1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Public university
–
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
3.
Financial endowment
–
A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
4.
Canadian dollar
–
The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
5.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
6.
Winnipeg
–
Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
7.
Manitoba
–
Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
8.
Universities Canada
–
Universities Canada is an organization that represents Canadas colleges and universities. It is a non profit organization that coordinates university policies, guidance. Formed in 1911, as the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada, it represents 97 public and private not-for-profit Canadian Universities and it provides member services in public policy and advocacy, communications, research and information-sharing, and scholarships and international programs. In April 2015, the organization renamed itself Universities Canada, Universities Canada is not a national accreditation body. Membership in the association requires universities to meet strict criteria and adhere to set principles of institutional quality assurance that must be reaffirmed every five years and this reinforces the recognition of a Canadian university degree around the world as a high-quality academic achievement. The association produces a number of publications, such as University Affairs magazine, the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canadas Arms, Supporters and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on May 10,2004. On 25 October 2011, the AUCC announced a new Statement on Academic Freedom which was adopted unanimously by the membership at its centennial meeting, Universities Canada works in an advocacy role with governments to promote higher education and awareness of the contributions Canadas universities make to the country. Its priorities are increasing funding for operating and capital costs, research. It is also involved in the copyright reform process. The association is active in managing government-funded international partnership programs. In partnership with Community Foundations of Canada and Rideau Hall Foundation, u15 Group of Canadian Research Universities Association of Commonwealth Universities Official website
9.
U Sports
–
U Sports is the national sport governing body of university sport in Canada, comprising the majority of degree-granting universities in the country. Its equivalent body for organized sports at colleges in Canada is The Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association, some institutions are members of both bodies for different sports. The name until October 20,2016 was Canadian Interuniversity Sport, on that date, the organization rebranded as U Sports. The original Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union Central was founded in 1906 and existed until 1955, composed only of universities from Ontario, with the collapse of the CIAU Central in the mid-1950s, calls for a new, national governing body for university sport accelerated. Major McLeod ran the CIAU from his office at RMC as the first CIAU Secretary-Treasurer, in the 1960s the CIAU functioned as a voluntary, autonomous, educational sport organization which represented by the various universities from coast to coast. In 1978, the CIAU changed its name to the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union, according to the organization, the name change to U Sports came about in part due to a desire for a brand that was instantly recognizable and identical in both French and English. The rebrand was accompanied by a new approach to presentation of Canadian University sports, its teams, and its players. The new, singular logo and name came with a new website to better present stories taking place throughout the athletics programs U Sports governs, bolstered by a new approach to social media. Source, On October 20,2016, CIS announced that it would be changing its name to U Sports, accompanied by a new logo, the name was chosen in part to better represent Canada as a bilingual nation with a united name as opposed to separate acronyms. The new name and look are also intended to increase the marketability of Canadian University sports through a more marketable presentation, signifying a major shift in the presentation of Canadian University sports, U Sports aims to better engage with Canadian sports fans and present the athletes it governs. The U Sports member institutions offer athletic scholarships known as Athletic Financial Awards, the AFAs are capped and may not exceed the value of the tuition and compulsory fees for the student-athlete. The University of Windsor has an Adopt-A-Lancer program, for example, U Sports has no regulations regarding how much each school can provide to teams through private support. The Université Lavals Rouge et Or football team, winner of seven the last 12 Vanier Cups, is so successful with fund raising, Hockey players who play in the CHL are ineligible for NCAA athletic scholarships, although many attend a CHL training camp. However, they can stay a max of 48 hours. Source, There are 56 member Universities in U Sports, the 56 member universities of U Sports are currently organized into the four following regional associations. In some of these sports, these associations are sometimes referred to as conferences, CWUAA has two divisions, Pioneer and Explorer, while the OUA has four, North, East, Central, and West. As of the 2016-2017 U Sports season,47 of the 56 member institutions have both mens and womens basketball teams, the U Sports mens and womens basketball teams are organized in the following way,27 of the 56 member schools participated in the 2016 CIS football season. The U Sports football teams are organized in the way, As of the 2017–18 academic year
10.
Canada West Universities Athletic Association
–
This is similar to what would be called a college athletic conference in the United States. The CWUAA is one of four such bodies that are members of the governing body for university athletics. The other three regional associations coordinating university-level sports in Canada are Ontario University Athletics, Atlantic University Sport, in 1971, the WIAA was split into the Canada West Universities Athletic Association and the Great Plains Athletic Association, the latter consisting of schools primarily from Manitoba. In 1988, the GPAA was absorbed into Canada West, in 2005, Thompson Rivers University, based in Kamloops, BC began competition in the conference. In 2006, the University College of the Fraser Valley, based in Abbotsford and Chilliwack, the school has since changed its name to the University of the Fraser Valley. On Sept.1,2010, the University of British Columbia at Okanagan was accepted as a member, also on Sept.1,2010, Thompson Rivers and UFV became full members. On May 4,2011, Mount Royal University was granted membership, after receiving approval from U Sports on June 21,2012, the Cougars started competition in mens and womens basketball, hockey, soccer and volleyball in the 2012-13 season. On Sept.20,2011, the University of Northern British Columbia was granted membership, after receiving CIS approval on June 21,2012, the Timberwolves started competition in mens and womens basketball and soccer in the 2012-13 season. In May 2014, Grant MacEwan University earned probationary status in the Canada West, CIS voting for full membership would follow later in spring of 2016 at the national governing bodys annual general meetings. Canadian athletic facilities are listed by their maximum capacity, which is often an estimate of their largest recorded crowd in the facility. These maximum capacities can and often do include standing room patrons, seated Capacity is the actual number of permanent seats, be they grandstands or permanently in use bleachers. This is why you will sometimes see larger capacities listed for these sites when searching for them on line, when capacity numbers have mismatched on source sites, unless the larger capacity could be confirmed as a seated capacity, the smaller capacity number has been listed here. Please update with verified seated capacities only when the release more accurate official seated capacities. Thompson Rivers University only plays basketball and volleyball at the U Sports level, soccer, badminton, and mens baseball are also played, but currently not at the U Sports level. Trinity Western University added Canada West teams in swimming, cross country, winnipeg has added wrestling for the 2011-12 season. Winnipeg also added baseball and soccer but are not at the U Sports level. The media has reported that the institutions are building their athletic programs for potential admission into the association. In May 2005, UBC made a bid to join the NCAA
11.
University of the Arctic
–
UArctic was launched on June 12,2001, endorsed by the Arctic Council and in conjunction with the 10th anniversary of the Rovaniemi Process and the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy. There are 143 members of UArctic, which includes 174 members, most UArctic members are higher education institutions, but other members include circumpolar indigenous organizations and research institutions. The University of the Arctic is governed by a structure in which the institutions are represented through various mechanisms. It has evolved steadily since the founding in 2001, with the latest addition being the Rectors Forum. The foundation of the structure is the annual UArctic Council, which consists of representatives from all member institutions and it holds powers roughly corresponding to the parliament of a parliamentary democracy. Between Council meetings, the committee, Toyon, deals with relevant issues. Toyon consists of the Chair, the Vice-secretary and the Chairs of all standing committees, all these positions are elected by the Council. The government of UArctic is the Board of Governors, which is elected by the council. At the Board meetings, the President and leader of the International Secretariat also participate, the Board works with the Council and Administration on relevant issues, and may delegate specific tasks. The President of UArctic is the chief executive officer and is responsible for overall administration. S/he is accountable to the Board for the management of the University. The President participates ex officio in meetings of the Council, Toyon and the Board, the Secretariat has the primary responsibility for coordinating internal and external information, examples of which are the monthly UArctic newsletter, Shared Voices, the website and news services. The Secretariat provides support for the rest of the UArctic structure, the Rectors Forum brings together university and college Presidents, Rectors, Provosts, Chancellors and Vice-Presidents around specific themes. The member organizations contribute resources to the University of the Arctic, a small membership fee is also collected from member organizations. Special emphasis is given to matters concerning Indigenous people of the Circumpolar North, the Circumpolar Studies program consists of two required components, The BCS Core and an Advanced Emphasis. The BCS Core consists of one lower-level introductory course and six upper-level advanced courses in three fields of study. As a north2north participant, students travel to another institution for a period of 3–12 months. This time period is dependent on the needs of the student, as well as the structures of their home, students have the advantage of taking courses that may not be available at their home institution and the courses taken during the exchange year are credited towards their degree
12.
Canadian University Press
–
Canadian University Press is a non-profit co-operative and newswire service owned by more than 50 student newspapers at post-secondary schools in Canada. Founded in 1938, CUP is the oldest student newswire service in the world, many successful Canadian journalists got their starts in CUP and its member papers. CUP began as a syndication services that facilitated transnational story-sharing and this newswire continued as a private function until 2010 when it was turned into a competitive source for campus news in the form of an online public wire at cupwire. ca. CUPs head office is in Toronto, prior to April 1995, the head office was located in Ottawa. In Ottawa, CUP ran a company, called Common Printing Group, which was owned jointly with the National Union of Students. A national conference, which doubles as a general meeting, is held once a year in a different city. Each member paper exercises one vote at conferences, each region has an annual event subsidy which can be used to host events within the region, or jointly with other regions. This usually takes the form of conferences held in the spring. January 2011 will mark CUPs first fully bilingual national conference, in Montreal, hosted in part by the McGill Daily and Le Delit. The current structure for CUP, of a permanent newswire offered to Canadian University newspapers including the president, was established at CUP22 in Quebec City in 1959. Prior to this date the service was looser and more oriented towards an exchange of clippings between the papers, one of the delegates at CUP22 was future Canadian Prime Minister, Joe Clark, representing the University of Alberta paper, The Gateway. CUP is divided into six regions, WRCUP, PNCUP, ORCUP, CUPbeq, ARCUP, other acronyms for regions include CUPberta, and CCUP. Member papers contribute articles to the CUP wire, which runs stories authored by CUP staff. There are news, features, opinions, arts, sports, after stories are edited by the national bureau chief, they are made available on the wire for publication in CUP member papers. CUP formerly owned a multi-market ad placement agency, Canadian University Press Media Services Limited, Campus Plus declared bankruptcy in 2013. Until 2007, CUP was the member of the John H. McDonald Journalism Foundation, a charity named after CUPs first president, though the charity has been folded, it lives on through the yearly John H. Now and in recent years, the bureau chief has also served as CUPs vice-president
13.
Manitoba College
–
Manitoba College was a college that existed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from 1871 to 1967, when it became one of the University of Manitobas founding colleges. It was one of the first institutions of learning in the city of Winnipeg. The first graduating class had 12 members, Manitoba College, established in Winnipeg had a strong Presbyterian religious affiliation. Consolidation was a way to strengthen small and financially insecure institution. The University Of Manitoba was established in 1877 by combining 3 existing church colleges St. Boniface College Roman Catholic, St Johns Anglican, dr. John M Bumsted The University of Manitoba, An Illustrated History
14.
Wesley College (Manitoba)
–
Wesley College was a college that existed in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada from 1888 to 1938. In 1924, Wesley College became part of the United Church of Canada and it was one of the University of Winnipegs founding colleges. Wesley College, established in Winnipeg, Manitoba has a strong Methodist religious affiliation, consolidation was a way to strengthen this small and financially insecure institution. The University of Manitoba was established in 1877 by combining 3 existing church colleges St. Boniface College Roman Catholic, St Johns Anglican, Wesley College Methodist was affiliated in 1888, eleven years after the founding of University Of Manitoba. John Hamilton Gordon Russell designed the dormitory and classroom building called Sparling Hall,1912, in the early part of this century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology, law and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work, James O. Argue James Endicott Salome Halldorson Robert Hoey William Ivens Walter McDonald Ivan Schultz Cornelius Wiebe Herbert Wright Friesen, Gerald. Principal J. H. Riddell, The Sane and Safe Leader of Wesley College, in Prairie Spirit, Perspectives on the Heritage of the United Church of Canada in the West, edited by Dennis L. Butcher, et al. Winnipeg, University of Manitoba Press,1985
15.
University of Winnipeg
–
UWinnipegs founding colleges were Manitoba College and Wesley College, which merged to form United College in 1938. The University of Winnipeg was established in 1967 when United College received its charter, the president, appointed by the board, was a link between the bodies to perform institutional leadership. UWinnipegs current President and Vice-Chancellor is Annette Trimbee, succeeding Lloyd Axworthy who served from 2004 to 2014, in 2013 the U of W ranked 13th out of 19 primarily undergraduate institutions. The U of W was the first university in Canada to ban the sale of bottled water on campus. The U of Ws founding colleges were Manitoba College,1871, and Wesley College,1888, in 1967, United College received a charter and became the University of Winnipeg. George Creeford Browne & S. Frank Peters designed Wesley Hall, the University of Winnipeg was established on 1 July 1967 when United College received its charter. United College was formed in 1938 from the union of Manitoba College, founded in 1871, originally affiliated with the University of Manitoba, United College received its charter in 1967 and became the University of Winnipeg. Wesley Hall is a brick structure built in 1894–95 and is on the Registry of Historic Places of Canada. It is located on 515 Portage Ave. near Portage Place Mall, the Buhler Centre was constructed to house the Faculty of Business and Economics, as well as PACE, a division of the University of Winnipeg. The doors to the Buhler Centre opened September 2010, designed by PSA+DPA+DIN collective a collaborative effort between Peter Sampson Architecture Studio inc, David Penner Architect, and DIN Projects. The Buhler Centre also houses the Plug In Institute of Contemporary Art, the Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at the University of Winnipeg. The money came from his resources and from Great West Life. As a university in the downtown of an urban centre. Most of the renewal has occurred through The University of Winnipeg Renewal Corporation -a wholly owned subsidiary of the University of Winnipeg. The Universitys president sits as Chair of the corporation and is informed of. The innovative structure of the corporation is the one of its kind in Canada. The UNITED Health and RecPlex opened in 2014, creating a hub for recreation and wellness programs for students, a new mixed use 14-storey apartment complex for students and the community across from the Bay downtown began construction in 2015. The financial statements of the corporation are not publicly available under public disclosure legislation and it draws its operating funds entirely from the University budget
16.
University of Toronto
–
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
17.
Lloyd Axworthy
–
Lloyd Norman Axworthy, PC CC OM is a Canadian politician, statesman and academic. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, following his retirement from parliament, he served as president and vice-chancellor of the University of Winnipeg from 2004 to 2014 and as chancellor of St. Pauls University College. He is the brother of Tom Axworthy, Robert Axworthy. He received his MA and PhD from Princeton University in 1963 and 1972 respectively, returning to Canada to teach at the University of Manitoba, at the latter, he also became the director of the Institute of Urban Affairs. His approach to urban renewal has been described in architectural circles as Gentrification Modernism or post-Dickensianism, Axworthy became involved in politics during the 1950s, becoming a member of the Liberal Party after attending a speech by Lester B. He briefly aligned himself with the New Democratic Party in the 1960s when Pearson, as opposition leader. He soon returned to the Liberal fold, however, and worked as an assistant for John Turner. Axworthy ran for the party in Winnipeg North Centre in the 1968 election and he first ran for the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1966 election, placing second to Progressive Conservative Douglas Stanes in St. James. In the 1973 election, he was elected as a Manitoba Liberal in Fort Rouge, He was re-elected in the 1977 election and he was re-elected in the 1980 election, becoming the only Liberal MP west of Ontario. He was promoted to cabinet under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, serving as Minister of Employment and Immigration, in the Liberal defeat in the 1984 election, Axworthy was one of only two Liberals west of Ontario to be elected. Axworthy played a role in opposition, supporting tough on crime policies and he was an especially vocal critic of the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, and countenanced Canadian paternalism in international trade. When the Liberals returned to power in 1993 under Jean Chrétien, after the election, he was given responsibility for the Human Resources Development Canada, and launched changes in employment insurance. Although his main interest was urban renewal, in a 1996 cabinet shuffle, instead, Axworthy invested in efforts in high-profile utopian projects, such as the NGO-led controversial Ottawa Treaty that seeks to ban anti-personnel land mines. In February 1999 and April 2000, Axworthy was President of the United Nations Security Council with Canadas Ambassador to the UN Robert Fowler, Axworthy clashed with the US government on this issue, particularly over the lack of alternative options to deter the regime from additional aggression. In 1997, Axworthy was nominated by United States Senator Patrick Leahy to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on banning land mines. He did not win, but was thanked by the recipients, critics, however, viewed Axworthys land mine campaign and the involvement of political NGOs as counter-productive, since many key nations, including the US, Russia and China did not join. In 1998 he was one of the two winners of the North–South Prize, in 2003, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. On October 15,2012, Elder, Dr. Tobasonakwut Kinew and, Dr. Phil Fontaine, honoured Axworthy - Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, Free Range Frog Man, Axworthy was recognized for his commitment to creating an inclusive learning experience that reflects Indigenous cultures and traditions at UWinnipeg
18.
Maclean's
–
Macleans is a Canadian news magazine that was founded in 1905, reporting on Canadian issues such as politics, pop culture, and current events. Maclean, established the magazine to provide a uniquely Canadian perspective on current affairs and to entertain and its publisher since 1994, Rogers Media, announced in September 2016 that Macleans would become a monthly beginning January 2017, while continuing to produce a weekly issue on the Texture app. The Business Magazine was founded in October 1905 by 43-year-old publisher, John Bayne Maclean, who wrote the magazines aim was not merely to entertain but also to inspire its readers. Maclean renamed the magazine after himself in 1911, dropping the title as too evocative of a business magazine for what had become a general interest publication. Costain was ordered to remove an article by Maclean himself as it was too critical of war policy, in 1919, the magazine moved from monthly to fortnightly publication and ran an exposé of the drug trade by Emily Murphy. In 1925 the circulation of the magazine was 82,013 copies, costain left the magazine to become a novelist and was replaced by J. Vernon Mackenzie who remained at the helm until 1926. During his tenure, Macleans achieved national stature, after Mackenzie, H. Napier Moore became the new editor. An Englishman, he saw the magazine as an expression of Canadas role in the British Empire, under Irwins influence, the magazines covers promoted Canadian scenery and imagery. The magazine also sponsored a short story contest on Canadian themes. Irwin was also responsible for orienting the magazine towards both small and big L Liberalism, during the Second World War, Macleans ran an overseas edition for Canadian troops serving abroad. By the time of its run in 1946, the bantam edition had a circulation of 800,000. Macleans war coverage featured war photography by Yousuf Karsh, later an internationally acclaimed portrait photographer, Allen became editor upon Irwins acceptance of a diplomatic posting in 1950. This era of the magazine was noted for its articles on the Canadian landscape and profiles of town, the feature article, Canadas North, by Pierre Berton, promoted a new national interest in the Arctic. Prominent writers during this period included Robert Fulford, Peter Gzowski, Newman, Trent Frayne, June Callwood, McKenzie Porter, Robert Thomas Allen and Christina McCall. Exposés in the 1950s challenged the criminal justice system, explored LSD, Macleans published an editorial the day after the 1957 federal election announcing the predictable re-election of the St. Laurent Liberal Party. Written before the results were known, Allen failed to anticipate the upset election of the Progressive Conservative Party under John Diefenbaker. Templeton quit after a time at the helm due to his frustration with interference by the publishing company. In 1961, Macleans began publishing a French-language edition, Le Magazine Maclean, which survived until 1976, Newman became editor in 1971, and attempted to revive the magazine by publishing feature articles by writers such as Barbara Frum and Michael Enright, and poetry by Irving Layton
19.
The Globe and Mail
–
The Globe and Mail is a nationally distributed Canadian newspaper owned by The Woodbridge Company, based in Toronto and printed in six cities across the country. The Globe and Mail is regarded by some as Canadas newspaper of record, the predecessor to The Globe and Mail was The Globe, founded in 1844 by Scottish immigrant George Brown, who became a Father of Confederation. Browns liberal politics led him to court the support of the Clear Grits and he selected as the motto for the editorial page a quotation from Junius, The subject who is truly loyal to the Chief Magistrate will neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures. The quotation is carried on the page to this day. By the 1850s, The Globe had become an independent and well-regarded daily newspaper and it began distribution by railway to other cities in Ontario shortly after Canadian Confederation. At the dawn of the century, The Globe added photography, a womens section, and the slogan Canadas National Newspaper. It began opening bureaus and offering subscriptions across Canada, on 23 November 1936, The Globe merged with The Mail and Empire, itself formed through the 1895 merger of two conservative newspapers, The Toronto Mail and Toronto Empire. Press reports at the stated, the minnow swallowed the whale because The Globes circulation was smaller than The Mail. The merger was arranged by George McCullagh, who fronted for mining magnate William Henry Wright and became the first publisher of The Globe, McCullagh committed suicide in 1952, and the newspaper was sold to the Webster family of Montreal. As the paper lost ground to The Toronto Star in the local Toronto market, the newspaper was unionised in 1955, under the banner of the American Newspaper Guild. From 1937 until 1974, the newspaper was produced at the William H, in 1965, the paper was bought by Winnipeg-based FP Publications, controlled by Bryan Maheswary, which owned a chain of local Canadian newspapers. FP put an emphasis on the Report on Business section that was launched in 1962. FP Publications and The Globe and Mail were sold in 1980 to The Thomson Corporation, after the acquisition there were few changes made in editorial or news policy. However, there was more attention paid to national and international news on the editorial, op-ed, the Globe and Mail has always been a morning newspaper. Since the 1980s, it has been printed in editions in six Canadian cities, Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary. Southern Ontario Newspaper Guild employees took their first ever strike vote at The Globe in 1982 and those negotiations ended without a strike, and the Globe unit of SONG still has a strike-free record. SONG members voted in 1994 to sever ties with the American-focused Newspaper Guild, shortly afterwards, SONG affiliated with the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada. Under the editorship of William Thorsell in the 1980s and 1990s, during this period, the paper continued to favour such socially liberal policies as decriminalizing drugs and expanding gay rights
20.
University of Manitoba
–
The University of Manitoba is a public university in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Located in Winnipeg and founded in 1877, it was Western Canada’s first university, the university maintains a reputation as a top research-intensive post-secondary educational institution and conducts more research annually than any other university in the region. It is the largest university both by total student enrollment and campus area in the province of Manitoba, and the 17th largest in all of Canada. The universitys raised admissions standards, wide array of professional disciplines, the campus includes both Faculties of Law and Medicine, and boasts hundreds of degree programs. As of 2010, there have been 96 Rhodes Scholars from the University of Manitoba, the University of Manitoba has three main locations, the Bannatyne Campus, the Fort Garry Campus and the William Norrie Centre. The downtown Bannatyne campus of the university comprises a complex of ten buildings located west of the Health Sciences Centre between McDermot Ave and William Ave in Central Winnipeg and this complex houses the medical and dental instructional units of the university. The Faculty of Dentistry, the Faculty of Medicine, the School of Medical Rehabilitation, the Faculty of Pharmacy officially joined the Bannatyne campus with the opening of the 95,000 sq ft Apotex Centre on October 16,2008. The Brodie Center is known as the flagship which connects all three faculties as well as the Neil John MacLean Health Sciences Library and the Joe Doupe Fitness Centre and it is located on 727 McDermot Avenue. The main Fort Garry campus comprises over 60 teaching and research buildings of the University, in addition, Smartpark is the location of seven buildings leased to research and development organizations involving university-industry partnerships. The address is 66 Chancellors Circle, the William Norrie Centre on Selkirk Avenue is the campus for social work education for inner-city residents. The university operates agricultural research stations near Glenlea and Carman, Manitoba, the Ian N. Morrison Research Farm near Carman is a 406 acres facility located 70 km from Winnipeg, while the Glenlea facility is approximately 1,000 acres and located 20 km from Winnipeg. The University of Manitoba provides services to urban Aboriginal people, the University of Manitoba Native Studies summer course brings first-year Aboriginal students to campus before the start of the school year for some campus orientation. Aboriginal Elders are present on campus at University of Manitoba to provide social supports, tutoring services are available within the University of Manitoba’s Medicine, Engineering and Social Work ACCESS Programs. The University of Manitoba is a university, founded by Alexander Morris. It officially opened on June 20,1877 to confer degrees on students graduating from its three founding colleges, St. Boniface College, St Johns College and Manitoba College, the University of Manitoba granted its first degrees in 1880. The University was the first to be established in western Canada, alan Beddoe designed the university coats of arms. The university has added a number of colleges to its corporate, in 1882 the Manitoba Medical College, which had been founded by some physicians and surgeons, became a part of the University. Charles Henry Wheeler designed the Bacteriological Research Building, part of the Manitoba Medical College, george Creeford Browne designed the Science Building, 1899-1900
21.
The Great-West Life Assurance Company
–
The Great-West Life Assurance Company is a life insurance company. Its headquarters are in Winnipeg, Manitoba and its President and CEO is Paul A. Mahon. It is owned by Great-West Lifeco, which also owns London Life Insurance Company, Canada Life Financial, Great-West Life & Annuity Insurance Co. GWL Realty is the Toronto-based property and asset management arm of the Great West Life established in 1993. Great-West Life was founded in 1891 in Winnipeg, Great-West Life is currently a subsidiary of Great-West Lifeco, which is a joint-stock corporation traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The majority owner of Great-West Lifeco is the Power Corporation of Canada, Great-West Life sold its health insurance US division to Cigna for US$1.5 billion in a deal announced on November 26,2007. Official website of Great-West Lifeco Inc, Great West Life Assurance Companys parent corporation, Official Web site of Great-West Life Official Web site of the Power Corporation of Canada
22.
CKUW-FM
–
CKUW-FM is the campus radio station at the University of Winnipeg in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The station broadcasts on 95.9 FM with 450 watts effective radiated power, beginning as CJUC, the station was started in 1963 by David Shilliday and physics professor Ron Riddell. In 1968 the call letters were changed to CKUW to mark the founding of the University of Winnipeg, at that time the station operated as a closed circuit station broadcasting to Lockhart Hall lounges, the Buffeteria and the Bulman Students Centre. After a decade of fundraising and planning, CKUWs licence application was approved by the Canadian Radio-television, test broadcasts started on April 27,1999, and the official kickoff broadcast started on April 30. First was a speech by station manager Rob Schmidt. Long time shows featured and famous on CKUW radio include Bluesday with Rockin Ronnie, People of Interest, Say It, black Mask, Stylus Radio, The Ultra Mega Sports Show, and Antennas to Heaven. CKUW also airs some popular syndicated shows from around North America, such as Democracy Now. CKUW broadcasts at 95.9 MHz with 450 watts of power and its transmitter and antenna are on top of #7 Evergreen Place in Osborne village in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The station operates 24 hours a day 7 days a week all the programming being done by volunteers. Its programming is a reflection of the interests and concerns that the members want to create that is not aired on mainstream radio. Many of the music played and opinions expressed on community radio sometimes cant fit in mainstream radio due to content restrictions and this philosophy is what sets apart campus radio from mass media. CKUW is volunteer driven and runs as a non profit organization, the station receives its core funding through a student levy at the University of Winnipeg. The levy is responsible for just over half of the stations budget, to fulfill the budget, an annual FUNDrive radio-athon is held once a year in February, in the week before Louis Riel Day. During that time all shows ask for the support by donating money to CKUW. By donating a pledge level, they receive incentives for their support. Programmers will often talk about the benefits that CKUW offers to the community while airing specialty programming, the purpose of the drive is to generate money for the station to buy new equipment, produce new programs for the community, and to facilitate workshops on radio programming. In 2014 CKUW ceased airing commercial announcements and became ad-free radio, Radio Camp is a community radio project that CKUW organizes and sponsors every year for kids 12 and under to introduce them to community radio. They are enrolled for two weeks in the month of July to produce two radio shows that broadcast live with their stories and creative input with help from CKUW staff, the purpose is to introduce alternative media to a younger audience while having fun with radio as well
23.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
–
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was a truth and reconciliation commission organized by the parties of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. The Commission was officially established on June 2,2008, and was completed in December 2015, Aboriginal men and women who lived through residential schools brought the concern of residential schools onto the public agenda. Their work resulted in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement, which stipulated a residential school Truth, the commission concluded that the Canadian residential school system was established for the purpose of separating children from their families. According to the commission, this was done with the intention to minimize the familys ability to pass along their cultural heritage to their children. After the closing of the Indian residential schools, which operated from the 1870s to 1996, some former students made allegations of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse and neglect. The matter of student deaths at these institutions and the burial of deceased students in unmarked graves without the notification or consent of the parents was an item on the agenda. In March 2008, Indigenous leaders and church officials embarked on a multi-city Remembering the Children tour to promote activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. On January 21–22,2008, the Kings University College of Edmonton, Alberta, held an interdisciplinary studies conference on the subject of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee. On June 11 of the year, Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized for the role of past governments in administration of the residential schools. The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission follows the lineage of commissions by the name in Chile in 1990. The term reconciliation means, the act of restoring a once harmonious relationship, to some people, reconciliation is the re-establishment of a conciliatory state. However, this is a state that many Aboriginal people assert never has existed between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people and this fiction of a once harmonious relationship is written clearly in the Commissions report, which states, “A critical part of this process involves repairing damaged trust. In contrast, the term denotes the peaceful union of two previously separate groups, therefore acknowledging the existence of Indigenous peoples before settler contact. However, the myth of the ‘new world’ as an empty, the use of the term reconciliation perpetuates that myth by continuing to deny the existence of pre-contact Aboriginal sovereignty. It is historically evident that colonizers recognized the importance of language. That same ideological function of language has not changed, as the choice of reconciliation implies the false history of a harmonious relationship. Such an example reveals a precedent in Canada for fabricating a version of the truth for the purpose of Aboriginal people as distinct… and… them into the Canadian mainstream. This is consistent with a colonialist pattern of creating a history in order to cover up the truth
24.
Tom Axworthy
–
Thomas Sidney Tom Axworthy, OC is a Canadian civil servant, political strategist, writer and professor. He is best known for having served as Principal Secretary and Chief Speechwriter to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, Axworthy is currently the President and CEO of the Walter and Duncan Gordan Foundation and Secretary General of the InterAction Council. He is a fellow at both the Munk School of Global Affairs and Massey College at the University of Toronto. Axworthy was born in 1947 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the second of four boys of Norman and he is the younger brother of Lloyd Axworthy, who has also had a distinguished career in Canadian politics. His parents were active in the United Church and community affairs, through the United Church, he became a member of the Tuxis and Older Boys Association, eventually being elected as Premier. He entered United College, a United Church affiliated college in 1964, taking honours in history, United College became the University of Winnipeg in 1968. At United College Axworthy was active in the club, student council, United news paper. Axworthy received a BA degree from the University of Winnipeg and an MA degree from Queens University, from 1972 to 1973, he was a student at Nuffield College, University Of Oxford. He received a PhD degree from Queens University, while at United College he met his future wife Roberta. They have two children and two grandchildren, Axworthy currently lives in Toronto, Ontario but remains attached to his home province of Manitoba travelling every summer to the family cottage north of Winnipeg. Tom Axworthy joined the Liberal Party in the early 1960s, becoming active in the Canadian University Liberal Federation. As well as his involvement in the Young Liberals, Axworthy was a Liberal volunteer in Winnipeg local ridings in the elections of 1958,1962,1963,1965 and 1968. In 1967, he worked as an assistant for the Task Force on the Structure of the Canadian Economy. This was Axworthys first opportunity to work on Canadas economic, social and industrial policies in depth, and his close association with Walter Gordon introduced him to Keith Davey, Jim Coutts, Tom Kent and Pierre Trudeau, all of whom became important influences in his life. In his graduate studies at Queens, Axworthys concentrations were in Canadian politics, international relations, L. J. Sharpe of Nuffield College subsequently invited Axworthy to study the politics of urban reform at Oxford. In 1974, at the invitation of Keith Davey, Axworthy returned to Ottawa to work on issues in that years election campaign. Following the election, he joined the Office of the Minister of National Revenue as a Special Assistant on various policy issues. A year later, he was hired with the Prime Ministers Office under Principal Secretary Jim Coutts as a political strategist, in 1979, with the defeat of the Liberals by Joe Clark, Axworthy worked in the Leader of the Oppositions Office as Acting Director and Senior Policy Advisor
25.
Omar Zakhilwal
–
Omar Zakhilwal is a politician in Afghanistan, serving as the Finance Minister and Chief Economic Advisor to the President Hamid Karzai. He is also the president of the Afghanistan Cricket Board, Zakhilwal was born in 1968 in the Nangarhar or Jalalabad of Afghanistan. He is believed to be an ethnic Pashtun, in 1984, at the age of 17, Zakhilwal along with his family fled his country among the Afghan refugees and settled in Peshawar, Pakistan. In 1991, he along with the family immigrated to Canada, Zakhilwal obtained his Bachelors degree in economics at the University of Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. He then moved to Kingston, Ontario, where he earned a Masters degree in economics at Queens University, soon after that he found a job with Statistics Canada in Ottawa, where he completed a doctorate in economics at Carleton University. His work is in English, Pashto and Dari, and some of his articles are available on the internet, over the course of his stay in Afghanistan, Zakhilwal has been part of the 2002 and 2003 loya jirgas. He also worked as an Afghan counterpart to the North-South Institute-led What Kind of Peace is Possible, research project, examining the role of community led development in sustainable peace building, as well as working on a strategy for Counter-Narcotics Alternative Livelihood in Afghanistan. He has done consulting work for the World Bank, UNDP, CIDA and he became the Chief Economic Advisor to President Hamid Karzai in July 2008, and in March 2009 he was chosen as the new Minister of Finance. In 2010, Zakhilwal was implicated in one of the associated with the Kabul Bank scandal. Following an investigation by the Afghan Threat Finance Cell, he admitted receiving $200,000 in cash from Kabul Bank officials who wanted to contribute to the campaign of Hamid Karzai. Despite being the Minister of Finance, Zakhilwal admitted that he kept no record of the transaction and simply handed over the cash to the campaign headquarters
26.
Bill Blaikie
–
William Alexander Bill Blaikie, PC is a retired Canadian politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1979 to 2008, representing Elmwood—Transcona, Blaikie had the longest continuous parliamentary record in the 38th and 39th Canadian parliaments, and in this capacity served as the Dean of the House. He also holds the record as having the longest continuous service of any CCF/NDP MP in Canadian History. He is a member of the Queens Privy Council for Canada and has the right to be styled the Honourable for life, Blaikie was the Deputy Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons from 2006 to 2008. Prior to the October 2011 provincial election he announced that he was retiring from political life, Blaikie was born to a working-class family in Winnipeg, Manitoba. His father was employed by Canadian National for over forty years, at first as a machinist and later in management. Blaikie served in The Queens Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada from 1967 to 1972 and he was a member of the Young Progressive Conservatives in high school, and joined the NDP in 1971. Blaikie has a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy and Religious Studies from the University of Winnipeg, and a Master of Divinity from Emmanuel College, Toronto School of Theology. He was ordained as a minister in the United Church of Canada on June 4,1978, woodsworth, Tommy Douglas and Stanley Knowles. From 1977 to 1979, he worked as the Minister/Director of North End Community Ministry, the New Democratic Party has never formed the national government in Canada, and Blaikie served in Ottawa for 29 years as an opposition MP. He held many important critic portfolios, and was respected by members of all parties for his personal integrity, Blaikie was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1979 federal election, defeating incumbent Progressive Conservative MP Dean Whiteway. The Progressive Conservatives won a minority government under the leadership of Joe Clark, a new election was held in early 1980, in which the Liberal Party won a majority government under the leadership of Pierre Trudeau. Blaikie was comfortably re-elected in his own riding, Blaikie was appointed as the NDPs Social Policy Critic in 1979, and was promoted to Health Critic in 1980. In her memoirs, Bégin wrote that Blaikie waged guerilla warfare in the House of Commons over the issue and he also served as caucus chair in 1983-84. The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government in the 1984 federal election under Brian Mulroney. Blaikie was again returned for his riding, and was appointed as NDP Environment Critic in the new parliament and he opposed the Mulroney governments budget cuts and was strongly critical of Environment Minister, Suzanne Blais-Grenier, saying, It is clear she does not think about the environment. He called for Blais-Greniers resignation in June 1985, after she remarked that national parks could be opened to mining and logging. Blaikie spoke against a bill proposed the return of capital punishment in 1987, saying that its passage would mark a step toward not a less violent society
27.
New Democratic Party
–
The New Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Canada. Mulcair will remain as leader, until his replacement is chosen at an election to be held in 2017. The NDP was founded in 1961 out of the merger of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation with the Canadian Labour Congress, one provincial wing of the NDP forms government in Alberta. Unlike other political parties in Canada, the federal and provincial level NDPs are fully integrated, following the 1993 federal election the NDP was reduced to fourth place behind the Bloc Québécois, a position it would maintain for most of the next two decades. The NDP then lost 59 seats during the 2015 federal election and fell back to place in Parliament. The NDP evolved in 1961 from a merger of the Canadian Labour Congress, the CCF grew from populist, agrarian and socialist roots into a modern socialist party. Although the CCF was part of the Christian left and the Social Gospel movement and it has broadened to include concerns of the New Left, and advocates issues such as LGBT rights, international peace, and environmental stewardship. It formed the Official Opposition for the first time in the 41st Canadian Parliament, before 2011, the party had been a stable presence in the Canadian parliament, and was the third largest political party from 1961 to 1993, when the party lost official status. The NDPs peak period of influence in those periods was during the minority Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson. After reattaining official party status in 1997, the NDP played a role in the Liberal. Provincial New Democratic parties, which are sections of the federal party, have governed in six of the ten provinces. The NDP has previously formed the government in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, while members of the party are active municipally, the party does not organize at that level. For example, though former Toronto mayor David Miller was an NDP member during his successful 2003 and 2006 mayoral campaigns, his campaigns were not affiliated with the NDP. In 1958 a joint CCF-CLC committee, the National Committee for the New Party, was formed to create a new political party. The NCNP spent the three years laying down the foundations of the New Party. In 1960, before the NDP was founded, one candidate, Walter Pitman, the influence of organized labour on the party is still reflected in the partys conventions as affiliated trade unions send delegates on a formula based on their number of members. At the 1971 leadership convention, an activist group called The Waffle tried to control of the party. The following year, most of The Waffle split from the NDP, the NDP itself supported the minority government formed by the Pierre Trudeau-led Liberals from 1972 to 1974, although the two parties never entered into a coalition
28.
Ruby Dhalla
–
Ruby Dhalla is a Canadian politician. She represented the riding of Brampton—Springdale in the Canadian House of Commons from 2004 to 2011 as a member of the Liberal Party, Dhalla and British Columbia Conservative MP Nina Grewal were the first Sikh women to serve in the Canadian House of Commons. She was defeated by Conservative Parm Gill in the 2011 federal election, Dhalla was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba to an immigrant family from Punjab, India. She first attracted attention in 1984, when she was ten years old. When Indian soldiers took part in actions at Punjabs Golden Temple, Dhalla wrote a letter to Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Dear Prime Minister I am writing you after watching the violence on TV, please have the government solve this peacefully so Sikhs are not killed and the Golden Temple doesnt get attacked. Instead of violence and killings maybe sit around the table and talk with each other for a solution and you can settle all of these things, I hope as soon as possible, If I can help in any way please let me know. ”. Gandhi personally replied to Dhallas letter and referred to it at a conference held in the months before his assassination. Inviting Dhalla to visit India however Gandhi was assassinated before Dhalla arrived, Dhalla was an honors student and academically gifted. She attended Mc Master University for her 1st year of University on a full scholarship and she instead moved to Toronto in the same year, and graduated with a Doctor of Chiropractic from the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College in 1999. Upon graduating she started a chain of health care clinics in the Greater Toronto Area. Dhalla has also pursued a career in acting, working in India for six months, a Bollywood-inspired Hindi-language film shot in Hamilton, Ontario. She finished second in the Miss India Canada pageant in 1993, Dhalla was elected as a delegate to the 1992 Liberal Leadership Conventin and was one of the first young liberals in Manitoba to support Paul Martin. Dhalla again supported Paul Martins bid to become Liberal Party leader in 2003, in May 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin nominated Dhalla as the Liberal candidate for Brampton—Springdale in the 2004 federal election. This decision was opposed by the local Liberal Party riding executive, the deputy campaign director for the Liberal Party defended Dhallas selection, describing her as a star candidate who would be beneficial to the party. Her victory was historic as she was the woman of Indian origin to get elected in the world outside of India. Given her health care credentials and business experience Dhalla was appointed to the Standing Committee on Health, in Parliament Dhalla became to be known as an articulate and aggressive speaker on issues affecting her constituents, minorities and women. Dhalla was a prominent organizer of the Canada for Asia benefit concert in January 2005, along with Senator Jerry Grafstein, the event raised money for victims of the previous months tsunami disaster in southeast Asia
29.
Liberal Party of Canada
–
The Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum, the Liberal Party is traditionally positioned to the left of the Conservative Party of Canada and to the right of the New Democratic Party. During the beginning of the 21st century, the party lost a significant amount of support, in the present times, the Liberal party has favoured a variety of big tent policies from both right and left of the political spectrum. It also legalized same-sex marriage and allowed the use of cannabis for medical purposes, during the 2015 election, the Liberal partys proposed policies included, Cut the middle class tax bracket from 22% to 20.88 per $100 to $1. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, and served as Prime Minister for an additional four years. However the party was able to build a solid support base in Ontario. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition, in their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism and opposition to imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party, Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Partys support for reciprocity made it popular among farmers, Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Lauriers government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, there was no national membership of the party, an individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. The new organization allowed individuals to join the national Liberal Party for the first time. No national convention was held, however, until 1948, the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893,1919 and 1948). Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party, by the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty, after the King–Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931
