1.
Transvaal University College
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Transvaal University College was a multi-campus public research university in South Africa which gave rise to the University of the Witwatersrand and the University of Pretoria. In 1896 the South African School of Mines was founded in Kimberley, eight years later, in 1904, the school was moved to Johannesburg and was renamed the Transvaal Technical Institute. The schools name changed yet again in 1906 to Transvaal University College, on 4 March 1908 the Transvaal University College transferred its arts and science courses to its newly established Pretoria Campus initially offering courses in languages, sciences, and law. The Johannesburg and Pretoria campuses separated on 17 May 1910, each becoming a separate institution, the University of the Witwatersrand, named the Transvaal University College from 1906 to 1910, is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation. Instruction commenced in 1908 with 32 students,4 professors and 3 lecturers in the Kya Rosa,270 Skinner Street a late Victorian residence purchased from Leo Weinthal the then owner of The Press, the first four professors were Prof H. Th. Reinink, J. Purves, D. F. du Toit Malherbe and A. C. Paterson, during this time the colloquial name for the university, Tukkies or Tuks, was derived from the Afrikaans acronym for the college — Transvaalse Universiteits-Kollege. The University of Pretoria is the fourth South African institution in continuous operation to be awarded university status
2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Law school
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A law school is an institution specializing in legal education, usually involved as part of a process for becoming a lawyer within a given jurisdiction. Nowadays the legal education consists in a 5-year-long course in which, afterwards, the practice of law is conditioned upon admission to the bar of a particular state or other territorial jurisdiction. Public attorneys, public prossecutors and magistrates admission is made, mainly, through an entrance examination and a constitutional mandatory three years of legal experience. The postgraduation, stricto sensu, consists in a, a) master´s degree, which is usually a two-year degree, and a b) doctorate´s degree, which can take up another four years. The typical law degree required to practice law in Canada is now the Juris Doctor, there is some scholarly content in the coursework. The programs consist of three years, and have content in their mandatory first year courses. Some schools, however, have not switched from LL. B. to the J. D. – one notable university that still awards the LL. B is McGill University. Given that the Canadian legal system includes both the French civil law and the Anglo-American common law, some law schools offer both an LL. B. or J. D. and a B. C. L. LL. L. or LL. B. degree, such as McGill University, University of Ottawa, in particular, McGill University Faculty of Law offers a combined civil law and common law program, which has been called transsystemic. At other faculties, if a person completes a common law degree and this is also true for civil law graduates who wish to complete a common law degree. Despite changes in designation, schools opting for the J. D. have not altered their curricula, neither the J. D. or LL. B. and the École du Barreau du Québec. In France, the education is a three tier system. The student may study for a LLB, then a LLM and, for those interested in Law theory, many French universities offers Law courses in department labelled as Research and Education Units and/or Faculties of Law or Law Schools. Law Degree in Indonesia consists of three tier systems, the first tier is the Degree of which carries the title of Sarjana Hukum/S. H. This can be obtained in 4–7 years after they enter Law School straight from Senior High School, the second tier varies depending on the legal specialties taken after the first tier. The general title for this tier is Magister Hukum / M. H, although it is also common to see other title for secondary tier such as Magister Kenotariatan / M. Kn. for Notarial professionals line of work. The second tier can be obtained normally in 1-2 year, the third tier in Indonesian Law Degree is Doctor / DR. To work in legal professions of choice in Indonesia, a Bachelor Law Degree is obligatory, graduates can pursue their career as Legal in-house counsel, Judge profession, Public Prosecutor, other legal-related work and Advocate
4.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
5.
Pretoria
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Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the three capital cities, serving as the seat of the executive branch of government. Pretoria is the part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion. There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane, the elder Pretorius had become a national hero of the Voortrekkers after his victory over Dingane and the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River. The elder Pretorius also negotiated the Sand River Convention, in which Britain acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal and it became the capital of the South African Republic on 1 May 1860. The founding of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers settlement movements of the Great Trek, during the First Boer War, the city was besieged by Republican forces in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty ended the war was signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the Pretoria Convention. The Second Boer War resulted in the end of the Transvaal Republic, the city surrendered to British forces under Frederick Roberts on 5 June 1900 and the conflict was ended in Pretoria with the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. The Pretoria Forts were built for the defence of the city just prior to the Second Boer War, though some of these forts are today in ruins, a number of them have been preserved as national monuments. The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange River Colony were united with the Cape Colony, Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital and Bloemfontein served as the judicial capital. Between 1910 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal, on 14 October 1931, Pretoria achieved official city status. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria remained its administrative capital and it lies at an altitude of about 1,339 m above sea level, in a warm, sheltered, fertile valley, surrounded by the hills of the Magaliesberg range. Pretoria has a subtropical climate with long hot rainy summers and short cool to cold. The city experiences the typical winters of South Africa with cold, clear nights, although the average lows during winter are mild it can get bitterly cold due to the clear skies, with nighttime low temperatures in recent years in the range of 2 to −5 °C. The average annual temperature is 18.7 °C, rain is chiefly concentrated in the summer months, with drought conditions prevailing over the winter months, when frosts may be sharp. Snowfall is a rare event, snowflakes were spotted in 1959,1968 and 2012 in the city. During a nationwide heatwave in November 2011, Pretoria experienced temperatures that reached 39 °C, similar record-breaking extreme heat events also occurred in January 2013, when Pretoria experienced temperatures exceeding 37 °C on several days. The year 2014 was one of the wettest on record for the city, a total of 914 mm fell up to the end of December, with 220 mm recorded in this month alone
6.
Gauteng
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Gauteng, which means place of gold, is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africas first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging and was renamed Gauteng in December 1994, situated in the Highveld, Gauteng is the smallest province in South Africa, accounting for only 1. 5% of the land area. Nevertheless, it is highly urbanised, containing the countrys largest city, Johannesburg, its capital, Pretoria. As of 2015, it has a population of nearly 13.2 million, the name Gauteng is derived from the Sotho name, gauta meaning gold with the locative suffix -eng. There was a thriving industry in the province following the 1886 discovery of gold in Johannesburg. In Sesotho, the name Gauteng was used for Johannesburg and surrounding areas long before it was adopted in 1994 as the name of a province. Gauteng, formerly known as Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging, was carved out of the old Transvaal province in 1994, although the terminology PWV, after the discovery of gold in 1886, the region proceeded to become the single largest gold producer in the world and the city of Johannesburg was founded. The older city Pretoria was not subject to the same attention, Pretoria grew at a slower rate and was highly regarded due to its role in the Second Boer War. The Cullinan Diamond which is the largest diamond ever mined was mined near Pretoria in a town called Cullinan in the year 1905. Gauteng has only been documented since the 1800s and as a result. At the Sterkfontein caves, some of the oldest fossils of hominids have been discovered, such as Mrs. Ples, today, the Apartheid Museum stands testament to these struggles in Johannesburg. Gauteng is governed by the Gauteng Provincial Legislature, a 73-person unicameral legislature elected by party-list proportional representation. The most recent election of the legislature was held on 7 May 2014, and the African National Congress won 53. 59% of the vote. The official opposition is the Democratic Alliance, which won 30. 78% of the vote and 23 seats, other parties represented are the Economic Freedom Fighters with eight seats and the Freedom Front Plus and the Inkatha Freedom Party with one seat each. Premier David Makhura of the ANC was elected on 21 May 2014, the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa, which has seats in Pretoria and Johannesburg, is a superior court with general jurisdiction over the province. Johannesburg is also home to the Constitutional Court, South Africas highest court, Gautengs southern border is the Vaal River, which separates it from the Free State. It also borders on North West to the west, Limpopo to the north, Gauteng is the only landlocked province of South Africa without a foreign border
7.
Hatfield, Pretoria
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Hatfield is a suburb in Pretoria, South Africa with a high density of students and student accommodation due its proximity to the University of Pretorias main campus. Hatfield is home for one of the campuses of University of Pretoria. Hatfield also houses one of the stations for the Gautrain
8.
University of Pretoria
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The University of Pretoria is a multi-campus public research university in Pretoria, the administrative and de facto capital of South Africa. The university has grown from the original 32 students in a single late Victorian house to approximately 39,000 in 2010, the University was built on 7 suburban campuses on 1,120 hectares. The University is organised into nine faculties and a business school, established in 1920, the University of Pretoria Faculty of Veterinary Science is the second oldest veterinary school in Africa and the only veterinary school in South Africa. In 2012 the Financial Times ranked the GIBS Executive MBA 1st in Africa, in 2008 the university awarded 15. 8% of all masters and doctorate degrees in South Africa, the highest percentage in the country. The university is referred to as UP, Tuks, or Tukkies and in post-nominals the university is typically abbreviated as Pret or UP. The proposal for a university for the capital, first mooted in the Volksraad in 1889, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Anglo Boer War in 1899, in 1896 the South African School of Mines was founded in Kimberley. Eight years later, in 1904, the school was moved to Johannesburg and was renamed the Transvaal Technical Institute, the schools name changed yet again in 1906 to Transvaal University College. In 1902 after the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging, the Normal College for teacher training was established in Groenkloof, Pretoria. Instruction commenced with 32 students,4 professors and 3 lecturers in the Kya Rosa,270 Skinner Street a late Victorian residence purchased from Leo Weinthal the then owner of The Press, the first four professors were Prof H. Th. Reinink, J. Purves, D. F. du Toit Malherbe, on 17 May 1910 the Johannesburg and Pretoria campuses separated, each becoming an independent institution. The Johannesburg campus being reincorporated as the South African School of Mines and Technology, the South African School of Mines and Technology would later go on to become the University of the Witwatersrand in 1922. In 1910 the TUC acquired its own campus in the East of Pretoria, the building’s striking Cape Dutch and Neo-Romanesque architectural style was recognised in 1968 when it was declared a provincial heritage site. During this time the name for the university, Tukkies or Tuks, was derived from the Afrikaans acronym for the college i. e. Transvaalse Universiteits-Kollege. The late 1910s and early 1920s saw the establishment of faculties as the academic activities were expanded. Courses in agriculture, theology, economics and political science, veterinary science, on 10 October 1930 the University of Pretoria Private Act, No.13 of 1930 changed the name of the TUC to the University of Pretoria. The TUC originally established as an English medium institution had evolved into the only bilingual university in South Africa. The rapid increase of Afrikaans speaking students brought about an imbalance between the demographics of students and the languages of instruction, by 1931, although 65% of students were Afrikaans speaking, 68% of the classes were conducted in English. In 1932 the University Council addressed the imbalance, deciding that Afrikaans would become the medium of instruction
9.
African Human Rights Moot Court Competition
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The African Human Rights Moot Court Competition is an international moot court competition with a special focus on human rights in Africa. The competition is organised by the Centre for Human Rights, based at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law in South Africa, each year, the competition is hosted by a Law Faculty from a different African country. Since its inception in 1992, the competition has had 845 participant teams originating from 125 universities from 45 African countries, the competition is tri-lingual and preliminary rounds are argued in English, French and Portuguese. Students argue a hypothetical human rights case and base their arguments on the African Charter on Human, the final round is argued by two teams made up of the best three Anglophone teams, two Francophone teams and one Lusophone team. The final round is judged by prominent African and international jurists, the African Human Rights Moot Court has been described as the largest gathering of law students and lecturers on the African continent
10.
World Human Rights Moot Court Competition
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The Nelson Mandela World Human Rights Moot Court Competition is a moot court competition on international human rights law. The oral rounds of the competition are held annually on 8th and 9 December in Pretoria, the moot involves a written round after which teams are selected for the oral round. A winner is announced for each United Nations world region, the regional rounds are judged by distinguished legal academics and legal professionals from around the world. In the final round, the panel is made up of eminent jurists and judges from international tribunals and bodies such as the different regional human rights courts and UN human rights treaty bodies. The inaugural presiding judge was Navi Pillay and Judge Mark Villiger of the European Court of Human Rights presided in the 2010 final
11.
Centre for Human Rights
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The Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law, South Africa, is an organisation dedicated to promoting human rights on the continent of Africa. The Centre, which was founded during Apartheid, assisted in adapting a Bill of Rights for South Africa, at this time the apartheid system was at its peak and this was one of the ways that the people could “fight” intellectually against things getting worst. Their main concerts were increased education of violations of human rights towards, women, people with HIV, indigenous, sexual minorities and their purpose or core value was to get closer to human rights through education in South Africa and later expanded to Africa. Members are not necessarily selected, but rather have gone through one of the undergraduate, the members have an impressive background, many have taken part in liberation movements outside of South Africa, been part of constitution drafting and become international leaders and advocates. The Centre for Human Rights is fairly new and so is still gaining experience and knowledge of the way to get policies. When most people think of non-governmental institutions, the Red Cross would come to mind, the competition is organised by the Centre for Human Rights. Annually, the competition is hosted by a Law Faculty from a different African country, since its inception in 1992, the competition has had 845 participant teams originating from 125 universities from 45 African countries. The Annual African Trade Moot Competition part of the LLM in International Trade, the competition is presented annually alternating between the University of Pretoria and the University of the Western Cape. Johann van der Westhuizen is a judge in the Constitutional Court of South Africa and he was appointed to the bench in 2004 by Thabo Mbeki. He was previously a professor at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law and he currently sits on the board of the Centre for Human Rights and the University of Pretoria Council. Johann Kriegler is a former Constitutional Court and Appeal Court judge from South Africa and he is currently a board member of the University of South Africa Law Faculty, board member of the University of Pretoria Centre for Human Rights. Yvonne Mokgoro is a judge in the Constitutional Court of South Africa and she was appointed to the bench in 1994 by Nelson Mandela. She is a member of the Centre for Human Rights. Kader Asmal was a South African politician and he was a professor of human rights at the University of the Western Cape, chairman of the council of the University of the North and vice-president of the African Association of International Law. He was a member of the Centre for Human Rights. Dire Tladi – Principal State Law Adviser for International Law for the South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation, member of the United Nations International Law Commission. African Human Rights Law Journal publishes peer-reviewed contributions dealing with human rights related topics of relevance to Africa, Africans, the journal appears twice a year, in March and October. African Human Rights Law Reports is a law journal published by JUTA Law on behalf of the Centre for Human Rights
12.
Second Boer War
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The Second Boer War, usually known as the Boer War and also at the time as the South African War, started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902. Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, Britain was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain, inside Britain and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War. The British were overconfident and under-prepared, the Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, the British brought in numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener and they relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches of the British Army were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defense of their homeland, the British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over, Britain officially annexed the two countries in 1900, and called a khaki election to give the government another six years of power in London. However, the Boers refused to surrender and they reverted to guerrilla warfare under new generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey. Two more years of attacks and quick escapes followed. As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, the British solution was to set up complex nets of block houses, strong points, and barbed wire fences, partitioning off the entire conquered territory. The civilian farmers were relocated into concentration camps, where very large proportions died of disease, especially the children, then the British mounted infantry units systematically tracked down the highly mobile Boer guerrilla units. The battles at this stage were small operations with few combat casualties The war ended in surrender, the British successfully won over the Boer leaders, who now gave full support to the new political system. Both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910, the conflict is commonly referred to as simply the Boer War, since the First Boer War is much less well known. Boer was the term for Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans descended from the Dutch East India Companys original settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. It is officially called the South African War and it is known as the Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans. In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog, Tweede Boereoorlog, in South Africa it is officially called the South African War
13.
Peace of Vereeniging
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This settlement provided for the end of hostilities and eventual self-government to the Transvaal and the Orange Free State as colonies of the British Empire. The Boer republics agreed to come under the sovereignty of the British Crown, on 9 April 1902, with safe passage guaranteed by the British, the Boer leadership met at Klerksdorp, Transvaal. On 12 April, a ten-man Boer delegation went to Melrose House in Pretoria, Kitchener was astounded but forwarded the proposal to London, knowing it would not be accepted but wanted the dialogue between the two parties to continue. Alfred Milner joined the negotiations on 14 April but he was hostile to the Boers and wanted an unconditional surrender, on 15 May, the commandos elected 30 delegates from each pre-war republic and they met at Vereeniging. The terms were rejected by Kitchener and Milner with the two of them disagreeing on the direction of the future, with the former seeking reconciliation, the debate between the Boer generals and British delegation would continue for days. The British made concessions which included the Cape rebels only being disenfranchised for five years, the Orange River and the Transvaal colonies would first be administered by a British military administration, then by civilians and then at some point in the future via self-government. At around 2pm on 31 May 1902 a vote was called and 54 delegates voted yes to the terms of the treaty, on the same day the Boer leaders returned to Kitchener at Melrose House in Pretoria and the peace treaty was signed. To eventually give the Transvaal and the Orange Free State self-government, to avoid discussing the native enfranchisement issue until self-government had been given. To pay the Afrikaners £3,000,000 in reconstruction aid, the Union gained relative independence under the 1926 Imperial Conference and the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The country became a republic in 1961 therefore severing all connections with Great Britain, the country rejoined the Commonwealth in 1994. Although the treaty is named after the town of Vereeniging in Transvaal, where the negotiations took place. Pretoria Convention History of South Africa Military history of South Africa Francis William Reitz Jan Smuts in the Boer War Davenport, the soul of a nation, Constitution-making in South Africa. The Peace Negotiations between the Governments of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, and the Representatives of the British Government at Project Gutenberg
14.
University of the Witwatersrand
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The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg. It is more known as Wits University. The university has its roots in the industry, as do Johannesburg. It was desegregated once again prior to the abolition of apartheid in 1990, several of apartheids most provocative critics, of either European or African descent, were one-time students and graduates of the university. The university has an enrolment of 33,711 students as of 2015,65 percent of the universitys total enrolment is for undergraduate study, with the remaining 35 percent being postgraduate. The university was founded in Kimberley in 1896 as the South African School of Mines, eight years later, in 1904, the school was moved to Johannesburg and renamed the Transvaal Technical Institute. The schools name changed yet again in 1906 to Transvaal University College, in 1908, a new campus of the Transvaal University College was established in Pretoria. The Johannesburg and Pretoria campuses separated on 17 May 1910, each becoming a separate institution, in 1920, the school was renamed the University College, Johannesburg. Finally, on 1 March 1922, the University College, Johannesburg, was granted university status after being incorporated as the University of the Witwatersrand. The Johannesburg municipality donated a site in Milner Park, north-west of Braamfontein, to the new institution as its campus and construction began the same year, on 4 October. True to Hofmeyrs words, from the outset Wits was a university with a policy of non-discrimination on racial or any other grounds. Initially, there were six faculties—Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Law and Commerce—37 departments,73 academic staff, and approximately 1,000 students. In 1923, the university began moving into the new campus, slowly vacating its former premises on Ellof Street for the first completed building in Milner Park, in 1925, the Prince of Wales officially opened Central Block. The universitys first library, housed at the time in what was meant to be a construction, was destroyed in a fire on Christmas Eve in 1931. Following this, an appeal was made to the public for ₤80,000 to pay for the construction of a new library, and this resulted in the fairly rapid construction of the William Cullen Library, completed in 1935. During this period, as the Great Depression hit South Africa, nonetheless, it continued to grow at an impressive rate. From a total enrolment of 2,544 students in 1939 and this growth led to accommodation problems, which were temporarily resolved by the construction of wood and galvanised-iron huts in the centre of the campus. During World War II, Wits was involved in South Africas war efforts, the Bernard Price Institute of Geophysical Research was placed under the Union of South Africas defence ministry, and was involved in important research into the use of radar
15.
Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
16.
Master of Laws
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The Master of Laws is a postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In some jurisdictions the Master of Laws is the professional degree for admission into legal practice. To become a lawyer and practice law in most states and countries, while in most common law countries a Bachelor of Laws is required, the U. S. and Canada generally require a professional doctorate, or Juris Doctor, to practice law. The Juris Doctor is a doctorate and first professional graduate degree in law. The degree is earned by completing law school in the United States, Canada, Australia, the majority of individuals holding a J. D. must pass an examination in order to be licensed to practice law within their respective jurisdictions. If a person wishes to gain specialized knowledge through research in a area of law. The word legum is the plural form of the Latin word lex. When used in the plural, it signifies a body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word jus, from which the words juris. The highest research degree in law is the S. J. D. and it is equivalent to the Doctor of Philosophy in Law, Doctorat en Droit, or the Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften in Germany. There are also variant doctoral degrees, such as the D. C. L. degree bestowed by McGill University in Canada, most schools require an LL. M. before admission to a SJD or a PhD in law degree program. Like the PhD, the SJD degree generally requires a dissertation that is graded, orally defended, the Doctor of Laws degree in the United States of America is usually an honorary degree. Historically, the LL. M. degree is an element particular to the system of English speaking countries. Over the past years, however, specialized LL. M, Programs have been introduced in many European countries, even where the Bologna process has not yet been fully implemented. Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Cyprus, Italy and Switzerland require a Masters with a two to five years to become a lawyer. As of 2014, Spain requires a degree in addition to a 4 years degree to become a lawyer. In Finland, an LL. M. is the graduate degree required to practice law. To be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, one needs an LL. M. degree with a course in litigation law. The Dutch Order of Lawyers require these courses for every potential candidate lawyer who wants to be written in the district court for three years
17.
Apartheid
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Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. The countrys first multiracial elections under a universal franchise were held three years later in 1994, Apartheid as a policy was embraced by the South African government shortly after the ascension of the National Party during the countrys 1948 general elections. Apartheid was also enforced in South West Africa until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990, with the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became increasingly rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated specifically against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900, the policies of the Boer republics were also racially exclusive, for instance, the Transvaal constitution barred nonwhite participation in church and state. Places of residence were determined by racial classification, from 1960 to 1983,3.5 million nonwhite South Africans were removed from their homes, and forced into segregated neighbourhoods, in one of the largest mass removals in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the population to ten designated tribal homelands, also known as bantustans. The government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans, Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century. It was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations, some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed in appeasing most activist groups. In 1990, prominent ANC leaders such as Nelson Mandela were released from detention, Apartheid legislation was abolished in mid-1991, pending multiracial elections set for April 1994. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning separateness, or the state of being apart and its first recorded use was in 1929. The governors and assemblies that governed the process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters, in 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes. Ordinance No.49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not for other Africans, the United Kingdoms Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to include Ordinance 1 in 1835 and this was followed by Ordinance 3 in 1848, which introduced an indenture system for Xhosa that was little different from slavery. The Glen Grey Act of 1894, instigated by the government of Prime Minister Cecil John Rhodes limited the amount of land Africans could hold, in 1905 the General Pass Regulations Act denied blacks the vote, limited them to fixed areas and inaugurated the infamous Pass System. The Asiatic Registration Act required all Indians to register and carry passes, one of the first pieces of segregating legislation enacted by Jan Smuts United Party government was the Asiatic Land Tenure Bill, which banned land sales to Indians. The United Party government began to move away from the enforcement of segregationist laws during World War II
18.
Bill of rights
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A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials, bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched. A not entrenched bill of rights is a normal statute law, in practice, not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights. I. Bill of Rights, better known as the G. I, in 1973, Federal Attorney-General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament, although it was never passed. Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians to unelected judges, victoria and the Australian Capital Territory are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act. Proposed British Bill of Rights Inalienable rights International human rights instruments Natural rights Rule of law Second Bill of Rights
19.
Constitution of South Africa
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The Constitution of South Africa is the supreme law of the country of South Africa. It provides the foundation for the existence of the republic, sets out the rights and duties of its citizens. The current constitution, the fifth, was drawn up by the Parliament elected in 1994 in the first non-racial elections. It was promulgated by President Nelson Mandela on 18th December 1996 and came into effect on 4 February 1997, since 1996, the Constitution has been amended by seventeen amendment acts. The Constitution is formally entitled the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa,1996, an integral part of the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa was the creation of a new, non-discriminatory constitution for the country. One of the disputed issues was the process by which such a constitution would be adopted. Formal negotiations began in December 1991 at the Convention for a Democratic South Africa, the parties agreed on a process whereby a negotiated transitional constitution would provide for an elected constitutional assembly to draw up a permanent constitution. The CODESA negotiations broke down, however, after the plenary session in May 1992. In April 1993, the returned to negotiations, in what was known as the Multi-Party Negotiating Process. The parties to the MPNP adopted this idea and proceeded to draft the Interim Constitution of 1993, the Constitutional Assembly consisted of both houses sitting together, and was responsible for drawing up a final constitution within two years. The Interim Constitution contained 34 constitutional principles with which the new constitution was required to comply, the Bill of Rights, now in Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa, was largely written by Kader Asmal and Albie Sachs. The new constitutional text was to be tested against these principles by the newly established Constitutional Court, if the text complied with the principles, it would become the new constitution, if it did not, it would be referred back to the Constitutional Assembly. The Constitutional Assembly engaged in a public participation programme to solicit views. As the deadline for the adoption of a constitutional text approached, however, the Constitutional Court identified a number of provisions that did not comply with the constitutional principles. The Constitutional Assembly reconvened and, on 11 October, adopted a constitutional text containing many changes relative to the previous text. Some dealt with the reasons for non-certification, while others tightened up the text. The amended text was returned to the Constitutional Court to be certified, the Constitution was signed by President Mandela on 10 December and officially published in the Government Gazette on 18 December. It did not come into force immediately, it was brought into operation on 4 February 1997, by a presidential proclamation, since its adoption, the Constitution has been amended seventeen times, these amendments are described in a separate section below
20.
Amicus curiae
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An amicus curiae is someone who is not a party to a case and is not solicited by a party, but who assists a court by offering information that bears on the case. The decision on whether to admit the information lies at the discretion of the court, the phrase amicus curiae is legal Latin. The amicus curiae figure originates in Roman law, starting in the 9th century, it was incorporated into English law, and it was later extended to most common law systems. Later, it was introduced in law, in particular concerning human rights. From there, it was integrated in some civil law systems, the role of an amicus is often confused with that of an intervener. The role of an amicus is, as stated by Salmon LJ in Allen v Sir Alfred McAlpine & Sons Ltd 2 QB229 at p. The situation most often noted in the press is when an advocacy group files a brief in a case before a court to which it is not a litigant. Appellate cases are limited to the factual record and arguments coming from the lower court case under appeal. In prominent cases, amici curiae are generally organizations with sizable legal budgets, if a decision could affect an entire industry, companies other than the litigants may wish to have their concerns heard. In the United States, federal courts hear cases involving the constitutionality of state laws. Amici curiae who do not file briefs often present a perspective on the case. For example, if the law gives deference to a history of legislation of a certain topic, an economist, statistician, or sociologist may choose to do the same. Newspaper editorials, blogs, and other opinion pieces arguably have the capability to influence Supreme Court decisions as de facto amici curiae. They are not, however, technically considered amicus curiae, as they do not submit materials to the Court, do not need to ask for leave, and have no guarantee that they will be read. The Supreme Court of the United States has special rules for amicus curiae briefs sought to be filed in cases pending before it. Supreme Court Rule 37 states, in part, such a brief should cover relevant matter not dealt with by the parties which may be of considerable help. The cover of an amicus brief must identify which party the brief is supporting, the Court also requires that, inter alia, all non-governmental amici identify those providing a monetary contribution to the preparation or submission of the brief. Briefs must be prepared in booklet format, and 40 copies must be served with the Court
21.
Constitutional court
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A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i. e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rights. The list in this article is of countries that have a constitutional court. Nonetheless, such courts are also called constitutional courts. Countries with separate constitutional courts include, Constitution Constitutionalism Constitutional economics Judiciary Jurisprudence Rule of law Rule According to Higher Law
22.
University of the Western Cape
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The University of the Western Cape is a public university located in the Bellville suburb of Cape Town, South Africa. The University of the Western Cape has a history of struggle against oppression, discrimination. Among academic institutions it has been in the vanguard of South Africas historic change, playing an academic role in helping to build an equitable. UWCs key concerns with access, equity and quality in higher education arise from extensive practical engagement in helping the historically marginalised participate fully in the life of the nation, the university was established in 1960 by the South African government as a university for Coloured people only. Other universities near Cape Town are the University of Cape Town, the establishing of UWC was a direct effect of the Extension of University Education Act,1959. This law accomplished the segregation of education in South Africa. Coloured students were allowed at a few non-white universities. In this period, other universities, such as the University of Zululand. Since well before the end of apartheid in South Africa in 1994, it has been an integrated, UWC started as a bush college, a university college without autonomy under auspices of the University of South Africa. The university offered a training for lower to middle level positions in schools. In the first years of its existence, a deal of the teaching staff was white. Many of the came from the University of Stellenbosch. The language in most lectures was Afrikaans, the university started as a small institution, in the first year,166 students were enrolled and the teaching staff numbered 17. In 1970, the institution gained university status and was able to award its own degrees, during the first 15 years, the board and staff were primarily whites, supporting the National Party and apartheid. One of the few exceptions was Adam Small, head of the Philosophy Department, Small was dismissed in 1973 as a consequence of his involvement in the Black Consciousness Movement. Apart from lecturers like Small, there were students who were active in the struggle against apartheid. Protests from students against the university board and lack of participation in the university led to the appointment of the first coloured rector. The years thereafter gave way to a more atmosphere, in which the university gradually distanced itself from apartheid
23.
International Astronautical Federation
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It has over 300 members from 66 countries across the world. They are drawn from space agencies, companies, universities, professional associations, government organizations and it is linked with the International Academy of Astronautics and the International Institute of Space Law with whom the IAF organises the annual International Astronautical Congress. The largest and most well-known IAF event is the annual International Astronautical Congress, there are a variety of side events including the annual UN/IAF Workshop, which takes place during the 2 days preceding the IAC. Working in close cooperation with the United Nations, the IAF also organises the Space Workshop for Developing Nations, with the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law, the IAF also conducts an annual survey of Highlights in Space for the United Nations. The IAF runs 2 large-scale awards schemes for young professionals and students - The Emerging Space Leaders Grants, and this allows young people to attend the IAC free of charge, and have their travel, accommodation and costs paid whilst there. The IAF publishes proceedings from its meeting electronically, along with studies undertaken by IAF committees, manfred Lachs Official website International Astronautical Congress 2013
24.
Afrikaans
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Afrikaans is a West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia and, to a lesser extent, Botswana and Zimbabwe. Hence, it is a language of Dutch, and was previously referred to as Cape Dutch or kitchen Dutch. Although, it is described as a creole, a partially creolised language the least. The term is derived from Dutch Afrikaans-Hollands meaning African Dutch. It is the first language of most of the Afrikaner and Coloured people of Southern Africa, therefore, differences with Dutch often lie in the more analytic morphology and grammar of Afrikaans, and a spelling that expresses Afrikaans pronunciation rather than standard Dutch. There is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages—especially in written form. With about 7 million native speakers in South Africa, or 13. 5% of the population and it has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all the eleven official languages of South Africa, and is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language. About 1. 5% of black South Africans speak it as their first language, large numbers of speakers of Bantu languages and English-speaking South Africans also speak it as their second language. It is taught in schools, with about 10.3 million second-language students and it, along with German, was among the official languages of Namibia until the country became independent in 1990, 25% of the population of Windhoek spoke Afrikaans at home. Both Afrikaans and German survive as recognised regional languages in the country, estimates of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million. The Afrikaans language arose in the Dutch Cape Colony, through a gradual divergence from European Dutch dialects, there is a degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages, particularly in written form. Nevertheless, Dutch speakers are confronted with fewer non-cognates when listening to Afrikaans than the way round. Mutual intelligibility thus tends to be asymmetrical, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch, in general, mutual intelligibility between Dutch and Afrikaans is better than between Dutch and Frisian or between Danish and Swedish. The workers and slaves who contributed to the development of Afrikaans were Asians and Malagasys, as well as the Khoi, San, and Bantu peoples who also lived in the area. African creole people in the early 18th century — documented on the cases of Hendrik Bibault, Only much later in the second half of the 19th century did the Boers adopt this attribution, too. The Khoi and mixed-race groups became collectively referred to as Coloureds, beginning in about 1815, Afrikaans started to replace Malay as the language of instruction in Muslim schools in South Africa, written with the Arabic alphabet, see Arabic Afrikaans. Later, Afrikaans, now written with the Latin alphabet, started to appear in newspapers and political, in 1925, Afrikaans was recognised by the South African government as a real language, rather than simply a slang version of Dutch proper. Before the Boer Wars, and indeed for some time afterwards, rather, Afrikaans was described derogatorily as ‘a kitchen language’ or as ‘a bastard jargon, suitable for communication mainly between the Boers and their servants
25.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
26.
Johann van der Westhuizen
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Johann van der Westhuizen is a former judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa. Before his judicial appointment, he was a professor at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law, van der Westhuizen was born in Windhoek, Namibia. He went to school there and in Pretoria and he received a BA in 1973, an LLB in 1975, and an LLD in 1980, all from the University of Pretoria. Van der Westhuizen was professor and head of the Department of Legal History, Comparative Law and he was the founding director of the universitys Centre for Human Rights from 1986 to 1998. He was admitted as an advocate of the High Court of South Africa and was an member of the Pretoria Bar. He acted as a consultant and in-house advocate for the Legal Resources Centre and Lawyers for Human Rights and served on the national council and he also co-ordinated the equality legislation drafting project of the Ministry of Justice and the South African Human Rights Commission in 1998. In 1999 he was appointed by President Nelson Mandela as a judge in the Transvaal Provincial Division of the High Court of South Africa in Pretoria and he joined the Constitutional Court of South Africa on 1 February 2004. He retired on 29 January 2016, van der Westhuizen was awarded an Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship and the Southern Africa Research Program fellowship to Yale University
27.
Constitutional Court of South Africa
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The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa. It was originally the final court for constitutional matters. Since the enactment of the Superior Courts Act in 2013, the Constitutional Court has jurisdiction to hear any matter if it is in the interests of justice for it to do so. The court was first established by the Interim Constitution of 1993 and it has continued in existence under the Constitution of 1996. The court sits in the city of Johannesburg and it also has occupied a purpose-built complex on Constitution Hill. The first court session in the new building at this location was held in February 2004, the Constitutional Court consists of eleven judges who are appointed by the President of South Africa from a list drawn up by the Judicial Service Commission. The judges serve for a term of twelve years, the court is headed by the Chief Justice of South Africa and the Deputy Chief Justice. The Constitution requires that a matter before the Court be heard by at least eight judges, in practice, all eleven judges hear almost every case. Decisions are reached by a majority and written reasons are given, the movement for the establishment of the Constitutional Court in South Africa started in 1920 by African National Congress. By the year 1956, judges and liberals in the country put up bill of rights as a support for the creation of the court, the first meeting of selected members of the court took place in 1994. In 1995, President Nelson Mandela was at the court to deliver a speech for its commissioning, according to South African History Online Mandela says “The last time I appeared in court was to hear whether or not I was going to be sentenced to death. Fortunately for myself and my colleagues we were not, today I rise not as an accused, but on behalf of the people of South Africa, to inaugurate a court South Africa has never had, a court on which hinges the future of our democracy. Constitution Hill is the seat of the Constitutional Court of South Africa, the Constitution Hill precinct is located at 11 Kotze Street in Braamfontein, Johannesburg near the western end of the suburb of Hillbrow. The hill overlooks downtown Johannesburg to the South and the northern suburbs of Houghton, Parktown, Sandton. The court building itself was built using bricks from the demolished awaiting-trial wing of the former prison, inside the main room, a row of horizontal windows has been set up behind the seats of the judges. While the windows are at the head-height of judges on the inside, the first court session in the new building at this location was held in February 2004. The court building is open to the public who want to attend hearings or view the art gallery in the court atrium. The court houses a collection of more than 200 contemporary artworks chosen by Constitutional Court judge Albie Sachs, including works by Gerard Sekoto, William Kentridge, the entrance to the court written in all 11 official languages of South Africa
28.
Thabo Mbeki
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Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki is a South African politician who served nine years as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. R. Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority, on 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned judge Nicholsons judgment but the resignation stood. During his time in office the economy grew at a rate of 4. 5% per year. Mbeki created employment in the sectors of the economy and oversaw a fast-growing black middle class with the implementation of Black Economic Empowerment. This growth exacerbated the demand for trained professionals strained by emigration due to violent crime and he attracted the bulk of Africas Foreign Direct Investment and made South Africa the focal point of African growth. He was the architect of NEPAD whose aim is to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa, Mbeki has mediated in difficult and complex issues on the African continent including Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, and some important peace agreements. He oversaw the transition from the Organisation of African Unity to the African Union and his quiet diplomacy in Zimbabwe, however, is blamed for protracting the survival of Robert Mugabes regime at the cost of thousands of lives and intense economic pressure on Zimbabwes neighbours. He became a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement in the United Nations. Mbeki has received criticism for his stance on AIDS. He questions the link between HIV and AIDS and believes that the correlation between poverty and the AIDS rate in Africa was a challenge to the theory of AIDS. His fate was not helped by Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang and the overhaul of the industry in South Africa. His ban of antiretroviral drugs in public hospitals is estimated to be responsible for the deaths of between 330,000 and 365,000 people. Thabo Mbeki has also criticised for responding to negative comments made about his government by accusing critics of racism. Born and raised in Mbewuleni, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, Mbeki is one of four children of Epainette, the economist Moeletsi Mbeki is one of his brothers. His father was a stalwart of the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party and he is a native Xhosa speaker. Mbeki attended primary school in Idutywa and Butterworth and acquired a school education at Lovedale. In 1959, he was expelled from school as a result of student strikes, in the same year, he sat for matriculation examinations at St. Johns High School, Umtata. In the ensuing years, he completed British A-level examinations and undertook a degree as an external student with the University of London
29.
Johann Kriegler
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Johann Christiaan Kriegler is a retired justice of the Constitutional Court of South Africa. Born in Pretoria, he matriculated at King Edward VII School in Johannesburg in 1949 and he then attended the South African Military Academy for two years. He studied law at the University of Pretoria and the University of South Africa, after obtaining his LLB degree in 1958, he was called to the Johannesburg Bar in 1959. Kriegler served three times as Chairman and Secretary of the Johannesburg Bar Council, and as Secretary of the General Council of the Bar of South Africa. He drafted the constitution of the Christian Institute of Southern Africa, became National President of Verligte Aksie, for some years he served on the Transvaal Board of the Urban Foundation and from 1978 to 1988 was a founding trustee of the Legal Resources Centre. Between 1976 and 1983 Kriegler served intermittently as an acting judge, between 1990 and 1993 he acted in the Appellate Division, then the highest court in the country, and was permanently appointed to its bench in1993. The following year he was appointed a justice of the newly formed Constitutional Court of South Africa. In December 1993 he was appointed Chairperson of the Independent Electoral Commission whose task it was to deliver South Africas first elections based on adult suffrage. In 1999 after months of fighting over the way South Africas second post-apartheid election should be run and he said he found the load of being both chairman of the commission and a justice of the Constitutional Court increasingly heavy. He had repeatedly complained of a lack of financing for his agency, the new requirements were opposed by the two major white political parties and the Inkatha Party. Kriegler currently a trustee of a number of charitable trusts, in 2008, Kriegler led a commission recommending reforms to the electoral process in Kenya following the crisis after the 2007 presidential election. Kriegler and his wife have nine children and fifteen grandchildren between them and live in Johannesburg and his grandchildren are Jock, Katie, Hannah and Lisa, Conley, Isabella, Michael, Stefan, Josef, Joshua, Leah, and Samuel
30.
Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa
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The Supreme Court of Appeal or SCA is an appellate court in South Africa. It was the seat of some of the countrys most outstanding judges including Innes CJ, Watermeyer CJ, Galgut JA, Wessels CJ, in 1994 the Constitutional Court of South Africa was created with jurisdiction superior to the Appellate Division, but it could hear only in constitutional matters. The Appellate Division therefore remained the highest court in non-constitutional matters, the court is composed of a President, a Deputy President, and the number of ordinary Judges of Appeal determined in terms of an Act of Parliament, at present there are 22 positions on the court. Cases before the court are heard by panels of five judges. Judges are appointed by the President of South Africa on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission, Judges of Appeal are cited in judgments with the surname of the judge followed by JA
31.
University of Pretoria Faculty of Law
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The University of Pretoria Faculty of Law was established in 1908 and consists of five academic departments, six centres, two law clinics and its own publisher the Pretoria University Law Press. The faculty offers the undergraduate LLB degree, the postgraduate LLM, the faculty organises the annual African and World Human Rights Moot Court Competition and in 2006, the facultys Centre for Human Rights received the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education. The proposal for a university for the capital, first mooted in the Volksraad in 1889, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Anglo Boer War in 1899, in 1906 the Transvaal Technical Institute changed its name to the Transvaal University College. The faculty offers the undergraduate LLB degree and the postgraduate LLM, the undergraduate BCom and BA degrees are presented by the faculties of Economic and Management Sciences and Humanities respectively. LLD programmes cover procedural law, legal history, comparative law and legal philosophy, mercantile law, public Law, private law and human rights. Continuing education short courses are presented in the fields of law, commercial law, general law, insolvency law, labour law, legislative drafting. The Centres, Units & Institutes have a research and academic purpose, the Centre for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, is an organisation dedicated to promoting human rights on the continent of Africa. The Centre, which was founded during Apartheid, assisted in adapting a Bill of Rights for South Africa, in 2006, the Centre received the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education. The Centre for Child was established in 1998 and is enjoys recognition as a law clinic by the Law Society, the Pretoria Student Law Review, published by PULP, is student driven and administered initiative providing an interactive student platform for to discuss topical legal matters. Law House provides a platform for social engagement, community outreach, several internal and external moot court competitions through the Moot and Debating Society. Educating Prisoners About Human Rights which engages unsentenced offenders to inform them about their human rights. The Language Centre which assist other students in the development of their skills under the guidance of admitted attorneys. The Student Disciplinary Advisory Panel may give advice to students appearing in front of student disciplinary hearings regarding the nature of the procedure of student disciplinary hearings, well known alumni include, Johann van der Westhuizen is a judge in the Constitutional Court of South Africa. He was appointed to the bench in 2004 by Thabo Mbeki and he was previously a professor at the University of Pretoria Faculty of Law and the founding director of the Centre for Human Rights. He currently sits on the board of the Centre for Human Rights, Johann Kriegler is a former Constitutional Court and Appeal Court judge from South Africa. He is currently a member of the University of South Africa Law Faculty. Dire Tladi – Principal State Law Adviser for International Law for the South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation, member of the United Nations International Law Commission
32.
Old School of Mines, Kimberley
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In 1904 the school was moved to Johannesburg, becoming the Transvaal Technical Institute which, in turn, was renamed the Transvaal University College in 1906. The separation of Johannesburg and Pretoria campuses in 1910 paved the way for establishment of the Universities of the Witwatersrand, of architectural interest as well, it is an example of late Victorian style. In the 1980s-90s the Kimberley Repertory Players converted the building for use as the Hull Street Theatre, the building was being promoted as a tourist attraction by the Sol Plaatje Local Municipality in Kimberleys tourism website, Kimberley, the city that sparkles. But heritage conservation issues mark its most recent history in a context of neglect and with work on an adjoining property encroaching towards
33.
Kya Rosa, University of Pretoria
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Kya Rosa is a beautifully decorated late-Victorian house at the main entrance to the University of Pretoria. The original building was constructed in Skinner Street in 1895 and belonged to Leo Weinthal and it was named after his wife, Rosa. The word ‘Kya’ is the Zulu word for ‘house’, Kya Rosa later became the first home of the then Transvaal University College – the predecessor of the University of Pretoria – but by 1915 it was no longer in use. In 1980, the University commissioned the construction of a replica of the house where it stands today – at the Roper Street entrance to the University, work began in 1983, under the guidance of architect Albrecht Holm, an alumnus of the University of Pretoria. Precise measurements were taken from the building and old photographs were used as reference to ensure that the reconstructed building closely resembles the original house. Many of the original Victorian fittings were used in the reconstruction, today Kya Rosa houses the Office for Alumni Relations and incorporates a small conference and entertainment centre. The house was opened by Dr Anton Rupert on 25 October 1985. Kya Rosa on UPSpace University of Pretoria Kya Rosa - Home of Alumni
34.
Gordon Institute of Business Science
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Gordon Institute of Business Science is the business school of the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa, and a leading South African business school. It is located in the heart of Illovo, Johannesburg, close to the Sandton financial and commercial business hub, GIBS is accredited by the Council on Higher Education and internationally by Association of MBAs. GIBS flagship programmes include the Masters in Business Administration, Postgraduate Diploma in Business Administration, in 2012, the GIBS DBA became the first South African doctoral programme in business to receive international accreditation from AMBA. GIBS also offers Executive Programmes, short courses, executive level programmes like the Global Executive Development & General Management Programmes, extended Programmes are longer certificate programmes and include the Social Entrepreneurship Programme, Leading Women Programme and Nexus Leadership Programme. The business school follows on the universitys Graduate School of Managements long tradition of MBA tuition, founded in 1949, the GSM MBA was the first MBA programme to be launched outside of North America. The GSM as of January 2008 was formally replaced by the Gordon Institute of Business Science, accommodation is provided on the Illovo campus by the on campus Illovo Lodge. The Illovo campus is served by the Rosebank Gautrain station, with a nearby Gautrain bus stop, Sir Donald Gordon Sir Donald Gordon is a South African businessman and philanthropist. He was educated at King Edward VII School in Johannesburg before doing his articles to be a Chartered Accountant at the firm Kessel Feinstein. He founded the Liberty Life Association of Africa in 1957 out of which he formed Transatlantic Insurance Holdings plc, now Liberty International and he was a co-founder of British company Abbey Life. In June 2005, he was awarded a British knighthood in recognition of his services to arts, in 2011, an independent research survey by Magnet Communications of business school satisfaction levels among MBA students rated GIBS the top position in 7 out of 10 categories. In 2012, the Financial Times ranked the school 47 for Executive Education Open and 42 for Executive Education Customied, the highest in Africa. A2011 PMR. Africa national survey of human resource directors/managers and line managers on accredited business schools gave GIBS a Diamond award and gave it the highest overall score in South Africa. Nick Binedell, the director of GIBS, won the Diamond Arrow Award for Individual in the Business School fraternity in South Africa doing most to enhance and develop the relevancy of business schools. GIBS has consistently ranked the top business school for executive education in Africa. In 2012 the Financial Times ranked the GIBS Executive MBA 1st in Africa, past and present faculty members include Gill Marcus and Nick Binedell. Company-specific programmes clients includes Standard Bank, Anglo American PLC, Barclays Africa, SABMiller, United Nations Children’s Fund, sustainability initiatives focus on sustainability at GIBS, environment and community
Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
