1.
Crest (heraldry)
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A crest is a component of a heraldic display, consisting of the device borne on top of the helm. Originating in the decorative sculptures worn by knights in tournaments and, to an extent, battles. A normal heraldic achievement consists of the shield, above which is set the helm, on which sits the crest, the word crest derives from the Latin crista, meaning tuft or plume, perhaps related to crinis, hair. They first appeared in a context in the form of the metal fans worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries. These were primarily decorative, but may also have served a purpose by lessening or deflecting the blows of opponents weapons. These fans were generally of one colour, later evolving to repeat all or part of the arms displayed on the shield. The fan crest was developed by cutting out the figure displayed on it, to form a metal outline. Torses did not come into use in Britain until the 15th century, and are still uncommon on the Continent. Crests were also mounted on a furred cap known as a chapeau. By the 16th century the age of tournaments had ended, and their illustrated equivalents consequently began to be treated as simply two-dimensional pictures. In the same period, different helms began to be used for different ranks, sovereigns and knights helms faced forwards, whereas those of peers, torses also suffered artistically, being treated not as silken circlets, but as horizontal bars. Heraldry in general underwent something of a renaissance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, crests are now generally not granted unless they could actually be used on a physical helm, and the rules about directions of helms are no longer rigidly observed. The use of crests was once restricted to those of tournament rank, i. e. knights and above and they are not generally used by women and clergymen, as they did not participate in war or tournaments and thus would not have helms on which to wear them. Some heraldists are also of the opinion that crests, as devices, are not suited for use by corporate bodies. This practice did not exist in Britain until the modern era, and arms with more than one crest are still rare. After the 16th century, it common for armigers to detach the crest and wreath from the helm. This led to the use of the term crest to mean arms. Unlike a badge, which can be used by any amount of relatives and retainers, a crest is personal to the armiger, and its use by others is considered usurpation
2.
Debating society
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Debate is a method of formally presenting an argument in a structured manner. The outcome of a debate may depend upon consensus or some way of reaching a resolution. In a formal debating contest, there are rules for participants to discuss and decide on differences, Debating is carried out in debating chambers and assemblies of various types to discuss matters and to make resolutions about action to be taken, often by voting. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts engage in debates, in particular, in parliamentary democracies a legislature debates and decides on new laws. Formal debates between candidates for elected office, such as the debates that are sometimes held in democracies. Debating is also carried out for educational and recreational purposes, usually associated with educational establishments, the major goal of the study of debate as a method or art is to develop the ability to debate rationally from either position with equal ease. The outcome of a contest may be decided by vote, by judges. Debating teams are often helpful to high school students in teaching the writing process, Debating societies emerged in London in the early eighteenth century, and soon became a prominent fixture of national life. The origins of these societies are not certain in many cases however, by the mid-18th century, john Henley, a clergyman, founded an Oratory in 1726 with the principal purpose of reforming the manner in which such public presentations should be performed. He made extensive use of the print industry to advertise the events of his Oratory and these changes were further implemented when Henley moved his enterprise to Lincolns Inn Fields. The public was now willing to pay to be entertained, by the 1770s, debating societies were firmly established in London society. The year 1785 was pivotal, The Morning Chronicle announced on March 27, giles, Clare-Market, Hockley in the Hole, Whitechapel, Rag-Fair, Dukes Place, Billingsgate, and the Back of the Borough. In 1780,35 differently named societies advertised and hosted debates for anywhere between 650 and 1200 people, the question for debate was introduced by a president or moderator who proceeded to regulate the discussion. Speakers were given set amounts of time to argue their point of view, and, at the end of the debate, a vote was taken to determine a decision or adjourn the question for further debate. Speakers were not permitted to slander or insult other speakers, or diverge from the topic at hand, the first of the post-revolutionary debating societies, the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, were formed at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1795 and are still active. The first student debating society in Great Britain was the St Andrews Debating Society, the Cambridge Union Society was founded in 1815, and claims to be the oldest continually operating debating society in the World. Over the next few decades, similar societies emerged at other prominent universities. Examples include the Oxford Union and the Yale Political Union, in parliaments and other legislatures, members debate proposals regarding legislation, before voting on resolutions which become laws
3.
St Andrews
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St Andrews is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland,10 miles southeast of Dundee and 30 miles northeast of Edinburgh. The town is home to the University of St Andrews, the third oldest university in the English-speaking world, according to some rankings, it is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom, behind Oxbridge. The University is an part of the burgh and during term time students make up approximately one third of the towns population. St Andrews has a population of 16,800, the town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle. There has been an important church in St Andrews since at least the 8th century, the settlement grew to the west of St Andrews cathedral with the southern side of the Scores to the north and the Kinness burn to the south. The burgh soon became the capital of Scotland, a position which was held until the Scottish Reformation. The famous cathedral, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins, St Andrews is also known worldwide as the home of golf. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches. The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour of Patrick Hamilton, George Wishart, the civil parish has a population of 18,421. The earliest recorded name the area is Muckross, after the founding of a religious settlement in Muckross in around 370 AD, the name changed to Cennrígmonaid. This is Old Gaelic and composed of the elements cenn, ríg and this became Cell Rígmonaid and was anglicised Kilrymont. The modern Gaelic spelling is Cill Rìmhinn, the name St Andrews derives from the towns claim to be the resting place of bones of the apostle Andrew. According to legend, St Regulus brought the relics to Kilrymont and this is the origin of a third name for the town Kilrule. The first inhabitants who settled on the fringes of the rivers Tay. This was followed by the people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BC as farmers clearing the area of woodland. In AD877, king Causantín mac Cináeda built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed after defending against Viking raiders. In AD906, the became the seat of the bishop of Alba. In 940 Constantine III abdicated and took the position of abbot of the monastery of St Andrews, the establishment of the present town began around 1140 by Bishop Robert on an L-shaped vill, possibly on the site of the ruined St Andrews Castle
4.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
5.
University of St Andrews
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The University of St Andrews is a British public research university in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. It is the oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland, St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, when the Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinian clergy. St Andrews is made up from a variety of institutions, including three constituent colleges and 18 academic schools organised into four faculties, the university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two terms, Martinmas and Candlemas, in term time, over one-third of the towns population is either a staff member or student of the university. It is ranked as the third best university in the United Kingdom in national league tables, the Times Higher Education World Universities Ranking names St Andrews among the worlds Top 50 universities for Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities. St Andrews has the highest student satisfaction amongst all multi-faculty universities in the United Kingdom, St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Six Nobel Laureates are among St Andrews alumni and former staff, a charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, on 28 February 1411. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the university status by issuing a series of papal bulls. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432, subsequent kings supported the university with King James V confirming privileges of the university in 1532. A college of theology and arts called St Johns College was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose, St Salvators College was established in 1450, by Bishop James Kennedy. St Leonards College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart, St Johns College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Marys College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as St Salvators Chapel, St Leonards College Chapel, at this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was beset by civil. He described it as pining in decay and struggling for life, in the second half of the 19th century, pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A and it required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university. In 1889 the Universities Act made it possible to admit women to St Andrews. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the level as men in October 1894
6.
University of St Andrews Students' Association
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The University of St Andrews Students Association was first founded as a Students Representative Council in 1885. The Board comprises seven student members and six non-student members, the student members are the four sabbatical officers, the Association Chair, and the Senior Officers of the SSC and SRC. Under the Universities Acts, all students of the University automatically become members of the Students Association, the Student Services Council supports the activities and events run by the Students Association and the Universitys clubs and societies by providing facilities, organisation and funding. The SRC is responsible for representing students interests to the management of the University, the SRC comprises a number of officers, who chair the respective subcommittees, and members, St Andrews SA
7.
James Crichton
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James Crichton, known as the Admirable Crichton, was a Scottish polymath noted for his extraordinary accomplishments in languages, the arts, and sciences before he was killed at the age of 21. It was apparent from his earliest days that James was an unusually gifted prodigy, which may have been associated with a gift for perfect recall. By the age of twenty, he was not only fluent in, but could discourse in no fewer than twelve languages, as well as being an accomplished horseman, fencer, singer, musician, orator, and debater. Noted for his looks as well as his refined social graces. Leaving Scotland, Crichton travelled to Paris, where he continued his education at the Collège de Navarre and it is said that throughout the course of one extremely long day, French scholars failed to stump Crichton on any question they threw at him, no matter how abstruse. Once, he is alleged to have bested a professional gladiator in a fencing match. In Venice in 1580, Crichton befriended the printer Aldus Manutius, who introduced him to the Venetian intellectual community, in Padua in 1581, he clashed with a number of scholars over their interpretation of Aristotle, while demonstrating that their mathematics was flawed. Perhaps tiring of intellectual duels, the following year Crichton entered the service of the Duke of Mantua, on the night of 3 July 1582, after leaving this ladys dwelling in Mantua, Crichton was attacked in the street by a gang of masked ruffians. He bested all but one with his sword, until the last man removed his mask to reveal the groups ringleader, tradition holds that, on seeing Vincenzo, Crichton instantly dropped to one knee and presented his sword, hilt first, to the prince, his masters son. Vincenzo took the blade and with it stabbed Crichton cruelly through the heart, James Crichton of Cluny was then in his twenty-second year. There is little or no evidence for many of the stories surrounding him. That said, his existence is supported by a few letters, a historical novel entitled Crichton was published by the English writer William Harrison Ainsworth in 1836. The Admirable Crichton is referred to by Charles Dickens in his 1859 story collection The Haunted House, the Admirable Crichton was mentioned as an exemplar in W. M. Thackerays Vanity Fair and referenced in chapter 3 of Anthony Trollopes The Prime Minister. A memorial to Crichton can be found in the church of St Brides in Sanquhar and he is also the namesake of the James Crichton Society at St Andrews University which publishes a monthly academic journal
8.
St Andrews Students' Association
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The University of St Andrews Students Association was first founded as a Students Representative Council in 1885. The Board comprises seven student members and six non-student members, the student members are the four sabbatical officers, the Association Chair, and the Senior Officers of the SSC and SRC. Under the Universities Acts, all students of the University automatically become members of the Students Association, the Student Services Council supports the activities and events run by the Students Association and the Universitys clubs and societies by providing facilities, organisation and funding. The SRC is responsible for representing students interests to the management of the University, the SRC comprises a number of officers, who chair the respective subcommittees, and members, St Andrews SA
9.
St Salvator's College, St Andrews
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St Salvators College was a college of the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland. Founded in 1450, it is the oldest of the Universitys colleges, in 1747 it merged with St Leonards College to form United College. St Salvators College was founded in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy, in 1528, the Protestant martyr, Patrick Hamilton, was burned alive outside the college, though Patrick himself was a member of St Leonards college. Initially a college of Theology and the Arts, St Salvators was created to revitalize, shortly after this, the initial site of St Leonards College was sold, though the university retained ownership of St Leonards College Chapel. Although the buildings of St Salvators College were grand by medieval standards, from 1837 the quadrangle was rebuilt and extended into its current form, with a north and a west wing in Jacobean style. To the south is the Chapel, where many university services are held, St Salvators College was residential until the unification with St Leonards. The current St Salvators Hall, which lies east of the college, is one of the halls of residence for students, the chapel, tower and Hebdomadars Building are all designated as Category A listed buildings by Historic Scotland. Other buildings and structures are listed as Category B, the college chapel is unusual for a collegiate church in that the main entrance faces out into the town, and not like those in Oxford or Cambridge, closed into the college itself. It is indeed the only chapel in Scotland with this arrangement. The chapel was used as a church after the St Leonards college chapel was unroofed in the 1750s until this arrangement was withdrawn by the university. The 1450 college had cloister buildings to the north of the college chapel - the two doors to the side of the chapel show the alignment of the cloister. It is commonly referred to as “the quad”, and is the setting of Raisin Monday festivities, the point of the post-Graduation processions. Cant The University of St. Andrews, A Short History
10.
St Mary's College, St Andrews
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The College was founded in 1538 by Archbishop James Beaton, uncle of Cardinal David Beaton on the site of the Pedagogy or St Johns College. St Marys College was intended to preserve the teachings of the Roman Catholic church against the teachings of the reformers. It was dedicated to a revival of learning on the Continental trilingual model and from the outset laid emphasis on the knowledge of Latin, Greek, St Marys College retains much of its original sixteenth century buildings, specifically the north and West ranges. The Quad contains a thorn said to have been planted by Mary, Queen of Scots. The Quad also contains the historic King James Library founded by King James VI & I in 1612, in addition the College has The Roundel, a 16th-century building dedicated for doctoral students studying divinity at the University of St Andrews. The College is one of five approved centres for the training of Church of Scotland ministers, graduates include the Very Rev Dr Finlay Macdonald, the immediate past Principal Clerk to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and a former Moderator. As of May 2015, the Faculty and School of Divinity forms a community of some 131 persons,16 members of staff,55 postgraduate students. According to The Complete University Guide 2016 the School of Divinity is placed first in the United Kingdom for undergraduate studies ahead of Durham in second place, in the 2016 Guardian University Guide it is also ranked first in the United Kingdom in religious studies and theology. The college has three research centres, the Institute for Theology, Imagination and the Arts was founded within the College by professors Trevor Hart and Jeremy Begbie in 2000. The current director is Dr Gavin Hopps and these supporters who have continued as Patrons of the Centre include Gustavo Gutiérrez, Cardinal OBrien, Bishop Desmond Tutu, Carole Hillenbrand, Ian Linden, Julian Filokowski, J. D. Y. Peel, Rev Joel Edwards, Professor George P. Smith II, with the study of general hermeneutical theory and practice at its centre, it will be outward-looking and keen to engage with issues arising from the contemporary world. The current director is Dr. Mark Elliott
11.
Annual general meeting
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An annual general meeting is a meeting of the general membership of an organization. These organizations include membership associations and companies with shareholders and these meetings may be required by law or by the constitution, charter, or by-laws governing the body. The meetings are held to conduct business on behalf of the organization or company, an organization may conduct its business at the annual general meeting. The business may include electing a board of directors, making important decisions regarding the organization, at the annual general meeting, the president or chairman of the organization presides over the meeting and may give an overall status of the organization. The secretary prepares the minutes and may be asked to read important papers, the treasurer may present a financial report. Other officers, the board of directors, and committees may give their reports, attending this meeting are the members or the shareholders of the organization, depending on the type of organization. Notice of the general meeting must be in writing and is subject to a minimum notice period that varies by state. In 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission voted to require all companies to make their annual meeting materials available online. Convention Extraordinary general meeting Corporate law
12.
Academic dress
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It is also known as academical dress, academicals, and, in the United States, as academic regalia. Contemporarily, it is seen only at graduation ceremonies, but formerly academic dress was. Today the ensembles are distinctive in some way to each institution, and generally consists of a gown with a separate hood, Academic dress is also worn by members of certain learned societies and institutions as official dress. Some older universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, have a set of dress to be worn under the gown. In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original roba. In either case, the American Council of Education allows for the comfort of the wearer, and concedes that lighter materials be used in tropical climates, in addition, it acknowledges cotton poplin, broadcloth, rayon, or silk as appropriate. The materials used for academic dress vary and range from the economical to the very expensive. For some doctoral graduates commencement will be the time they wear academic regalia. These rented gowns are made of inexpensive polyester or other man-made synthetic fibre. In Britain, rented gowns are almost always polyester while Russell cord, undergraduate gowns are usually made from cotton or cotton and polyester mix and are relatively inexpensive to encourage students to own them. People who choose to buy their dress may opt for finer fabrics, such as poplin, grosgrain, Percale, cotton, wool, cassimere, broadcloth, Russell cord or corded/ribbed material. For silk, there are a range of types including artificial silk/rayon, Ottoman, taffeta, satin, alpaca, true silk, pure Ottoman silk is rarely used except for official gowns as it is very expensive. Some gowns may be trimmed with lace, cords, buttons or other forms of decoration. In the past, fur has been used to line certain hoods which range from rabbit to ermine, in the past, sheepskin was widely used. Most now use imitation fur instead, mainly because of cost, some robemakers will use fur if the customer requests and pays for it, as some feel that the quality and feel of artificial fur has yet to match that of real fur. Doctors robes usually use wool flannel, panama, superfine cloth and they tend to be the most expensive because they must be dyed in a specific colour and/or be trimmed in coloured silks. Many doctoral gowns have a special undress version so adding to the cost of a full set, a full set may cost about $360 for cheap materials to as much as $5800 for high quality materials. Usually, ex-hire gowns are available for purchase at cheaper prices though the quality may be lower, many institutions whose dress includes gowns of varying lengths prescribe the appropriate length of each gown with reference to parts of the wearers body
13.
Undergraduate gowns in Scotland
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Undergraduate gowns are a notable feature of academic dress for students at the ancient universities in Scotland. The most famous form of Scottish undergraduate dress is the red or scarlet gown and it is differentiated slightly according to the university at which it is worn. These gowns are worn by students of the University of St Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, the University of Strathclyde did not adopt the red gown, and instead students use the black supertunica, adorned with saltire blue buttons and cords. It is likely that pre-Reformation undergraduates would have worn a black supertunica in common with students at all European universities of the time, by the latter part of James VIs reign, this had formalised into scarlet. Traditionally, the red colour was symbolic of a lower status, the post-Reformation gown evolved as a uniform for students, its visibility preventing them from engaging in illicit activities in their university towns. In reference to the University of Glasgow, Here is a principal, with regents and professors in science, as there is at Edinburgh, and the scholars wear gowns. Their gowns here are red, but the Masters of Arts, a significant example of this is the actions of John Anderson, a professor at the University of Glasgow and founder of what went on to become the University of Strathclyde. As such, these became known as his Anti-toga classes, the University of Glasgows undergraduate gown is as follows, Scarlet cloth, with full sleeves half the length of the gown. At the University of Aberdeen, and particularly within the predecessor Kings College the gown has had varied fortunes over the years. During one of the slumps in its use in 1885 it was noted that fewer than one-quarter of students wore it, regulations existed compelling gown-wearing amongst students, although were rarely enforced. In 1888, a plebcite was organised at Kings by the Students Representative Council, which continued to support compulsion by 258 votes to 32 and this was to little avail, with the gown still not becoming universal as it had been previously, and remaining subject to fashion. In the 1850s, Sir George Reid painted an image of an Aberdeen student in the gown, the toga was criticised as being unsuited to the climate of Aberdeen. It was considered proper amongst students to wear an old and worn gown, a tradition of gown-tearing by older students to new bajans therefore developed. Matriculation at Aberdeen traditionally occurred on the first Sunday of term, out of enforced respect for Sabbath, despite the cost of gowns, attempts to outlaw this practice were difficult to enforce, particularly as all students of the era carried a penknife in order to mend quills. In 1924, their views were aired in the university newspaper, stating, when we leave the gates of Kings we become citizens of Aberdeen in this year of grace 1924, the undergraduate gown has lost popularity at different times in the different universities. The requirements of town residence made it impractical, however the more isolated locations of Aberdeen, at present, the gowns are most commonly a feature associated with the University of St Andrews where they are very commonly worn by students to formal events, pier walks and exams. It is perhaps most commonly seen at academic ceremonies, particularly in relation to the installation of a new Rector, the undergraduate style influences several gowns of office, particularly for members of Students Representative Councils and Rectors. The colour of the red gown is rarely defined precisely, however the University of Dundee
14.
United College, St Andrews
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The United College of St Salvator and St Leonard is one of the two statutory colleges of the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland. It was founded in 1747 by the merger of St Salvators College, the College encompasses the Faculties of Arts, Medicine and Science and is headed by the Master of the United College. The current Master of the United College is Professor Garry Taylor, the college no longer functions as an administrative body and its use is purely formal. The other statutory college of the University is St Marys College which encompasses the Universitys Faculty of Divinity, a third college, St Leonards College was re-established in 1972 as a non-statutory college, which encompasses postgraduate and postdoctoral students
15.
St Leonard's College, St Andrews
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St Leonards College is a postgraduate institute at the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Scotland. Founded in 1512 as a theological college of the University of St Andrews. In 1972 it was re-instituted as a postgraduate institute and its creation was a result of the poverty and declining status of St Johns College/Pedagogy and Arts Faculty of St Andrews. The first Provost was the Dominican, John Annand and a reformer of the clergy. St Leonards was consequently extremely monastic in nature, with members of the college being subjected to a far more rigorous, the buildings of St Leonards College on South Street were sold and teaching limited to the St. Salvators College site on North Street. The old college site was visited by Samuel Johnston and James Boswell in August 1773, the old college site has, since the late 19th century, been occupied by St Leonards School. The college chapel remains the property of the university, famous alumni of St Leonards College include Alexander Ales, John Knox, George Buchanan, Patrick Adamson and James Melville. St Leonards College was re-established in 1972 as a college exclusively for postgraduates, postdoctoral fellows. After matriculation such students are de facto members of St Leonard’s College, St Leonards College does not own any property - its function is to act as a central point of administration for postgraduate and postdoctoral students, as such it organises postgraduate events. The head of the college retains the title of the older St Leonards College. Previous provosts of St Leonards College include Prof. Malcolm MacLeod, Prof. Martin Kemp, Dr. Frank Riddell, the current Provost of St Leonards College is Professor Derek Woolins. Cant The University of St. Andrews, A Short History Official College website
16.
Oxford Union
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The Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to simply as the Oxford Union, is a debating society in the city of Oxford, England, whose membership is drawn primarily from the University of Oxford. The Oxford Union is an association, holding its property in trust in favour of its objectives and members. Since its foundation, it has been independent of the University, historically, despite such restrictions since being lifted, it has remained entirely separate from the University, and is constitutionally bound to remain so. Residential memberships are available to Oxford residents who are not from the university, the Union buildings are owned by a separate charitable trust, the Oxford Literary and Debating Union Trust. The Oxford Union buildings are located in Frewin Court, off Cornmarket Street, the original Union buildings were designed by Benjamin Woodward and opened in 1857. The society soon outgrew these premises and commissioned Alfred Waterhouse to design a free-standing debating chamber in the gardens and this was about a decade after the completion of the Cambridge Unions premises, also designed by Waterhouse, and the exterior of the two buildings is very similar. The original Woodward debating chamber is now known as The Old Library, the Old Library is best known for its Pre-Raphaelite paintings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris, referred to as the Oxford Union murals. The current debating chamber, and several extensions to the main buildings were added over the next forty years. The final extension was designed in a conventional Gothic Revival style by Walter Mills and Thorpe and it provides the MacMillan Room as well as the Goodman Library, underneath which there are basement library stacks. Many of the rooms in the Union are named after figures from the Unions past, such as the Goodman Library, with its windows. The buildings have gradually been added to paintings and statues of past presidents. The Gladstone Room also contains William Ewart Gladstones original cabinet table, the Old Library contains a fireplace situated in the middle of the floor, with a concealed flue, a rare design of which only a handful of examples survive in the UK. In the debating chamber there are busts of such notables as Roy Jenkins, Edward Heath, Michael Heseltine, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston and William Ewart Gladstone. The piano was unveiled by Vladimir Ashkenazy, who refused to play it in front of the packed chamber because he had not warmed up. The despatch boxes which continue to be used in Union debates are modelled on those in the House of Commons, and were offered to the House during World War II. To be invited to dine at the table in the bay window. It was often said more plots were hatched around that table on a regular evening than in the Houses of Parliament on Bonfire Night. The Unions buildings were used as a location for the films Oxford Blues, Debating at the Oxford Union takes two forms — competitive debating and chamber debating
17.
Durham Union Society
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This is a list of social activities at Durham University, including details of clubs, societies and other common leisure activities associated with Durham University. Approximately 130 student clubs and organizations run on Durhams campus, College Varsity, a sporting competition between college teams from Durham University and the University of York held alternately at York and Durham in the Lent term since 2014. Durham University Athletic Union, an organisation responsible for sport at Durham University. In 2006, the Athletic Union was rebranded Team Durham to signify a more modern approach to sport at Durham, Palatinate, Durhams equivalent of the University Sporting Blue. Famous recipients of a Full Palatinate include cricketer Nasser Hussain, triple jumper Jonathan Edwards, there are many college sports teams which allow for participation in sport at a less intense level than the university sports teams. There are leagues or tournaments between colleges in most major sports, with many colleges having multiple teams covering a range of ability levels. This is a factor to the high participation in sport at the university. Association football, DUAFC Rugby union, Durham University Rugby Union Football Club, previous members have included England captains Phil de Glanville, senate Cup Pennant Series Admirals Regatta Durham has a central studentss Union as well as junior common rooms in each college. Durham Students Union, the Durham-wide federal union The Durham Union Society is a society founded in 1842 by the students of the Durham University. Commonly referred to as the DUS or The Durham Union, it is the universitys largest society with over 3,000 members in residence, until 1899, when the Durham Students Unions ancestor was founded, the society acted as the university students union. The Union was founded in 1842, the purpose of the Union was, and remains, a counterbalance to the collegiate system, allowing students from the Universitys different colleges to meet both to debate and socialise more informally. The first debates were held in the rooms of Hatfield Hall. In 1872 the Society moved to what is now the Palace Green library, the Union Society acted, at this time, as the central social unit for the students of Durham University. The Durham Students Unions ancestor was developed in 1899 to take on this role, to this end, the society bought the old site of St Aidans College at 24 North Bailey to create a social club. Student members also have the opportunity to rent large bedrooms as student accommodation,24 North Bailey is also the setting for the vast majority of the Union regular social events. By 1977, debates were so well attended that the debating chamber was no longer adequately large enough. It moved across Palace Green to the Pemberton Building, which sits in the shadow of the Cathedral, the Union Society has been housed there ever since. The building and debating chamber are also used by the university for lectures, the Union Society still maintains its offices and debating chamber on the Palace Green World Heritage Site, as well as 24 North Bailey
18.
Gaudeamus igitur
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Despite its use as a formal graduation hymn, it is a jocular, light-hearted composition that pokes fun at university life. The song is thought to originate in a Latin manuscript from 1287 and it is in the tradition of carpe diem with its exhortations to enjoy life. The lyrics reflect an endorsement of the mayhem of student life while simultaneously retaining the grim knowledge that one day we will all die. The song contains humorous and ironic references to sex and death, in private, students will typically sing ribald words. The song is known by its opening words, Gaudeamus igitur or simply Gaudeamus. In the UK, it is affectionately known as The Gaudie. The centuries of use have given rise to slightly different versions. The proposition that the lyrics originate in 1287 is based on a held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. The music accompanying this poem bears no relation to the melody which is now associated with it, a German translation of these verses was made in about 1717 and published in 1730 without music. A Latin version in a handwritten student songbook, dating from some time between 1723 and 1750, is preserved in the Berlin State Library, however, this differs considerably from the modern text. The current Latin lyrics with a German translation were published by Halle in 1781 in Studentenlieder written by Christian Wilhelm Kindleben, below is Kindlebens 1781 Latin version, with two translations to English. The pseudo-Latin word antiburschius refers to opponents of the 19th-century politically active German student fraternities, the letter j used in some modern transcriptions does not occur in classical Latin. When sung, the first two lines and the last line of each stanza are repeated, for instance, Gaudeamus igitur, Nos habebit humus — Nos habebit humus. The first publication of the present Latin text together with the present melody was probably in Ignaz Walters 1797 operatic setting of Doktor Faust and it is also heard in Berlioz Damnation of Faust. Johannes Brahms quoted the hymn in the section of his Academic Festival Overture. Sigmund Romberg used it in the operetta The Student Prince, which is set at the University of Heidelberg and it is quoted in Johann Strauss IIs, Studenten-Polka (Française, Op.263, first performed at the Redoutensaal on 24 February 1862. The hymn is quoted, along with other student songs, in the overture of Franz von Suppés 1863 operetta Flotte Burschen, based on the original melody Franz Liszt has composed the Gaudeamus igitur—Paraphrase and later the Gaudeamus igitur—Humoreske. The melody is woven through the soundtrack of Harold Lloyds silent film The Freshman, the song is sung in the James Stewart movie The Mortal Storm
19.
Ceremonial mace
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A ceremonial mace is a highly ornamented staff of metal or wood, carried before a sovereign or other high official in civic ceremonies by a mace-bearer, intended to represent the officials authority. The mace, as used today, derives from the mace used as a weapon. Processions often feature maces, as on parliamentary or formal academic occasions, the ceremonial mace was used as a symbol of authority of military commanders. By the 14th century, these sergeants maces had started to become increasingly decorative, as a weapon, the mace fell out of use with the disappearance of heavy armor. The history of the civic mace begins around the middle of the 13th century, the oldest civic mace in England is that of Hedon. However, the sergeants of London later gained this privilege, as did later those of York, Norwich, records exist of maces covered with silver in use at Exeter in 1387–1388, Norwich bought two in 1435, and Launceston others in 1467 and 1468. Several other cities and towns subsequently acquired silver maces, and the 16th century saw almost universal use, early in the 15th century the flanged end of the mace was carried uppermost, with the small button bearing the royal arms in the base. The Guildford mace provides one of the finest of the fifteen specimens of the 15th century, craftsmen often pierced and decorated the flanged ends of the maces of this period beautifully. These flanges gradually became smaller, and by the 16th or early 17th century had developed into pretty projecting scroll-brackets and other ornaments, the next development in the embellishment of the shaft was the reappearance of these small scroll-brackets on the top, immediately under the head of the mace. They disappear altogether from the foot in the last half of the 17th century, the silver mace-heads were mostly plain, with a cresting of leaves or flowers in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the reign of James I of England they began to be engraved and decorated with heraldic devices, as the custom of having sergeants maces began to die out about 1650, the large maces borne before the mayor or bailiffs came into general use. Thomas Maundy functioned as the maker of maces during the English Commonwealth. He made the mace for the House of Commons in 1649 and this mace is still in use today, though without the original head. The original head, which was not engraved with symbols, was replaced by one with regal symbols at the time of the Restoration of the monarchy. Oliver Cromwell referred to the House of Commons mace as a fools bauble when he dissolved the Rump Parliament in 1653, There are 10 large silver-gilt maces of the sergeants-at-arms kept as part of the Crown Jewels in the Jewel House at the Tower of London. Two date from the reign of Charles II, two from the reign of James II, three from William and Marys reign, and one from Queen Annes reign, all these are of a type almost universally adopted, with slight variations, at the Restoration. Each mace weighs an average of 10 kilograms, in the Houses of Parliament, two ceremonial maces represent the monarchs authority. The monarch is referred to as the part of Parliament and signs into law the Bills which are voted on
20.
John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market
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John Roddick Russell MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market, OBE PC FKC, is a politician in the United Kingdom. He was educated at Merchiston Castle School, then at the University of St Andrews, prior to the 1979 general election he worked for Hill Samuel, a merchant bank. MacGregor is also a magician and member of The Magic Circle. He gave regular performances on British television, including guest spots on The Best of Magic and he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1971 New Year Honours for political services. He was Conservative MP for South Norfolk, but stepped down at the 2001 election. He became an MP at the February 1974 General Election, and served as a Tory whip from 1977 to 1981, when he became a junior minister at the Department of Trade and Industry, moving to MAFF in 1983. He entered the Cabinet on 2 September 1985 as Chief Secretary to the Treasury and he was promoted to Secretary of State for Education and Science in July 1989. In the small reshuffle following the resignation of Sir Geoffrey Howe, he was made Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council just days before Thatchers own resignation. He continued in this position from 1990 to 1992, although William Keegan writes that he was a contender for the position of Chancellor when John Major came to power. He was made Secretary of State for Transport in 1992, remaining in the post until July 1994 when he left the cabinet and his time as Transport Secretary saw him given responsibility for the privatisation of British Rail and the decision to privatise the Transport Research Laboratory. He was made a peer as Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market
21.
Eamonn Butler
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Eamonn Butler is a British economist. He is the co-founder and Director of the Adam Smith Institute, eamonn Butler was born in 1953. He graduated from the University of St Andrews and he worked on pensions and welfare issues for the United States House of Representatives in Washington DC, before returning to the UK where he served as editor of the British Insurance Broker Monthly. He co-founded the Adam Smith Institute in London with his brother Stuart and Madsen Pirie and he now serves as its Director. He is also co-author of a number of books on intelligence and he serves as the Secretary on the 2012-2014 Board of Directors of the Mont Pelerin Society
22.
Ian Duncan, Baron Duncan of Springbank
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Ian James Duncan is a Conservative politician elected to the European Parliament in 2014. Duncan was born in 1973 and raised in Alyth, Perthshire and he achieved a degree in geology from the University of St Andrews, before earning a PhD in paleontology from the University of Bristol. From 2004-2005 he acted as the Head of Policy & Communication for the Scottish Refugee Council and he stood down from this role in 2013 to pursue candidacy with the Scottish Conservatives, after Struan Stevenson announced he would not seek re-election. He is the European Parliaments Rapporteur on post 2020 reforms to the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, outside politics Duncan maintains a keen interest in public speaking and has served as the Chairman of English Speaking Union Scotland since 2014, previously acting as its Speech & Debates Officer. He is a patron of LGBTory and is openly gay
23.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
24.
Menzies Campbell
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Walter Menzies Campbell, Baron Campbell of Pittenweem, CH, CBE, PC, QC, often known as Ming Campbell, is a British Liberal Democrat politician, advocate and former athlete. He was the Member of Parliament for North East Fife from 1987 to 2015 and was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2 March 2006 until 15 October 2007. Campbell held the British record for the 100 metres sprint from 1967–74 and he captained the Great Britain athletics team in 1965-66. He is currently the Chancellor of the University of St Andrews and he was nominated for a life peerage in the 2015 Dissolution Honours. He has stated that he believes the House of Lords should be mainly elected, Menzies is a Scottish name, originally written Minȝies, the z being a graphic approximation of the yogh, originally found in the name. Born in Glasgow, Campbell was educated at Hillhead High School and the University of Glasgow, graduating with a Scottish Master of Arts in 1962 and he was elected President of the Glasgow University Liberal Club in 1962, and of the Glasgow University Union for 1964–65. He later received a scholarship to study at Stanford University in California, Campbell qualified as an advocate before he became a politician. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1968 and became a Queens Counsel in 1982 and he specialised in planning and licensing law. He ceased to practise as an advocate in 2003, but returned to practice in January 2008, Campbell married Elspeth, Lady Grant-Suttie, daughter of Major General Roy Urquhart, in June 1970. The couple have no children, but Lady Campbell has a son from her previous marriage and he also captained the Great Britain athletics team in 1965 and 1966, and held the British 100 metres record from 1967 to 1974. At one time he was known as the fastest white man on the planet, in his first 10.2 second race he beat O. J. Simpson who was then an aspiring athlete. Campbell became chairman of the Scottish Liberals in 1975, and was a candidate at various general elections between 1974-83. In February and October 1974 he stood in Greenock and Port Glasgow, being defeated by Labours Dickson Mabon, after boundary changes he fought the successor seat of North East Fife in 1983, before finally gaining election there, defeating Henderson at the 1987 general election. He has not lived in his constituency during his tenure as MP and he was made the Liberal Democrat chief spokesman on foreign affairs and defence in 1992. He considered standing as a candidate to replace Paddy Ashdown as party leader in the 1999 leadership election and he later said that he regretted that decision for about 10 minutes a day. He was also one of candidates for the position of Speaker when Betty Boothroyd stood down in 2000. Campbell was diagnosed with lymphoma, a form of cancer, in 2002. Campbell replaced Alan Beith as deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats in February 2003 and he took over in the general election campaign for three days from 12 April 2005 when Charles Kennedy took paternity leave
25.
Governance of the University of St Andrews
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The governance of the University of St Andrews is laid down in a series of Acts of Parliament enacted between 1858 and 1966. In common with the other Ancient universities of Scotland, there are three bodies responsible for governance, as determined by the Universities Act 1858 and this Act created three bodies, the General Council, University Court and Academic Senate. The General Council is an advisory body of all the graduates, academics. It meets twice a year and appoints a Business Committee to transact business between those meetings, the most important jobs it performs is in appointing two Assessors to the University Court and electing the University Chancellor. Under the University Act 1858 the University Court is the governing body of the University, having responsibilities for the finances. Its twenty-three members come from within the University, the local community and it also has the power to review decisions of the Academic Senate. There is a handbook for members available here, the Court is chaired by the Rector who is elected by all the matriculated students of the University. 121 and approved by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom May 22,2002. It is recognised that the Rector, when present, will preside over meetings of the Court, given this special status of the Rector, the Court appoints one of its lay members to preside at Court meetings in the absence of the Rector. The appointee - known as the Senior Governor - is responsible for appointing an alternate president to act at a meeting when neither the Rector nor the Senior Governor can be present and they have a more active role in the business of court. They have become de jure the working President of the Court, appointed in June 2007, the current Senior Governor is Professor Ewan Brown. Professor Brown is an alumnus of the University, the Senatus Academicus is the supreme academic body under the presidency of the University Principal. It consists of all professors, deans of faculties, heads of school, a number of elected members of staff. Another function of the Senate is the discipline of students, under the Sponsio Academica the Senate has the power to expel a student should they bring the University into disrepute. However, the full Senatus Academicus has not met for many years, much of the Senates business is delegated to a smaller body, the Academic Council. The Principal is the executive of the University and is assisted in that role by several key officers. The Deans of Faculties and other faculty officers, including those responsible for postgraduate matters, are elected by the Faculty Councils, the Faculty Councils meet once annually, towards the end of each academic year. There is ample scope for student participation in University government, at undergraduate and postgraduate level
26.
History of the University of St Andrews
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The history of the University of St Andrews began with its foundation in 1410 when a charter of incorporation was bestowed upon the Augustinian priory of St Andrews Cathedral. The University grew in size rapidly, St. Salvators College was established in 1450, St. Leonards College in 1511. Some of the buildings in use today date from this period as does St Salvators Chapel. At this time much of the teaching was of a nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral. In 1411 the Bishop of St Andrews, Henry Wardlaw, issued a charter which attracted the most learned men in Scotland as professors, in 1413 Avignon Pope Benedict XIII issued six bulls confirming the charter and constituting the society a university. Lectures took place in parts of the town until 1430. In 1512 Prior John Hepburn and Archbishop Alexander Stewart founded St Leonards College on the site of the buildings which at one time served as a hospital for pilgrims, the outline of the ancient structure has survived, but various restorations have much altered its general character. It forms two sides of a quadrangle, the library and principals residence standing on the north and the lecture rooms, during the 17th to 19th centuries, the university underwent many changes. The distinctive red gowns which are still in use today were adopted in 1672 and towards the end of the century a move to Perth was considered. In 1747 St Salvators and St Leonardss were merged to form the United College of St. Salvator, during the nineteenth century student numbers were very low and the university having to close was a very real possibility. In 1876, the University Senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a roughly equivalent to the MA men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the L. L. A, examination, required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level, and entitled them to hold a diploma from the University. She entered the university in 1892, making St Andrews the first university in Scotland to admit women undergraduates on the level as men. In response to the number of female students residing in St Andrews, the first womens hall was built in 1896. Today the university is growing rapidly and in sound financial health. It was situated in a building on the site of the old Pedagogy, later remodelled in 1764. The lower hall in the part of the building was used for University meetings, examinations and academical ceremonials. When the constitution of the colleges was remodelled in 1579 St Marys was set apart for theology, the co-educational St Leonards School now occupies the buildings of the former St. Leonards College
27.
Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
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Academic dress at the University of St Andrews is an important part of university life. The University of St Andrews was founded between 1410 and 1413, being the oldest of the ancient universities of Scotland and the third oldest university in the English-speaking world, academic dress is compulsory at official ceremonial occasions, such as graduation and the installations of Rector and Chancellor. Gowns are also worn by University Ambassadors when conducting tours of the University grounds for students and by the collegiate chapel choirs of St Salvator. Chancellors Assessor, Black silk gown with long closed sleeves, each ornamented with two gold frogs worn with a black velvet cap with a black tassel. Rectors Assessor, Purple-blue silk gown with open sleeves and a maroon velvet collar worn with a black velvet trencher cap with a black tassel. Principal, Purple corded silk gown with sleeves, faced with purple velvet worn with a black velvet trencher trimmed with silver lace. Vice Principal, Black corded silk gown with sleeves, faced with purple velvet worn with a black velvet trencher trimmed with silver lace. It is traditional, for students in the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard, for first-years to wear the gown high on the shoulders and for second years to wear it lower on the shoulders. Third year students wear it off the shoulder if in the Faculty of Science or Medicine. Fourth year students wear it off both shoulders, as a general rule, it is considered bad luck to hook the fastenings on the undergraduate gown, or to wash it. They are black cloth with coloured tassels, blue for Bejants, crimson for Semi-Bejants, yellow for Tertians, folklore dictates only women students wear trenchers. Graduates wore the gown of the highest degree conferred upon them with or without the appropriate hood, however, a new St Leonards College gown has been introduced which is black and faced with burgundy so as to better integrate postgraduates into the gown tradition at St Andrews. Gowns and caps appropriate to a degree or official position within the university are worn according to the rules set down by the Senatus Academicus. Ordinary Graduands wear a black stuff or silk gown cut in the Cambridge M. A. style with the crescent-cut sleeves facing backwards, carry the hood proper to the degree to be conferred. Honorary Graduands wear undress, a black, silk, full-sleeved cassock with buttons and cincture of the faculty colour. They can wear either a black cloth mortar board with a tassel or in the case doctors receiving honorary degrees. Doctors in full-dress wear a gown, similar to the Cambridge Mus. D. pattern, of the colour of the appropriate degree hood, graduates wear the gown and hood appropriate to their highest degree and carry a black cloth square cap
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Museum of the University of St Andrews
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The Museum of the University of St Andrews opened in October 2008 and is associated with the University of St Andrews. The museum houses a selection of the Universitys historic and artistic collections and they are displayed across four galleries which aim to tell the story of the University. The museum also contains a ‘Learning Loft’ for workshops and a terrace with panoramic views over St Andrews Bay. The four galleries aim to tell the story of the University of St Andrews from its foundation in 1410 until the present day, each gallery takes a different theme. Scotlands First University covers the foundation and early period of the Universitys history, living and Learning examines student life at St Andrews and looks at aspects such as dining, student societies and the iconic red gown. The fourth gallery is now used for exhibitions and shows a range of changing displays. The Universitys collection includes three Recognised Collections of National Significance and these are collections that are judged to be of national or international importance. The three Recognised Collections at the University are the Heritage Collection, the Collection of Historic Scientific Instruments, a selection of the most important items from each of these collections is on display in MUSA. The museum considers its highlight to be three medieval ceremonial maces which date from the 15th century, the oldest of these, the Mace of the Faculty of Arts, was commissioned in 1416 and was probably made in Paris. It has a hexagonal head on which are engraved the images of saints. The second mace, that of the College of St Salvator, was made in Paris by Jean Maiel in 1461, the head is considered by some to be one of the finest pieces of medieval European silverware in existence. It shows Christ, or St Salvator, in the centre of an architectural shrine and he stands on a globe with his hands raised to show the nail marks. Around him stand three angels, each holding a symbol of the passion and its probable origin in Scotland makes it particularly rare. These maces are used during graduation ceremonies. Other highlights include the Great Astrolabe, made in 1575, which was purchased by James Gregory in the 17th century and it is believed this is the biggest historic astrolabe in existence. Some items give insights into student life, such as the black stone, the museum occasionally displays the only surviving one of the six bulls sent by Pope Benedict XIII to found the University of St Andrews in 1413. Owing to its age and consequent fragility, however, a facsimile is usually on display, the museum runs a wide ranging programme of talks, workshops and tours on a variety of subjects related to its collections. The programme currently comprises around 200 events each year, on top of this the museum offers a comprehensive schools programme
29.
University of Dundee
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The University of Dundee is a public research university based in the city and Royal burgh of Dundee on the east coast of the central Lowlands of Scotland. It is consistently ranked within the Top 250 universities in the world, following significant expansion, the University of Dundee became an independent body in 1967 whilst retaining much of its ancient heritage and governance structure. Since its independence, the university has grown to become a recognised centre for research. The main campus of the university is located in Dundees West End and consists of a mixture of Victorian, Edwardian and postmodern architecture. Dundee has developed a significant reputation for students entering the professions, most notably law, medicine and dentistry as well as emerging areas such as life sciences. The University of Dundee has its roots in the earlier University college based in Dundee, at the same time, the University of St Andrews was, as were the other universities in Scotland at the time, suffering from significant financial problems. Moreover, St Andrews position, isolation and small size contributed to a significant decline, finally, agreement was reached that what was needed was expansion of the sciences and professions, rather than the arts at St Andrews. In this endeavour, she was assisted by her relative, Dr John Boyd Baxter, no religious oaths were to be required of members. Later that year, University College, Dundee was established as an academic institution, when opened in 1883, it comprised five faculties, Maths and Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Engineering and Drawing, English Language and Literature and Modern History, and Philosophy. The University College had no power to award degrees and for some students were prepared for external examinations of the University of London. The policy of no discrimination between the sexes, which was insisted upon by Mary Ann Baxter, meant that the new college recruited several able female students. Their number included the social reformer Mary Lily Walker and, later and this move was of notable benefit to both, enabling the University of St Andrews to support a medical school. Medical students could choose to undertake preclinical studies either in Dundee or St Andrews after which all students would undertake their studies at Dundee. Eventually, law, dentistry and other subjects were taught at University College. By 1904 University College had a roll of 208, making up 40 per cent of the roll of the University generally, by session 1909-10234 students were studying at University College,101 of whom were female. Attempts were made to raise income, kipling implored those who had lost their sons in the Great War to consider giving a donation so that their names would live on. In 1947, the Principal of University College, Douglas Wimberley released the Wimberley Memo, in 1954, after a Royal Commission, University College was renamed Queens College and the Dundee-based elements of the University gained a greater degree of independence and flexibility. It was also at this time that Queens College absorbed the former Dundee School of Economics, Queens Colleges size and location, alongside a willingness to expand, led to an eventual decision to separate from the wider University of which it remained an integral part
30.
James Gregory Telescope
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The James Gregory Telescope was constructed in 1962 by the University of St Andrews. It is of a Schmidt-Cassegrain design and is fitted with a CCD camera, the James Gregory Telescope is named after the Scottish mathematician, astronomer and University academic James Gregory, who invented the Gregorian telescope. List of largest optical telescopes in the 20th century Gregor telescope at the Teide Observatory, Gregorian telescope is a type of telescope. James Gregory is the inventor of the Gregorian telescope
