Upper-atmospheric lightning and ionospheric lightning are short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning and storm clouds. Upper-atmospheric lightni
Sprites above Rome seen from Antibes
A gigantic jet photographed from the International Space Station on July 3, 2025
A gigantic jet photographed from the Gemini Observatory on Mauna Kea on July 24, 2017
Photograph of an ELVES, taken from Possagno, TV, Italy, on March 27, 2023, at 21:43 UTC. The lightning that triggered it was in Polverigi, AN, Italy, at a distance of 285 km (177 mi). Its strength, estimated at 410 kilo-Ampères, which is an order of magnitude stronger than a normal lightning (10 to 30 kilo-Ampère), generated an intense electromagnetic pulse. The red ring marks where the pulse hit the Earth's ionosphere. The duration was about 1 millisecond. The "donut" has a diameter of approximately
The mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases. This character
Earth's atmosphere as it appears from space, as bands of different colours at the horizon. From the bottom, afterglow illuminates the troposphere in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the stratosphere in white and blue. Next the mesosphere (pink area) extends to just below the edge of space at one hundred kilometers and the pink line of airglow of the lower thermosphere (dark), which hosts green and red aurorae over several hundred kilometers.
Afterglow of the troposphere (orange), the stratosphere (blue) and the mesosphere (dark) at which atmospheric entry begins, leaving smoke trails, such as in this case of a spacecraft reentry.
An astronaut onboard the International Space Station observes lightning at the horizon extending into the mesosphere as red sprite just below the line of airglow.
Noctilucent clouds (not to be mistaken with the slightly higher up airglow), at the upper edge of the mesosphere.