1.
University of South Carolina System
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With almost 50,000 students at the eight campuses, the system is the largest institution of higher learning in the state of South Carolina. The system includes the flagship and research campus at Columbia, three campuses, and four regional campuses. USC also has several thousand students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges. The University of South Carolina system currently consists of eight campuses with a campus at Columbia. The campuses in Aiken, Beaufort and Spartanburg offer both undergraduate and graduate degrees, the four regional campuses offer associates degree as well as providing a straightforward process to transfer to one of the senior campuses through the universitys on-line Palmetto College. Four of the campuses have branches in nearby locales, USC Beaufort has a branch in Bluffton, USC Union has a branch in Laurens, USC Salkehatchie has its main campus in Allendale with a branch in Walterboro, and USC Upstate has a branch in Greenville. USC Florence, a campus from 1957 until it became independent on July 1,1970 as Francis Marion College, USC Coastal Carolina, a previously independent two-year campus, joined USC system in 1959 and remained until it became independent on July 1,1993 as Coastal Carolina University. The University of South Carolina System is governed by the Board of Trustees who oversee the management of the system. The Board of Trustees is composed of a total of twenty members, of the members, sixteen are chosen by the General Assembly, three are ex officio members, and one is appointed by the Governor of South Carolina. A President is appointed by the Board to serve as the executive officer of the system. In addition, the President is tasked with planning of the system. Each senior campus is administered by a chancellor and each campus is managed by a dean. The duties of the chancellor at the Columbia campus are encompassed by the office of the President, both the Board of the Trustees and the President have offices in the Osborne Administration Building, at the northeast corner of The Horseshoe. The Board of Trustees meets every month and the President delivers a yearly state-of-the-university address in the Longstreet Theater. Note, This article was transferred from the University of South Carolina article which pertains only to the Columbia campus, since the Board of Trustees governs the whole system. The Board of Trustees is a created by the state of South Carolina responsible for the maintenance and operation of the university. Its primary focus is to set the mission for the University system, the board was established in the legislation passed by the General Assembly on December 19,1801 for the foundation of South Carolina College. The original board was composed of members, twelve of whom were ex officio
2.
University of South Carolina Library
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The Thomas Cooper Library is the Universitys main library. The facility opened in 1959 as an undergraduate library, the first such library in the South. The building was designed by Edward Durell Stone, the designer of the Kennedy Center, and the firm of Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle, the building was executed in a modernist design primarily of white marble. Taking its current form in 1976, the 289,000 sq ft facility houses the collection on 45 miles of shelves. The library consists of seven levels, four underground and three above including a mezzanine level, in addition to housing books the library contains numerous study carrels, collaboration rooms, classrooms, and computer facilities. In the Technology Lounge students can check out tech devices such as laptops, the facility is open 24/7 to students. The librarys general collection consists of items that have always been in the collection as well as items that were at one point housed in separate locations, for example the science collection and the education collection were consolidated into the general collection from their original separate locations. The library also home to government resources such as the Government and Maps collection which contains US federal government, in addition the Scholar Commons serves as an institutional repository of scholarly work. As the main research library the facility is home to research resources such as journals, articles and databases. This facility is home to the Irvin Department of Rare Books & Special Collections as well as the South Carolina Political Collections, the Rare Books Collection ranges from works on philosophy, natural history, and literature among others. The collection contains the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland, in addition there are also large collections relating to Joseph Heller, Dashiell Hammett, and William Faulkner. The South Caroliniana Library is located on the universitys Historic Horseshoe, begun in 1838 and completed in 1840, the Robert Mills-designed building was the first free standing college library in the country. Mills used the room of the Library of Congress that housed Thomas Jeffersons collection as the basis for his design. The library served as the main library until 1940 with the completion of the, now. The purpose of the annex is to house infrequently used items to alleviate crowding at the main libraries, while its primary purpose is storage there are research rooms available on site for those that need to access a large amount of materials. For purposes of conservation and maintenance of materials there is a lab on site as well
3.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
4.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
5.
Flagship campus
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A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
6.
State university system
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A state university system in the United States is a group of public universities supported by an individual state, or a similar entity such as the District of Columbia. These systems constitute the majority of public-funded universities in the country, each state supports at least one such system. State university systems should not be confused with federally funded colleges and universities, at which attendance is limited to military personnel, members of foreign militaries and governments also attend some schools. These schools include the United States service academies, Naval Postgraduate School, a state university system normally means a single legal entity and administration, but may consist of several institutions, each with its own identity as a university. Some states—such as California and Texas—support more than one such system, State universities get subsidies from their states. As more and more Americans attend college, and private tuition rates increase well beyond the rate of inflation, admission to universities is becoming more and more competitive. State university systems were a product of the demand for education in the newly formed United States. The tradition of publicly funded state colleges began primarily in the southern states, there remains significant debate about which institution or institutions are the oldest public universities in the United States. The University of Georgia is the countrys first chartered public university, however, the University of Georgia did not hold classes until 16 years later in the fall of 1801. The first collegiate-level classes conducted by an institution were at another Georgia institution. The school eventually dropped high school instruction, but remained a community college until becoming an institution in 1963. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, while chartered four years after Georgia in 1789, was the first state university to hold classes, classes began at UNC in 1795, and UNC is the only state university to have graduated students in the 18th century. The University of South Carolina was chartered in 1801 and held classes for the first time in 1805, determining which state university was the first is further complicated by the case of New Jerseys state university system. Rutgers University, which had previously been a school affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church, was designated as a state university by acts of the legislature in 1945 and 1956. It became a System with the absorptions of Newark University in 1946 and The College of South Jersey in 1950, becoming Rutgers Newark and Camden campuses, respectively. Rutgers was chartered in 1766, nineteen years before the University of Georgia, castleton State College in Vermont is the oldest state university in New England, chartered in 1787. This was soon followed by the charter of The University of Vermont in 1791, however, neither institution was a state university in the modern sense of the term until many decades later. Castleton State began as the Rutland County Grammar School and it did not become a postsecondary institution until the campus became home to the State Normal School in 1867
7.
National Sea Grant College Program
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The National Sea Grant College Program is a program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the U. S. Department of Commerce. The program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and is based in Silver Spring, no sea rights have actually been granted, only money. There are 30 member institutions, called Sea Grant colleges, many, the program was instituted in 1966 when Congress passed the National Sea Grant College Program Act. The name Sea Grant was chosen to draw a parallel with the land grant college program that was funded by grants of lands to the states by the 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862. Final signing of the 1966 Sea Grant College and Program Act into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson was on October 15,1966, a map showing the locations of and links to the institutions involved with the program is available from the NOAA
8.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
9.
Columbia, South Carolina
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Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 133,803 as of 2015. The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, the name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus. The city is located approximately 13 miles northwest of the center of South Carolina. It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, in 1860, the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention, which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people called the Congaree, in May 1540, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto traversed what is now Columbia while moving northward. The expedition produced the earliest written records of the area. From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786, the Congarees, a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River, was the head of navigation in the Santee River system. A ferry was established by the government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank. Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America, Columbia is on the line from the Piedmont region. The fall line is the spot where a river becomes unnavigable when sailing upstream, State Senator John Lewis Gervais of the town of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22,1786, to create a new state capital. There was considerable argument over the name for the new city, according to published accounts, Senator Gervais said he hoped that in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA, for that was the name which he wished it to be called. One legislator insisted on the name Washington, but Columbia won by a vote of 11–7 in the state senate, the site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786, due to its central location in the state. The State Legislature first met there in 1790, after remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper rivers in a 22-mile-long section and it was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850, the commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a 2-mile square along the river. The blocks were divided into lots of 0.5 acres and sold to speculators, buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet long and 18 feet wide within three years or face an annual 5% penalty. The perimeter streets and two streets were 150 feet wide
10.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
11.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
12.
Southeastern Conference
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The Southeastern Conference is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the Southern part of the United States. Its fourteen members include the public universities of ten states. The conference is headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, the SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I in sports competitions, for football, it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision, formerly known as Division I-A. The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a game for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series. The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey, the conference sponsors team championships in nine mens sports and twelve womens sports. The SEC consists of 14 member institutions located within the borders of 11 contiguous states and these divisional groupings are applied exclusively to football and baseball as well as their scheduling and standings. The other charter members were, The University of the South left the SEC on December 13,1940 and it is currently a member of the Division III Southern Athletic Association. Georgia Institute of Technology left the SEC in 1964, in 1975, it became a founding member of the Metro Conference, one of the predecessors to todays Conference USA. Georgia Tech competed in the Metro Conference in all sports except football, in 1978, Georgia Tech joined another Southern Conference offshoot, the Atlantic Coast Conference, for all sports, where it has remained ever since. Tulane University left the SEC in 1966, along with Georgia Tech, it was a charter member of the Metro Conference. Unlike Tech, however, Tulane remained in the Metro Conference until it merged with the Great Midwest Conference in 1995 to form Conference USA, Tulane remained an independent in football until C-USA began football competition in 1996. Tulane left C-USA in 2014 for the American Athletic Conference, in 1990, the SEC expanded from ten to twelve member universities with the addition of the Arkansas Razorbacks and the South Carolina Gamecocks. The two new members began SEC competition with the 1991–1992 basketball season, at the same time, the SEC organized competition for some sports into two divisions. Initially, the format was used in football, baseball. The divisional format was dropped for mens basketball following the 2011–2012 season, the 1992 and 1993 championship games were held at Legion Field in Birmingham, and all championship games from 1994 onward have been held at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. On November 6,2011 the SEC commissioner announced that the University of Missouri would also join the SEC on July 1,2012, for football, Texas A&M was scheduled to compete in the Western Division, and Missouri in the Eastern Division. Texas A&M and Missouri both left the Big 12 Conference, the office of Commissioner was created in 1940. Under the leadership of Michael F, the SECU rebranded its mission to better serve as a means through which the collaborative academic endeavors and achievements of Southeastern Conference universities would be promoted and advanced
13.
South Carolina Gamecocks
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The University of South Carolinas varsity sports teams are known as the Gamecocks. All of the Universitys varsity teams compete at the Division I level of the NCAA, Mens soccer competes in Conference USA and womens beach volleyball competes in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association because the SEC does not sponsor those sports. South Carolina usually calls itself Carolina, USC, or SC in athletics, causing confusion with the North Carolina Tar Heels. Sports networks often use the abbreviation SCAR during their coverage of Gamecocks sports, however, some, the athletic department is supported with private money from the Gamecock Club. It was originally formed as the B. A. M, Club in 1939 and 1940 to benefit the athletic programs from privately raised funds. The universitys athletic programs have earned ten national titles and produced many Olympians. Tim Brando was quoted as saying, You wont find any more fans in the country than those who follow the South Carolina Gamecocks. In 1900, the team was first referred to as the Gamecocks by The State newspaper. The nickname was a reference to the tactics of General Thomas Sumter. The University of South Carolina was a member of the Southern Conference for mens basketball and football from 1922 until it became a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953. The Gamecocks left the ACC in 1971, following disputes over the ACCs recruiting regulations. USC then competed as an independent until 1983 when it joined the Metro Conference for all sports except football, in 1991, the Gamecocks joined the Southeastern Conference when it increased its membership to 12 schools and split into two divisions. Since joining the SEC, the Gamecocks have been part of the leagues East Division, womens beach volleyball competed as an independent before joining the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association for the 2016 season. On December 6,2015, Will Muschamp was named the head coach, the team plays its home games at Williams-Brice Stadium, the 20th largest stadium in college football. Accomplishments include the 2010 SEC East title, the 1969 ACC championship, in 1980, George Rogers won the Heisman Trophy. Players inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame include George Rogers, the South Carolina Gamecocks mens basketball team represents the University of South Carolina and competes in the Southeastern Conference. The program also won the 1997 SEC championship, National Invitation Tournament titles in 2005 and 2006, most recently, the Gamecocks won the 2017 NCAA East Regional Championship, reaching the Final Four for the first time in school history. Frank Martin is the current head coach, and the plays at the 18
14.
Cocky (mascot)
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Cocky is the costumed mascot of the University of South Carolina athletics teams. He represents a version of a gamecock. The current version of Cocky made his debut, by Robert Lane and he was portrayed as the son of Big Spur, a large, gangly barn yard rooster that had been attending games since 1978 as a mascot of the university. Big Spur had been introduced as a fraternity pledge class project headed by student Chuck Eaton, Eaton served as the mascot from 1978 until 1980 when the role was taken over by USC students Robert Lane and John Routh. Big Spur was seen as too large and unwieldy with limited mobility, therefore, Cocky, Big Spurs son, was brought in to replace Big Spur. At the introduction of Cocky, he was booed off the field by students. He was chosen in a nationwide contest in 1986 as Americas First National Mascot - by the Universal Cheerleading Association, Ford Motor Company and he was mascot champion in 1986 and again in 1994, and the Capital One mascot championship in 2003. Cocky, portrayed by Blake Edmunds, has picked up another title in April 09 by winning the 2009 NCA Mascot National Title. Cocky was a member of the Capital One Bowl All-America Mascot Team in 2003,2004,2005,2007, the original Cocky was John Routh, 1980-1982, who became the mascot for the University of Miami, and later became Billy the Marlin for the Florida Marlins. The anonymous JH had the longest tenure from 1985–1992 and he redesigned Cocky from the inside-out to allow for more mobility and a kinder more adroit, cartoon-like character. He was fluent in American Sign Language, which delighted audiences, in the summer of 1985 at the Universal Cheerleading Summer Mascot Camp, he was voted by the other college mascots as the Best Of The Best, and received the Master Key to Spirit Trophy. JH was the winner of the first National Mascot contest ever held in 1986 and that year he was recognized with a Concurrent Resolution by the SC House of Representatives as Goodwill Ambassador of the State of South Carolina. The national attention became intense. over the years he met Pope John Paul II, President Reagan, President Bush, after winning Nationals, he received a call from The Tonight Show. They wanted him to do a skit, then disrobe and talk to Johnny, JH strongly believed in anonymity and that the character should remain the focus and gain all of the attention for USC. creating a mystique surrounding the character. For these reasons, he turned down The Tonight Show request, in a 1990 survey taken of SC Residents Cocky was noted as the most positive and easily recognizable image of the University of SC. He was hired by the University of SC in 1988 to continue representing USC, at that time he was one of only two college mascots in the nation that were hired as a full-time mascot. In 1992, the university decided to move Cocky from under the umbrella of Athletics/Public Relations to Student Affairs, from that point forward Cocky was to be portrayed by a series of students. JH left USC and at the recommendation of SC Coach Emeritus Frank McGuire he became a mascot for Shinn Enterprises
15.
Research
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It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field, to test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of research are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences, there are several forms of research, scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577, Research has been defined in a number of different ways. Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell and it consists of three steps, pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary and this material is of a primary source character. The purpose of the research is to produce new knowledge. Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to, in analytical work, there are typically some new mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals, graduate students are commonly required to perform original research as part of a dissertation. Scientific research is a way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature, scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic, Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the correct answer to a question. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, an example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, Artistic research, also seen as practice-based research, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge
16.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
17.
South Carolina State House
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The South Carolina State House is the building housing the government of the U. S. state of South Carolina. The building houses the South Carolina General Assembly and the offices of the Governor, until 1971, it also housed the Supreme Court. It is located in the city of Columbia near the corner of Gervais. The State House is in the Greek Revival style, it is approximately 180 feet tall,300 feet long,100 feet wide and it weighs more than 70,000 short tons and has 130,673 square feet of space. The South Carolina State House was designed first by architect P. H. Hammarskold, construction began in 1851, but the original architect was dismissed for fraud and dereliction of duty. Soon thereafter, the structure was dismantled because of defective materials. John Niernsee redesigned the structure and work began on it in 1855, slowed during the Civil War, several public buildings were put to the torch when United States troops entered the city. The capitol building was damaged by shells and set afire by U. S. Army troops under Shermans command. Building work was completed in 1907. The reconstruction era poverty slowed progress, the buildings main structure was finally completed in 1875. From 1888 to 1891, Niernsee’s son, Frank McHenry Niernsee, served as architect, in 1900 Frank Pierce Milburn began as architect, but was replaced in 1905 by Charles Coker Wilson who finally finished the exterior in 1907. Additional renovations were made in 1959 and 1998, the State House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its significance in the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era. The buildings grounds are home to several monuments, the monument was established after a controversy during the states 2000 presidential primary about the Confederate flag flying over the dome of the State House. It was then removed from the grounds on July 10,2015 by order of Republican governor Nimrata Haley, on the east side is the African-American History Monument, authorized by Act 457 of the General Assembly and unveiled on March 26,2001. S. Senators James F. Byrnes, Strom Thurmond and Benjamin Tillman, Dr. J. Marion Sims, christopher Werner, maker of the Iron Palmetto List of National Historic Landmarks in South Carolina South Carolina State House virtual tour Historic American Buildings Survey No. SC-319, South Carolina State House, Capitol Square, Columbia, Richland County, State Senators debated whether to remove the Confederate flag from the Capitol building. They voted ultimately to move it from the Capitol dome to the Capitol grounds. South Carolina State Senate Debate on the Confederate Flag, the resolution was passed by voice vote. The South Carolina House of Representatives had passed a similar motion, as called for by Governor Nikki Haley
18.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
19.
Robert Burns
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Robert Burns, also known as Rabbie Burns, the Bard of Ayrshire, Ploughman Poet and various other names and epithets, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and he also wrote in standard English, and in these writings his political or civil commentary is often at its bluntest. Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, in 2009 he was chosen as the greatest Scot by the Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected songs from across Scotland. His poem Auld Lang Syne is often sung at Hogmanay, and he was born in a house built by his father, where he lived until Easter 1766, when he was seven years old. William Burnes sold the house and took the tenancy of the 70-acre Mount Oliphant farm, here Burns grew up in poverty and hardship, and the severe manual labour of the farm left its traces in a premature stoop and a weakened constitution. By the age of 15, Burns was the principal labourer at Mount Oliphant, during the harvest of 1774, he was assisted by Nelly Kilpatrick, who inspired his first attempt at poetry, O, Once I Lovd A Bonnie Lass. In the summer of 1775, he was sent to finish his education with a tutor at Kirkoswald, despite his ability and character, William Burnes was consistently unfortunate, and migrated with his large family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve his circumstances. Subsequently, the family became integrated into the community of Tarbolton, to his fathers disapproval, Robert joined a country dancing school in 1779 and, with Gilbert, formed the Tarbolton Bachelors Club the following year. His earliest existing letters date from this time, when he began making overtures to Alison Begbie. In spite of four songs written for her and a suggestion that he was willing to marry her, Robert Burns was initiated into masonic Lodge St David, Tarbolton, on 4 July 1781, when he was 22. This venture accordingly came to an end, and Burns went home to Lochlea farm, during this time he met and befriended Captain Richard Brown who encouraged him to become a poet. He continued to write poems and songs and began a book in 1783. The case went to the Court of Session, and Burnes was upheld in January 1784, a fortnight before he died. During the summer of 1784 Burns came to know a group of girls known collectively as The Belles of Mauchline, one of whom was Jean Armour, the daughter of a stonemason from Mauchline. His first child, Elizabeth Paton Burns, was born to his mothers servant, Elizabeth Paton, while he was embarking on a relationship with Jean Armour, Burns signed a paper attesting his marriage to Jean, but her father was in the greatest distress, and fainted away. To avoid disgrace, her parents sent her to live with her uncle in Paisley, although Armours father initially forbade it, they were eventually married in 1788
20.
Ernest Hemingway
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Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style had a influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and he published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature, Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, in 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms, in 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers. He published his novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. Martha Gellhorn became his wife in 1940, they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris, Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba, and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he killed himself in mid-1961. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21,1899, in Oak Park, Illinois and his father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician, and his mother, Grace Hall Hemingway, was a musician. Both were well-educated and well-respected in Oak Park, a community about which resident Frank Lloyd Wright said. For a short period after their marriage, Clarence and Grace Hemingway lived at first with Graces father, Ernest Hall, their first sons namesake. Later, Ernest Hemingway would say that he disliked his name, the family eventually moved into a seven-bedroom home in a respectable neighborhood with a music studio for Grace and a medical office for Clarence. Hemingways mother frequently performed in concerts around the village, as an adult, Hemingway professed to hate his mother, although biographer Michael S. Reynolds points out that Hemingway mirrored her energy and enthusiasm. The family spent summers at Windemere on Walloon Lake, near Petoskey, from 1913 until 1917, Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School. He took part in a number of sports—boxing, track and field, water polo and he excelled in English classes, and with his sister Marcelline, performed in the school orchestra for two years
21.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
22.
Master's degree
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A masters degree normally requires previous study at the bachelors level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. The original meaning of the degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank of master in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi, initially, the Bachelor of Arts was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts for the study of the quadrivium. The nineteenth century saw an expansion in the variety of masters degrees offered. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England, when the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, the same as that in Europe. In the United States, the first masters degrees were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation, at Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the masters degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style 3 years after the BA. In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid nineteenth century, in Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. Probably the most important masters degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science, at the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858, in course, first awarded in 1859, and on examination, first awarded in 1862. The in course MS was last awarded in 1876, in Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. The same two degrees, again omitting the masters, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a Royal Commission suggested that Durham should award masters degrees in theology and science and this scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science degree was introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durhams MA in requiring an examination for those with an ordinary bachelors degree. The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process, leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area, as the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the masters degrees. In 1903, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs the most stupendous of academic frauds, in 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science, first awarded in 1902. This was the first masters degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA, the idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the masters degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK
23.
Doctorate
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There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902
24.
History of the University of South Carolina
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This History of the University of South Carolina began in the 18th century when intersectional differences arose between the Lowcountry and the Upstate. The University of South Carolinas history can be described in four phases, a firebrand college, constant reorganization, college to university. The University was founded as South Carolina College on December 19,1801 by an act of the General Assembly after Governor John Drayton pushed for its foundation on November 23,1801. The establishment of a publicly funded college at the capital was intended to unite and promote harmony between the Lowcountry and the Backcountry, on January 10,1805, having an initial enrollment of nine students, the college commenced classes with a traditional classical curriculum. Jonathan Maxcy was its first president and served until his death in 1820, however, the college suffered greatly and lost most of its prestige when it closed during the American Civil War. The students formed a company in December 1860 to aid the Southern cause. Undeterred, the students disbanded their company on April 12 and formed a new company while en route to Charleston so that the governors previous holding orders would be invalid. Once in Charleston, General Beauregard assigned the company to guard Sullivans Island, after three weeks of guard duty, the student cadet company returned to Columbia to a heros welcome. Later in June 1861, the students reformed the company and requested to be accepted for service, Governor Pickens accepted their request provided that the faculty also approved the venture, but the faculty did not give its consent because they did not want the college to needlessly be closed. When the students returned in October, they reorganized their military unit as the third company, however, with the support of the governor the students ignored the protests of the faculty and departed for the Lowcountry. Despite the depletion of students, the professors issued a notice that the college would temporarily close and would reopen to those under eighteen. When the college reopened on March 17, only nine students showed up for classes, on June 25 with the consent of the state government, the Confederate authorities took possession of the college buildings and converted them into a hospital. After many unsuccessful attempts to reopen the college, the trustees passed a resolution on December 2,1863 that officially closed the college. By February 1865, Shermans army had reached the outskirts of Columbia, in addition, a company of the 25th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment was stationed at the campus on February 17 to protect it from harm and to thwart off pillaging Yankee soldiers. The appointment of Benjamin Franklin Perry as provisional governor of South Carolina on June 30 by President Andrew Johnson restored civilian rule to the state. Perry reinstated the trustees to their positions and the board met on September 20 to authorize the college to reopen on the first Monday of January in 1866. In a message to the legislature in October, Perry sought to convert the college into a university because with the state in an impoverished situation, the model that he wished to follow was the elective system used by the University of Virginia. Perry was succeeded in November as governor by James Lawrence Orr, a graduate of the University of Virginia, the schools of the university remained largely the same as they were in the College, with the addition of a school of engineering and mathematics
25.
Jonathan Maxcy
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Jonathan Maxcy was the second president of Brown University, the third president of Union College, and the first president of the University of South Carolina. Jonathan Maxcy was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts, on September 2,1768 and his younger brother was Virgil Maxcy, a Maryland political figure who was killed in the explosion of the USS Princeton. He was educated at an academy in Wrentham, Massachusetts, and then attended Brown University, shortly thereafter in 1789, he was baptized by James Manning, the first president of Brown. In 1790, Maxcy was licensed to preach by First Baptist Church in Providence, the first president of the Southern Baptist Convention William Bullein Johnson was one of Maxcys theological protégés. In 1789, he was elected a trustee of and appointed professor of divinity at Brown and he was formally elected president of the college in 1797 after which he served until 1802. The splendor of his genius, and his brilliant talents as an orator, under his administration the College acquired a reputation for belles-lettres and eloquence inferior to no seminary of learning in the United States. His pupils saw in him a model for their imitation. Though destitute of funds, and patronage from the legislature of the state, guided by his genius and wisdom, dr. Maxcy was one of the most learned men which our country has produced. Criticism, metaphysics, politics, morals, and theology all occupied his attention and his stores of knowledge were immense, and he had at all times the command over them. In 1801, Jonathan Edwards Jr. the second president of Union College in Schenectady, New York, died and Maxcy succeeded him as its third president. Maxcy left Union College in 1804 to become the first president of the South Carolina College, now the University of South Carolina, where he remained until his death on June 4,1820. While president of Brown, Maxcy received the degree of D. D. from Harvard At Brown, Maxcy Hall built in 1895. A building at Union College bore the name Maxcy House from 1971 until 1990 when its name was changed to Fero House. In 1827 the Maxcy Monument designed by noted architect Robert Mills was erected in the center of the Horseshoe, in 1937 Maxcy College was built just north of the Horseshoe facing Pendleton Street. Maxcy married Susanna Hopkins, daughter of Commodore Esek Hopkins and niece of former Royal Governor of Rhode Island and they had at least 3 daughters and 4 sons
26.
South Carolina General Assembly
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The South Carolina General Assembly, also called the South Carolina Legislature, is the state legislature of the U. S. state of South Carolina. The legislature is bicameral and consists of the lower South Carolina House of Representatives, altogether, the General Assembly consists of 170 members. The legislature convenes at the State House in Columbia, reynolds v. Sims caused district lines to cross county lines, causing legislators to be on multiple county councils. This led to the passage of the Home Rule Act of 1975, however, some functions that in many other states are performed by county governments are still handled by county legislative delegations in South Carolina. For both houses, there are no term limits, the General Assembly meets in joint session to elect judges, with all 170 members having an equal vote in such elections. South Carolina State House South Carolina House of Representatives South Carolina Senate South Carolina Code of Laws South Carolina Legislature Online
27.
Governor of South Carolina
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The Governor of the State of South Carolina is the head of state for the State of South Carolina. Under the South Carolina Constitution, the governor is also the head of government, the governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal use. The governors responsibilities include making yearly State of the State addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, there are three legal requirements set forth in Section 2 of Article IV of the South Carolina Constitution. Be at least 30 years of age, citizen of the United States and a resident of South Carolina for 5 years preceding the day of election. Watkins, which reaffirmed that religious tests for public offices violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and this requirement, however, has still not been removed from the Constitution of South Carolina. Section 3 of Article IV states that no person shall be elected governor for more than two successive terms, for clarification, a person can hold an unlimited amount of terms as governor as long as such person does not serve more than two consecutive terms. Since Henry McMaster assumed the office of governor after Nikki Haley resigned, he is eligible to serve the remainder of Haleys term, according to the South Carolina Constitution, the Governor, Exercises supreme executive authority. Appoints directors to 14 cabinet agencies, but most appointments are shared with the General Assembly, serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina National Guard. Serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina State Guard, which is an auxiliary of the National Guard organized for in-state homeland defense, grants reprieves and commutes death sentences to life imprisonment. Calls the General Assembly to a session in extraordinary circumstances. Adjourns the General Assembly as he shall think proper, Exercises veto and a Line-item veto power on budget bills. Declares a state of emergency and oversees relief in the event of a disaster, declares public schools and government offices closed during civil or weather emergencies. Serves as the ex officio chair of the board of trustees of all state universities, submits a budget proposal to the General Assembly every January. Delivers a state of the address, from time to time, to the General Assembly. Appoints United States Senators in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election, appoints county Sheriffs in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election. During impeachment or when the governor is temporarily disabled or absent from office, if the governor elect is unable to fulfill the duties of the office of the governor, the lieutenant governor will become governor when the incumbent governors term expires. Should the Lieutenant Governorship become vacant, the President Pro Tempore will immediately become Lieutenant Governor, should the Governor be unable to fulfill his duties, the Lieutenant Governor must become Governor. If he refuses, he must resign as Lieutenant Governor, likewise, this applies to the President Pro Tempore and the Speaker of the House
28.
John Drayton
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John Drayton was a South Carolinian judge and politician, he was Governor of South Carolina from 1800 to 1802 and 1808 to 1810. As governor, he was noted for establishing South Carolina College and he served as a United States district judge in South Carolina from 1812 until his death. Drayton was born on Magnolia Plantation on the Ashley River in St. Andrews Parish near Charleston and he was educated at the College of New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War and afterward read law at Inner Temple in London to prepare as an attorney. He began private practice in Charleston from 1788 to 1794 and he resumed from 1796 to 1798. He also served as a warden of the City of Charleston in 1788, in 1792, Drayton was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives and was a member until 1798, when the General Assembly elected him as the 18th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina. Upon the death of Edward Rutledge on January 23,1800 and they chose him to serve out a full two-year term in 1800 because of his strong republicanism. The most important act during Draytons first full term was the establishment of South Carolina College, the location of Columbia near the State House was favored by Drayton because it was a central location that would provide an opportunity at higher education for all white male South Carolinians. In addition, he intended for the leaders of South Carolina to be educated together in order to quell any divisions between the Lowcountry and the Backcountry. The General Assembly followed the direction of Governor Drayton and appropriated $50,000 to construct the college in Columbia, upon leaving the governorship in 1802, Drayton returned to Charleston. The General Assembly elected him to the South Carolina Senate in 1805, after three years, the General Assembly elected Drayton for a second two-year term as governor in 1808. Drayton and the General Assembly continued the Republican reforms by expanding the suffrage to all white men, after leaving the governorship for a final time, Drayton returned to private practice until 1812. On May 5,1812, he was nominated by President James Madison to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina vacated by Thomas Bee. Drayton was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 7,1812, Drayton issued perhaps the earliest judicial decision holding that, under the laws of the United States, slaves captured in time of war on enemy ships could not be claimed as property. On November 27,1822, Drayton died, John Drayton at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. SCIway Biography of John Drayton NGA Biography of John Drayton
29.
South Carolina Lowcountry
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The Lowcountry is a geographic and cultural region along South Carolinas coast, including the Sea Islands. The term Low Country originally was all the state below the Fall Line and these Sandhills were the ancient sea coast. The area above the Sandhills was known as the Up Country and these areas are not only different in geology and geography, but culturally as well. There are several variations on the extent of the Lowcountry area. The most commonly accepted definition includes the counties of Beaufort, Colleton, Hampton, the area includes the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. A larger geographic definition for the Lowcountry often includes Berkeley, Charleston, less frequently, the term is applied to Allendale, Georgetown, and Williamsburg counties. Rarely, it is applied to Horry County, home to Myrtle Beach and Conway, orangeburg County can be included in the Lowcountry region. One of the most distinctive elements of the South Carolina and Georgia Lowcountry is the architecture, Lowcountry style home architecture developed in the late 1700s and is still constructed today as the most efficient design for the hot subtropical climate of the southeast United States. Lowcountry buildings have historically been constructed of timber and set on pilings or had a raised first floor, the raised first floor was a response to the often swampy environment, high water tables, and tropical cyclone flooding. The underfloor space is often screened with lattice and used for storage or a carport, large windows are used to allow warm inside air to escape in the cooler evening. Most modern Lowcountry homes feature an open breezeway through the entire house allowing a cooling breeze to move through the building. Originally dependent on plantation agriculture based on indigo, rice and cotton, tourism dominates the economy in much of the Lowcountry. The area offers many destinations for golf, tennis, and beach vacations on Hilton Head Island, Fripp Island, Seabrook Island, Kiawah Island, Hilton Heads Sea Pines Plantation was an early resort in the 1950s. Charleston attracts millions of visitors each year, Beaufort offers cultural activities and sightseeing, while some of the smaller communities in the region have certain cultural activities or amenities that attract thousands of visitors per year. Highway or traveler commercial services are of importance to communities in the Lowcountry. Much of the Lowcountrys economy revolves around manufacturing, transportation, logistics, the Port of Charleston, owned and operated by the South Carolina State Ports Authority, is one of the ten busiest U. S. ports and handles over $60 billion in goods each year. Major shippers include Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, Evergreen Marine Corporation, COSCO, a port facility in Port Royal closed in 2005. Major manufacturers in North Charleston include Robert Bosch GmbH, Cummins, Hess, Kapstone, in 2009, Boeing created a second assembly facility for its 787 Dreamliner aircraft in North Charleston
30.
Upstate South Carolina
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The Upstate is the region in the westernmost part of South Carolina, United States, also known as the Upcountry, which is the historical term. Although loosely defined among locals, the definition includes the ten counties of the commerce-rich I-85 corridor in the northwest corner of South Carolina. This definition coincides with the Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area, as defined by the Office of Management, the regions population was 1,409,582 as of 2014. Situated between Atlanta and Charlotte, the Upstate is the region of South Carolina. Greenville is the largest city in the region with a population of 58,409 and a population of 400,492. Spartanburg, followed by Anderson, are next in population, ten counties are included in the Upstate of South Carolina, Greenville, Spartanburg, Anderson, Pickens, Cherokee, Oconee, Union, Laurens, Greenwood, and Abbeville. Within the Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson CSA are a total of two Metropolitan Statistical Areas and three Micropolitan Statistical Areas, as of the 2010 Census, the Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson CSA had a population of 1,362,073. The following population rankings are based on the 2010 Census Greenville, Spartanburg, the Office of Management and Budget labels all these cities as principal cities in their respective MSAs. Cities, Greenwood, Greer, Mauldin The OMB has labelled Mauldin as a principal city, cDPs, Taylors, Wade Hampton Cities, Clemson, Easley, Gaffney, and Simpsonville. If students from Clemson University are included, Clemson has close to 30,000 residents, the OMB has labelled Easley as a principal city. CDPs, The following table shows the major institutions of education in the Upstate. In 2008, U. S. News ranked Furman as the 37th best liberal arts college, Wofford College as the 59th best, also, they ranked Clemson University as the 67th best national university. According to the Bob Jones University, its Museum and Gallery constitutes the largest collection of art in the Western Hemisphere. The majority of business and commerce in the Upstate takes place in Greenville County, Greenville has the largest concentration of businesses and financial institutions in its downtown area. In fact, the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson MSA was ranked seventh in the nation by site consultants considering the top markets for economic development, many financial institutions have regional offices located in downtown Greenville. These include Bank of America and the now-defunct Wachovia, the other major industry in the Upstate is the healthcare and pharmaceuticals. Greenville Hospital System and Bon Secours St, • BMWs only North American manufacturing plant is located in Spartanburg County, with an investment of $3.7 billion. • Fujifilm located their first manufacturing facility in the U. S. in Greenwood County, • Michelin North Americas headquarters is located in Greenville, along with seven manufacturing plants, R&D facility and test track located in the Upstate
31.
Baptists
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Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
32.
Brown University
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Brown is the seventh-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the nine Colonial Colleges established before the American Revolution. At its foundation, Brown was the first college in the United States to accept students regardless of their religious affiliation and its engineering program was established in 1847 and was the first in the Ivy League. It was one of the early doctoral-granting U. S. institutions in the late 19th century, adding master, Browns New Curriculum is sometimes referred to in education theory as the Brown Curriculum and was adopted by faculty vote in 1969 after a period of student lobbying. In 1971, Browns coordinate womens institution Pembroke College was fully merged into the university, Pembroke Campus now operates as a place for dorms and classrooms. Undergraduate admissions is very selective, with a rate of 8.3 percent for the class of 2021. The University comprises The College, the Graduate School, Alpert Medical School, the School of Engineering, the School of Public Health, and the School of Professional Studies. The Brown/RISD Dual Degree Program, offered in conjunction with the Rhode Island School of Design, is a course that awards degrees from both institutions. Browns main campus is located in the College Hill Historic District in the city of Providence, the Universitys neighborhood is a federally listed architectural district with a dense concentration of Colonial-era buildings. On the western edge of the campus, Benefit Street contains one of the finest cohesive collections of restored seventeenth-, Browns faculty and alumni include eight Nobel Prize laureates, five National Humanities Medalists, and ten National Medal of Science laureates. Other notable alumni include eight billionaire graduates, a U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice, to erect a public Building or Buildings for the boarding of the youth & the Residence of the Professors. Stiles and Ellery were co-authors of the Charter of the College two years later, there is further documentary evidence that Stiles was making plans for a college in 1762. On January 20, Chauncey Whittelsey, pastor of the First Church of New Haven, answered a letter from Stiles, should you make any Progress in the Affair of a Colledge, I should be glad to hear of it, I heartily wish you Success therein. Isaac Backus was the historian of the New England Baptists and an inaugural Trustee of Brown, Mr. James Manning, who took his first degree in New-Jersey college in September,1762, was esteemed a suitable leader in this important work. Manning arrived at Newport in July 1763 and was introduced to Stiles, stiless first draft was read to the General Assembly in August 1763 and rejected by Baptist members who worried that the College Board of Fellows would under-represent the Baptists. A revised Charter written by Stiles and Ellery was adopted by the Assembly on March 3,1764, in September 1764, the inaugural meeting of the College Corporation was held at Newport. Governor Stephen Hopkins was chosen chancellor, former and future governor Samuel Ward was vice chancellor, John Tillinghast treasurer, the Charter stipulated that the Board of Trustees be composed of 22 Baptists, five Quakers, five Episcopalians, and four Congregationalists. Of the 12 Fellows, eight should be Baptists—including the College president—and the rest indifferently of any or all Denominations, the Charter was not the grant of King George III, as is sometimes supposed, but rather an Act of the colonial General Assembly. In two particulars, the Charter may be said to be a uniquely progressive document, the oft-repeated statement is inaccurate that Browns Charter alone prohibited a religious test for College membership, other college charters were also liberal in that particular
33.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
34.
Union College
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Union College is a private, non-denominational liberal arts college located in Schenectady, New York, United States. Founded in 1795, it was the first institution of higher learning chartered by the New York State Board of Regents, in the 19th century, it became the Mother of Fraternities, as three of the earliest such organizations were established there. After 175 years as a traditional institution, Union College began enrolling women in 1970. The college offers an arts curriculum across some 21 academic departments, as well as opportunities for interdepartmental majors. Approximately 25% of students major in the sciences, 10% in psychology, 11% in engineering, 10% in biology, 9% in history. By the time they graduate, about 60% of Union students will have engaged in some form of study or study abroad. Places of higher learning were few in the days of the Americas. Officially chartered in 1795, Union can trace its beginnings to 1779, by 1799, another 16 surviving colleges had been chartered or founded in the United States, to bring the total to 25 at the end of the 18th century. But, in the years between the American Revolution and Civil War, the foundations of 182 permanent colleges were laid in the United States. Hundreds more were born but proved short-lived, largely because of financial limitations, of the 182 colleges and universities founded in those years, well over a hundred appeared outside the original thirteen colonies. Union College, like many of these, was founded in what was nearly a wilderness, in the town of Schenectady, New York on the Mohawk River, at the time, the town had fewer than 4,000 residents. The cities of Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo did not yet exist, and western New York was very sparsely settled, Unions charter was 16 years in the making. Even before the Revolution had ended, a new rising democratic tide was overtaking the colonists, the old ways, and in particular the old purposes and structure of higher education, were being pushed aside. Practical education for the new man of commerce and politics was the new desire, not just classical education for the professions, every hamlet and rude settlement aspired to become an Athens of the West, and Schenectady was no exception. The Mohawk and Hudson River regions were for the most part dominated by the Dutch in those years, Queens College, while intended in part to provide a classical education, had also been founded specifically to train ministers in the Dutch Reformed Church. This has been said by some to be the first expression in America of a demand for higher education. This petition, along with a one in 1782, failed in its purpose. In the meantime, the Dutch Church continued to show an interest in establishing an academy or college under its control in Schenectady
35.
Clariosophic Society
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Two blood brothers picked the members for the new groups in a manner similar to choosing up sides for an impromptu baseball game. John Goodwin became the first president of Clariosophic, other early presidents include Stephen Elliott, Hugh S. Legaré. Applicants who had fulfilled all the requirements for membership were given the societys Latin Diploma along with its key to signify their membership. The front had two overlapping hearts at the top with the Greek letters, Mu Sigma Phi in the center and the initials C. S. for Clariosophic Society, at the bottom. The reverse side had the two hearts at the top and two Greek words beginning with the letters, Delta and Phi in the center and the initials S. C. C, for South Carolina College, at the bottom. Notable members of the 19th Century include, Preston Brooks, later U. S, representative from South Carolina Andrew Pickens Butler, later U. S. senator from SC William Butler, later physician and U. S. Representative from South Carolina Patrick C, representative from South Carolina Mark Anthony Cooper, later U. S. Representative from Georgia Anderson Crenshaw, the first graduate of the South Carolina College, now the University of South Carolina, and later Alabama supreme court justice. James Dellet, later U. S. S. federal judge in SC William Henry Gist, later governor of SC Wade Hampton III, later governor of SC and U. S. senator from SC Hopkins Holsey, later U. S. Representative from Georgia Hugh S. Legaré, later US Attorney General Dixon Hall Lewis, senator from Alabama Charles James McDonald, later governor of Georgia and Georgia supreme court justice George McDuffie, later SC Governor and U. S. Senator from SC Basil Manly, later Baptist minister and president of the University of Alabama Richard I, manning, later SC Governor and U. S. S. ONeall political family Eugenius Aristides Nisbet, later U. S, representative from Georgia and Georgia supreme court justice William T. Nuckolls, later U. S. Representative from South Carolina Francis Wilkinson Pickens, later U. S, representative from South Carolina, U. S. ambassador to Russia and Governor of South Carolina Henry L. Pinckney, later U. S. Representative from South Carolina Henry William Ravenel, Botanist James Rogers, representative from South Carolina Benjamin Glover Shields, later U. S. Representative from South Carolina Louis T. S.1927, M. Ed,1928, Philanthropist and Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Rutgers University Walton J. McLeod, Member of SC Legislature Eugene Platt, Poet, and 2010 SC State House Candidate Haygood, Tamara Miner. Henry William Ravenel, 1814-1887 South Carolina scientist in the Civil War Era, Tuscaloosa, University of South Carolina, volume I, South Carolina College, Columbia, University of South Carolina Press
36.
Euphradian Society
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Two blood brothers picked the members for the new groups in a manner similar to choosing up sides for an impromptu baseball game. William Harper became the first president of the Euphradian Society, the society still traditionally convenes in its historic hall in Harper College on the universitys historic horseshoe. Congressman from South Carolina John Campbell, US Congressman from South Carolina Robert B, Congressman from South Carolina John W. Carter, U. S. Congressman from South Carolina Edwin de Leon, Confederate Diplomat Robert E. Lee, Confederate General William Harper, Senator from South Carolina James Henry Hammond, Governor of South Carolina and U. S. General in Confederate Army Stephen Decatur Miller, U. S, Congressman from South Carolina, Governor of South Carolina and U. S. South Carolina legislator Solomon Blatt, Jr, South Carolina jurist Michael R. Daniel, former Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina L. Marion Gressette, State Senator and namesake of the Societys restored Hall Julius B. Mann, US Congressman James Robert Mann, US Congressman Robert Evander McNair, SC Governor Kenneth Lamar Holland, US Congressman Steve A. Matthews, American jurist
37.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
38.
Francis Lieber
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Francis Lieber, known as Franz Lieber in Germany, was a German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher. He was the author of the Lieber Code during the American Civil War, the Lieber Code is considered the first document to comprehensively outline rules regulating the conduct of war, and laid the foundation for the Geneva Conventions. Franz Lieber was born in Berlin, the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, while still in Germany, Lieber joined the Colberg Regiment of the Prussian Army in 1815 during the Napoleonic Wars, and was wounded during the Battle of Waterloo. The year of his birth has been debated because he lied about his age in order to enlist, Lieber did not receive a normal gentlemans education. Returning to Berlin after the Napoleonic wars, he studied hard, however, he was denied admission because of his membership in the Berliner Burschenschaft, which opposed the Prussian monarchy. Moving to Jena, Lieber entered the University of Jena in 1820, as the Prussian authorities caught up with him, Lieber left Jena for Dresden to study topography with Major Decker. As soon as the Greek Revolution of 1821 broke out, Lieber volunteered his services, Lieber fought briefly in the Greek War of Independence, and then spent one year, 1822–1823, in Rome tutoring the son of the Prussian ambassador, historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr. While there, Lieber wrote about his experiences in Greece, the result was published in Leipzig in 1823 and also in Amsterdam under the title The German Anacharsis. Lieber returned to Germany on a pardon, but was soon imprisoned once again. There he wrote a collection of poems entitled Wein- und Wonne-Lieder, Lieber fled to England in 1825, and supported himself for a year in London by giving lessons and contributing to German periodicals. He also wrote a tract on the Lancasterian system of instruction, Lieber left England upon receiving an offer to manage a gymnasium and swimming program in Boston. Lieber moved to Boston in 1827 and he came with recommendations from Jahn, as well as from General Pfuel who ran a swimming program in Berlin. Lieber was also acquainted with the outgoing gymnasium administrator, Charles Follen, Follen had established the pioneer gymnasium in 1826. The gymnasium had a time once the novelty had worn off. It closed its doors two years. In Boston, Lieber edited an Encyclopaedia Americana, after conceiving of the idea of translating the Brockhaus encyclopedia into English and it was published in Philadelphia in 13 volumes, between the years 1829 and 1833. At this time, he made translations of a French work on the revolution of July,1830. He was also a confident to Alexis de Tocqueville on the customs of the American people, in 1832, he received a commission from the trustees of the newly founded Girard College to form a plan of education
39.
Thomas Cooper (U.S. politician)
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Thomas Cooper was an Anglo-American economist, college president and political philosopher. Cooper was described by Thomas Jefferson as one of the ablest men in America and by John Adams as a learned ingenious scientific, Dumas Malone stated that modern scientific progress would have been impossible without the freedom of the mind which he championed throughout life. Cooper was born in Westminster, England and he attended University College, Oxford, but did not graduate, supposedly refusing the religious test. He then studied law at the Inner Temple, medicine and the natural sciences and he travelled the northern court circuit for a few years, it is unclear in the records whether he practised as a qualified barrister. At the same period he went into the printing business at Raikes near Bolton. Cooper took on a prominent role in the politics of the time. In early 1790 he took part in the campaign by Dissenters for greater religious tolerance and his approach was considered too extreme by some, and he shed much moderate support after a meeting in Cheshire. Edmund Burke mentioned Cooper in the House of Commons in March of that year, in October 1790 the Manchester Constitutional Society was set up, with Cooper, author of Letters on the Slave Trade, and other members such as Thomas Walker, noted as radicals and abolitionists. The Constitutional Society had members in common with the Manchester Literary, but in July 1791 the Priestley Riots took place, driving Joseph Priestley from his home. The whole radical group resigned en masse, in 1791, when the Literary, in the rapid developments stemming from the French Revolution, Cooper was sent to Paris in 1792 with James Watt Jr. by the Constitutional Society of Manchester. They travelled with an introduction from Walker to political circles through Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, Cooper was for some purposes a representative of the British democratic clubs to those of France, but the situation on both sides of the Channel was by now becoming complex. The Manchester group favoured the Jacobins in the split with the Girondins. Edmund Burke again censured Cooper in the House of Commons, Cooper came to represent the Society for Constitutional Information alone, in dealings with the Jacobins. While in France Cooper learned the process of obtaining chlorine from sea salt and he tried to apply this knowledge on his return to England to bleaching of textiles, but was unsuccessful. By 1793, Cooper became disillusioned with the violent course of events in France, both he and Watt later represented themselves as always favouring moderate elements. But Cooper was in danger of prosecution at home because of his views. He ruled out France as a destination, and made a journey to the United States in early 1794. Cooper came to a decision, and emigrated to America with Joseph Priestley later in 1794 and he began the practice of law in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
40.
Joseph LeConte
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Joseph Le Conte was a physician, geologist, professor at the University of California, Berkeley and early California conservationist. Of Huguenot descent, he was born in Liberty County, Georgia to Louis Le Conte, patriarch of the noted LeConte family and he was educated at Franklin College in Athens, Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. After graduation in 1841, he studied medicine and received his degree at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1845, after practising for three or four years at Macon, Georgia, he entered Harvard University, and studied natural history under Louis Agassiz. An excursion made with Professors J. Hall and Agassiz to the Helderberg mountains of New York developed a keen interest in geology, after graduating at Harvard, Le Conte in 1851 accompanied Agassiz on an expedition to study the Florida Reef. From 1857 to 1869 he was a professor of chemistry and geology at South Carolina College, on January 14,1846, he married Caroline Nisbet, a niece of Eugenius A. Nisbet. The Le Conte had four children grow to adulthood, Emma Florence Le Conte, Sarah Elizabeth Le Conte, Caroline Eaton Le Conte, during the Civil War Le Conte continued to teach in South Carolina. He also produced medicine and supervised the works for the Confederacy. In his autobiography he wrote that he found Reconstruction intolerable and he later found the enfranchisement of the negro to be an asset to society. Discouraged by unsettled postwar conditions at the University of South Carolina, in September 1869, he moved west to Berkeley, California. His older brother John had come to California in April 1869, Joseph was appointed the first professor of geology and natural history and botany at the University, a post which he held until his death. He published a series of papers on monocular and binocular vision and his chief contributions, however, related to geology. He described the fissure-eruptions in western America, discoursed on earth-crust movements and their causes, as separate works he published Elements of Geology, Religion and Science, and Evolution and its Relation to Religious Thought. This last work anticipates in structure and argument Teilhard de Chardins Phenomenon of Man, in 1874, he was nominated to the National Academy of Sciences. He was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1892, Le Conte is also noted for his exploration and preservation of the Sierra Nevada of California, United States. He first visited Yosemite Valley in 1870, where he became friends with John Muir and he became concerned that resource exploitation would ruin the Sierra, so he co-founded the Sierra Club with Muir and others in 1892. He was a director of the Sierra Club from 1892 through 1898 and his son, Joseph N. LeConte, was also a noted professor and Sierra Club member. He died of an attack in the Yosemite Valley, California, on July 6,1901. The Sierra Club built the LeConte Memorial Lodge in his honor in 1904, the Le Conte Glacier, Le Conte Canyon, Le Conte Divide, Le Conte Falls and Mount Le Conte were named after him
41.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
42.
William Tecumseh Sherman
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William Tecumseh Sherman was an American soldier, businessman, educator and author. Sherman began his Civil War career serving in the First Battle of Bull Run and he served under General Ulysses S. In 1864, Sherman succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the Western Theater of the war and he proceeded to lead his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln. Shermans subsequent march through Georgia and the Carolinas further undermined the Confederacys ability to continue fighting and he accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865, after having been present at most major military engagements in the Western Theater. When Grant assumed the U. S. presidency in 1869, Sherman succeeded him as Commanding General of the Army, as such, he was responsible for the U. S. Armys engagement in the Indian Wars over the next 15 years. Sherman advocated total war against hostile Indians to force them back onto their reservations and he steadfastly refused to be drawn into politics and in 1875 published his Memoirs, one of the best-known first-hand accounts of the Civil War. British military historian B. H. Liddell Hart famously declared that Sherman was the first modern general, Sherman was born in 1820 in Lancaster, Ohio, near the banks of the Hocking River. His father Charles Robert Sherman, a lawyer who sat on the Ohio Supreme Court. He left his widow, Mary Hoyt Sherman, with eleven children, Sherman was distantly related to American founding father Roger Sherman and grew to admire him. Shermans older brother Charles Taylor Sherman became a federal judge, one of his younger brothers, John Sherman, served as a U. S. senator and Cabinet secretary. Another younger brother, Hoyt Sherman, was a successful banker, Sherman would marry his foster sister, Ellen Boyle Ewing, at age 30 and have eight children with her. Shermans unusual given name has attracted considerable attention. Sherman reported that his name came from his father having caught a fancy for the great chief of the Shawnees. Since an account in a 1932 biography about Sherman, it has often reported that, as an infant. According to these accounts, Sherman only acquired the name William at age nine or ten and his foster mother, Maria Willis Boyle, was of Irish ancestry and a devout Roman Catholic. Sherman was raised in a Roman Catholic household, though he left the church. Sherman wrote in his Memoirs that his father named him William Tecumseh, Sherman was baptized by a Presbyterian minister as an infant, as an adult, Sherman signed all his correspondence – including to his wife – W. T. Sherman. His friends and family called him Cump
43.
25th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment
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The 25th Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 25th Iowa Infantry was organized at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, the regiment was mustered out on June 6,1865. A total of 1136 men served in the 25th Iowa at one time or another during its existence. It suffered 2 officers and 63 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 2 officers and 207 enlisted men who died of disease, colonel George Augustus Stone List of Iowa Civil War Units Iowa in the American Civil War The Civil War Archive
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"University of South Carolina". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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