNO University Ballroom at was named in Hickeys honor late in 2014, Hickey was also a master of moving legislation to passage. Henry Braden, an African-American colleague from New Orleans, said, He could let the debate go back and forth, then take the mike and he would prod our conscience and put a stop to some things. Between his two stints in the state Senate, Hickey was a member of the New Orleans City Council during the administrations of Mayors deLesseps Story Morrison, Schiro was then elected in 1962. Hickeys council colleagues included later Lieutenant Governor Jimmy Fitzmorris and future Civil Court Judge Fred J. Cassibry, in 1960, Hickey was one of the ten presidential electors, along with Edmund Reggie, Attorney General Jack P. F. Ellis, for Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy in the campaign against Richard M. Nixon
20.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
21.
Tulane University
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Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian research university in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is generally considered the top university and the most selective institution of education in the state of Louisiana. From a nationwide perspective, U. S. News & World Report categorizes Tulane as most selective, the school is known to attract a geographically diverse student body, with 85% of undergraduate students coming from over 300 miles away. The school was founded as a medical college in 1834. The institution was privatized under the endowments of Paul Tulane and Josephine Louise Newcomb in 1884, Tulane is the 9th oldest private university in the Association of American Universities, which consists of major research universities in the United States and Canada. The Tulane University Law School and Tulane University Medical School are considered the 12th oldest and 15th oldest law and medical schools, respectively, members of Congress, heads of Federal agencies, two Surgeon Generals of the United States, U. S. At least two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University, the university was founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 partly as a response to the fears of smallpox, yellow fever, and cholera in the United States. The university became only the medical school in the South. In 1847, the legislature established the school as the University of Louisiana, a public university. Subsequently, in 1851, the university established its first academic department, the first president chosen for the new university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War, after reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nations economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a dry goods and clothing business. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund and this act created the Tulane University of Louisiana. The university was privatized, and is one of only a few American universities to be converted from a public institution to a private one. In 1884, William Preston Johnston became the first president of Tulane and he had succeeded Robert E. Lee as president of Washington and Lee University after Lees death. He had moved to Louisiana and become president of Louisiana State University, in 1885, the university established its graduate division, later becoming the Graduate School. One year later, gifts from Josephine Louise Newcomb totaling over $3.6 million, Newcomb was the first coordinate college for women in the United States and became a model for such institutions as Pembroke College and Barnard College. In 1894 the College of Technology formed, which would become the School of Engineering
22.
Loyola University New Orleans
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Loyola University New Orleans is a private, co-educational, and Jesuit university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. Originally established as Loyola College in 1904, the institution was chartered as a university in 1912 and it bears the name of the Jesuit patron, Saint Ignatius of Loyola. S. The Princeton Review also features Loyola University New Orleans in the most recent editions of its annual book, in the past, the school has been called Loyola of the South, Loyola New Orleans, Loyola University, New Orleans, and Loyola University of New Orleans. In the early 18th century Jesuits first arrived among the earliest settlers in New Orleans, Loyola University in New Orleans was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1904 as Loyola College on a section of the Foucher Plantation bought by the Jesuits in 1886. Albert Biever, was given a nickel for street car fare and told by his Jesuit superiors to travel Uptown on the St. Charles Streetcar, as with many Jesuit schools, it contained both a college and preparatory academy. The first classes of Loyola College were held in a residence behind Most Holy Name of Jesus Church, the first of Loyolas permanent buildings was undertaken in 1907, with Marquette Hall completed in 1910. In 1911, the Jesuit schools in New Orleans were reorganized, Loyola was designated as the collegiate institution and was chartered as Loyola University on July 10,1912. Loyola grew steadily over the years on its uptown campus, by the end of its first decade, the university not only included the College of Arts and Sciences, but also a School of Law, a School of Dentistry, and a College of Pharmacy. Several years later, a School of Music was added to the growing curriculum, with the discontinuance of the football program in the 1930s, more space became available for construction of new facilities. Norman Francis entered the Law School in 1952, becoming the first African-American admitted to the university, built soon after in 1967 was Henrietta Buddig Hall, a student residence that is Loyolas tallest building at twelve stories. The last building to be added in the 1960s was the J. Edgar Monroe Science Building, the College of Pharmacy closed in 1965. The School of Dentistry closed in 1970, during the 1970s, Loyola began to make many changes, especially regarding Jesuit governance and in the academic curriculum, reflective of many universities during the same period. Reflecting the precedent for reform established by Vatican II, governance of the university shifted from a Jesuit regulated Board of Regents to a combined lay and clerical Board of Trustees. During this period, the Common Curriculum was developed to give students a wide breadth of knowledge in certain areas, including Science, Math, History. In 1984 Loyola purchased the facilities of St. Mary’s Dominican College, a nearby Catholic womens college which was closing down, today, the Broadway campus includes Loyolas School of Law, Cabra Residence Hall, and a Department of Visual Arts. In 1996, the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities granted exclusive branding rights to Loyola University Chicago to call itself Loyola University and this resulted in Loyola New Orleans current trademark, Loyola University New Orleans. In August 2005, Loyola closed its campus and evacuated its students in anticipation of Hurricane Katrina, the campus sustained minimal wind damage including broken windows but floodwaters did not breach any buildings. Due to the devastation of the city of New Orleans, Loyola canceled classes for the fall 2005 semester, following cleanup, classes resumed with the start of the spring 2006 semester on Monday, January 9,2006
23.
Dillard University
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Dillard University is a private, historically black liberal arts college in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Founded in 1930 incorporating earlier institutions that went back to 1869, it is affiliated with the United Church of Christ, the campus is near Gentilly Boulevard and the London Avenue Canal, established in the 1930s. The history of Dillard University dates back to 1869 and its founding predecessor institutions--Straight University, Straight University was renamed Straight College in 1915. The Union Normal School was established by the Freedmans Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church on July 8, Straight University and Union Normal School later became Straight College and New Orleans University, respectively. Both schools offered elementary education, but quickly enlarged curriculum to include secondary, collegiate. New Orleans University operated a secondary school--Gilbert Academy, by the 1890s, the university offered professional medical training. It included a school of pharmacy, the Flint Medical College, after the medical college was ended in 1911, the Flint Goodridge Hospital emerged and continued nurse training. Local Black and White leaders felt there was a need for a larger, more notable African American institution of learning to emerge within New Orleans. Due to economic hardships and rounds of negotiations between the two institutions, Straight College and New Orleans University chartered Dillard University on June 6,1930, named after James H. Dillard, the new university was created to. Despite the hope of new charter, the building of Dillard University was tempered by its context of Jim Crow America. Many local Whites took concern with the possibility of a Black president presiding over White faculty members, similarly, the increased numbers of African American bus riders in the Gentilly area disturbed some White sensibilities. As an influential and diplomatic member of Dillards board of trustees, Stern Sr suggested Will W. Alexander as a suitable compromise. Will W. Alexander, a white Southern preacher, was Dillards first acting president, reddick, history, and St. Clair Drake, sociology and anthropology. In August 2005, the campus, not far from the levee breach of the London Avenue Canal. Nelson Hall was destroyed by a fire, a bus fire also destroyed belongings of 37 students who were in the process of being evacuated. In spring 2006, the students of Dillard University took their classes at The New Orleans World Trade Center. As is tradition, Dillard held graduation on the Rosa Freeman Keller Avenue of the Oaks in July 2006, students returned to campus in September 2006. In November 2016, the university hosted a debate with senatorial candidates, the event was met with opposition, six protesters were arrested
24.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
25.
Orleans Levee Board
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From 1890 through 2006, the Orleans Levee Board was the body of commissioners that oversaw the Orleans Levee District which supervised the levee and floodwall system in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. The role of the OLD has changed over time but the purpose of the board was to protect New Orleans from flooding. Until the end of 2006, the Orleans Levee Board was a governmental entity which functioned independently of municipal government in. It also was becoming apparent that perhaps a different form of levee board governance might be appropriate for a major marine terminal like New Orleans. Nevertheless, the issue of whether the members of the OLB Engineering Committee acted incompetently or negligently has not been demonstrated or proven. The pre-Katrina Orleans Levee District, governed by the Orleans Levee Board, owned assets, mainly real estate. The Orleans Levee District was created by the Louisiana legislature in 1890 for the purpose of protecting the city of New Orleans from floods. At that time, communities along the Mississippi River were largely in charge of creating their own levees to protect themselves, most neighboring parishes had similar parochial levee boards. In the early century, the OLD reclaimed a portion of Lake Pontchartrain. The OLD developed the land and sold it to raise money to build, the intervening area was filled to several feet above sea level and was to serve as a super levee protecting the city from the Lakes storm surge. The Lake Vista, Lake Oaks, Lake Terrace, East and West Lakeshore subdivisions, governor Jimmie Davis, in his second term from 1960 to 1964, named the New Orleans attorney Gerald J. Gallinghouse as the president of the levee board. In that capacity, Gallinghouse delivered more than 300 speeches warning of the need to be prepared for disasters, another of which was on its way. The OLB became the sponsor, and its duties regarding flood protection were now limited to collecting 30% cost-share for project design and construction. Despite Congress’s mandate that the Corps now had the authority to design/build flood protection, a 2002 lawsuit detailed the Orleans Levee Boards considerable independent financial means. From the Levee Boards Legal Statement at trial, With regard to the general question of the levee districts budget. The levee district generates its own revenues from the Lakefront Airport, a casino, leases of property, fees from boat slips and marinas, the district also receives income from various investment accounts currently worth $57 million. The levee board does not dispute these facts, at oral argument, counsel for the levee board pointed out that the district receives some state funds, even though they are usually in the form of capital outlays dedicated to specific projects. Because the state funds are earmarked for other purposes, the state monies cannot be used to pay a judgment against the levee district
26.
Hurricane Katrina
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Hurricane Katrina was the costliest natural disaster and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. The storm is ranked as the third most intense United States landfalling tropical cyclone. Overall, at least 1,245 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, total property damage was estimated at $108 billion, roughly four times the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 in the United States. Early the following day, the new depression intensified into Tropical Storm Katrina, the cyclone headed generally westward toward Florida and strengthened into a hurricane only two hours before making landfall at Hallandale Beach and Aventura on August 25. After very briefly weakening to a storm, Katrina emerged into the Gulf of Mexico on August 26. The storm caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge, severe property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as Mississippi beachfront towns, over 90 percent of these were flooded. Boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, over fifty breaches in New Orleanss hurricane surge protection were the cause of the majority of the death and destruction during Katrina on August 29,2005. Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, according to a modeling exercise conducted by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, two-thirds of the deaths in Greater New Orleans were due to levee and floodwall failure. All of the studies concluded that the USACE, the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965, is responsible. This is mainly due to a decision to use shorter steel sheet pilings in an effort to save money, exactly ten years after Katrina, J. Many other government officials were criticized for their responses, especially New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, several agencies including the United States Coast Guard, National Hurricane Center, and National Weather Service were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time, Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23,2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, the tropical storm moved towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before making landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico, on August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size, the storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the movement over the unusually warm waters of the Loop Current. Katrina attained Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with sustained winds of 175 mph. However, this record was broken by Hurricane Rita
27.
London Avenue Canal
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The London Avenue Canal is a drainage canal in New Orleans, Louisiana, used for pumping rain water into Lake Pontchartrain. The Canal runs through the 7th Ward of New Orleans from the Gentilly area to the Lakefront and it is one of the three main drainage canals responsible for draining rainwater from the main basin of the city of New Orleans. The London Avenue Canals flood walls built atop earthen levees breached on both sides during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the canal originally served to commerce of small boat traffic from Lake Pontchartrain to the Back of Town section of New Orleans in addition to limited swamp drainage. In the early 20th century the old London Avenue Machine steam-pump at the head of the Canal was replaced with an efficient system of high capacity pumps designed by A. Baldwin Wood. Residential development of the areas along the Canal in the Gentilly neighborhood did not begin until after Woods improved drainage system was operational, dillard University was established beside the Canal. In the 1930s construction of levees along Lake Pontchartrain and the Paris Avenue Canal improved drainage further back along the Canals borders. With additional lift pumps in place in 1945, the length of land along the Canal all the way back to the lake was soon developed as residential neighborhoods. A major project of upgrading the floodwalls and bridges along the Canal was begun in 1999, the London Avenue Canal Levee and floodwall breached on both sides during Hurricane Katrina in late August 2005 at surge levels more than four feet below design specifications. The east breach occurred around 6 to 7 a. m. and sent tons of sand, the west breach occurred around 7 or 8 a. m. and flooded the adjacent neighborhood of Lake Vista. Water continued to flow from seepage in the levee in lower breach in sufficient quantity to cover nearby streets as late as the first week of January,2006. That month the Army Corps of Engineers finished temporary repairs of the canal breaches, in October 2005, the Army Corps of Engineers convened an investigation of the levee breaches that occurred during Hurricane Katrina called the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force. The members of the IPET confirmed that the canal floodwalls failed at lower water level than the top of the floodwall due to faulty design. According to an article published in the August 2015 issue of the journal of the World Water Council. The authors concluded that the Army Corps of Engineers had misinterpreted the results of a Sheet Pile Load test they conducted in the mid 1980s. The engineers had wrongly concluded that they could install sheet pilings at a depth of not more than 17 feet and this switch to shorter sheet pilings saved the Army Corps over millions but came at the expense reduced engineering reliability
28.
Engineering
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The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
29.
Louisiana State Legislature
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The Louisiana State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is a body, comprising the lower house, the Louisiana House of Representatives with 105 representatives, and the upper house. Members of both houses are elected from single-member constituencies, the State Legislature meets in the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge. Members of both houses of the serve a four-year term, with a term limit of three terms. Term limits were passed by voters in a constitutional referendum in 1995 and were subsequently added as Article III, §4. The year 2007 saw legislators termed out of office for the first time, the term limits are consecutive rather than lifetime. The officers of each house of the Legislature are elected at the beginning of term to serve for four-year terms. The Louisiana House of Representatives elects from among its members a speaker and speaker pro tempore, although the procedure is not mandated constitutionally, the speaker of the House is traditionally recommended by the governor of Louisiana to the body. The current speaker, Taylor Barras, a Republican, presides over the House, the House also elects its chief clerical officer, the clerk of the House, who is not an elected member. The Louisiana Senate elects its presiding officer, the President of the Senate, from among its membership, the current President is John Alario. Each house provides for the election of its officers, originally the Lieutenant Governor presided over the Louisiana Senate from 1853 until the adoption of the Louisiana constitution of 1974. Today, the Lieutenant Governor exercises powers delegated to him by the Governor as provided by law and he also serves as governor in the event of a vacancy in the office, if the Governor is unable to act as governor, or is out of the state. Since the Lieutenant Governor no longer serves as president of the Senate, he has made an ex-officio member of each committee, board. Additionally, the Lieutenant Governor serves as head of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, in even-numbered years, a state legislature convenes at noon on the last Monday in March to extend for no longer than 60 legislative days during a period of 85 days. In odd-numbered years, a limited jurisdiction session convenes at noon on the last Monday in April for no longer than 45 legislative days during a period of 60 days, the legislature also may convene for extraordinary sessions and for veto sessions. The legislature is required to meet in a session, which cannot exceed three days, on the date its members take office. A special session may be called by the Governor or may be convened by the officers of both houses upon a written petition of a majority of the elected members of each house. A special session is limited to the number of days stated in the proclamation, the power to legislate in a special session is limited to the objects specifically enumerated in the proclamation
30.
Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
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Jefferson Parish is a parish in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 432,552, Jefferson Parish is included in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson Parish was less affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and has rebounded at a rapid pace than neighboring Orleans Parish. Jefferson Parish was named in honor of US President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia when the parish was established by the Louisiana Legislature on February 11,1825, a bronze statue of Jefferson stands at the entrance of the General Government Complex on Derbigny Street at the parish seat in Gretna. The parish seat was in the City of Lafayette, until that city was annexed by New Orleans in 1854, originally, this parish was larger than it is today, running from Felicity Street in New Orleans to the St. Charles Parish line. However, as New Orleans grew, it absorbed the cities of Lafayette, Jefferson City, Carrollton and these became part of Orleans Parish. The present borders between Jefferson Parish and Orleans Parish were set in 1874, the Jefferson Parish seat was moved to Gretna at the same time. NOTE, The City of Lafayette in Jefferson Parish, as it was recorded in U. S. Census records until 1870, should not be confused with the present city of Lafayette, Louisiana, in Lafayette Parish. From the 1940s to the 1970s, Jeffersons population swelled with an influx of white families from Orleans Parish. The completion of Veterans Highway in the late 1950s, following a parallel to Airline but further north. Terrytown, within the city limits of Gretna, was the first large subdivision to be developed, subsequent development has been extensive, taking place within Harvey, Marrero, Westwego and Avondale. In East Jefferson, the Causeway Boulevard corridor grew into a commercial office node, while the Elmwood neighborhood developed as a center for light manufacturing, by the mid-1990s, Jefferson Parish was exhibiting some of the symptoms presented by inner-ring suburbs throughout the United States. St. Tammany Parish and, to an extent, St. Charles Parish began to attract migrants from New Orleans. These trends were catalyzed by Hurricane Katrina, which destroyed much of New Orleans low-income housing, despite these challenges, Jefferson Parish still contains the largest number of middle class residents in metropolitan New Orleans and acts as the retail hub for the entire metro area. Even though Jefferson Parish was affected by Hurricane Katrina, it has rebounded more quickly than Orleans Parish, the parish has a current population of 432,000, which is 15,000 fewer people than was recorded by the 2000 U. S. Census. New Orleans Katrina-provoked population loss has resulted in Jefferson Parish becoming the second most populous parish behind East Baton Rouge Parish, with the landfall of Hurricane Katrina on August 29,2005, Jefferson Parish took a hard hit. On the East Bank, widespread flooding occurred, especially in the part of the parish. Schools also were reported to have severely damaged
31.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries
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Bobby Jindal
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Piyush Bobby Jindal is an American politician who was the 55th Governor of Louisiana between 2008 and 2016, and previously served as a U. S. Congressman and as the chairman of the Republican Governors Association. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Jindal as principal adviser to the U. S. Secretary of Health and he first ran for governor of Louisiana in 2003, but lost in the run-off election to Democratic candidate, Kathleen Blanco. In 2004, he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, becoming the second Indian American in Congress, Jindal was re-elected in 2011 in a landslide, winning more than 65% of the vote. Until the election of South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley in 2010, he was the first, on June 24,2015, Jindal announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election. He suspended his campaign in November 2015, subsequently announcing his support for Marco Rubio, Piyush Jindal was born on June 10,1971, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He is the first of two sons of Raj and Amar Jindal, from Punjab, India and they both applied for immigration years later. His father is an engineer and graduate of Guru Nanak Dev University. His mother is a graduate of Rajasthan University and worked in nuclear physics at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education, prior to emigrating to the United States, both his parents were lecturers at an Indian engineering college. At the time of their move to the US, Raj Jindal was to be a candidate in physics. They left Malerkotla, Punjab, India in January 1971, six months before their son was born, Jindals paternal grandfather was a Cawnpore merchant, and his maternal grandfather was a Ferozepur banker. The family settled near Louisiana State University, Jindal attended Baton Rouge Magnet High School, graduating in 1988 at the top of his class. While in high school, he competed in tournaments, started various enterprises such as a computer newsletter, retail candy business. He spent free time working in the stands at LSU football games, Jindal graduated from Brown University in 1992 at the age of 20, with honors in two majors, biology and public policy. He was one of 50 students nationwide admitted to the Program in Liberal Medical Education, Jindal is also credited with leading Browns College Republicans student group. Jindal was named to the 1992 USA Today All-USA Academic Team and he applied to and was accepted by both Harvard Medical School and Yale Law School, but studied at New College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar. He received an M. Litt. degree in science with an emphasis in health policy from the University of Oxford in 1994. Jindals interest in Christianity was formed in high school through his friends and he began attending Roman Catholic Church, and in the fall of 1989 he was baptized in Providence
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Southern University at New Orleans
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Southern University at New Orleans is a historically African American university located in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is a member of the Southern University System, the University is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund. On September 21,1959 SUNO opened its doors on a 17-acre site located in historic Pontchartrain Park, established as an open community of learners, classes began with 158 freshmen, one building and a faculty of fifteen. The University offered ten courses in four disciplines, including Humanities, Science. The first graduation took place in May 1963 when baccalaureate degrees were awarded to 15 graduates, in 1959, Dr. Felton G. Clark, president of Southern, asked Dr. Emmett W. Bashful to open SUNO. Dr. Bashful began as dean of the University, in 1969, he was named vice president, and he was eventually named chancellor in 1977. Several days later, I came to New Orleans and after examining the campus, over the years several events have affected the direction of SUNO. Within five years SUNO grew rapidly, during the fall of 1964 the Universitys enrollment grew to 1,300. In January,1964 Virginia Cox Welch, a high school teacher. 14217, resulted in opening the University to all regardless of race or color, the new constitution also designated SUNO as a campus of the Southern University System creating parity with the other Southern University campuses. SUNO would later benefit from a consent decree on September 8,1981, despite the order racial discrimination in the higher education landscape remained an issue. The settlement, which was effective through 2004, enabled SUNO to retain its open admissions status, the University, as a result, expected to qualify as a Four Year-IV institution by offering four-year undergraduate programs and graduate programs in specific areas. As time progressed the University took advantage of opportunities to boost its academic programs. The most notable came in SUNOs School of Social Work. Guided by the institutions first dean, Millie McClelland Charles, the School of Social Work blossomed into one of the most recognized programs in the South, as a result, the popularity of the School of Social Works Master of Social Work program grew. In the fall of 2008, the Master of Social Work program grew to capacity with 150 students, SUNOs Criminal Justice program also gained notoriety. The program is complemented by studies in the sciences and has become a program of choice of those seeking career enhancements in law, law enforcement. Flood waters grew to as high as eleven feet in the buildings, the damage caused SUNO to finish its fall 2005 semester on its sister campus in Baton Rouge
