1.
ASEAN University Network
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The ASEAN University Network is an Asian university association. It was founded in November 1995 by ASEAN member countries including 13 universities, after the enlargement of ASEAN by the ASEAN Charter in 1997 and 1999, the AUN membership has been increasing. The ASEAN University Network is an arrangement between 30 universities in the ten ASEAN countries, the AUN is composed of a Board of Trustees, the participating universities, and the AUN Secretariat. The BOT has the task of formulating policies, approving project proposals, the board makes decisions on these activities on the basis of consensus. The participating universities have the task of implementing the AUN programmes and activities, when AUN was founded in 1995, it consisted of thirteen universities from seven countries. Due to the inclusion of Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia in ASEAN, although numerous applications for membership have been received, it was decided to only admit universities from the new member countries. Non members from the region however, are invited as observers on a regular basis, the AUN Secretariat is involved in the planning, organisation, monitoring and evaluation of AUN activities and also in the development of new ideas and the acquisition of funding. The permanent office of the Secretariat was established in 2000 and is located on the campus of Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, the operating costs of the secretariat are allocated by the Thai Government. The financing of AUN activities comes from either cost sharing between the universities or from the external ‘dialogue partners’ of ASEAN. The dialogue partners are Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russia, the United Nations Development Program also has dialogue status. The meetings within the AUN Framework are financed by the hosts and travel expenses by the participants, the ASEAN University Network emerged from a highly ambitious idea of the ASEAN leaders and the ASEAN Subcommittee on Education to establish an ASEAN University. A year after this idea was launched, it clear that this would present too many problems concerning funding, location. Therefore, in 1994, it was decided that the founding of a network of existing institutions would be more feasible, in its early years, the AUN focused mainly on the sharing of knowledge and experiences and on small-scale student and staff exchange. As from 1999, the collaborative activities became more complex with programmes like joint curriculum development, co-operation in ICT and this is not only the case for intra-ASEAN co-operation but also for the activities with the dialogue partners. This also led to the establishment of a permanent secretariat in Bangkok in March 2000, although there existed a secretariat since 1997, this secretariat was temporary. With the permanent office also came an increase in funding for the secretariat. In addition to the costs for the AUN secretariat, also the financial support for AUN activities increased substantially since 1999. In addition to a growth in terms, projects also became more comprehensive
2.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
3.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
4.
Maroon
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Maroon is a dark brownish red color which takes its name from the French word marron, or chestnut. The Oxford English Dictionary describes it as a crimson or claret color. In the RGB model used to create colors on computer screens and televisions, Maroon is derived from French marron, itself from the Italian marrone, from the medieval Greek maraon. The first recorded use of maroon as a name in English was in 1789. Displayed on the right is the tone of maroon that was designated as maroon in Crayola crayons beginning in 1949. It is a medium shade of maroon halfway between brown and rose. The color halfway between brown and rose is crimson, so color is also a tone of crimson. Displayed on the right is the color maroon, i. e. maroon as defined in the X11 color names. See the chart Color name clashes in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML/CSS, displayed on the right is the web color dark red. Books In The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris, the serial killer Dr Hannibal Lecter has eyes that are described as being maroon brown, Maroon is frequently associated with Ron Weasley, a character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series, though Ron tells Harry that he dislikes the color, business Maroon is the main color of the Hollister Co. logo. Maroon was the livery applied to coaching stock of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, Maroon is the signature color of the Japanese private rail company, Hankyu Railway, decided by a vote of women customers in 1923. In the 1990s, Hankyu planned an alternative color as it was developing new vehicles and that plan was called off following opposition by local residents. Government Maroon is the color associated with the historic County of Midlothian. While the declared shade of maroon is RGB 115/24/44, Queenslanders display the spirit of the state by wearing all shades of maroon at sporting, Maroon is the official color of the Socialist Party of America. Military The distinctive maroon beret has been worn by airborne forces around the world since 1942, Maroon 5 is a pop rock band. Religion Vajrayana Buddhist monks, such as the Dalai Lama, wear maroon robes, Maroon, along with golden yellow, is worn in the Philippines by Catholic devotees of the Black Nazarene, especially during its procession on 9 January. School colors Many universities, colleges, high schools and other institutions have maroon as one of their school colors
5.
Shades of green
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Varieties of the color green may differ in hue, chroma or lightness, or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a large selection of these various colors is shown below. Green is common in nature, especially in plants, many plants are green mainly because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll which is involved in photosynthesis. Many shades of green have been named after plants or are related to plants, due to varying ratios of chlorophylls, the plant kingdom exhibits many shades of green in both hue and value. Artichoke is a color that is a representation of the color of a raw fresh uncooked artichoke, another name for this color is artichoke green. The first recorded use of green as a color name in English was in 1905. This is the color called green in Pantone. The source is Pantone 18-0125 TPX Asparagus is a tone of green that is named after the vegetable, Crayola created this color in 1993 as one of the 16 to be named in the Name the Color Contest. It is also the color of a wild asparagus plant blowing in the wind of the 1949 classic film Sands of Iwo Jima, another name for this color is asparagus green. The first recorded use of green as a color name in English was in 1805. Avocado is a color that is a representation of the color of the surface of an avocado. The color avocado is a dark yellow-green color, avocado was a common color for metal surfaces, as well as the color harvest gold, during the whole decade of the 1970s. They were both also popular colors for shag carpets, both colors went out of style by the early 1980s. Dark green is a shade of green. A different shade of green has been designated as green for certain computer uses. Fern green is a color that resembles ferns, a Crayola crayon named fern was created in 1998, which is a lighter shade of the top color shown on the right. The first recorded use of green as a color name in English was in 1902. Forest green refers to a green color said to resemble the color of the trees, the first recorded use of forest green as the name of a color in the English language was in 1810
6.
UP Fighting Maroons
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The collegiate womens varsity teams are called the Lady Maroons. The University of the Philippines Integrated School is the affiliate juniors division high school and they play as the Junior Maroons, formerly the Preps. The Fighting Maroons moniker, though, is commonly used to refer to the mens basketball team. UAAP Founding Member UP is one of the members of the UAAP. It was also a member and the originator of the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the year 1924. UP was a contender for the overall championship in the UAAP. The team last won the UAAP Seniors Overall Championship in the 1997-1998 season, the UAAP has eight member schools and hold tournaments in fifteen sports. Only four of the eight member schools participate in all of the fifteen sports, UP is one of the four schools. They compete in all of the sports of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, prior to the establishment of the NCAA in 1924, the sports press have been referring to the collegiate teams by the color of their uniforms. School varsity teams were called the Blue and Whites, the Red and Whites, the Green and Whites and in the case of UP, the Maroon and Greens. In the late 1930s, schools started to adopt mascots and the press would now refer to their varsity teams by the name of their mascots. Sportswriters wrote about the games played by the Blue Eagles, the Green Archers, in the case of UP, the varsity team was called the UP Parrots when the school adopted the parrot as its mascot. Sometime in the 1990s, the moniker UP Parrots was changed to UP Fighting Maroons when the parrot was dropped as the team mascot, UP System registered trademarks such as the Oblation and sometimes the university seal were used to represent the universitys varsity team in UAAP broadcasts. On July 20,2015 a set of six logos were released by the University of the Philippines, the new main logo uses the clench fist as a primary symbol with the teams initials UMP. The logo according to the university highlights the unique history and tradition - catalysts for change. The M design of the logo is named the M Cut. A partial version of the logo which composes only of the fist with the M Cut of the logo may be used where the name of the team or the university is not required to be shown. In addition, an internal, secondary, and tertiary logos where also revealed, the later two logos, the secondary and tertiary are used for marketing and promotional purposes
7.
University Athletic Association of the Philippines
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The University Athletic Association of the Philippines or ua-ap, established in 1938, is a collegiate athletic association of eight Metro Manila universities in the Philippines. In 1924 seeing the need to regulate collegiate sports and set general athletic policies, Dr. In 1930, the University of the Philippines sponsored an experimental meet of the Big 3 of the league on basketball, football, baseball, volleyball, swimming, track and field, boxing, and tennis. The following year, the NCAA Board of Directors divided the meet into three divisions to put competition on a basis and to stimulate athletics among a greater number. In March 1932, NU, UP, and UST formally seceded from the NCAA, bartolome, NUs Leon Tirol and USTs Fr. Silvestre Sancho, the move was made to put competitions on equal footing, to increase amateur athletic competitions, on April 6, the Big 3 League is born. On August 14, the Big 3 Association is inaugurated with a meet that starts with basketball, other events were swimming, baseball, relays, track and field, volleyball, tennis and soccer. In 1935, UP did not participate in the Big 3 League because of mass intramurals at the state university, NU and UST held the meet with FEU taking UPs place. Events included were basketball, womens volleyball, baseball, football, swimming and track, UST was tops in football and swimming and FEU triumphed in basketball. In 1941, the outbreak of World War II hindered the staging of the 1941–1942 UAAP with UST failing to complete its term, UAAP competition was not held from 1942 to 1946 due to the Japanese occupation of the country which resulted in the closure of educational institutions. The UAAP competition resumed in 1947, in 1952, Adamson University, Manila Central University, University of the East, and University of Manila were granted two-year probationary membership to the UAAP. After the two-year probationary period, UE was permanently accepted into the league in 1954, MCU remained until its pull-out in 1962. The other two universities were dropped from the UAAP due to their inability to comply with the league requirements, in 1978, the UAAP admitted Ateneo de Manila University into the league while De La Salle University joined in 1986. The UAAP seal features the university colors of the eight member-schools of the league in a circular formation and it also bears the year when the league was established,1938, in the center. The seal changes every season where the university colors of the season host is placed on the very top, nonetheless, the arrangement of the colors never changes. The colors of University of the Philippines, University of Santo Tomas, Far Eastern University and these are followed by the colors of Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, Adamson University, and University of the East. The following are the universities of the league, Notes. Basketball, being the most popular sport in the Philippines, is the most watched, all of these sports have Mens and Womens divisions, with the exception of baseball, in which only men participate, and softball, which is for women only
8.
Higher education in the Philippines
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The higher education in the Philippines is offered through various degree programs by a wide selection of colleges and universities—also known as higher education institutions. These are administered and regulated by the Commission on Higher Education, HEIs are either classified as a college or a university, and either public or private, and also either secular or religious. As of August 2010, records from CHED showed that the country had 1,573 private and 607 public HEIs, Local universities have less stringent requirements than private HEIs. They are only required to operate at least five undergraduate programs—as opposed to eight for private universities—and two graduate-level programs, public universities are all non-sectarian entities, and are further classified into two types, State university and college or Local college and university. State universities and colleges refers to any institution of higher learning that was created by an Act passed by the Congress of the Philippines. These institutions are fully subsidized by the government, and may be considered as a corporate body. SUCs are fully funded by the government as determined by the Philippine Congress. The University of the Philippines, being the university, receives the biggest chunk of the budget among the 456 SUCs. SUCs lamented the Philippine governments inadequate financial aid, collectively, SUCs have a student population of approximately 865,000, which means that every student is subsidized by an average of PHP24,000 per school year. Each Filipino family contributes PHP1,185 a year to run these schools through their tax payments, during the growth and restructuring of the systems of SUCs, names such as University of the Philippines have changed their meanings over time. In these five cases, the name has become the official name of the multi-campus system that includes the campus which is the original bearer of the name. Examples include, University of the Philippines - Its flagship campus in Diliman, the latter refers to the University of the Philippines System. Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Its main campus in Sta, mesa is called A. Mabini Campus or simply Main. University of Rizal System - Its main campus in Tanay is better called URS-Tanay Main than simply URS, don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University - Its main campus in Bacnotan, La Union is better called DMMMSU-North La Union than simply DMMMSU. Technological University of the Philippines - Its main campus in Ermita is called TUPM, in other cases, the unqualified name remains the official name of an individual main campus which is now part of a larger system. Example include, Mindanao State University - Its flagship campus in Marawi City, SUCs are confronted by annual budget cutbacks. As a result, these schools impose enrolment quotas and increase fees, in recent years, tuition and miscellaneous fees in the SUCs have seen huge increases. SUCs are also forced to only a limited number of students due to budget cuts
9.
Medical school
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A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Doctor of Medicine, many medical schools offer additional degrees, such as a Doctor of Philosophy, Masters degree, a physician assistant program, or other post-secondary education. Medical schools can also employ medical researchers and operate hospitals, around the world, criteria, structure, teaching methodology, and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably. Medical schools are highly competitive, using standardized entrance examinations, as well as grade point average and leadership roles. In most countries, the study of medicine is completed as a degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework. However, a number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses. In the United States and Canada, almost all medical degrees are second entry degrees, many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum. More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks, in preclinical sciences, students study subjects such as biochemistry, genetics, pharmacology, pathology, anatomy, physiology and medical microbiology, among others. Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree, a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority. Licensing may also require passing a test, undergoing a background check, checking references, paying a fee. Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all the medical schools, Entry into these medical schools are highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations. The University of Ghana Medical School has however introduced a graduate medical program to admit students with mainly science-related degrees into a 4-year medical school program. Students graduating from any of these schools get the MBChB degree. For the First 3 years Students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical science for University of Ghana medical school, Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana as House Officers. Upon completion of the mandatory 2-year housemanship, these doctors are permanently registered with the MDC. Medical officers are sometimes hired by the Ghana Health Service to work in the Districts/Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians. In Kenya, medical school is a faculty of a university, Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate degree. The first two years of medical school cover the medical sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences
10.
Ermita
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Ermita is a district in Manila, Philippines. It is a significant center of finance, education, culture, Ermita serves as the civic center of the city, bearing the seat of city government and a large portion of the areas employment, business, and entertainment activities. Private and government offices, museums, and university thrives in Ermita and it is also the home to famous tourist attractions and landmarks, among them is the Rizal Park, the premier national park of the Philippines. Ermita was founded in the late 16th century, the hermitage has since evolved into Ermita Church, which has been rebuilt several times since the early 17th century. Ermita gained renewed prominence during the American colonial period, the residential portion of Ermita was populated by American residents, who set up such establishments as the Army and Navy Club, and the University Club. During the early half of the 20th century, the Ermita district as well as its adjacent district, the richest people then lived in the two neighborhoods who are both facing the Manila Bay. In February 1945, during the 1945 Battle of Manila, Ermita was the scene of some of the most horrific massacres that occurred during the Second World War. The wife and four children of future President Elpidio Quirino were murdered in Ermita, between 68% to 85% of Ermita was destroyed during the Battle of Manila, with an estimated total of 100,000 Filipino civilians killed in the city itself. After the war, the district slowly transformed from an area into a commercial area as the upper classes moved to other cities such as Quezon City. Ermita was rebuilt after the devastation of the war, however, as decades passed, Ermita started earning a reputation as the red-light district of Manila. During the term of Mayor Alfredo Lim, an effort was made to clean up Ermitas image, however, a local city ordinance prohibiting the establishment of motels, lodging houses and other similar establishments, was later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The district can be accessed by the main roads like the Roxas Boulevard, Padre Burgos Street, Taft Avenue. The Park N Ride Lawton Bus Station, the main public transport hub, is located in the district along Padre Burgos Street. The Manila Light Rail Transit System follows Taft Avenue and stops at three stations located in Ermita, Central Terminal Station, United Nations Station and Pedro Gil Station, Ermita is known as the civic center of Manila. The city government is housed in the Manila City Hall along Padre Burgos Street, the offices of the judicial department of the Philippine government is located in the district along Taft Avenue and Padre Faura Street. The Supreme Court of the Philippines, the Court of Appeals, the National Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Justice, Ermita is home of the countrys major maritime and travel companies which can be found along Kalaw and UN Avenues. Philam Life Insurance Company is headquartered in its building along United Nations Avenue, the Daily Tribune has its publishing house in the area along Kalaw Avenue. Moldex Realty Inc. the largest real estate developer in the city, is headquartered in 1322 Golden Empire Tower, the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation is also headquartered along Roxas Boulevard
11.
University of the Philippines
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The University of the Philippines is a public university system in the Philippines. Founded by the American colonial government on June 18,1908, UP has institutional autonomy as the countrys national university as mandated by Republic Act No.9500. The University of the Philippines has 8 constituent universities, and 4 basic education schools located in 15 campuses across the country. The first UP opened in Manila in 1909 with the Colleges of Fine Arts,6 other constituent universities have since been established, the latest since 2016 is UP Cebu, despite being formed 98 years earlier. UP Diliman, the fourth CU which was established in 1949, is the flagship campus, UP, as a whole, is often cited as the Philippines top university. As of 2012,7 Philippine Presidents,13 Chief Justices of the Philippine Supreme Court,36 National Scientists and 40 National Artists of the Philippines have been affiliated with UP. On June 18,1908, the University of the Philippines was established through an act of the First Philippine Legislature. The University began with the establishment of the Philippine Medical School in 1905, which started operating in 1907, a year ahead of the rest of the U. P. A few years later, the university opened the College of Law, the Board of Regents approved the decision to look for a larger site, and a 493-hectare lot was acquired by the university in Diliman, Quezon City, then a town in the province of Rizal. Construction of the Quezon City campus began in 1939, during World War II, most of its colleges had to be closed except the Colleges of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Engineering. Meanwhile, the Japanese Imperial Army occupied three Diliman campus buildings, the College of Liberal Arts Building and the Colleges of Law, the Japanese also occupied the campus of the College of Agriculture in Los Baños. Gonzalez sought a grant of ₱13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission, a massive rehabilitation and construction effort was executed during the post-war years. For the first time, an extensive Diliman campus master plan, most colleges and administration offices were temporarily housed in huts and shelters made of sawali and galvanized iron. During U. P. s 40th anniversary in February 1949, administrative offices and its regional units in Manila, Los Baños, Baguio, and Cebu were all housed in the Diliman campus. General commencement exercises were held in Diliman for the first time in 1949. In the 1950s, new units and degree programs were established. Another major reform, the General Education Program, was introduced in 1959, Program became a series of core courses prescribed for all students at the undergraduate level. Most of these courses were being taught at the then College of Liberal Arts, President Vicente Sinco saw fit to reorganize the college into a University College, which would offer the core subjects to be taken during the first two years of the undergraduate program
12.
University of the Philippines College of Medicine
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The University of the Philippines College of Medicine is the medical school of the University of the Philippines Manila, the oldest constituent university of the University of the Philippines System. Its establishment in 1905 antedates the foundation of the system and makes it one of the oldest medical schools in the country, the Philippine General Hospital, the national university hospital, serves as its teaching hospital. During World War II it is said that the College of Medicine was the unit of the University of the Philippines System that continued its operations. Thus the Dean of the college then concurrently served as the President of the system, the Philippine Medical School was built in 1905 at the former Malecon Drive. In 1910, it was integrated as one of the colleges into the University of the Philippines and was renamed to U. P, the name was later shortened to the University of the Philippines College of Medicine. Its first Dean was Dr. Paul Freer, while Dr. Fernando Calderon, the Fernando Calderon Hall is the main building of UP College of Medicine students. Named after the first Filipino dean of the college, the building was transferred from Bonifacio Drive to its current location in Pedro Gil Street, after the War, the building was rehabilitated in 1951 under the leadership of Dr. Agerico Sison. The University of the Philippines Health Sciences Center was established in 1967, the Center was established by law to provide training and research in the various health sciences. It became a member of the University of the Philippines System in 1979. The Center was further renamed University of the Philippines Manila in 1982, Manila was reorganized to conform to the other autonomous universities of the U. P. College of Medicine is one of nine resident degree-granting units of the University of the Philippines Manila, the College is proclaimed as a Center of Excellence in the field of Medical Education by the Commission on Higher Education. It has produced several topnotchers in the National Licensure Examination for Filipino physicians, College of Medicine has a seven-year medical curriculum, the Integrated Liberal Arts and Medicine Program, ultimately leading to the degree of doctor of medicine. Its medicine proper is designed with an Organ Systems Integration curriculum beginning in 2009, there are two entry points to the College of Medicine, Learning Unit I after earning a high school diploma, and Learning Unit III after obtaining a baccalaureate degree. Effective school year 2009-2010, all applicants are required to sign a Return Service Agreement, high school graduates who have met the requirements for admission to the University of the Philippines System are eligible for admission to LU I. Applications are coursed through the University of the Philippines System General Admission Process, the LU I Intarmed students are selected from the top 50 male and top 50 female college freshmen qualifiers (ranked according to their University Predicted Grade who indicated in the U. P. College Admission Test application form their interest in Intarmed, only 40 applicants/Direct Entrants will finally be admitted into the program following a selection process which includes an interview. Only applicants who have obtained their baccalaureate degree by the end of a Philippine school year are eligible, the applicant must have a valid National Medical Admission Test score not lower than 90 percentile. The applicants would then be trimmed down by a selection process to the final 120 Lateral Entrants for LU III
13.
Philippine General Hospital
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It is the largest government hospital administered by the university, and is designated as the National University Hospital. It is located at Ermita, Manila in the Philippines and it is the biggest hospital in the country with a 1, 500-bed capacity. The PGH, being the largest training hospital in the country, is the hospital of health science students enrolled in the University of the Philippines. This includes students of medicine, nursing, physical therapy, pharmacy, occupational therapy, dentistry, on an average year, about 600,000 patients pass through the hospitals halls. Because of this, many organizations help the hospital, some help the hospital directly, such as the PGH Medical Foundation and the Fr. Others help patients by financing the cost of medications, operations, PGH celebrated its centennial in 2007, one hundred years since the US government passed a law establishing it. The hospital has seen the worst of tropical epidemics during its early existence and it is one of the very few Philippine hospitals that remained open all throughout the war. At present, the hospital has a bed capacity of 1,500, the Philippine General Hospital Administration Building is situated along Taft Avenue in Manila. It was built by architect William E. Parsons in neo-classic style that follows the Daniel Burnham plan for Manila and this plan included Manila Hotel, Army and Navy Club and the Philippine General Hospital. These were executed by his successor, Parsons included who was a city planner in the Philippines during the early period American colonization in the country and his works was a clear translation of Neoclassicism into a new hybrid of colonial tropical architecture. In 1907, The Philippine Commission passed Act No.1688 which appropriated the sum of P780,000.00 for the construction of the Philippine General Hospital, the cornerstone of the hospital was laid on February 28,1908. The bids for the construction of the buildings were opened on July 27, in 1981, First Lady Imelda R. Marcos commissioned Arch. J. Ramos to undertake the master planning of the PGH renovation project, Philippine General Hospital Foundation Sentro Oftalmologico Jose Rizal
14.
National Historical Commission of the Philippines
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The National Historical Commission of the Philippines is a government agency of the Philippines. Its mission is the promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage research, dissemination, conservation, sites management. The Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee was created by U. S, governor General Frank Murphy, by Executive Order 451, to identify and mark historic antiquities in Manila as a first step towards their preservation. The commissions mandate was expanded to cover the whole of the Philippines. Miguel Selga, SJ, dean Edward Hyde from the University of the Philippines College of Engineering, and Filipinos Jaime C. de Veyra, Conrado Benitez, there are no known records of the activities of the committee during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. In the postwar years the PHC was busy as there was a government interest in the reconstruction of the past as a means to form nationhood. Reconstituted six months after Philippine independence in 1946, the committee was first placed under the Office of the President, and then transferred to the Department of Education. As the nation itself, a number of other historical commissions were also created by law to commemorate the birth centennials of various Philippine heroes of the late 19th century. All of these commissions were merged into one National Heroes Commission created in 1963. In 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos declaration of martial law resulted in a reorganization of government, on May 12,2010, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed the law reverting the National Historical Institute into its original form as the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Diokno, PhD-Chairperson Abraham Sakili, PhD-Member Fe Buenaventura-Mangahas, PhD-Member Rene R. Escalante, PhD-Member Francis Gealogo, antonio M. Santos-Member Victorino M. Manalo-Member Jeremy Robert M. Barns-Member Ludovico D. D. List of historical markers of the Philippines Philippine Historical Association National Historical Commission of the Philippines NHCPs Interactive Registry of Government Seals
15.
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)
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The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines, abbreviated as CHED, is attached to the Office of the President for administrative purposes. It covers both public and private education institutions as well as degree-granting programs in all post-secondary educational institutions in the country. The CHED was established on May 18,1994 through Republic Act No.7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994 which was authored by Senator Francisco Tatad. The creation of CHED was part of an agenda for reforms in the countrys education system. Part of the reforms is the trifocalization of the education sector, the former chairman of the Commission on Higher Education was Romulo Neri, formerly Director General of the National Economic Development Authority and Socioeconomic Secretary. Neri was also a former Budget Secretary, on July 9,2008 however, Corazon dela Paz resigned as president and chief executive officer of the Social Security System and the President named Chairman Romulo Neri as head of the SSS. Hence, CHEDs post for chairman is now vacant, on August 20,2008, Manny Angeles was appointed new CHED Chairman, replacing Romulo Neri, and will be taking over acting CHED Chair Nona Ricaforte. Angeles was former chancellor of the Angeles University Foundation and president of the Clark Development Corporation, william Medrano was also appointed commissioner of the CHED on August 29,2008. The Chairman of CHED is also the Chairperson of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines, centers of Development on the other hand, are educational disciplines which have been considered to significantly improve over the course of the previous year. CHED disseminates information by a variety of means, for information specific to a particular institution, a letter is sent to that institution, or an officer is invited to collect it at CHED main office. The institution may then place a copy of the order on one of its own noticeboards, CHED also maintains a website where some of its policy documents are made available. CHED issues CMOs - CHED Memorandum Orders and these are often of national significance
16.
Bonifacio Drive
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Bonifacio Drive is a road running for 1.6 kilometers in a north-south direction between Intramuros and Port Area in Manila, Philippines. It is named for national hero Andrés Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan, the road was previously called Malecon Drive during the American period. During Spanish rule, it was simply as Malecón which the road was prior to the reclamation of South Harbor during the late 19th century. It was also known alternatively as Paseo de María Cristina, after the then Queen of Spain Maria Cristina and it is the northern extension of Roxas Boulevard from Padre Burgos Avenue in Rizal Park to Roxas Bridge over the Pasig River. It intersects Andrés Soriano Avenue, the road to Intramuros. North of the river, Bonifacio Drive continues as Marcos Road heading into North Harbor, notable establishments along Bonifacio Drive include the Manila Hotel, the Department of Public Works and Highways building and the national headquarters of the Philippine Red Cross
17.
Pedro Gil Street
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Pedro Gil Street is an east-west inner city main street in south-central Manila, Philippines. It is 3.6 kilometers long, and spans the length of Ermita, Malate, Paco and Santa Ana districts. Heading west, it passes through the Santa Ana Market and an SM Savemore outlet before it narrows into an undivided road west of Suter Street. The Ermita-Malate portion in which the street serves as boundary also contains several hotels like the New World Manila Bay Hotel, Roxas Boulevard lies at its western end. The street is served by the LRT-1 Pedro Gil Station along Taft Avenue and it also continues into the eastern Metro Manila cities of Mandaluyong and San Juan across the Pasig River as Panaderos and General Kalentong Streets. The street was named after Pedro Gil, a Filipino legislator of the early 1920s and it was originally known as Herran Street, after José de la Herrán, a Spanish captain during the Battle of Manila Bay. It is also the location of Robinsons Place Manila shopping mall, New World Manila Bay Hotel and Casino, Santa Ana Public Market and Paco Market are the biggest wholesale markets located on Pedro Gil Street. It is served by Pedro Gil LRT Station on Taft Avenue, the Santa Ana Ferry Terminal is also located near the Santa Ana Church. Major roads in Manila List of renamed streets in Manila
18.
Battle of Manila (1945)
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The one-month battle, which culminated in the massacre of over 100,000 civilians and complete devastation of the city, was the scene of the worst urban fighting in the Pacific theater. Along with the loss of lives, the battle also destroyed architectural and cultural heritage dating back since the citys foundation. The battle ended the almost three years of Japanese military occupation in the Philippines, the citys capture was marked as General Douglas MacArthurs key to victory in the campaign of reconquest. On 9 January 1945, the Sixth U. S. Army under Lt. Gen. Walter Krueger waded ashore on Lingayen Gulf, MacArthur ordered Krueger to advance rapidly to Manila. The 37th Infantry Division, under the command of Major Gen. Robert S. Beightler, headed south. After landing at San Fabian on 27 Jan. the 1st Cavalry Division, free the internees at Santo Tomas. Take Malacanang Palace and the Legislative Building, meanwhile, the 11th A/B Divisions 511th Regimental Combat Team of Col. Orin D. Hard Rock Haugen parachuted onto Tagaytay Ridge on 4 February, Yamashita had withdrawn his main forces to Baguio City, where he planned to hold back the Filipino and U. S. forces in northern Luzon, poised for the invasion of Japan. In 1941, General Douglas MacArthur had declared Manila an open city before its capture, however, Rear Admiral Iwabuchi Sanji, commander of the 31st Naval Special Base Force, was committed to following the naval program, rather than the army program of abandoning the city. Prior to being promoted to Admiral, Sanji had commanded the battleship Kirishima in 1942 when she was sunk by a US Navy task force off Guadalcanal, Iwabuchi had 12,500 men under his command, designated the Manila Naval defence Force. Iwabuchi was joined by 4500 army personnel under the command of Col. Katsuzo Noguchi and they built defensive positions in the city, including Intramuros, cut down the palm trees on Dewey Blvd. to form a runway, and set up barricades across major streets. Iwabuchi formed the Northern Force under Noguchi, and the Southern Force under Capt. Takusue Furuse. Before the battle began, he issued an address to his men went, We are very glad. Now, with what remains, we will daringly engage the enemy. We are determined to fight to the last man, on 3 February, elements of the U. S. A squadron of Brig. Gen. William C, since 4 January 1942, a total of thirty-seven months, the university’s main building had been used to hold civilians. Out of 4,255 prisoners,466 died in captivity, colayco died seven days later in Legarda Elementary School, which became a field hospital. At 9 PM, five tanks of the 44th Tank Battalion, headed by Battlin Basic, the Japanese, commanded by Lt. Col. Toshio Hayashi, gathered the remaining internees together in the Education Building as hostages, and exchanged pot shots with the Americans and Filipinos
19.
Oblation (statue)
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The Oblation is a concrete statue by Filipino artist Guillermo E. Tolentino which serves as the iconic symbol of the University of the Philippines. It depicts a man facing upward with arms outstretched, symbolizing selfless offering of oneself to his country, the idea for the Oblation was first conceived during the presidency of Rafael Palma, who was the one to commission Tolentino to make the sculpture. President Jorge Bocobo, 4th President of UP, with the addition of a fig leaf to cover the genitals, the sculpture was funded by the U. P. students of 1935-1936, and was presided by Potenciano Illusorio and Jose B. The transfer of the Oblation to its new home served as the highlight of the move from Manila, the sculpture in front of the Quezon Hall at Diliman was installed facing west, purportedly a tribute to the American roots of the University. Today, that sculpture is only a replica dedicated on U. P. s Golden Jubilee on November 29,1958. The original sculpture is being kept at the Main Library, the site of the U. P. College of Fine Arts. The statue was created by Guillermo E. Tolentino, several replicas of the Oblation were made for campuses of the University of the Philippines, some by National Artist Napoleon Abueva. Visayas campus in Iloilo City was made by Professor Anastacio Caedo,2005 National Artist nominee Glenn Bautista, likewise, did his celebrated version of the Oblation in pen and ink as part of his schoolplates at the U. P. College of Fine Art under Professor Rebillon, the sculpture was registered at the Intellectual Property Office in the year 2004. Being the main symbol of the university, the Oblation is the centerpiece of many U. P. -related logos, like those of the Philippine Collegian and other student publications. Oblation sculpture is unique for its ribbon-like flag swirling around the pedestal, completed in 2005, it was designed and executed by University Artist and U. P. O. U. As the primary icon of the University of the Philippines, oblation statues are located in most campuses of constituent universities, University literature records the names of two persons who served as a model for the oblation, Tolentinos student assistant Anastacio Caedo, and Caedos brother-in-law, Virgilio Raymundo. Specifically, Tolentino used Caedos physique and Raymundos proportion for reference, Caedo would later become a professor of Fine Arts in the University himself, succeeding the deceased Tolentino. His works now form part of the University Collection, and one of his monuments of Jose Rizal for the German government was installed in an eponymous Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany. A persistent urban legend has it, however, that director-actor Fernando Poe, Sr. was the model, other names that have said to pose for the sculpture include a friend of Tolentino, Ferdinand Glenn Gagarin and fireman June Villanueva. Members of the fraternity run around the campus naked to protest their sentiments about a current political or economic situation, Oblation, the University of the Philippines Alumni Association launched an art exhibit,100 Nudes/100 Years featuring the works of nine U. P. alumni national artists. History of Oblation Oblation - iskWiki
20.
University of the Philippines Diliman
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The University of the Philippines Diliman is a coeducational, research state university located in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. It was established on February 12,1949 as the campus and seat of administration of the University of the Philippines System. UP Diliman is the fourth oldest constituent university of UP, the outbreak of World War II hampered the development of the area. The transfer of the Oblation from Manila to Diliman marked the establishment on February 12,1949. Between the 1970s and 1980s, UP Diliman was the site of student activism. It was during times that student demonstrations and opposition against Marcos administration became heavy. This was one of the precursors to Marcos declaration of martial law in 1972, UP Diliman was formally established as a constituent university on April 23,1985 at the 976th Meeting of the U. P. It is the largest constituent university in the University of the Philippines System in terms of number of degree-granting academic units, student population, faculty, there are 27 degree-granting units on campus, accounting for 22,031 students of which,15,299 are undergraduates. UP Diliman had a complement of 1,526 full-time faculty in 2012, UP Diliman offers academic programs in 247 major fields. There were 70 programs at the level,109 at the master’s level and 68 at the doctoral level. The library resources of UP Diliman are the largest in the country, the total book and non-book collections number 1,170,723 volumes, which include books, pamphlets, bound periodicals, theses, dissertations, microforms and various multimedia titles. The serial collection totals 60,450 divided into 26,679 print titles and 33,771 unique titles in online journals and this collection has steadily grown through acquisitions and generous donations. The Commission on Higher Education declared nine U. P. D. units as Centers of Excellence as of 2009, the UP Diliman campus is also the site of the countrys National Science Complex. The university represents the UP System in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and its athletic teams, collectively called the Fighting Maroons, competes in various athletic competitions while its cheerdance group, the U. P. Pep Squad, represents the university in its annual UAAP Cheerdance Competition, the population of students continued to rise in succeeding years, reaching to 7,849 in 1928 from the initial 67 when the university was established in 1908. The need became apparent for UP to create buildings and academic units. In 1939, the Board of Regents acquired a 493-hectare land in the Diliman District of the newly established Quezon City, construction began on the area on the same year. The development of the area was stalled by World War II
21.
Quezon City
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Quezon City is the most populous city in the Philippines. It is one of the cities that make up Metro Manila, Quezon City was named after Manuel L. Quezon, second President of the Philippines, who founded the city and developed it with the intention to replace Manila as the national capital. The city actually held title for 28 years starting 1948 up to 1976. Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province and it is the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. Quezon City also hosts the University of the Philippines Diliman–the national university–and Ateneo de Manila University, the Quezon Memorial Circle is a national park and shrine located in Quezon City. The park is an ellipse bounded by the Elliptical Road and its main feature is a mausoleum containing the remains of Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, and his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon. Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches. On August 23,1896, the Katipunan led by its Supremo Andrés Bonifacio, in the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his trip to Mexico influenced his vision. In 1938, President Quezon created the Peoples Homesite Corporation and purchased 15.29 km2 from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family, successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12,1939, instead of opposing it, Caloocan residents willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief it will benefit the countrys new capital. During the Second World War, Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 and this caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16,1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by Republic Act No,537, changing the citys boundaries to an area of 153.59 km2. Exactly six years after on June 16,1956, more revisions to the land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as 151.06 km2.33 km2, on October 1,1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the Thrilla in Manila boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. On November 7,1975 the promulgation of Presidential Decree No.824 of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila, Quezon City became one of Metro Manilas 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, Presidential Decree No.940 transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24,1976, on March 31,1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22,1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos, on February 23,1998, Republic Act
22.
Philippine Orthopedic Center
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The Philippine Orthopedic Center is a 700 bed tertiary special hospital under the Department of Health of the Philippines. The hospital is located at Banawe Avenue corner Maria Clara Street, Santa Mesa Heights, the Philippine Orthopedic Center was originally organized in Mandaluyong, Rizal by the American Army in 1945 as the Philippine Civil Affairs Unit No. 1, to care of civilian casualties during the liberation of Manila. After it was turned over to the Philippine government, its functions were redirected to look after accident victims and its name was later changed to Mandaluyong Emergency Hospital then, to National Orthopedic Hospital. In 1963, the hospital was relocated to Quezon City and its authorized bed capacity was increased from 200 to 500 then to 700. The hospital through the Hospital Chief, Benjamin V. Tamesis, MD, pioneered the introduction of Physical Therapy, the Philippine Orthopedic Center caters mainly to a patient clientele with Orthopedic, Musculoskeletal problems and Neuromuscular conditions. The Center is also the major center for Spinal injuries in the country. The Medical Division consists of the Trauma Services, Adult Orthopedic Service, Childrens Orthopedic service, Tumor Unit, Hand service, the hospital also has the Anaesthesia department, Radiology Department, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Laboratory Department, Specialty Service and Dental service. The Laboratory Department is divided into the Blood Bank, Bacteriology unit, the specialty service includes General Surgery, Neurosurgery, Urology, Neurosurgery, Internal Medicine and Diabetes Care. The Nursing Division comprises both the main Nursing service and the Nursing training service, the Social service and Chaplaincy is being placed under the Administrative office. Residency training for Orthopedics, Anaesthesia, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, to date, numerous physicians have trained within its walls. The hospital also provides a training ground for the Physical Therapy. Numerous Radiologic Technology interns, Medical Technology and Nursing affiliates have been trained, the fourth year medical students have been exposed to various orthopedic and Neuromuscular Conditions
23.
Liberal arts education
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Grammar, logic, and rhetoric were the core liberal arts, while arithmetic, geometry, the theory of music, and astronomy also played a part in education. In modern times, liberal arts education term that can be interpreted in different ways and it can refer to academic subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics, and social and physical sciences, or it can also refer to overall studies in a liberal arts degree program. For example, Harvard University offers a Bachelor of Arts degree, for both interpretations, the term generally refers to matters not relating to the professional, vocational, or technical curriculum. The four scientific artes – music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy – were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium. After the 9th century, the three arts of the humanities – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were classed as well as the Trivium. It was in that form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university. During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the parts of the Trivium. In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, the ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted until the middle of the twentieth century. Some subsections of the arts are in the trivium—the verbal arts, grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and in the quadrivium—the numerical arts, arithmetic, geometry, music. Analyzing and interpreting information is also included, the liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university. They are thus meant for the more academically minded students, in addition to the usual curriculum, students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek. Some liberal arts education provide general education, others have a specific focus, today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasiums specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, here, the prefix pro is equivalent to pre. In the United States, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts, in most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system, the term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium and they aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education in order to form personality with regard to a pupils own humanity as well as his/her innate intellectual skills. Going back to the tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking. In particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard, universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities, but do not make such activities part of the universitys curriculum
24.
President of the Philippines
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The President of the Philippines is the head of state and head of government of the Philippines. The President leads the executive branch of the Philippine government and is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Filipinos refer to their President as Pangulo or Presidente. The President serves a single, fixed, six-year term without possibility of re-election, in Filipino, one of the two official languages of the Philippines, the President is referred to as Pangulo. In the other languages of the Philippines such as the Visayan languages. Depending on the chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the first President of a united Philippines since he was the third Supreme President of the Katipunan and its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan started a revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacios government was known as the Tagalog Republic. Bonifacios revolutionary government never controlled territory for any significant period. Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sacay, in March 1897, during the Philippine Revolution against Spain Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention. The new government was meant to replace the Katipunan, though the latter was not formally abolished until 1899, Aguinaldo was again elected President at Biak-na-Bato in November, leading the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. Aguinaldo therefore signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897, in April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out, and the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy sailed for the Philippines. At the Battle of Manila Bay on May 1,1898 the American Navy decisively defeated the Spanish Navy effectively ending Spanish rule in the Philippines, aquinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U. S. Navy vessel and renewed the revolution. He formed a government on May 24,1898 and issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12,1898. On June 23,1898, Aguinaldo transformed his government into a revolutionary government. On January 23,1899, he was then elected President of the First Philippine Republic, consequently, this government is also called the Malolos Republic. The First Philippine Republic was short-lived and never internationally recognized, the Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the Treaty of Paris of 1898, signed in December of that year. The Philippine–American War broke out between the United States and Aguinaldos government and his government effectively ceased to exist on April 1,1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U. S. forces in March
25.
Ferdinand Marcos
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Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. was a Filipino politician who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981, while his regime started an unprecedented number of infrastructure projects and monuments, it also became infamous for its corruption and brutality. United States Army documents described the claim as fraudulent and absurd and he was elected President in 1965. The Philippine national debt used to fund development projects grew from $2 billion at the beginning of his term to $26 billion by the end of 1985. Based on World Bank data, Philippine Annual Gross Domestic Product grew from $5.27 billion in 1964 to $37.14 billion in 1982, by the end of 1985, GDP stood at $30.7 billion following two years of economic contraction. All in all despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP per capita grew at a rate of 5. 8%, or more than tripled. It was only in 1992 at the beginning of the term of Fidel Ramos when GDP per capita, Martial law was ratified by 90. 77% of the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum,1973 though the referendum was marred with controversy. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, public outrage led to the snap elections of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil and excesses of human rights led to the People Power Revolution in February 1986. Marcos was succeeded by Corazon Aquino, widow of the opposition leader Senator Benigno Aquino. According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government, a government agency created by the Aquino Government, PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle—taking away billions of dollars from the country in the course of their US-backed rule between 1965 and 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, whose excesses during the couples kleptocracy made her infamous in her own right, numerous criminal graft charges have been filed against her, some of which are still ongoing, and most have been dismissed by the court due to lack of evidence. He was later baptized into the Philippine Independent Church, but was first baptized in the Roman Catholic Church at the age of three, in December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos was prosecuted for the murder of Julio Nalundasan. He was not the accused from the Marcos clan, also accused was his father, Mariano, his brother, Pio. According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger, in late January 1939, they were finally denied bail and later in the year, they were convicted. Ferdinand and Lizardo received the penalty for premeditated murder, while Mariano. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines, attending the prestigious College of Law. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the universitys swimming, boxing
26.
Taft Avenue
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Taft Avenue is a major road thoroughfare in Metro Manila. It crosses through three cities of the capital region, Manila, Pasay and Parañaque. The road was named after the former Governor-General of the Philippines and U. S President, the Philippines was a former commonwealth territory of the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. Construction of this avenue, originally called Calle Rizal, was completed in 1899, with Padre Burgos Street as its northern terminus, engineers Manny Aquino and Robin Santos led its extension in 1911, and the avenue was renamed Manila Road. However, a map of Manila produced in 1915 by the Office of Department Engineer, Philippine Department and it was extended to Ocampo Street (formerly Vito Cruz Street in 1940, at the height of World War II, during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. It was renamed Taft Avenue in 1984 and it also reclaimed Mexico Road, the Manila LRT Line 1, the first elevated rail track in the Philippines, was built over it and opened in that same year. If Bold had a Street Crossings, the avenue straight ahead would be later known as Padre Burgos Avenue and spurs into three bridges then streets, Quezon Boulevard, Rizal Avenue, and Quintin Paredes Street. The office of the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region is located on Taft Avenue, Taft Avenue forms a part of the University Belt. The College of Saint Benilde, Santa Isabel College Manila, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Araullo High School, the National Cathedral of the Holy Child of the Philippine Independent Church is located on Taft Avenue. Taft Avenue is accessed through jeepneys, taxis, the Manila LRT Line 1, the avenue houses some stations of the LRT-1 namely, EDSA, Libertad, Gil Puyat, Vito Cruz, Quirino Avenue, Pedro Gil, United Nations
27.
Neoclassical architecture
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Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
28.
World Health Organization
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The World Health Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva, the WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations, the constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office international dhygiène publique and the League of Nations Health Organization, since its creation, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, an international publication on health, the worldwide World Health Survey. The head of WHO is Margaret Chan, the 2014/2015 proposed budget of the WHO is about US$4 billion. About US$930 million are to be provided by member states with a further US$3 billion to be from voluntary contributions, after failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organisation. Dr. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for a conference on health. The use of the world, rather than international, emphasised the truly global nature of what the organisation was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations and it thus became the first specialised agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million for the 1949 year. Andrija Stampar was the Assemblys first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO and its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of statistics on the spread. The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing, in 1947 the WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine was under way. In 1955, the eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake an initiative to eradicate smallpox. At this point,2 million people were dying from smallpox every year, in 1966, WHO moved into its headquarters building
29.
Supreme Court of the Philippines
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The Supreme Court of the Philippines, is the highest court in the Philippines. It is presided over by a Chief Justice and is composed of fifteen Justices, pursuant to the Constitution, the Supreme Court has administrative supervision over all courts and the personnel thereof. Until 1945, the Court met in Cavite, an additional constitutional requirement, though less precise in nature, is that a judge must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence. Beginning with the 1935 Constitution, Supreme Court Justices are obliged to retire upon reaching the retirement age of 70. Some Justices had opted to retire before reaching the age of 70, such as Florentino Feliciano, Alicia Austria-Martinez who retired at 68 due to health reasons. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides that, Section 11, the Members of the Supreme Court xxx shall hold office during good behavior until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office. Since,1901, it was only incumbent Associate Justice Alicia Austria-Martinez who resigned for health reasons, in the October 1 Judicial and Bar Councils en banc deliberations, Reynato Puno ruled, “The court merely noted it. We don’t have to approve it, during the JBC hearing, a JBC member said Austria-Martinez had wanted to retire earlier because of health reasons. We were told she had problems even when she was in the CA. ”Retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Artemio Panganiban stated. Alicia Austria-Martinez has opted to retire early from the Supreme Court due to health reasons, neither is she physically or mentally incapacitated, but she has chosen to retire on April 30,2009 because she felt she could no longer cope with the heavy caseload. This was followed in 2016 however, by Justice Martin Villarama, the powers of the Supreme Court are defined in Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution. These functions may be divided into two – judicial functions and administrative functions. The administrative functions of the Court pertain to the supervision and control over the Philippine judiciary and its employees, as well as over members of the Philippine bar. Pursuant to these functions, the Court is empowered to order a change of venue of trial in order to avoid a miscarriage of justice and to appoint all officials and employees of the judiciary. The Court is further authorized to promulgate the rules for admission to the practice of law, for assistance to the underprivileged. The more prominent role of the Court is located in the exercise of its judicial functions, Section 1 of Article VIII contains definition of judicial power that had not been found in previous constitutions. The judicial power is vested in “one Supreme Court and in lower courts as may be established by law. ”The definition reaffirms the power of the Supreme Court to engage in judicial review. As a result, the existence of “grave abuse of discretion” on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government is sufficient basis to state action
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University of Santo Tomas
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The university is run by the Order of Preachers. The patron of the university is St. Thomas Aquinas, while St. Catherine of Alexandria is the patroness, the university is composed of several autonomous faculties, colleges, schools and institutes, each conferring undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate degrees, and the basic education units. Several degree programs have been accredited by the Commission on Higher Education as Centers of Excellence, moreover, it was awarded with an Institutional Accreditation by the CHED through the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines. Prominent Thomasians include saints, Philippine presidents, heroes, artists, scientists, professionals, and religious figures, the athletic teams are the Growling Tigers, who are members of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and are consistent winners of the Overall Championship. The foundation of the University is ascribed to Miguel de Benavides and he came to the Philippines with the first Dominican mission in 1587. He went on to bishop of Nueva Segovia, and was promoted archbishop of Manila in 1601. Upon his death in July 1605, Benavides bequeathed his library, Bernardo de Santa Catalina carried out Benavides’s wishes and was able to secure a building near the Dominican church and convent in Intramuros for the College. In 1609, permission to open the College was requested from King Philip III of Spain, on April 28,1611, notary Juan Illian witnessed the signing of the act of foundation by Baltasar Fort, OP, Bernardo Navarro, OP, and Francisco Minayo, OP. Fort, appointed that year to the post of Father Provincial, the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario was established on April 28,1611, from the Benavidess library. Later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomás, it was elevated by Pope Innocent X to a university on November 20,1645 in his brief and this makes the institution the first in the islands to be formally elevated to the status of university. Its complete name is The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas and this makes the UST the first and only formally declared royal and pontifical university in the Philippines. The university was located within the city of Intramuros in Manila. The first courses offered by the Colegio de Santo Tomás were canon law, theology, philosophy, logic, grammar, the arts, in 1871, it began offering degrees in Medicine and Pharmacy, the first in colonized Asia. Also that year, it began accepting female enrollees, in the last four decades, the university grew into a full-fledged institution of higher learning, conferring degrees in law, medicine, and various academic letters. The university has graduated Philippine national heroes, presidents, and even saints, the Medicine and Civil Law courses were retained in Intramuros at that time. During World War II, the Japanese forces converted the Sampaloc campus into an internment camp for aliens, mostly Americans. The original Intramuros campus was destroyed in 1944 by an arson created by the Japanese Kempeitai, more than 4,000 foreigners survived under difficult conditions in the internment camp for 37 months from January 1942 until February 1945 when the camp was liberated by American soldiers. In its long history, the university has been under the leadership of more than 90 Rectors, uSTs first Filipino rector was Fr
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United Nations Avenue
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United Nations Avenue is a major thoroughfare in Manila, Philippines. A commercial, residential and industrial artery, the avenue runs east–west through the near-center of the city linking Ermita and it is home to the World Health Organization Western Pacific headquarters. Avenue begins at a fork in Quirino Avenue Extension and Paz Mendoza Guazon Street and it continues through the area of Tanque and Isla de Provisor in northern Paco district passing several rows of warehouses and a few institutional buildings. West of Taft Avenue lies busy Ermita district with a mix of hotels, offices, roxas Boulevard lies at its western terminus. The avenue is served by the United Nations LRT Station, Avenue was formerly known as Isaac Peral Street, after the Spanish engineer who designed the worlds first fully capable military submarine in the late 19th century. The avenue was also the site of the first Hilton Hotel in the Philippines which opened in 1960 and this hotel is now Waterfront Manila Pavilion
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Robinsons Place Manila
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Robinsons Place Manila is a shopping mall located behind the Philippine General Hospital, the campus of the University of the Philippines Manila and St. Paul University Manila in the City of Manila. It was the second and by-far, the largest Robinsons Mall ever built by John Gokongwei and it began operations in 1995 and was opened in 1997. The mall features anchors like Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Department Store and it was then redeveloped into a 7-level shopping complex housing over 330 local shops, dining outlets, entertainment facilities and service centers. The Padre Faura Wing was opened in June 2000 which contains additional shopping and dining facilities and it has opened another wing, The Midtown Wing or The Midtown in mid-2008 making it larger than Robinsons Galleria and therefore the largest Robinsons Mall. The new wing was built on what used to be the adjacent Manila Midtown Hotel, opened in 1976 and closed down in 2003, and demolished in 2004. Robinsons Place Manila is connected to a twin tower residential high-rise condominium – Robinsons Place Residences, and a triple tower residential high-rise condominium - Adriatico Place Residences
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United Nations LRT station
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United Nations LRT station, also known as UN Avenue LRT station, is a station on the Manila LRT. Like all other LRT-1 stations, United Nations station is above-ground, the station serves Ermita in Manila and is located at the corner of Taft and United Nations Avenues. The station is named after United Nations Avenue, which in turn is named after the United Nations, United Nations station serves as the thirteenth station for LRT-1 trains headed for Baclaran and as the eighth station for trains headed to Roosevelt. It is the closest station to one of Manilas major landmarks, Rizal Park, named after the Philippine national hero, the World Health Organization Western Pacific regional headquarters are also located near the station. The vicinity is home to educational institutions, such as Instituto Cervantes de Manila, Adamson University, Philippine Normal University, Technological University of the Philippines. Manila College of Arts and Sciences, Santa Isabel College Manila, Emilio Aguinaldo College, Araullo High School, some of the prominent hospitals are located near this station along UN Avenue, the Manila Doctors Hospital and Medical Center Manila. United Nations station is connected to a center named Times Plaza. It is a stop for those heading to the Eva Macapagal Terminal in Port Area, Manila Ocean Park, Robinsons Place Otis, Malacañang Park. United Nations station is well-served by buses and jeepneys that serve the Taft Avenue, taxis and cycle rickshaws also stop at and around the station. List of rail stations in Metro Manila Manila Light Rail Transit System
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Pedro Gil LRT station
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Pedro Gil LRT station is a station on the Manila Light Rail Transit System. Like all other LRT-1 stations, Pedro Gil station is above-ground, the station serves Ermita in Manila and is located at the corner of Taft Avenue and Pedro Gil Street. The station takes its name from Pedro Gil Street, which used to be named Herran Street, Pedro Gil station is the seventh station for trains headed to Roosevelt and the fourteenth station for trains headed to Baclaran. Pedro Gil station is well-served by taxis and jeepneys ply the Taft Avenue route. Taxis and jeepneys stop near the station and can be used to transport commuters to, list of rail transit stations in Metro Manila Manila Light Rail Transit System
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Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1
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The Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1 is the first metro line of the Manila Light Rail Transit System. Presently, the line contains twenty stations and runs on 19.65 kilometers of fully elevated route, the line is colored yellow and green on all LRT maps. Passengers can transfer to the Line 2 at Doroteo Jose station, while passengers can transfer to the Line 3 at EDSA, the Line 1 was known for many names such as LRT Line 1, shortened to LRT-1, Yellow Line, Green Line, or the Metrorail. However, the color of the line dates back to its opening in 1984. The two-car trains are the original first-generation BN and ACEC trains, most were transformed into three-car trains, although some two-car trains remain in service. The four-car trains are the more modern second-generation Hyundai Precision and Adtranz, there are 139 railway cars grouped into 40 trains serving the line,63 of these are first-generation cars,28 second-generation, and 48 third-generation. One train car was damaged in the Rizal Day bombings and was subsequently decommissioned. The maximum speed of cars is 80 kilometers per hour. The LRT Line 1 fleet is being modernized to cope with increasing numbers of passengers, the acquisition marked the introduction of the first air-conditioned trains to the line. Earlier LRT Line 1 rolling stock was notorious for its lack of air conditioning, relying instead on forced-air roof ventilation for cooling, unfortunately, this resulted in hot and stuffy rides. The problem was addressed more fully after a rehabilitation program completed in 2001 allowed the installation of air conditioners to the older rolling stock. By June 2004, all Yellow Line trains had air conditioning, the new air-conditioned trains have boosted the capacity of the line from 27,000 to 40,000 passengers per hour per direction. A southern extension of Line 1, also known as the Southern Extension Project in the Metro Manila Rail Plans has been proposed and would aim to serve the areas of Parañaque to Cavite. The extension would add 10 stations over some 11.7 kilometers of new line, an unsolicited bid to conduct this work from Canadas SNC-Lavalin was rejected by the Philippine government in 2005. In 2006, the government worked with advisers to conduct an open-market invitation to tender for the extension, president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo subsequently withdrew the project. The following stations would proposed to compose the Southern Extension, Redemptorist – Parañaque Manila International Airport – Parañaque Asia World – Parañaque Ninoy Aquino – Parañaque Dr, another extension of the LRT-1 in Cavite has been proposed. It will be extended by another 19 kilometres from Bacoor to Dasmariñas with an alignment along Aguinaldo Highway. This public-private partnership project dubbed as LRT-6 would have 7 additional stations in Cavite
