1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Universities in the United Kingdom
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Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by Royal Charter, Papal Bull, Act of Parliament or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. For new public universities, approval is required from the Privy Council, the exact criteria for University title vary between the four countries of the United Kingdom. These include a number of institutions that feature regularly in the tables of the worlds top universities, such as UCL. The central co-ordinating bodies for universities in the United Kingdom is Universities UK, Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale, with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the worlds oldest universities. No other universities were founded in England during this period, opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton. Medical schools in London, though not a university in its own right, were among the first to provide medical teachings in England, in Scotland, St Andrews, Glasgow and Kings College, Aberdeen were founded by Papal Bull. Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh, Marischal College, Aberdeen, gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as the mother of a University by a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth, the 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established, but the next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing, from 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, by then, the higher education revolution was well under way. This would, however, have required government support, the opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University – was sought, and he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities, many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London and this would become UCL, founded in 1826 as a joint stock company under the name of London University. This became Kings College London, granted a charter in 1829 –. Neither of the Colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland, Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxfords. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham, greys government supported the bill to establish the university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, in 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards
3.
Royal charter
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A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877
4.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
5.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
6.
Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin
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Robert Haldane Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin, KT CH is a British businessman and former Governor of the British Broadcasting Corporation. Smith was knighted in 1999, appointed to the House of Lords as an independent crossbench peer in 2008 and he was also appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour in 2016. Lord Smith of Kelvin serves as Chancellor of the University of Strathclyde and he is Chairman of IMI plc, Alliance Trust PLC and Forth Ports Limited. Smith grew up in the Maryhill district of Glasgow and was educated at Allan Glens School, after leaving school in 1963, Smith failed his first-year English exams at the University of Glasgow. He turned to a career in accountancy and was articled to Robb Ferguson & Company, Smith moved to ICFC, later known as 3i, until 1982 and joined the Royal Bank of Scotland in 1983. From 1985 to 1989 he was managing director of Charterhouse Development Capital Ltd and he has held various positions as Director of MFI Furniture Group plc, Stakis plc, the Bank of Scotland, Tip Europe plc and Network Rail. From 1 July 2002 to 31 December 2013 Smith was Chairman of The Weir Group, Smith was a member of the Financial Services Authority from 1997 to 2000 and is a member of the Financial Reporting Council. As Chairman of the FRC Group on Audit Committees Combined Code Guidance he was responsible for The Smith Report, Smith was Chairman of Scottish and Southern Energy, The Weir Group plc and a non-Executive Director of Standard Bank Group Limited. He was also Patron of Foundation Scotland until 2015, on 8 February 2008, Smith was appointed as Chair of the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games organising company. He was announced as the first Chair of the British Green Investment Bank in May 2012, on 19 September 2014, Smith was appointed as Chair of the newly formed Scotland Devolution Commission, following the No vote in the Scottish independence referendum. Smith was a President of the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, Smith married Alison Marjorie Bell in 1969, initially Mrs Alison Smith, she formally became Lady Smith when her husband received a knighthood in 1999. Smith has been conferred honorary degrees by the Universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh and also Paisley, smiths time at the University of Paisley oversaw the merger with Bell College in Hamilton, intended to create the biggest new university in Scotland. The University of Paisley changed its name to the University of the West of Scotland in November 2007, in 2010, the Chartered Institute of Internal Auditors awarded Smith an Honorary Fellowship at the Annual Scottish Conference in recognition of his long term support of the internal audit profession. He was appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in the 2016 Birthday Honours for public service, 1944–1999, Mr Robert Smith 1999–2008, Sir Robert Smith 2008–2013, The Rt Hon. The Lord Smith of Kelvin 2013–2016, The Rt Hon, the Lord Smith of Kelvin KT 2016–, The Rt Hon
7.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
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Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
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Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
10.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
13.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
14.
EFMD Quality Improvement System
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The EFMD Quality Improvement System is a school accreditation system. It specializes in higher institutions of management and business administration. As of February 2017, EQUIS has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries around the world, EQUIS was created in 1997 under Gordon Shenton and the current director is Michael Osbaldeston. In the past 20 years of existence the organization has accredited 167 institutions in 41 countries, the accreditation is awarded to business schools based on general quality. So far all fully accredited EQUIS business schools applying for AACSB accreditation have succeeded, EQUIS accreditation can be granted for three years or for five years. Association of MBAs Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business List of EQUIS accredited institutions Triple accreditation EQUIS on EFMD official website
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European Consortium of Innovative Universities
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In 1997, eleven European universities came together to establish the European Consortium of Innovative Universities. The consortium is a group of dedicated to the development of an innovative culture in their institutions. The ECIU’s mission is, To contribute to the development of a knowledge-based European economy, to develop collaborative educational programmes, by building on research and teaching strengths within the member institutions. To act as an ‘agent of change’ by serving as an example of best practice and by influencing debate, the local coordinator is the contact person for information on activities, projects and seminars, and is informs the partner university about ECIU activities
16.
Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine
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The Institute is governed by an elected Board of Trustees reporting to which are the Science, Research and Innovation Council and the Professional and Standards Council. The councils have operational responsibility for scientific and professional aspects of the Institutes work, beneath the councils is a substructure of committees, groups and panels of members, which undertake the work of the Institute. The HPA created its scientific arm in 1984, the Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine, the trade union and scientific activities split in 1989, the scientific arm merged with the BES to form IPEMB while the trade union joined the Manufacturing, Science and Finance Trades Union. The Association of Medical Technologists, formerly HPTA, merged with IPEM in 2001, there are 11 categories of membership, Fellowship, This is the most senior category of membership. It is only awarded to Corporate members who have made a contribution to Medical Physics or Engineering. Full Membership, This category is for people seeking recognition as professional Scientists and it includes the old Incorporated Membership. Associate Membership, For people working in the relevant area including STP trainees, postgraduate students and apprentices in an appropriate field are eligible for free Associate Membership Affiliate Membership, For anyone with an interest in Medical Physics and Engineering. During this conference the flagship lecture of the Institute, the Woolmer Lecture, is presented, the lecture is dedicated to Professor Ronald Woolmer who was the first Director of the Research Department of Anaesthetics at the Royal College of Surgeons. Woolmer convened a meeting at the Royal College of Surgeons, London and it was agreed that the group should hold regular meetings and as a result the Biological Engineering Society was formed with Ronald Woolmer as the first President. Woolmer died two years after the formation of the BES and it was agreed that a memorial lecture would be sponsored in recognition of his achievements. The Institute also publishes, SCOPE - The Institutes quarterly magazine which is free to members, a report series educational and teaching material The IPEM president serves for two years and takes office at the Annual Conference. The following table includes a list of all past presidents of IPEMB/IPEM, www. ipem. ac. uk - The Official site of the IPEM E-SCOPE - The online archive of the IPEM magazine
17.
Universities UK
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Universities UK is an advocacy organisation for universities in the United Kingdom. The current president is Dame Julia Goodfellow, vice-chancellor of the University of Kent, the current Chief Executive is Nicola Dandridge. In 1918 the first consultative meeting of all vice-chancellors was held, at that time, the committee consisted of just twenty-two universities and university colleges. In the early 1980s, they commissioned the Jarratt report, published in 1985, on 1 December 2000, CVCP’s name, logo and identity were changed to Universities UK in order to reflect changes which had taken place in the organisation in recent years. Universities UKs task is to support the work of universities and promote their interests, there is also an additional group, Universities Scotland, whose membership comprises the Universities UK members in Scotland. Universities Scotland promotes and supports the work of Universities UK, the percentage of state educated school students at the prestigious Russell Group universities has been falling. State educated secondary school pupils eligible for school meals are very much less likely to go to Oxbridge than privately educated pupils. Overall more young people are entering university than previously and it is hoped this will improve social mobility, cutbacks in government funding for students may deter poorer potential students from going to university according to the education charity, Sutton Trust. Following comments by Prime Minister David Cameron that universities should not enforce gender segregation on audiences the case study which triggered this debate was withdrawn. The Efficiency and effectiveness in higher education, A report by the Universities UK Efficiency, in response to the report the Efficiency Exchange was set up to help higher education institutions to share ideas and good practice. The Exchange facilitates the sharing of resources, Universities UK health work programme addresses the NHS education reforms, research and innovation and AHSNs, healthcare employment and health education regulation. In 2012 A picture of health and education was published which depicts the vital connections between higher education and healthcare, in July 2015 UUK launched a campaign in support of the UKs continuing membership of the EU which generated wide media coverage. This was criticised by some Conservative and UKIP Members of the European Parliament who said such political activity undertaken by a registered charity which is largely state-funded was wrong
18.
Universities Scotland
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Universities Scotland was formed in 1992 as the Committee of Scottish Higher Education Principals adopting its current name in 2000, when Universities UK was also formed. It represents 16 Universities and three higher education institutions in Scotland. The Convener serves a term of office. As of 2012, this post is held by Prof Pete Downes, the director of the permanent staff is Alastair Sim
19.
Association of MBAs
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The Association of MBAs is a global organisation founded in 1967 which focuses primarily on international business school accreditation and membership. Based in London, AMBA is one of the three main global accreditation bodies in business education and styles itself as the worlds authority on postgraduate management education. It differs from AACSB in the US and EQUIS in Brussels as it accredits a schools portfolio of postgraduate management programmes but does not accredit undergraduate programmes, all MBA students and alumni of the 245 accredited member schools join AMBA as individual members free of charge. AMBA also accredits generalist MBM programmes and DBA programmes, and admits as members students, AMBAs long-serving president is Sir Paul Judge, the founding benefactor of Cambridge Judge Business School. AMBAs current Chief Executive is Andrew Main Wilson, who joined the organisation from the Institute of Directors in 2013, len Jones was elected Chairman of the AMBA Board of Trustees in 2014. The founders saw a lack of awareness in Europe of the value of the MBA degree and they decided to form a lobby and membership group to promote the benefits of postgraduate business education, under the name of Business Graduates Association. The Associations first Director General was Vice-Admiral David Clutterbuck who assumed this position in 1969, in 1983 BGA began to accredit the growing number of MBA programmes, while preserving its functions as a membership organization. BGA was renamed Association of MBAs in 1987, the Associations current president is Sir Paul Judge, who helped establish Cambridge Judge Business School in 1990 and whose name the school continues to carry. The Association of MBAs accredits MBA, MBM and DBA degree programmes, the Associations process of accrediting a schools MBA programmes portfolio includes reviewing compliance AMBAs MBA criteria, most of them qualitative rather than quantitative. AMBA holds three annual conferences for business school deans and directors, a Global Conference, an Asia Pacific Conference. Participation is open to both accredited and non-accredited schools, AMBA also hosts an annual Gala Dinner in London, which is open only to accredited schools. AMBA also organizes webinars, lectures and networking events on a regular basis catering to MBA alumni, current MBA students, prospective MBA students and these on-campus events are held at accredited business schools and often feature distinguished speakers and practitioners in fields such as leadership, entrepreneurship and innovation
20.
Research university
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Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
21.
Kingdom of Strathclyde
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The kingdom developed during the post-Roman period. It is also known as Alt Clut, a Brittonic term for Dumbarton Castle and it may have had its origins with the Brythonic Damnonii people of Ptolemys Geography. Scottish toponymy and archaeology points to some later settlement by Vikings or Norse–Gaels, a small number of Anglian place-names show some limited settlement by Anglo-Saxon incomers from Northumbria prior to the Norse settlement. Due to the series of changes in the area, it is not possible to say whether any Goidelic settlement took place before Gaelic was introduced in the High Middle Ages during the 11th century. After the sack of Dumbarton Rock by a Viking army from Dublin in 870, in the same period, it was also referred to as Cumbria, and its inhabitants as Cumbrians. During the High Middle Ages, the area was conquered by the Goidelic speaking Kingdom of Alba in the 11th century, however, it remained a distinctive Brythonic area into the 12th and 13th centuries. As well as the Damnonii, Ptolemy lists the Otalini, whose capital appears to have been Traprain Law, to their west, the Selgovae in the Southern Uplands and, further west in Galloway, the Novantae. In addition, a known as the Maeatae, probably in the area around Stirling. The capital of the Damnonii is believed to have been at Carman, near Dumbarton, although the northern frontier appears to have been Hadrians Wall for most of the history of Roman Britain, the extent of Roman influence north of the Wall is obscure. Certainly, Roman forts existed north of the wall, and forts as far north as Cramond may have been in long-term occupation, moreover, the formal frontier was three times moved further north. In addition to contacts, Roman armies undertook punitive expeditions north of the frontiers. Northern natives also travelled south of the wall, to trade, to raid, Roman traders may have travelled north, and Roman subsidies, or bribes, were sent to useful tribes and leaders. The final period of Roman Britain saw an apparent increase in attacks by land and sea, the including the Picts, Scotti. These raids will have also targeted the tribes of southern Scotland, no historical source gives any firm information on the boundaries of the Kingdom of Strathclyde, but suggestions have been offered on the basis of place-names and topography. The Campsie Fells and the marshes between Loch Lomond and Stirling may have represented another boundary, to the south, the kingdom extended some distance up the valley of the Clyde, and along the coast probably extended south towards Ayr. Although often referred to as the Dark Ages, the period after the end of Roman rule in southern Scotland, archaeologists and historians have offered varying accounts of the period over the last century and a half. The written sources available for the period are largely Irish and Welsh, Irish sources report events in the kingdom of Dumbarton only when they have an Irish link. Some are informed by the political attitudes prevalent in Wales in the 9th century, bede, whose prejudice is apparent, rarely mentions Britons, and then usually in uncomplimentary terms
22.
Times Higher Education
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Times Higher Education, formerly the Times Higher Education Supplement, is a weekly magazine based in London, reporting specifically on news and issues related to higher education. It is the United Kingdoms leading publication in its field, from its first issue, in 1971, until 2008 the Times Higher Education Supplement was published in newspaper format and was born out of, and affiliated with, The Times newspaper. On 10 January 2008, it was relaunched as a magazine and it is published by TES Global, which until October 2005 was a division of Rupert Murdochs News International. The magazine is edited by John Gill, phil Baty is the editor at large, and is responsible for international coverage. He is also the editor of the magazines World University Rankings, the magazine features a fictional satirical column written by Laurie Taylor, the Poppletonian, which reflects on life at the fictional Poppleton University. In 2011 Times Higher Education was awarded the titles of Weekly Business Magazine of the Year, Times Higher Education became known for publishing the annual Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, which first appeared in November 2004. On 30 October 2009 Times Higher Education broke with QS, then its partner in compiling the Rankings, the magazine developed a new methodology in consultation with its readers and its editorial board. Thomson Reuters collects and analyses the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the results have been published annually since autumn 2010. QS, which collected and analysed the data from 2004-2009. The magazine runs two sets of awards annually, the first is the Times Higher Education Awards. The 2011 awards took place on 24 November at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane, seventeen universities were given awards in different categories, with the University of Sheffield being University of the Year. Tessa Blackstone was given the Lord Dearing Lifetime Achievement Award, the University of Strathclyde was named as the University of the Year at the 2012 awards which took place on 29 November 2012 at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane. University of Strathclyde Principal and Vice-Chancellor Professor Sir Jim McDonald received the award at the ceremony, the Times Higher Education Leadership and Management Awards were launched in 2009. The Thelmas were set up to recognise the impact that administrative staff have on the success of education institutions
23.
Oxbridge
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Oxbridge is a portmanteau of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. Although both universities were founded more than eight centuries ago, the term Oxbridge is relatively recent, in William Thackerays novel Pendennis, published in 1849, the main character attends the fictional Boniface College, Oxbridge. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, this is the first recorded instance of the word, virginia Woolf used it, citing Thackeray, in her 1929 essay A Room of Ones Own. By 1957 the term was used in the Times Educational Supplement, when expanded, the universities are almost always referred to as Oxford and Cambridge, the order in which they were founded. Both were founded more than 800 years ago, and continued as Englands only universities until the 19th century, between them they have educated a large number of Britains most prominent scientists, writers and politicians, as well as noted figures in many other fields. Each has a collegiate structure, whereby the University is a co-operative of its constituent colleges. Both universities have many buildings of great beauty and antiquity, and are sited on level terrain ideal for cycling and they are the top-scoring institutions in cross-subject UK university rankings, so they are targeted by ambitious pupils, parents and schools. Entrance is extremely competitive and some schools promote themselves based on their achievement of Oxbridge offers, combined, the two universities award over one-sixth of all English full-time research doctorates. Oxford and Cambridge have common approaches to undergraduate admissions, until the mid-1980s, entry was typically by sitting special entrance exams. Camford was also used in the Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Creeping Man, other words have been derived from the term Oxbridge, though none has achieved widespread recognition. The term Loxbridge is sometimes seen, and was adopted as the name of the Ancient History conference now known as AMPAH
24.
The Economist
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The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London. Continuous publication began under its founder, James Wilson, in September 1843, in 2015 its average weekly circulation was a little over 1.5 million, about half of which were sold in the United States. The publication belongs to the Economist Group and it is 50% owned by the English branch of the Rothschild family and by the Agnelli family through its holding company Exor. The remaining 50% is held by investors including the editors. The Rothschilds and the Agnellis are represented on the board of directors, a board of trustees formally appoints the editor, who cannot be removed without its permission. Although The Economist has an emphasis and scope, about two-thirds of the 75 staff journalists are based in the London borough of Westminster. For the year to March 2016 the Economist Group declared operating profit of £61m, previous major shareholders include Pearson PLC. The Economist takes a stance of classical and economic liberalism which is supportive of free trade, globalisation, free immigration. The publication has described itself as a product of the Caledonian liberalism of Adam Smith and it targets highly educated readers and claims an audience containing many influential executives and policy-makers. The publications CEO described this recent global change, which was first noticed in the 1990s and accelerated in the beginning of the 21st century, on the contents page of each issue, The Economists mission statement is written in italics. The Economist was founded by the British businessman and banker James Wilson in 1843, to advance the repeal of the Corn Laws, articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties. An article on the principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue. Parliamentary reports, with focus on commerce, agriculture and free trade. Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade, general news from the Court of St. Jamess, the Metropolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland. Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation. A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week, correspondence and inquiries from the news magazines readers. It has long respected as one of the most competent. Its logo was designed in 1959 by Reynolds Stone, in January 2012 The Economist launched a new weekly section devoted exclusively to China, the first new country section since the introduction of a section about the United States in 1942
25.
John Anderson (natural philosopher)
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He was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was the posthumous founder of Andersons University, which ultimately evolved into the University of Strathclyde. Anderson was born at the manse at Rosneath, the son of Rev James Anderson, Argyll and his father and grandfather were prominent ministers of the church, but after his fathers death he was raised in Stirling by an aunt. He graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1745, during the Jacobite Rising of 1745 he served as an officer in the Hanoverian army. From 1755-57 he was Professor of Oriental Languages in the University of Glasgow, in 1760 Anderson was appointed to the more congenial post of professor of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow. He began to concentrate on physics and he had a love of experiments, practical mechanics and inventions. He encouraged James Watt in his development of steam power and he was acquainted with Benjamin Franklin, and installed the first lightning conductor in Glasgow. Anderson also wrote the pioneering textbook Institutes of Physics published in 1786 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and this brought him into contact with many of the leading scientists of the day. His greatest love though was in providing useful learning to the working class and he did this alongside his University duties, by providing non-academic lectures for artisans during the evenings. In these popular lectures he concentrated on experiments and demonstrations, and from his predilection for setting off explosions and fireworks, Anderson was also known for his radical political views and was a supporter of the French Revolution. In 1791 he invented a new type of gun, which was presented to the National Convention in Paris as the gift of Science to Liberty. While in France, neighbouring Germany, fearing the spread of radical politics to its territory, building on the lectures for artisans, he bequeathed his property for the foundation of a school in Glasgow devoted to useful learning, called Andersons Institution or Andersonian University. As an example of its success it enabled a young millworker, David Livingstone, to become a missionary doctor. The city centre campus is named the John Anderson Campus, John Anderson died in Glasgow at the age of 69. He is buried with his grandfather in Ramshorn Cemetery on Ingram Street in Glasgow, on 13 January 1996 representatives from Glasgow University laid a wreath to mark the bicentennial of Andersons death. Chambers, Robert & Thomson, Thomas Napier, a biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen
26.
Physics
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Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
27.
University of Glasgow
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The University of Glasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English-speaking world and one of Scotlands four ancient universities. Along with the University of Edinburgh, the University was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century and it is currently a member of Universitas 21, the international network of research universities, and the Russell Group. Glasgow University served all of students by preparing them for professions, the law, medicine, civil service, teaching. It also trained smaller but growing numbers for careers in science, originally located in the citys High Street, since 1870 the main University campus has been located at Gilmorehill in the West End of the city. Additionally, a number of university buildings are located elsewhere, such as the Veterinary School in Bearsden, and it is the second-oldest university in Scotland after St Andrews and the fourth-oldest in the English-speaking world. The universities of St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen were ecclesiastical foundations, as one of the Ancient Universities of the United Kingdom, Glasgow University is one of only eight institutions to award undergraduate masters degrees in certain disciplines. The University has been without its original Bull since the mid-sixteenth century, in 1560, during the political unrest accompanying the Scottish Reformation, the then chancellor, Archbishop James Beaton, a supporter of the Marian cause, fled to France. He took with him, for safe-keeping, many of the archives and valuables of the Cathedral and the University, including the Mace, although the Mace was sent back in 1590, the archives were not. If they had not been lost by time, they certainly went astray during the French Revolution when the Scots College was under threat. Its records and valuables were moved for safe-keeping out of the city of Paris, the Bull remains the authority by which the University awards degrees. Teaching at the University began in the chapterhouse of Glasgow Cathedral, subsequently moving to nearby Rottenrow, the University was given 13 acres of land belonging to the Black Friars on High Street by Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1563. The Lion and Unicorn Staircase was also transferred from the old site and is now attached to the Main Building. To continue this work in his will he founded Andersons College, in 1973, Delphine Parrott became its first woman professor, as Gardiner Professor of Immunology. In October 2014, the university court voted for the University to become the first academic institution in Europe to divest from the fuel industry. The University is currently spread over a number of different campuses, the main one is the Gilmorehill campus, in Hillhead. The University has also established joint departments with the Glasgow School of Art, the Universitys initial accommodation including Glasgow University Library was part of the complex of religious buildings in the precincts of Glasgow Cathedral. In the mid-seventeenth century, the Hamilton Building was replaced with a very grand two-court building with a decorated west front facing the High Street, called the Nova Erectio, over the following centuries, the Universitys size and scope continued to expand. In 1757 it built the Macfarlane Observatory and later Scotlands first public museum and it was a centre of the Scottish Enlightenment and subsequently of the Industrial Revolution, and its expansion in the High Street was constrained
28.
John Anderson Campus
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The John Anderson Campus, the main campus of The University of Strathclyde, is located in Glasgow, Scotland. The campus is named after John H. D, originally named Andersons Institution, the University was renamed to Andersons University in 1828, partially to fulfil Andersons vision of two universities in the city of Glasgow. In 1877, it was forced to remove the title of University as it lacked a Royal Warrant to do so - becoming Andersons College, ten years later in 1887 it merged with the Allan Glens School to become the Glasgow & West of Scotland Technical College. In 1912, the college was renamed the Royal Technical College and became the Royal College of Science. It joined with the Scottish College of Commerce in 1964 - later the same year, large sections of the campus are built on and around grounds which once contained the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital. Following the 1940s Bruce Report, Townhead was designated a Comprehensive Development Area, some of the reclaimed land was rezoned for educational purposes in anticipation of the Royal Colleges growth into a university. The first of the buildings to be constructed were the Students Union, James Weir. The 1980s concentrated on developing the student residences, below is a synopsis of the campus history, along with the current occupiers of each building in brackets,1912 Completion of Royal College Building 1958 James Weir Building – extended in 1960. 1959 Students Union Building 1959 Opening of Marland House by the General Post Office, would later become the Graham Hills Building. Strathclyde University provides accommodation for most of the first year undergraduates, the accommodation block is located on the easterly side of the John Anderson Campus. Each accommodation block is named after a famous scientist or contributor to the University of Strathclyde, the James Young Hall is one of the more expensive class of accommodation residencies which provide the luxuries of an en-suite bathroom with each individual single study bedroom. These flats are available as 3- to 6-person flats, the students in each flat share a spacious kitchen, as well as a living and a dining room with a TV provided. Although the rent is steep, this heating and lighting as well as cleaning in the shared areas which you do not get in other accommodation such as the Thomas Campbell building. James Young, who is most well known for distilling paraffin wax from coal, James Goold hall is one of the newest halls in the accommodation block. It supports 66 students, divided into 5/6/8 person flats and this is the only residence in the Campus Village which is not divided into flats. Instead,70 students have their own study bedrooms with wash-hand basins and share a large kitchen/living/dining room plus showers, there are TVs on the 2nd and 4th floors. The rent for this residence includes heating/lighting plus a service for the shared areas. The contract period last for 39 weeks from September to June, Murray Hall was named after Lord Murray of Newhaven who was given an honorary degree in 1973
29.
Royal Technical College
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Originally the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, The Royal College of Science and Technology was formed in 1887. Because of the number of students attending the college, larger premises became necessary. Work to expand the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College building began in 1903, at that time, it was the largest single educational complex in Europe. After seeking permission from King George V in 1912 the College changed its name to the Royal Technical College, in 1956 there was another change of name for the College and it became the Royal College of Science and Technology. A new Students Union was built in 1959 on John Street, all four buildings form what is now known as the Island Site, and have undergone major renovations in recent years. In 1961 the Royal College entered into an agreement with Glasgow Corporation to jointly redevelop the adjacent Richmond Street site which had recently been cleared of its slum housing, curran was appointed its first Principal and Vice-Chancellor. This was the first new university in Scotland for 381 years, sir Samuel remained at the university until retirement in 1980 - the replacement building for the Andersonian Library opened that year was named in his honour. Following the recommendation of the Robbins Committee, the Scottish College of Commerce amalgamated with the College to form the University of Strathclyde in 1964, since then, the Royal College Building has served as the centrepiece building of the University of Strathclyde. An old Glasgow nickname for the Royal College, and its antecedents, the nickname is still used in a jocular/derogatory sense by students and alumni of the rival University of Glasgow, who refer to Strathclyders as Techies. The courses available are still the same with undergraduate and postgraduate degrees available, the undergraduate degrees available are split into two subjects, Biological and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy. Some of the degrees available in Biological and Biomedical Science are BSc Biological Sciences, BSc Biomedical Sciences, the postgraduate degree is a follow-on from the undergraduate degree. The department of Pure and Applied Chemistry is located in the Royal College Building on level 6, the department of Chemistry was not always in the royal college building because it was established before the University of Strathclyde. This department was established in the 19th Century and over the last 200 years it has become a department with a very highly rated reputation. The department of Pure and Applied Chemistry offers three types of degrees, Undergraduate, Postgraduate taught and Postgraduate research, the undergraduate degree lasts for four years and students have the choice of 10 areas to study in. To get into the undergraduate degrees you need to have the 48 credits for the BSc degree and 60 credits for the masters degree, the credit conversion table can be found at this page UCAS credit table. To apply to one of the undergraduate courses you have to do this through UCAS which is an application form. They are two postgraduate degrees available and these are MSc/PgDip in Forensic Science and MSc/PgDip in Forensic Informatics. Both of these degrees last one year and it is a progression from the undergraduate degree and they are few people who take the Postgraduate teaching degree after doing an undergraduate degree because they have graduated and found a job
30.
Royal College of Science and Technology
–
Originally the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, The Royal College of Science and Technology was formed in 1887. Because of the number of students attending the college, larger premises became necessary. Work to expand the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College building began in 1903, at that time, it was the largest single educational complex in Europe. After seeking permission from King George V in 1912 the College changed its name to the Royal Technical College, in 1956 there was another change of name for the College and it became the Royal College of Science and Technology. A new Students Union was built in 1959 on John Street, all four buildings form what is now known as the Island Site, and have undergone major renovations in recent years. In 1961 the Royal College entered into an agreement with Glasgow Corporation to jointly redevelop the adjacent Richmond Street site which had recently been cleared of its slum housing, curran was appointed its first Principal and Vice-Chancellor. This was the first new university in Scotland for 381 years, sir Samuel remained at the university until retirement in 1980 - the replacement building for the Andersonian Library opened that year was named in his honour. Following the recommendation of the Robbins Committee, the Scottish College of Commerce amalgamated with the College to form the University of Strathclyde in 1964, since then, the Royal College Building has served as the centrepiece building of the University of Strathclyde. An old Glasgow nickname for the Royal College, and its antecedents, the nickname is still used in a jocular/derogatory sense by students and alumni of the rival University of Glasgow, who refer to Strathclyders as Techies. The courses available are still the same with undergraduate and postgraduate degrees available, the undergraduate degrees available are split into two subjects, Biological and Biomedical Science and Pharmacy. Some of the degrees available in Biological and Biomedical Science are BSc Biological Sciences, BSc Biomedical Sciences, the postgraduate degree is a follow-on from the undergraduate degree. The department of Pure and Applied Chemistry is located in the Royal College Building on level 6, the department of Chemistry was not always in the royal college building because it was established before the University of Strathclyde. This department was established in the 19th Century and over the last 200 years it has become a department with a very highly rated reputation. The department of Pure and Applied Chemistry offers three types of degrees, Undergraduate, Postgraduate taught and Postgraduate research, the undergraduate degree lasts for four years and students have the choice of 10 areas to study in. To get into the undergraduate degrees you need to have the 48 credits for the BSc degree and 60 credits for the masters degree, the credit conversion table can be found at this page UCAS credit table. To apply to one of the undergraduate courses you have to do this through UCAS which is an application form. They are two postgraduate degrees available and these are MSc/PgDip in Forensic Science and MSc/PgDip in Forensic Informatics. Both of these degrees last one year and it is a progression from the undergraduate degree and they are few people who take the Postgraduate teaching degree after doing an undergraduate degree because they have graduated and found a job
31.
Samuel Curran
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Sir Samuel Crowe Curran, FRS, FRSE DL LLD, was a physicist and the first Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Strathclyde – the first of the new technical universities in Britain. He is the inventor of the counter, the proportional counter. Colleagues generally referred to him simply as Sam Curran and latterly just as Sir Sam, Samuel Curran was born on 23 May 1912 at Ballymena in Northern Ireland, the son of John Hamilton Curran, and his wife Sarah Carson Crowe. The family moved to Scotland soon after for his father to work as foreman of a steelworks near Wishaw and his brother Robert Curran, later a famous pathologist, was born soon after. He had two brothers, Hamilton and John. At the start of the Second World War Curran and Strothers went to work at the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Worth Matravers on the development of radar, in 1944, he moved to the University of California, Berkeley to participate in the Manhattan Project, developing the atomic bomb. There he invented scintillation counter by adding a tube to an existing scintillation crystal which had previously been viewed by the human eye to obtain a radiation count. This device is used to this day to measure ionizing radiation. After the war Curran worked at the University of Glasgow and at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston, in 1947 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Thomas Alty, Philip Dee, Robert A Houston, in 1953 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He remained at the university until his retirement in 1980, in his honour, the new building for the Andersonian Library was named after him the following year. He was the recipient of at least five honorary doctorates including an LLD from both Glasgow University and Aberdeen University, Samuel Curran died on 15 February 1998 in hospital in Glasgow, aged 85. He was married to Joan Strothers, a scientist involved with the invention of anti-radar tactics such as Operation Window at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough and they married soon after his posting to Farnborough in 1940, having known her earlier during his Cambridge days
32.
Scintillation counter
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The modern electronic scintillation counter was invented in 1944 by Sir Samuel Curran whilst he was working on the Manhattan Project at the University of California at Berkeley. This built upon the work of researchers such as Antoine Henri Becquerel. Previously scintillation events had to be detected by eye using a spinthariscope which was a simple microscope to observe light flashes in the scintillator. When an ionizing particle passes into the material, atoms are ionized along a track. For charged particles the track is the path of the particle itself, for gamma rays, their energy is converted to an energetic electron via either the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering or pair production. The chemistry of atomic de-excitation in the scintillator produces a multitude of low-energy photons, the number of such photons is in proportion to the amount of energy deposited by the ionizing particle. Some portion of these low-energy photons arrive at the photocathode of a photomultiplier tube. The photocathode emits at most one electron for each arriving photon by the photoelectric effect and this group of primary electrons is electrostatically accelerated and focused by an electrical potential so that they strike the first dynode of the tube. The impact of an electron on the dynode releases a number of secondary electrons which are in turn accelerated to strike the second dynode. Each subsequent dynode impact releases further electrons, and so there is a current amplifying effect at each dynode stage, each stage is at a higher potential than the previous to provide the accelerating field. The resultant output signal at the anode is in the form of a pulse for each group of photons that arrived at the photocathode. The pulse carries information about the energy of the incident radiation on the scintillator. The number of pulses per unit time gives information about the intensity of the radiation. In some applications individual pulses are not counted, but rather only the current at the anode is used as a measure of radiation intensity. The scintillator must be shielded from all ambient light so that photons do not swamp the ionization events caused by incident radiation. To achieve this a thin foil, such as aluminized mylar, is often used. The article on the photomultiplier tube carries a description of the tubes operation. The scintillator consists of a transparent crystal, usually a phosphor, cesium iodide in crystalline form is used as the scintillator for the detection of protons and alpha particles
33.
Jordanhill College
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Jordanhill Campus is an historic 30. 9-acre estate within the boundaries of Jordanhill, Glasgow, Scotland, which developed as a country estate. It is best known and most recently used as the home to the Faculty of Education of the University of Strathclyde. His sixth son Thomas Crawford was a soldier who lead the 1571 capture of Dumbarton Castle, there he built a house, possibly on or close to the foundations of an original hunting lodge. In the 1700s, one of his descendants also called Lawrence Crawford extended and refurbished the old house, by the early 1800s, and after the death of their father, all three sons could afford to retire. As third son, James had no access to the landed estate. He then spent a further £4,000 extending and modernising the manor house, by 1809, the estate was sustained by its four associated farms of Whiteinch, Windyedge, Woodend and Anniesland. Having married Mary Wilson that year, Smith improved access to the house by gravelling the road to the Anniesland toll road. A keen leisure sailor, in 1827 Smith bought the Baths Hotel at Helensburgh, with seven children, after two of his daughters caught tuberculosis, the family relocated temporarily to Portugal and rented out the house for five years. After the death of daughters, the family returned to the estate in 1846, but in 1847 Mrs. Smith died of pneumonia. Comfortable but with less of a fortune, Smith devoted his remaining twenty years to church works, after the death of his father in 1866, his son Archibald Smith inherited the by now neglected Jordanhill estate. In 1862 he published patents and papers to solve these, which brought him the Gold Medal of the Royal Society. However, an 1872 government award of £2,000 for his compass research allowed him to replace the worst houses on the estate with new homes, after his mothers death in 1913, James Parker Smith inherited the estate. Educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge, like his father he qualified as a barrister, after marriage to his cousin, he had devoted himself to politics, becoming Liberal Unionist MP for Glasgow Partick in 1890. In January 1900, Smith had been appointed assistant private secretary to Joseph Chamberlain, after losing his seat in 1906, like his mother he began selling off more pieces of land four housing development, including the former Gartnavel farm for the new Royal Lunatic Asylum. Approached by the University which was looking for a site on which to establish a teacher training college. Many of the Smith family are buried in the graveyard surrounding Renfrew Parish Church, in 1837, former merchant and educational pioneer David Stow had opened the Dundas Vale Normal Seminary, the first purpose-built institution in Europe for the training of teachers. For the rest of the century, Protestant teacher training in Glasgow was split between colleges run by the two church factions, the Scottish Education Department therefore decided that teacher training could no longer be left to the churches but must become a national concern. These Provincial Committees, however, operated within a framework of control by SED which provided the finances, approved the courses
34.
Chemistry
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Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is sometimes called the science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics, the history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to a set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism. An alchemist was called a chemist in popular speech, and later the suffix -ry was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as chemistry, the modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā. In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία and this may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία, meaning cast together, in retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term chymistry, in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, in 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word chemistry to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of chemistry to mean the study of matter, early civilizations, such as the Egyptians Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didnt develop a systematic theory. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura, unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. He formulated Boyles law, rejected the four elements and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms. Before his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, the Scottish chemist Joseph Black and the Dutchman J. B. English scientist John Dalton proposed the theory of atoms, that all substances are composed of indivisible atoms of matter. Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current, british William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table. Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhlers synthesis of urea which proved that organisms were, in theory
35.
Livingstone Tower
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The Livingstone Tower is a prominent high rise building in Glasgow, Scotland and is a part of the University of Strathclydes John Anderson Campus, one of the 2 campuses the university operates from. The building was named after David Livingstone, the address of the building is 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow. The site was occupied by a row of tenement houses. As part of this development – inspired by the findings of the 1945 Bruce Report, the building is electrically heated and was also intended to feature a restaurant on the ground floor which the University later turned into a student refectory. The tower sits atop a 3 storey concrete podium shared with the neighbouring McCance Building, an NCP car park, there is also private car parking for Glasgow City Council. There was also an empty concrete podium between the tower and the McCance Building upon which the University would later add the Collins Building in 1973. In 1965, one year after the creation of the University of Strathclyde, the adjacent McCance Building which was being built at the same time to house the Universitys library, arts and social studies departments. The two buildings became part of a plan to expand the University by adding more buildings and learning space. This lease was set to last 100 years and is due to end in 2064, the University dropped the original Alec House name and renamed the building after David Livingstone who studied at the Andersons medical school between 1836 and 1839. At the time the building was used to expand the departments that were to be included in the McCance building, since then it has grown and is now home to five of the universitys departments. In 2000 the Hunter Centre for Entrepreneurship was built by converting the roof terrace into offices, thus creating a fourteenth floor. It was all part of the Strathclyde Entrepreneurship Initiative, the Hunter Centre provides elective classes related to different areas of business. It was named after Sir Tom Hunter after his £5 million endowment to the university to fund the new centre. In 2011 they relocated to the 199 Cathedral Street building, being replaced with the Strathclyde Business School Centre for Corporate Connections department, the studios of the radio station Celtic Music Radio used to be on the 14th Floor of the building within the Hunter Centre. A revised plan was released in 2011 which showed that the tower would remain in use until the year 2023, the building is located within the John Anderson Campus of the University of Strathclyde. There is also car parking for Glasgow City Council. The tower itself follows a contrasting architectural paradigm to the rest of the attaching buildings, games developer Chris Sawyer, an alumnus of the University of Strathclyde, based one of the skyscraper sprites appearing in the computer game Transport Tycoon on Livingstone Tower
36.
James Weir Building
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It was completed in 1958 as an extension to the Royal College Building. It is the third largest building on the John Anderson Campus in terms of floor area after the Royal College. The James Weir Building is situated on Montrose Street, and is surrounded by the Royal College of Science and Technology building, the Students Union and it is a 5-minute walk from Queen Street railway station and George Square. The James Weir Building is named after a graduate and founder of the Weir Pumps and it was built in two stages in 1957-58 and in 1961-64, this is made obvious by the different coloured bricks at the join of the two buildings. At 7, 16pm on Tuesday the 7 February 2012 a fire out in the James Weir building of Strathclyde University. All of the buildings neighbouring the James Weir building were evacuated including the Strathclyde University’s Student Union where almost 150 students were evacuated as a precautionary measure, Montrose Street was closed to all traffic between Cathedral Street and George Street. It took four fire engines and eight pumps to calm the blaze, the fire took place in the chemical engineering department and was complicated by the presence of hazardous materials. Strathclyde Fire and Rescue Service were able to extinguish the fire by 23,40, after the fire some classes have been forced to relocate to nearby buildings including the International Christian College and Vertigo in the Student Union. Some classes even had to be held in the multiplex cinema. However few classes will be here, as it is going to cost £44,482 for around 23 hours of teaching. The decision to hire the venue was made as opposed to splitting the students up into smaller rooms as the university felt it would provide the students with the best learning experience. It is only students that will be using the multiplex as replacement. The damage to the James Weir Building will cost around £28 million to repair, the main replacement building is the University of Strathclyde Students Association. There have been no reported injuries from the fire, and repairs are expected to be finished in early 2013, in the BBC Scotland drama Sea of Souls, the James Weir Building was used to shoot the fictitious “Murray Thompson Building” and was used extensively throughout the program. To build the extension to the Royal Technical College, significant amounts of funding had to be raised, the college sent out documents that a beneficiary could sign, in the process stating how much funding they would put forward to the project. The building was planned to contain engineering laboratories in the basement and ground floor, with rooms, other laboratories. The Civil and Mechanical Engineering Department was moved from the college to the extension, the original estimated cost of the complete building was £750,000. Governors wished to proceed quickly with the first stage of development which was estimated to cost £445,000, the Governors of the college would have to raise £350,000 on their own initiative to complete, equip the building and to provide a moderate endowment for research
