1.
Armand Vaillancourt
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He received his art training at the École des beaux-arts de Montréal. In 1971, a commissioned fountain entitled Vaillancourt Fountain, often called Québec libre. was installed in San Francisco. One of his best known sculptures, Québec libre. is representative of the relationship between Vaillancourts art and his political convictions and it is a huge concrete fountain,200 feet long,140 feet wide and 36 feet high sitting near the citys financial district at the Embarcadero Center. The following day, seeing that the citys employees erased the inscription, on November 11,1987, the fountain became the object of an incident involving U2s singer Bono. During a free concert, Bono climbed the sculpture to write, Rock N Roll Stops Traffic, armand Vaillancourt flew from Quebec to California after the incident, and spoke in favor of Bonos actions at U2s Oakland performance several days later. I want to shake his hand, people get excited about such a little thing. Vaillancourt lives in a 19th-century stone house in Montreal, across the street from Jeanne-Mance Park and his archives, consisting of 500 cardboard boxes on metal shelves, plus nearly 100 notebooks in which he records all of his activities, are stored on the second floor of his house. He won the Prix Paul-Émile-Borduas, awarded by the Government of Quebec in 1993, in 2004, he was awarded the title of Chevalier of the Ordre national du Québec. In 2008, a retrospective of his work was exhibited at the Musée des beaux-arts de Mont-Saint-Hilaire in Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec
2.
Precast concrete
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In contrast, standard concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site. Precast stone is distinguished from precast concrete using an aggregate in the mixture. Precast are only used within ranges of exterior and interior walls, compressed in concrete and stone, creating a solid but manuverable wall or face. By producing precast concrete in an environment, the precast concrete is afforded the opportunity to properly cure. Using a precast concrete system offers many advantages over onsite casting. Precast concrete production is performed on ground level, which helps with safety throughout a project, there is greater control over material quality and workmanship in a precast plant compared to a construction site. There are many different types of precast concrete forming systems for applications, differing in size, function. Stormwater drainage, water and sewage pipes, and tunnels make use of precast concrete units, the New South Wales Government Railways made extensive use of precast concrete construction for its stations and similar buildings. Between 1917 and 1932, they erected 145 such buildings, beyond cladding panels and structural elements, entire buildings can be assembled from precast concrete. Precast assembly enables fast completion of commercial shops and offices with minimal labor, for example, the Jim Bridger Building in Williston, North Dakota, was precast in Minnesota with air, electrical, water, and fiber utilities preinstalled into the building panels. The panels were transported over 800 miles to the Bakken oilfields, the building houses over 40,000 square feet of shops and offices. Virtually the entire building was fabricated in Minnesota, to complete the look of the four precast wall panel types — sandwich, plastered sandwich, inner layer and cladding panels — many surface finishes are available. Standard cement is white or grey, though different colors can be added with pigments or paints, the color and size of aggregate can also affect the appearance and texture of concrete surfaces. The shape and surface of the precast concrete molds have an effect on the look, The mold can be made of timber, steel, plastic, rubber or fiberglass, each material giving a unique finish. Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete and soon poured the material into moulds to build their network of aqueducts, is culverts. Modern uses for pre-cast technology include a variety of architectural and structural applications — including individual parts, in the modern world, precast panelled buildings were pioneered in Liverpool, England, in 1905. The process was invented by city engineer John Alexander Brodie, a genius who also invented the idea of the football goal net. The tram stables at Walton in Liverpool followed in 1906, the idea was not taken up extensively in Britain
3.
Embarcadero (San Francisco)
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The Embarcadero is the eastern waterfront and roadway of the Port of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, along San Francisco Bay. It was constructed on reclaimed land along a three mile long engineered seawall, from which extend into the bay. It derives its name from the Spanish verb embarcar, meaning to embark, the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 20,2002. The Embarcadero right-of-way begins at the intersection of Second and King Streets near AT&T Park, the Embarcadero continues north past the Ferry Building at Market Street, Pier 39, and Fishermans Wharf, before ending at Pier 45. A section of The Embarcadero which ran between Folsom Street and Drumm Street was formerly known as East Street, for three decades, until it was torn down in 1991, the Embarcadero Freeway dominated the area. As the city grew, the cove was filled, over fifty years a large offshore seawall was built and the mudflats filled, creating what today is San Franciscos Financial District. The San Francisco Belt Railroad, a short line railroad for freight, the roadway follows the seawall, a boundary first established in the 1860s and not completed until the 1920s. During the early-20th century when the seaport was at its busiest and before the construction of the Bay Bridge, piers 1, 1½,3 and 5 were dedicated chiefly to inland trade and transport. These connections facilitated the growth of communities in the Sacramento- and San Joaquin Valleys, today, these piers comprise the Central Embarcadero Piers Historic District. The Delta Queen docked at Pier 1½, ferrying people between San Francisco and Sacramento, there was once a pedestrian footbridge that connected Market Street directly with the Ferry building and a subterranean roadway to move cars below the plaza. During World War II, San Franciscos waterfront became a logistics center, troops, equipment. Almost every pier and wharf was involved in activities, with troop ships. However, after the completion of the Bay Bridge and the decline of ferries and the Ferry Building. The transition to container shipping, which moved most shipping to Oakland, automobile transit efforts led to the Embarcadero Freeway being built in the 1960s. This improved automobile access to the Bay Bridge, but detracted aesthetically from the city, for 30 years, the highway divided the waterfront and the Ferry Building from downtown. It was torn down in 1991, after being damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The sidewalk along the waterfront between China Basin and Fishermans Wharf was named Herb Caen Way, after the death of celebrated local columnist Herb Caen in 1997. The three dots, or ellipsis, deliberately are included in honor of columnist Herb Caens Pulitzer Prize winning writing style, a large public sculpture, Cupids Span by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, was installed in 2002 along the Rincon Park area
4.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
5.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
6.
Bono
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Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma
7.
Graffiti
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Graffiti are writing or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or painted illicitly on a wall or other surface, often within public view. Graffiti range from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and they have existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, in modern times, paint and marker pens have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owners permission is considered defacement and vandalism, Graffiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. Within hip hop culture, graffiti have evolved alongside hip hop music, b-boying, unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own form of graffiti to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials, law enforcement, both graffiti and its occasional singular form graffito are from the Italian word graffiato. Graffiti is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface, a related term is sgraffito, which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was used by potters who would glaze their wares. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, the word originates from Greek γράφειν — graphein — meaning to write. The term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, use of the word has evolved to include any graphics applied to surfaces in a manner that constitutes vandalism. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD, the first known example of modern style graffiti survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus. Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution, located near a mosaic and stone walkway, the graffiti shows a handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with a footprint and a number. This is believed to indicate that a brothel was nearby, with the handprint symbolizing payment, the ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt. Graffiti in the world had different connotations than they carry in todays society concerning content. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia of Nuceria, another shows a phallus accompanied by the text, mansueta tene. Etched on the surface of the Mirror Wall, they contain pieces of prose, poetry, the majority of these visitors appear to have been from the elite of society, royalty, officials, professions, and clergy. There were also soldiers, archers, and even some metalworkers, the topics range from love to satire, curses, wit, and lament. Many demonstrate a high level of literacy and a deep appreciation of art. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there, one reads, Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems
8.
Market Street (San Francisco)
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Market Street is a major thoroughfare in San Francisco, California. Beyond this point, the roadway continues as Portola Drive into the southwestern quadrant of San Francisco, Portola Drive extends south to the intersection of St. Francis Boulevard and Sloat Boulevard, where it continues as Junipero Serra Boulevard. Market Street is the boundary of two street grids, Streets on its southeast side are parallel or perpendicular to Market Street, while those on the northwest are nine degrees off from the cardinal directions. Market Street is a major artery for the city of San Francisco, and has carried in turn horse-drawn streetcars, cable cars, electric streetcars, electric trolleybuses. Today Munis buses, trolleybuses, and heritage streetcars share the street, while below the street the two-level Market Street Subway carries Muni Metro and Bay Area Rapid Transit. While cable cars no longer operate on Market Street, the cable car lines terminate to the side of the street at its intersections with California Street. Market Street cuts across the city for three miles from the waterfront to the hills of Twin Peaks and it was laid out originally by Jasper OFarrell, a 26-year-old trained civil engineer who emigrated to Yerba Buena. The town was renamed San Francisco in 1847 after it was captured by United States troops during the Mexican-American War, OFarrell first repaired the original layout of the settlement around Portsmouth Square and then established Market Street as the widest street in town,120 feet between property lines. It was described at the time as an arrow aimed straight at Los Pechos de la Chola, a friend warned OFarrell, before the crowd had dispersed. He rode with all haste to North Beach, took a boat for Sausalito and he found it discreet to remain some time in the country before venturing to return to the city. The city soon filled in the ground between Portsmouth Square and Happy Valley at First and Mission Street, the dunes were leveled and the sand used for fill. The first horsecar-powered railway line to open in San Francisco commenced running down the thoroughfare on July 4,1860, the two Union Railroad tracks were on the inside and the two San Francisco Municipal Railway tracks were on the outside. In 1892 The Owl Drug Company was established at 1128 Market Street, Market Street underwent major changes in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when Muni Metro service was moved underground in concert with the development of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system. Construction of the Market Street Subway commenced in July 1967, prolonged disruption to what had traditionally been the social and economic center of the city contributed to the decline of the mid-Market shopping district in later years. In 1980, Munis surface operations were partially routed underground with full service changes occurring in 1982, in the days of the first United Nations conferences, Anthony Eden, Molotov, Stettinius, and Bidault rode up Market Street, waving to the crowds of hopefuls. On Christmas Eve 1910, opera singer Luisa Tetrazzini sang a free concert to a crowd some estimated at 250,000. Another historic Market Street event was the New Years Eve celebration at the Ferry Building on December 31,1999, over 1.2 million people jammed Market Street and nearby streets for the raucous and peaceful turn-of-the-century celebration. The San Francisco Gay Pride parade runs down Market Street, attracting many people every year, victory parades celebrating the San Francisco Giants World Series titles were held on Market Street in 2010,2012, and 2014
9.
Hyatt Regency San Francisco
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Hyatt Regency San Francisco is a hotel located at the foot of Market Street and The Embarcadero in the financial district of San Francisco, California. The hotel is a part of the Embarcadero Center development by Trammell Crow, David Rockefeller, the Regency Club Lounge was once the Equinox, a rooftop revolving restaurant, but is now a stationary elite club for certain hotel guests offering 360-degree views of the city and the bay. The atrium holds the Guinness world record for the largest hotel lobby, with a length of 107 meters, width of 49 meters, in December 2013, the hotel was purchased by Aliso-Viejo, CA-based Sunstone Hotel Investors, Inc. for $262M. The Hyatt Regencys atrium lobby served as the lobby of the Glass Tower in 1974s The Towering Inferno. The Hotel was also featured in the 1977 Mel Brooks Comedy High Anxiety, the film Telefon from 1977, and in Time After Time, as well as being a setting for numerous films, the lobby is itself inspired by a film. Architect John Portman has stated that its design was suggested to him by viewing the 1935 science fiction film Things to Come, doar, D. Lhôtel Hyatt Regency à San Francisco. Hyatt Regency San Francisco official website
10.
Embarcadero Center
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There is an outdoor ice skating rink during winter months. Embarcadero Center sits on a 9. 8-acre site located off the Embarcadero in the district of San Francisco. Developed by Trammell Crow, David Rockefeller and John Portman, construction began with Tower One in 1971, with the last off-complex extension, Embarcadero West, completed in 1989. The 4.8 million square feet complex accommodates offices for 14,000 people along with mixed-use areas accommodating retail, dining, entertainment, Embarcadero Station Vaillancourt Fountain Peachtree Center, Atlanta Renaissance Center, Detroit Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles Woodbridge, Sally B. Official Embarcadero Center website 360 degree panoramic photographs of San Franciscos Embarcadero Center, from Don Bains 360° Panoramas
11.
San Francisco Ferry Building
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The San Francisco Ferry Building is a terminal for ferries that travel across the San Francisco Bay, a food hall and an office building. It is located on The Embarcadero in San Francisco, California, on top of the building is a 245-foot tall clock tower with four clock dials, each 22 feet in diameter, which can be seen from Market Street, a main thoroughfare of the city. Designed in 1892 by American architect A, Page Brown in the Beaux Arts style, the ferry building was completed in 1898. At its opening, it was the largest project undertaken in the city up to that time, Brown designed the clock tower after the 12th-century Giralda bell tower in Seville, Spain, and the entire length of the building on both frontages is based on an arched arcade. With decreased use since the 1950s, after bridges were constructed across the bay to carry passenger traffic, in 2002, a restoration and renovation were undertaken to redevelop the entire complex. The 660-foot long Great Nave was restored, together with its height, a marketplace was created on the ground floor, the former baggage handling area. The second and third floors were adapted for office and Port Commission use, during daylight, on every full and half-hour, the clock bell chimes portions of the Westminster Quarters. The ferry terminal is a designated San Francisco landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the present structure was designed in 1892 by A. Page Brown, a New York architect who had started with McKim, Mead & White, influenced by studies at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he designed the clock tower after the 12th-century Giralda bell tower in Seville, Spain. Brown designed it to satisfy needs of a society in high style associated with traditional buildings. The highest quality materials were used, such as marble and mosaics for the state seal, the 660-foot-long Great Nave on the second floor was the major public space for arriving and departing ferry passengers. Opened in 1898, the building replaced a wooden predecessor, the well-built reinforced building with its arched arcades survived both the 1906 and the 1989 earthquakes with little damage. It served as the destination for commuters to San Francisco from the East Bay, who rode the ferry fleets of the Southern Pacific, in the afternoon, they caught ferries returning across the bay. A loop track in front of the building enabled convenient transfers to streetcars, a large pedestrian bridge spanned the Embarcadero in front of the Ferry building to facilitate safe crossing of the busy plaza and transit hub. In the 1940s, this bridge was deconstructed to supply scrap metal for the Second World War. Until the completion of the Bay Bridge and Golden Gate Bridge in the 1930s, after the bridges opened, and the new Key System trains began running to the East Bay from the Transbay Terminal in 1939, passenger ferry use fell sharply. The formerly grand public space was reduced to a narrow and dark corridor, passengers were made to wait for ferries on outdoor benches, and the ticketing booths were moved to the pier. With the construction in the late 1950s of the Embarcadero Freeway, pedestrian access was treated as an afterthought, and the public was cut off from the waterfront
12.
San Francisco cable car system
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The San Francisco cable car system is the worlds last manually operated cable car system. An icon of San Francisco, the car system forms part of the intermodal urban transport network operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway. Of the 23 lines established between 1873 and 1890, only three remain, two routes from downtown near Union Square to Fishermans Wharf, and a route along California Street. While the cable cars are used to an extent by commuters. They are among the most significant tourist attractions in the city, along with Alcatraz Island, the Golden Gate Bridge, the cable cars are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The cable cars are not to be confused with San Franciscos heritage streetcars, which operate on Market Street, the first successful cable-operated street railway was the Clay Street Hill Railroad, which opened on August 2,1873. The promoter of the line was Hallidie, and the engineer was William Eppelsheimer, the line involved the use of grip cars, which carried the grip that engaged with the cable, towing trailer cars, the design was the first to use grips. The term grip became synonymous with the operator, the line started regular service on September 1,1873, and its success led it to become the template for other cable car transit systems. It was a success, and Hallidies patents were enforced on other cable car promoters. Accounts differ as to exactly how involved Hallidie was in the inception of the line, the next cable car line to open was the Sutter Street Railway, which converted from horse operation in 1877. This line introduced the side grip, and lever operation, both designed by Henry Casebolt and his assistant Asa Hovey, and patented by Henry Casebolt. This idea was brought about because Casebolt did not want to pay Hallidie royalties of $50,000 a year for use of his patent, the side grip allowed cable cars to cross at intersections. In 1878, Leland Stanford opened his California Street Cable Railroad and this companys first line was on California Street and is the oldest cable car line still in operation. In 1880, the Geary Street, Park & Ocean Railway began operation, the Presidio and Ferries Railway followed two years later, and was the first cable company to include curves on its routes. The curves were let-go curves, where the car drops the cable, in 1883, the Market Street Cable Railway opened its first line. This company was controlled by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was to grow to become San Franciscos largest cable car operator. At its peak, it operated five lines all of which converged into Market Street to a terminus at the Ferry Building, during rush hours, cars left that terminus every 15 seconds. In 1888, the Ferries and Cliff House Railway opened its initial two-line system, the Powell-Mason line is still operated on the same route today, their other route was the Powell-Washington-Jackson line, stretches of which are used by todays Powell-Hyde line
13.
California State Route 480
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SR480 was Interstate 480, an auxiliary route of the Interstate Highway System, from 1955 to 1965. The entire route was deleted in 1991 and its alignment was roughly along Lombard Street and the Embarcadero. Legislative Route 224, as well as Route 2 from Route 224 west to the junction with State Route 1 near the Golden Gate Bridge, was added to the Interstate Highway System on September 15,1955. This included the 1936 Doyle Drive, a freeway built to access the Golden Gate Bridge. After some discussion, the name Interstate 480 was assigned on November 10,1958, the first section of the Embarcadero Freeway, from the Bay Bridge approach north to Broadway, opened in 1959. As a consequence of the revolt, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed Resolution 45–59 in January 1959, opposing certain freeways. The freeway revolt continued after a new plan was proposed in 1964, with a major protest on May 17. Poet Kenneth Rexroth spoke at the rally, and folk singer Malvina Reynolds sang, the proposed unbuilt section as replanned in 1964 would have extended not from the Lombard St. exit of Doyle Drive along Lombard St. as originally planned in 1955, but from the Marina Blvd. In the 1964 renumbering, Route 480 was designated for the route of I-480. The route was deleted from the Interstate Highway System in January 1968, the short piece of former I-480 from the junction with new I-280 south to the Bay Bridge approach became part of I-280, now named the Southern Embarcadero Freeway. In the 1980s, opposition to the Embarcadero Freeway resurfaced in proposals to tear it down, on November 5,1985, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted to tear down the Embarcadero Freeway. The October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake significantly damaged the structure, causing it to be closed to traffic, Caltrans planned to retrofit and retain the double-decker freeway. Various groups in and outside the City supported the Caltrans plan, then-Mayor Art Agnos proposed demolishing the freeway in favor of a boulevard with an underpass at the Ferry Building to allow for a large plaza. Opposition to demolishing the freeway mounted again, with over 20,000 signatures gathered to create a ballot measure. Prior to the earthquake, the Embarcadero Freeway carried approximately 70,000 vehicles daily in the vicinity of the Ferry Building, another 40,000 vehicles per day used associated ramps at Main and Beale streets. The strongest opposition came from Chinatown and other north of downtown. Merchants in Chinatown had suffered a decline in business in the months immediately following the earthquake. Agnos continued to negotiate with federal and state officials to win funding to make the demolition practical
14.
History of San Francisco
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The history of the city of San Francisco, California, and its development as a center of maritime trade, were shaped by its location at the entrance to a large natural harbor. San Francisco is the name of both the city and the county, which share the same boundaries. Starting overnight as the base for the rush of 1849, the city quickly became the largest and most important population, commercial, naval. It was devastated by an earthquake and fire in 1906 but was quickly rebuilt. The San Francisco Federal Reserve Branch opened in 1914, and San Francisco is ranked sixth on the Global Financial Centres Index and has grown wealthier by its proximity to Silicon Valley. The earliest evidence of habitation in what is now the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Native Americans who settled in this region found the bay to be a resource for hunting and gathering, leading to the establishment of small villages. Collectively, these early Native Americans are now known as the Ohlone, and their trade patterns included places as far away as Baja California, the Mojave Desert and Yosemite. The earliest Europeans to reach the site of San Francisco were a Spanish exploratory party in 1769, led overland from Mexico by Don Gaspar de Portolà, the Spanish recognized the location, with its large natural harbor, to be of great strategic significance. A subsequent expedition, led by Juan Bautista de Anza, selected sites for military, the Presidio of San Francisco was established for the military, while Mission San Francisco de Asís began the cultural and religious conversion of some 10,000 Ohlone who lived in the area. The mission became known as Mission Dolores, because of its nearness to a named after Our Lady of Sorrows. The original plaza of the Spanish settlement remains as Portsmouth Square, todays city took its name from the mission, and Yerba Buena became the name of a San Francisco neighborhood now known as South of Market. The Moscone Center and Yerba Buena Gardens are in the Yerba Buena area, in addition, the name Yerba Buena was applied to the former Goat Island in the middle of San Francisco Bay, adjacent to Treasure Island. San Francisco became part of the United States with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, European visitors to the San Francisco Bay Area were preceded at least 8,000 years earlier by Native Americans. According to one anthropologist, the name for San Francisco was awaste, meaning. When the Spanish arrived, they found the area inhabited by the Yelamu tribe, the Ohlone speakers are distinct from Pomo speakers north of the San Francisco Bay, and are part of the Miwok group of languages. Their traditional territory stretched from Big Sur to the San Francisco Bay, miwok-speaking Indians also lived in Yosemite, and Ohlone-speakers intermarried with Chumash and Pomo speakers as well. The Spanish conquest of the San Francisco Bay area came later than to Southern California, a Spanish exploration party, led by Portolà and arriving on November 2,1769, was the first documented European sighting of San Francisco Bay
15.
Transamerica Pyramid
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The Transamerica Pyramid is the tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline. Its height is surpassed by Salesforce Tower, currently under construction, designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company, at 853 ft, on completion in 1972 it was the eighth tallest building in the world. The Transamerica building was commissioned by Transamerica CEO John R. Beckett, built on the site of the historic Montgomery Block, it has a structural height of 853 ft and has 48 floors of retail and office space. Construction began in 1969 and finished in 1972, and was overseen by San Francisco-based contractor Dinwiddie Construction, Transamerica moved its headquarters to the new building from across the street, where it had been based in a flatiron-shaped building now occupied by the Church of Scientology of San Francisco. Although the tower is no longer Transamerica Corporation headquarters, it is associated with the company and is depicted in the companys logo. The building is evocative of San Francisco and has one of the many symbols of the city. Designed by architect William Pereira, it faced opposition during planning, John King of the San Francisco Chronicle summed up the improved opinion of the building in 2009 as an architectural icon of the best sort - one that fits its location and gets better with age. The Transamerica Pyramid was the tallest skyscraper west of Chicago from 1972 to 1974 surpassing the then Bank of America Center and it was surpassed by the Aon Center in Los Angeles. The building is thought to have been the target of a foiled terrorist attack, involving the hijacking of airplanes as part of the Bojinka plot. In 1999, Transamerica was acquired by Dutch insurance company Aegon, when the non-insurance operations of Transamerica were later sold to GE Capital, Aegon retained the building as an investment. The Transamerica Pyramid has been the tallest skyscraper in San Francisco since 1972, the land use and zoning restrictions for the parcel limited the number of square feet of office that could be built upon the lot, which sits at the north boundary of the financial district. The building is a tall, four-sided pyramid with two wings to accommodate an elevator shaft on the east and a stairwell and a tower on the west. The top 212 feet of the building is the spire, there are four cameras pointed in the four cardinal directions at the top of this spire forming a virtual observation deck. Four monitors in the lobby, whose direction and zoom can be controlled by visitors, an observation deck on the 27th floor was closed after the September 11,2001 attacks, and replaced by the virtual observation deck. The top of the Transamerica Pyramid is covered with aluminum panels, the buildings façade is covered in crushed quartz, giving the building its light color. The four-story base contains 16,000 cu yd of concrete, the buildings foundation is 9 feet thick, the result of a 3-day, 24-hour continuous concrete pour. Several thousand dollars in quarters and change were thrown into the pit by observers surrounding the site at street level during the pouring, only two of the buildings 18 elevators reach the top floor. The original proposal was for a 1,150 ft building, the proposal was rejected by the city planning commission, saying it would interfere with views of San Francisco Bay from Nob Hill
16.
Lawrence Halprin
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Lawrence Halprin was an American landscape architect, designer and teacher. Beginning his career in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, in 1949 and these figures included William Wurster, Joseph Esherick, Vernon DeMars, Mario J. Ciampi, and others associated with UC Berkeley. Halprins career proved influential to a generation in his specific design solutions, his emphasis on user experience to develop those solutions. Modernism, as I define it and practice it, includes and is based on the vital archetypal needs of human being as individuals as well as social groups, in his best work, he construed landscape architecture as narrative. Halprin grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and as a schoolboy, being Jewish, he spent three of his teenage years in Israel on a kibbutz near what is today the Israeli port city of Haifa. He earned a B. A. at Cornell University, then he earned a second bachelors degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Design, where his professors included architects Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. His Harvard classmates included Philip Johnson and I. M. Pei, a visit to Taliesin, Frank Lloyd Wright’s studio in Wisconsin, had sparked Halprin’s initial interest in being a designer, and his formal training began in classes with Christopher Tunnard. In 1944, Halprin was commissioned in the United States Navy as a Lieutenant and he was assigned to the destroyer USS Morris in the Pacific which was struck by a kamikaze attack. After surviving the destruction of the Morris, Halprin was sent to San Francisco on leave and it was there he would stay following his discharge. After discharge from service, he joined the firm of San Francisco landscape architect Thomas Dolliver Church. The projects he worked on in this included the Dewey Donnell Garden in Sonoma County. Halprin opened his own office in 1949, becoming one of Churchs professional heirs and competitors, Halprins wife, accomplished avant-garde dancer Anna Halprin, is a long-time collaborator, with whom he explored the common areas between choreography and the way users move through a public space. They are the parents of Daria Halprin, an American psychologist, author, dancer, and actress, and of Rana Halprin, a photographer and activist for Romani and human rights. Halprins work is marked by his attention to scale, user experience. The Heritage Park Plaza in Fort Worth, Texas, designed by Halprin and built in 1980, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as its featured listing of the week, recently many of Halprins works have become the source of some controversy. Some have fallen victim to neglect, and are in states of disrepair, critics argue his pieces have become dated and no longer reflect the direction their cities want to take. Budgetary constraints and the urge to revitalize threaten some of his projects, in response foundations have been set up to improve care for some of the sites and to try to preserve them in their original state. He was the co-creator with his wife, the dancer Anna Halprin, of the RSVP Cycles, Halprins range of projects demonstrate his vision of the garden or open space as a stage. C
17.
Civic Center, San Francisco
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It has two large plazas and a number of buildings in classical architectural style. The Bill Graham Civic Auditorium, the United Nations Charter was signed in the War Memorial Veterans Buildings Herbst Theatre in 1945 and it is also where the 1951 Treaty of San Francisco was signed. The San Francisco Civic Center was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, the Civic Center is bounded by Market Street on the south, Franklin Street on the west, Turk Street on the north, and Leavenworth and Seventh streets on the east. The Civic Center was built in the early 20th century after a city hall was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake. Although the noted architect and urban planner Daniel Burnham had provided the city plans for a neo-classical Civic Center shortly before the 1906 earthquake. A temporary city hall was put up on Market Street, but planning for a permanent structure. The current civic center was planned by a group of local architects, the current City Hall was completed in 1915, in time for the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The War Memorial Opera House and its twin, the War Memorial Veterans Building, the Main Library. During World War II, Army barracks and Victory gardens were constructed in the plaza in front of City Hall. The Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall and Harold L. Zellerbach Rehearsal Hall were added in 1980, the 1990s saw the construction of a new Main Library with the conversion of the old Main Library building into the Asian Art Museum, and the removal of all public benches. In 1998, the city officially renamed part of the plaza the Joseph L. Alioto Performing Arts Piazza after the former mayor. Its central location, vast open space, and the collection of government buildings have made and it has been the scene of massive anti-war protests and rallies since the Korean War. It was also the scene of major moments of the Gay Rights Movement, activist Harvey Milk held rallies and gave speeches there. After his assassination on November 27,1978, a candlelight vigil was held there. Later, it was the scene of the White Night Riots in response to the lenient sentencing of Dan White, recently, Civic Center was the center point of the Gay Marriage activism, as Mayor Gavin Newsom married couples there. The centerpiece of the Civic Center is the City Hall, which heads the complex, the section of the street in front of the building was renamed for Dr. Carlton B. Goodlett, a local African American activist, across the street on McAllister Street is the headquarters of the Supreme Court of California. Across from that building is the Asian Art Museum, opened in 2004 in the building of the San Francisco Library which is now in a newer building constructed in 1995
18.
Pentagon
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In geometry, a pentagon is any five-sided polygon or 5-gon. The sum of the angles in a simple pentagon is 540°. A pentagon may be simple or self-intersecting, a self-intersecting regular pentagon is called a pentagram. A regular pentagon has Schläfli symbol and interior angles are 108°, a regular pentagon has five lines of reflectional symmetry, and rotational symmetry of order 5. The diagonals of a regular pentagon are in the golden ratio to its sides. The area of a regular convex pentagon with side length t is given by A = t 225 +1054 =5 t 2 tan 4 ≈1.720 t 2. A pentagram or pentangle is a regular star pentagon and its sides form the diagonals of a regular convex pentagon – in this arrangement the sides of the two pentagons are in the golden ratio. The area of any polygon is, A =12 P r where P is the perimeter of the polygon. Substituting the regular pentagons values for P and r gives the formula A =12 ×5 t × t tan 2 =5 t 2 tan 4 with side length t, like every regular convex polygon, the regular convex pentagon has an inscribed circle. The apothem, which is the r of the inscribed circle. Like every regular polygon, the regular convex pentagon has a circumscribed circle. For a regular pentagon with successive vertices A, B, C, D, E, the regular pentagon is constructible with compass and straightedge, as 5 is a Fermat prime. A variety of methods are known for constructing a regular pentagon, one method to construct a regular pentagon in a given circle is described by Richmond and further discussed in Cromwells Polyhedra. The top panel shows the construction used in Richmonds method to create the side of the inscribed pentagon, the circle defining the pentagon has unit radius. Its center is located at point C and a midpoint M is marked halfway along its radius and this point is joined to the periphery vertically above the center at point D. Angle CMD is bisected, and the bisector intersects the axis at point Q. A horizontal line through Q intersects the circle at point P, to determine the length of this side, the two right triangles DCM and QCM are depicted below the circle. Using Pythagoras theorem and two sides, the hypotenuse of the triangle is found as 5 /2
19.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
20.
Quebec sovereignty movement
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The Quebec sovereignty movement is a political movement as well as an ideology of values, concepts and ideas that advocates independence for the Canadian province of Quebec. Several diverse political groups coalesced in the late 1960s in the formation of the Parti Québécois, since 1968 the party has appealed for constitutional negotiations on the matter of provincial sovereignty, in addition to holding two provincial referendums on the matter. Approximately 60% of Quebecs voting public rejected the idea put forth by Parti Québécois leader René Lévesque, the response was again in the negative, though this time by a far closer margin, with a mere 50. 58% against the proposal. Though the Parti Québécois has long spearheaded the sovereignty movement, they are not alone, other minority provincial political parties, such as Option nationale and Québec Solidaire, also support sovereignty, but are not always supportive of the Parti Québécois. Thus, Quebec politics is divided into two camps, principally opposed over the sovereignty issue. Quebec sovereignty is politically opposed to the ideology of Canadian federalism. Most groups within this movement seek to gain independence through peaceful means, using negotiation-based diplomatic intervention, the primary mainstream political vehicle for the movement is the Parti Québécois, which has governed Quebec on multiple occasions. In 2012 it was elected to a minority government, in which its leader, Pauline Marois, however, only eighteen months later, the PQ was defeated by the Liberal Party of Quebec in the 2014 election. The term independentist is preferred by some supporters, other distinguishing factors, such as religious differences, are also used to justify either separation or ethno-nationalist social policies advocated by the Parti Québécois. It argues that the people of Quebec are the descendants of a people who are due their national sovereignty. This perspective was popular in the 1950s and 1960s when European countries were giving up their colonies in the name of independence throughout much of Africa, eight of the other Canadian provinces are overwhelmingly English-speaking, while New Brunswick is officially bilingual and about one-third Francophone. Another rationale is based on resentment of anti-Quebec sentiment, with regard to the creation of the sovereignist movement, language issues were but a sub-stratum of larger cultural, social and political differences. Many supporters of Quebec sovereignty often compare their situation with Catalonia in regards to Spain, supporters of sovereignty for Quebec believe that the current relationship between Quebec and the rest of Canada does not reflect Quebecs best social, political and economic development interests. A key component in the argument in favour of political independence is that new legislation. This was a move to recognize that other provinces represent distinct cultural entities, perhaps the most significant basis of support for Quebecs sovereignty movement lies in more recent political events. René Lévesque, architect of the first referendum on sovereignty, claimed a willingness to work for change in the Canadian framework after the federalist victory in the referendum of 1980. This approach was dubbed le beau risque, and it led to ministers of the Lévesques government to resign in protest. The 1982 patriation of the Canadian constitution did not solve the issue in the point of view of the majority of sovereignists, the constitutional amendment of 1982 was agreed to by representatives from 9 of the 10 provinces
21.
Thomas Hoving
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Thomas Pearsall Field Hoving was an American museum executive and consultant and the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. As recounted in his memoir, Making the Mummies Dance, these experiences would be invaluable in his later dealings with the Mets donors. After a tumultuous adolescence including schooling at Manhattans Buckley School, Eaglebrook School in Massachusetts and he received a B. A. in 1953, a M. F. A. in 1958, and a Ph. D. in 1959, all from Princeton University. As an undergraduate he majored in art and archaeology and supplemented his studies with trips to New York City to draw at the Art Students League. He went to work for the Met in 1959, serving on the staff of the department at The Cloisters until 1965. He assumed the directorship on March 17,1967 and presided over an expansion and renovation of the museum. He left the Met on June 30,1977 to start an independent consulting firm for museums, from 1978 to 1984 he was an arts correspondent for the ABC newsmagazine 20/20. Additionally, in 1999, he wrote the text for the Art For Dummies book in the. For Dummies series, Hoving appeared in Who the *$&% Is Jackson Pollock. Hoving was the subject of the profile in A Roomful of Hovings and Other Profiles. Hoving died of cancer at his home in Manhattan, New York City on December 10,2009. His tenure at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was characterized by his approach to expanding the Mets collections. The expansion of the Met during Hovings directorship was not confined to its collections, at one point, he even floated a plan to remove the Mets great staircase leading from the central lobby to the second-floor galleries. In July 1976, Hoving visited Egypt to negotiate terms of the traveling exhibition, tom Hoving, The Daily Telegraph, Friday 11 December 2009. Thomas Hoving records at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Archives, false Impressions, The Hunt for Big-Time Art Fakes. Making the Mummies Dance, Inside the Metropolitan Museum of Art, king of the Confessors, A New Appraisal. Simon & Schuster, New York,1981, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Outdoorsman of the Big City, Life, April 29,1966
22.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
23.
The Joshua Tree Tour
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The Joshua Tree Tour was a concert tour by the Irish rock band U2, which took place during 1987, in support of their album The Joshua Tree. The tour was depicted by the video and live album Live from Paris and in the film and part-live album Rattle and this tours opening night was 2 April at Arizona State Universitys Activity Center in Tempe, Arizona. The day before the night, Bono had partially lost his voice. He asked the audience to him sing the majority of the set. He had fully regained his voice for the second of the two shows at the arena on 4 April, the first leg took place in American indoor arenas during April and May. The 29 concerts generated US$7,501,329 with a total of 465,452 tickets sold,1,063 tickets from Las Vegas remained unsold equating to a 99. 77% sellout for the 1st American leg. The first leg finished with 5 concerts at the Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford between 11 and 16 May, the second leg in European arenas and outdoor stadiums ran from late May through to early August, starting at the Stadio Flaminio in Rome on 27 May. The final show of the European leg is at Páirc Uí Chaoimh in Cork on 8 August, the third leg returned to American and Canadian arenas and stadiums in the autumn. The tour ended on 20 December back where it started in Tempe, Arizona, on 30 April, the band played the Pontiac Silverdome, their first headlining stadium show in the United States. While the shows reviews were positive, they said that a screen is necessary for people at the back. U2 production manager, Willie Williams, recalls the debate within the band about the use of screens, the Joshua Tree Tour sold out stadiums around the world, the first time the band had consistently played venues of that size. The Joshua Tree and its singles had become hits and the band had reached a new height in their popularity. Tickets for shows were very hard to get, especially on the first American leg when they only played in arenas. That first leg was organised around multiple-night stands in centres of U2 fandom along the two U. S. coasts, with only a very few dates in the middle of the country. These multiple-night stands also featured a set list twist. The house lights would then stay up for Pride, only going off at the end of it, the new level of fame, exposure and the frantic nature of the tour put the U2 organisation under a large amount of stress. The 79 North American shows on the tour sold 2,035,539 tickets, in total, the tour grossed US$40 million and drew 3 million attendees. At Wembley Stadium in London, Bono sang The Beatles Help, dedicating it to those in the audience who were dreading another five years of the recently re-elected Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher
24.
Cow Palace
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Cow Palace is an indoor arena located in Daly City, California, situated on the citys border with neighboring San Francisco. Completed in 1941, it hosted the San Francisco Warriors of the NBA from 1962 to 1964, the Warriors temporarily returned to the Cow Palace to host the 1975 NBA Finals due to the fact that the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena was booked for an Ice Follies performance. It was the site of both the 1956 Republican National Convention and the 1964 Republican National Convention, during the 1960s and 1970s, the SF Examiner Games, a world-class indoor track and field meet, was held annually at the Cow Palace. From 1966 until 1999, the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus visited the Cow Palace, joined in later years by what is now Disney on Ice, the arena seats 11,089 for ice hockey and 12,953 for basketball. When the Warriors played there its basketball capacity was just over 15,000 and it has also been the home of the annual Grand National Rodeo, Horse & Stock Show since 1941. The venue hosted the 1960 mens NCAA basketball Final Four and the 1967 NBA All-Star Game, sesame Street Live has been held at the Cow Palace since the early 1980s, as has Champions on Ice. In recent years the Cow Palace has been the Bay Area stop for the Cirque du Soleil, the idea for the arena was inspired by the popularity of the livestock pavilion at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition. A local newspaper asked, as early as May 1935, Why, a headline writer turned the phrase around, thus Cow Palace. Dont Spurn “Cow Palace Almost ever since the Panama Pacific International Exposition twenty years ago San Francisco has been talking about holding an annual livestock show and it has made a few attempts in temporary quarters. For the past few years agitation has been active until now there is a possibility of establishing a million-dollar stock show plant in Visitacion Valley. Instead of doing what they can toward accomplishing this worthy enterprise there seems to be an effort on the part of many misguided souls to decry what they call a “cow palace. San Francisco has expended plenty in San Mateo county, the most recent investment of prominence being the new county jail and that is a better proposition than many other cities have even been offered when they came to lay out an agricultural exposition grounds. They bring country dollars to town as well as pry loose some of the money that comes out for a different type of amusement. The great good that is done for the industry, which in turn is for the ultimate benefit of the consumer. Instead of spoofing the “million dollar cow palace” the city papers and organizations should get behind it 100 per cent. Sausalito News, during World War II, though, the arena was used for processing soldiers bound for the Pacific Theater. The arena is used for the Grand National Rodeo today. The San Francisco Warriors of the National Basketball Association called the Cow Palace home from 1962 to 1964, the franchise then moved across the bay to the new Oakland Coliseum Arena and changed their name to Golden State Warriors. The Warriors lost to the Boston Celtics in the 1964 NBA Finals, the 1967 NBA Finals between San Francisco and the Philadelphia 76ers saw three games held at the Cow Palace
25.
Black Monday (1987)
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In finance, Black Monday refers to Monday, October 19,1987, when stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a huge value in a very short time. The crash began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell exactly 508 points to 1,738.74. In Australia and New Zealand, the 1987 crash is referred to as Black Tuesday because of the time zone difference. The stock market advanced significantly, with the Dow peaking in August 1987 at 2,722 points, further financial uncertainty may have resulted from the collapse of OPEC in early 1986, which led to crude oil price decreasing by more than 50% by mid-1986. On October 14, the DJIA dropped 95.46 points to 2,412.70, on Thursday, October 15,1987, Iran hit the American-owned supertanker, the Sungari, with a Silkworm missile off Kuwaits main Mina Al Ahmadi oil port. The next morning, Iran hit another ship, the U. S. -flagged MV Sea Isle City, with another Silkworm missile. On Friday, October 16, when all the markets in London were unexpectedly closed due to the Great Storm of 1987, then-Treasury Secretary James Baker stated concerns about the falling prices. Later that morning, two U. S. warships shelled an Iranian oil platform in the Persian Gulf in response to Irans Silkworm missile attack on the Sea Isle City. By the end of October, stock markets in Hong Kong, Australia, Spain, the United Kingdom, New Zealands market was hit especially hard, falling about 60% from its 1987 peak, and taking several years to recover. The Black Monday decline was—and currently remains—the largest one-day percentage decline in the DJIA, however, the economy was barely affected and growth actually increased throughout 1987 and 1988, with the DJIA regaining its pre-crash closing high of 2,722 points in early 1989. This, along with the demise of the leveraged buyout craze brought a five-year depression late that year. Possible causes for the decline included program trading, overvaluation, illiquidity, a popular explanation for the 1987 crash was selling by program traders, most notably as a reaction to the computerized selling required by portfolio insurance hedges. However, economist Dean Furbush points out that the biggest price drops occurred when trading volume was light, in program trading, computers perform rapid stock executions based on external inputs, such as the price of related securities. Common strategies implemented by program trading involve an attempt to engage in arbitrage, as computer technology became more available, the use of program trading grew dramatically within Wall Street firms. After the crash, many blamed program trading strategies for blindly selling stocks as markets fell, some economists theorized the speculative boom leading up to October was caused by program trading, and that the crash was merely a return to normalcy. Either way, program trading ended up taking the majority of the blame in the eye for the 1987 stock market crash. Congressman Edward J. Markey, who had been warning about the possibility of a crash, New York Universitys Richard Sylla divides the causes into macroeconomic and internal reasons. Macroeconomic causes included international disputes about foreign exchange and interest rates, the internal reasons included innovations with index futures and portfolio insurance
26.
Pride (In the Name of Love)
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Pride is a song by Irish rock band U2. The second track on the bands 1984 album, The Unforgettable Fire, it was released as the albums lead single in September 1984. Written about Martin Luther King, Jr. the song received mixed reviews at the time. Pride appeared on the compilation The Best of 1980-1990 as the opening track, the song ranked number 388 on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. The melody and the chords were worked up in a November 1983 War Tour sound check in Hawaii, the guitar part is subtly varied through each verse, chorus, and melody, such that no riff is exactly repeated. The song had been intended to be based on Ronald Reagans pride in Americas military power, in subsequent years, Bono has expressed his dissatisfaction with the lyrics, which he describes, along with another Unforgettable Fire song Bad, as being left as simple sketches. In U2 by U2, Bono said, I looked at how glorious that song was and thought and its just a load of vowel sounds ganging up on a great man. It is emotionally very articulate - if you didnt speak English, the song contains the erroneous reference to Kings shooting as Early morning, April 4, when it actually occurred after 6 p. m. Bono acknowledges the error and in live performances he occasionally changes the lyric to Early evening, chrissie Hynde of the Pretenders sang backing vocals on the recording. She was married to Jim Kerr of Simple Minds at the time, Pride is in the key of B. The song follows a progression of B-E–A–F♯m and the solo is B–D–E–E. Pride reached #3 on the UK Singles Chart and #8 on the Dutch Singles Chart, the song was the bands first top 40 hit in the United States where it peaked at #33. It gained considerable US album-oriented rock radio airplay and its video was on rotation on MTV. It reached #1 in New Zealand, the first time a U2 single topped a countrys singles chart, initial critical reactions to Pride were mixed, especially in regards to the lyrics. Robert Christgau in The Village Voice complained of the moralism with the glorification of Martin Luther Kings martyrdom. Meanwhile, Kurt Loder of Rolling Stone wrote that Pride gets over only on the strength of its resounding beat and big, droning bass line, not on the nobility of its lyrics, which are unremarkable. But the 1984 Pazz & Jop poll of 240 music critics ranked Pride as the 12th best single of year, a higher ranking than the overall album. The singles ranking remained the highest of any U2 single until One achieved 8th in 1992, and in 1989, Spin named the song the 65th-greatest single in history
27.
Dianne Feinstein
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Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein is the senior United States Senator from California. A member of the Democratic Party, she has served in the Senate since 1992 and she also served as the 38th Mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988. Born in San Francisco, Feinstein graduated from Stanford University in 1955 with a B. A. in history, in the 1960s she worked in city government, and in 1970 she was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She served as the boards first female president in 1978, during which time the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone, during her tenure as San Franciscos first female mayor she led a revamp of the citys cable car system and oversaw the 1984 Democratic National Convention. After a failed campaign in 1990, she won a 1992 special election to the U. S. Senate. Feinstein was first elected on the ballot as her peer Barbara Boxer. Feinstein was the author of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban which expired in 2004, in 2013 she introduced a new assault weapons bill, which failed to pass. Feinstein is the first and only woman to have chaired the Senate Rules Committee and the Select Committee on Intelligence from 2009 to 2015 and she is the only woman to have presided over a U. S. presidential inauguration. At the age of 83, Feinstein is the oldest currently serving United States Senator, Feinstein was born Dianne Emiel Goldman in San Francisco, to Betty, a former model, and Leon Goldman, a surgeon. Feinstein graduated from Convent of the Sacred Heart High School, San Francisco in 1951, prior to elected service, Feinstein was appointed by then-California Governor Pat Brown to serve as a member of the California Womens Parole Board. Feinstein also served as a fellow at the Coro Foundation in San Francisco, in 1969, Feinstein was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. She remained on the Board for nine years and she was elected president of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1978 with initial opposition from Quentin Kopp. Feinstein was close by in City Hall at the time of the shootings and discovered Milks body after hearing the gunshots, both Mayor Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk have been shot and killed. Feinstein appears in footage and is credited in the Academy Award-winning documentary film The Times of Harvey Milk. She appears again briefly in footage, announcing the death of Moscone. Feinstein and her position as President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors are also alluded to several times in the movie, as President of the Board of Supervisors upon the death of Moscone, Feinstein succeeded to the mayoralty on December 4,1978. Feinstein served out the remainder of Moscones term and she made no staffing changes to his team until she was elected in her own right in 1979. She was re-elected in 1983 and served a second term
28.
Paul McGuinness
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Paul McGuinness is the main shareholder and founder of Principle Management Limited, a popular music act management company based in Dublin, in the Republic of Ireland. He was the manager of the band U2 from 1978 to 2013, and is the current manager of PJ Harvey, and The Rapture. McGuinness was born in a British military hospital at Rinteln, Westphalia in Germany, his father and his mother Sheila McGuinness née Lyne, was a schoolteacher from Lauragh, County Kerry, Ireland. There were three children in the family, Paul, Niall and Katy, McGuinness received his early formal education in Ireland at the private Jesuit boarding school Clongowes Wood College. From there he went on to Trinity College, Dublin University, before becoming involved with U2, he worked as a film technician on productions such as John Boormans Zardoz. For a time, he also managed folk-rock group Spud and he was nicknamed by The Prunes as The Goose, according to Bono in the book U2 by U2. Bono said, The Prunes came up with a name for Paul and he founded Principle Management Limited on 29 Mar 1984, the name being chosen because he wanted to be more principled than other managers. In 1985, McGuinness commissioned Eamon Dunphy to write the story of U2s early years, the book Unforgettable Fire – The Story of U2 was published in 1987. McGuinness and Bill Whelan set up a publishing company called McGuinness/Whelan Publishing in the late 1980s. In 2002 McGuinness was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the Meteor Music Awards at Point Theatre Dublin and U2 won the best Irish Band Award. As a result of the cap on tax exemption in Ireland, in June 2006 McGuinness advised U2 to move its song publishing assets to Promogroup in The Netherlands. Noted for his business acumen, he has been responsible for U2 3D concert films, U2-branded iPods, sponsorship from BlackBerry and the first ever concert streamed live on YouTube. He is regarded as the member of U2, although in an interview with the Irish Press in 1985. He is also regarded as one of the most successful managers in the music business, McGuinness stepped down as manager of U2 after 34 years on 13 November 2013, with Madonnas manager Guy Oseary succeeding him in 2014. He was a partner of TV3 and is a director of Ardmore Studios. He became a member of the Arts Council of Ireland on 1 January 1988, having been nominated by Charles Haughey and he is an advocate on behalf of artists, record labels and music publishers. Oracle, and Facebook of building multi billion dollar industries on the back of our content without paying for it, McGuinness, alongside Eamon Dunphy and others, was involved in a consortium proposing and backing the relocation of Wimbledon F. C. to Dublin in the 1990s. The move to Dublin did not happen, with Wimbledon F. C. eventually moving to Milton Keynes, McGuinness married Kathy Gilfillan in 1977
29.
KGO (AM)
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KGO is a commercial AM radio station licensed to San Francisco, California. It is one of two Talk radio stations in the San Francisco Bay Area owned by Cumulus Media, while KSFO airs mostly nationally syndicated talk hosts, KGO runs mostly local hosts on weekdays. KGO operates with 50,000 watts, the highest power permitted AM radio stations by the Federal Communications Commission, but it uses a directional antenna to protect the other Class A station on 810 kHz, WGY in Schenectady, New York. Most nights, using a radio, KGO can be heard throughout the Western United States east to the Rocky Mountains, and in Northern Mexico, Western Canada. KGO operated as the West Coast flagship radio station of the American Broadcasting Company until the group was purchased by Citadel Broadcasting in 2007. The station became part of Cumulus Media, following its 2011 merger with Citadel, KGO has its studios in the SoMa portion of San Franciscos Financial District. Before Cumulus took over the station, it was based in the building as its former television partner KGO-TV Channel 7 at the ABC Broadcast Center. Its transmitter site is based in Newark near the Dumbarton Bridge, two of KGOs three towers partially collapsed during the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17,1989. KGO was first known as the Sunset Station, at time it operated with a then-impressive 1000 watts. The stations music, which was performed by other local orchestras and vocalists. Due to GEs involvement in RCA and RCAs launch of the NBC radio network, see the KNBR entry for a fuller discussion of NBCs San Francisco radio operations. In order to obtain a clear channel in Schenectady, New York, for what would become the present-day WGY, WGY would assume the maximum permissible power, and KGO would be lowered in power to 7.5 kW. That was then lower than the minimum power for a clear channel station. Therefore, GE effectively removed from the West one of its eight clear channels and added another clear channel to the East, thereby giving the East nine cleared channels, the other regions in the Band Plan all retained their allotted eight cleared channels. In 1941, stations on 790 kHz, including WGY and KGO, were moved to 810 kHz to comply with the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement also known as NARBA. On December 1,1947, KGO was directionalized and its power was increased to 50 kW, an article in Broadcasting magazine noted that the increase retired the nations oldest regularly operating transmitter—a 7, 500-watter. in use since Jan. When the Federal Communications Commission forced NBC to sell one of its two networks, KGOs license switched from Radio Corporation of America to the Blue Network, Inc. effective January 23,1942. The NBC Blue Network simply dropped NBC from its name to become the Blue Network, KGO would become a founding station of the nascent ABC Radio Network as a result
30.
Rattle and Hum
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Rattle and Hum is the sixth studio album by Irish rock band U2, and a companion rockumentary film directed by Phil Joanou, both released in 1988. The film and the album feature live recordings, covers, to a greater extent than on their previous album, The Joshua Tree, the band explores American roots music and incorporates elements of blues rock, folk rock, and gospel music in their sound. The motion picture was filmed primarily in the United States in late 1987 during The Joshua Tree Tour, although Rattle and Hum was intended to represent the band paying tribute to rock legends, some critics accused U2 of trying to place themselves amongst the ranks of these artists. While critical reception was mixed, the album was a success, reaching the number one spot in several countries. While in Hartford during the 1987 The Joshua Tree Tour, U2 met film director Phil Joanou who made a pitch to the band to make a feature-length documentary about the tour. Joanou suggested they hire Martin Scorsese, Jonathan Demme, or George Miller to direct the film, Joanou met the band again in Dublin to discuss the plans and again in France in September before the band chose him as director. The movie was originally titled U2 in the Americas and the band planned to film in Chicago and it was later decided that the Chicago venue wasnt suitable, and instead U2 used the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver to film. Following the success of Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky, which had filmed in Denver four years earlier. With production problems and estimated costs of $1.2 million the band cancelled the plans for December concerts in South America, at the suggestions of concert promoter, Barry Fey, the band instead booked the Sun Devil Stadium in Arizona. The movie is a rockumentary, which was financed by the band. After going over budget, the film was bought by Paramount Pictures and released in theatres in 1988 and it was produced by Michael Hamlyn and directed by Phil Joanou. Paul Wasserman served as the publicist and it incorporates live footage with studio outtakes and band interviews. The album is a mix of material and new studio recordings that furthers the bands experimentation with American music styles and recognises many of their musical influences. It was produced by Jimmy Iovine and also released in 1988, the title, Rattle and Hum, is taken from a lyric from Bullet the Blue Sky, the fourth track on The Joshua Tree. Several vinyl copies have the message We Love You A. L. K. Etched into side one, a reference to the production manager Anne Louise Kelly. The album opens with a cover of The Beatles Helter Skelter. Its inclusion on the album was intended by the band to reflect the confusion of The Joshua Tree Tour, Bono opens Helter Skelter with this statement, this is a song Charles Manson stole from The Beatles
31.
All Along the Watchtower
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All Along the Watchtower is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. The song initially appeared on his 1967 album John Wesley Harding, since the late 1970s, he has performed it in concert more than any of his other songs. Different versions appear on four of Dylans live albums, covered by numerous artists in various genres, All Along the Watchtower is strongly identified with the interpretation Jimi Hendrix recorded for Electric Ladyland with the Jimi Hendrix Experience. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original recording, following a motorcycle accident in July 1966, Dylan spent the next 18 months recuperating at his home in Woodstock and writing songs. According to Clinton Heylin, all the songs for John Wesley Harding were written, with one child born in early 1966 and another in mid-1967, Dylan had settled into family life. Dylan recorded All Along the Watchtower on November 6,1967, at Columbia Studio A in Nashville, Tennessee, the same studio where he had completed Blonde on Blonde in the spring of the previous year. Accompanying Dylan, who played guitar and harmonica, were two Nashville veterans from the Blonde on Blonde sessions, Charlie McCoy on bass guitar and Kenneth Buttrey on drums. The producer was Bob Johnston, who produced Dylans two previous albums, Highway 61 Revisited in 1965 and Blonde on Blonde in 1966, the final version of All Along the Watchtower resulted from two different takes during the second of three John Wesley Harding sessions. The session opened with five takes of the song, the third, and he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen, and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground. Commenting on the songs on his album John Wesley Harding, in an interview published in the music magazine Sing Out. Critics have described Dylans version as a masterpiece of understatement and that cataclysm is rendered scarily palpable through the dervish whirls of guitar. Dylan has a lot to answer for there, because after a while he discovered that he could get away with anything—he was Bob Dylan and people would take whatever he wrote on faith. So he could do something like All Along the Watchtower, which is simply a mistake from the title on down, a watchtower is not a road or a wall, and you cant go along it. John Wesley Harding came out at the end of 1967, on December 27, the song was the second single from the album, released on November 22,1968, but did not chart. A live recording of All Along the Watchtower from the album Before the Flood appeared as the B side of Most Likely You Go Your Way in 1974. The recordings came from separate concerts earlier that year at the Forum outside Los Angeles, Dylan first performed the song live on January 3,1974, in Chicago on the opening night of his comeback tour. From this first live performance, Dylan has consistently performed the song closer to Hendrixs version than to his own original recording, in The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, critic Michael Gray wrote that this is the most often performed of all of Dylans songs. By Grays count, Dylan had performed the song in concert 1,393 times by the end of 2003, according to Dylans own website, through 2015 he had performed the song 2,257 times
32.
Bob Dylan
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Bob Dylan is an American songwriter, singer, painter, and writer. He has been influential in music and culture for more than five decades. Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s, when his songs chronicled social unrest, early songs such as Blowin in the Wind and The Times They Are a-Changin became anthems for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement. Leaving behind his initial base in the American folk music revival, his six-minute single Like a Rolling Stone, recorded in 1965, Dylans lyrics incorporate a wide range of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture, initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica, backed by a changing lineup of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, since 1994, Dylan has published seven books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries. As a musician, Dylan has sold more than 100 million records and he has also received numerous awards including eleven Grammy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and an Academy Award. Dylan has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Minnesota Music Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a citation for his profound impact on popular music and American culture. In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, in 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition. Bob Dylan was born Robert Allen Zimmerman in St. Marys Hospital on May 24,1941, in Duluth, Minnesota and he has a younger brother, David. Dylans paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa, in the Russian Empire and his maternal grandparents, Ben and Florence Stone, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902. Dylans father, Abram Zimmerman – an electric-appliance shop owner – and mother, Beatrice Beatty Stone, were part of a small, close-knit Jewish community. They lived in Duluth until Robert was six, when his father had polio and the returned to his mothers hometown, Hibbing. In his early years he listened to the radio—first to blues and country stations from Shreveport, Louisiana, and later and he formed several bands while attending Hibbing High School. In the Golden Chords, he performed covers of songs by Little Richard and their performance of Danny & the Juniors Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone. In 1959, his high school yearbook carried the caption Robert Zimmerman, the same year, as Elston Gunnn, he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and clapping
33.
Jimi Hendrix
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James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music, born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division, within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hey Joe, Purple Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues and he favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped to popularize the use of a pedal in mainstream rock. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented, Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as a sound source. Hendrix was the recipient of several awards during his lifetime. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, Jimi Hendrix was of African American descent. Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African Americans and his paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose Moore, was African American and one-quarter Cherokee. On June 10,1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix, in 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter at a dance in Seattle, they married on March 31,1942. Al, who had been drafted by the U. S. Army to serve in World War II, Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27,1942, in Seattle, he was the first of Lucilles five children. In 1946, Johnnys parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and he spent two months locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his sons birth. During Als three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son, when Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received a discharge from the U. S. Army on September 1,1945. After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished and they both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home and his relationship with his brother Leon was close but precarious, with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three siblings, Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela,1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care
34.
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
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The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in Northern California on October 17 at 5,04 p. m. local time. With a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX, no surface faulting occurred, though a large number of other ground failures and landslides were present, especially in the Summit area of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Due to the coverage of the 1989 World Series, it became the first major earthquake in the United States that was broadcast live on national television. Andrew Lawson, a geologist from the University of California, Berkeley, had named the fault after the San Andreas Lake and later led an investigation into that event. The San Andreas Fault ruptured for a length of 290 mi during the 1906 shock, several long term forecasts for a large shock along the San Andreas Fault in that area had been made public prior to 1989 but the earthquake that transpired was not what had been anticipated. The 1989 Loma Prieta event originated on an undiscovered oblique-slip reverse fault that is located adjacent to the San Andreas Fault, since many forecasts had been presented for the region near Loma Prieta, seismologists were not taken by surprise by the October 1989 event. Two moderate shocks, referred to as the Lake Elsman earthquakes by the USGS, occurred in the Santa Cruz Mountains region in June 1988, each events aftershock sequence and effect on stress drop was closely examined, and their study indicated that the shocks affected the mainshocks rupture process. The June 27,1988, shock occurred with an intensity of VI. Its effects included broken windows in Los Gatos, and other damage in Holy City. Farther away from the Santa Cruz Mountains, pieces of concrete fell from a structure at the Sunnyvale Town Center. More moderate damage resulted from the August 8,1989, shock when chimneys were toppled in Cupertino, Los Gatos, other damage included cracked walls and foundations and broken underground pipes. At the office of the Los Gatos City Manager, a window that was cracked had also broken in the earlier shock. Also in Los Gatos, one man died when he exited a building through a window, the Loma Prieta earthquake was named for Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which lies just to the east of the mainshock epicenter. At sites with rocky terrain, the duration was shorter and the shaking was much less intense, the strong motion records also allowed for the causative fault to be determined – the rupture was related to the San Andreas Fault System. While a Mercalli Intensity of VIII covered a large swath of territory relatively close to the further to the north. At more than 44 miles distant, the San Francisco Bay Area recorded peak horizontal accelerations that were as high as 0. 26g, in a general way, the location of aftershocks of the event delineated the extent of the faulting, which extended about 24 miles in length. Because the rupture took place bilaterally, the duration of strong shaking was about half of what it would have been had it ruptured in one direction only, the duration of a typical M6.9 shock with a comparable rupture length would have been about twice as long. Gregory Beroza, a seismologist with Stanford University, made several distinctions regarding the 1906 and 1989 events, near Loma Prieta, the 1906 rupture was more shallow, had more strike-slip, and occurred on a fault that was near vertical
35.
Aaron Peskin
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Aaron Peskin is an American elected official in San Francisco, California. He serves as a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors representing Supervisorial District 3 and he was elected in 2015, having previously served two terms in 2001–2009. In January 2005, his colleagues elected him president of the board and he was head of the San Francisco Democratic Party Central Committee from 2008 to 2012. District 3 includes the neighborhoods of North Beach, Chinatown, Telegraph Hill, North Waterfront, Financial District, Nob Hill, Union Square, Maiden Lane, Peskin was born and raised in Berkeley. His mother, Tsipora, an emigrant from Israel, taught at UC Berkeley, his father and he is married to land-use attorney Nancy Shanahan. Before entering politics, Peskin was an environmental activist and water-rights negotiator for an organization which brokered passage. He first came to notice as president of the Telegraph Hill Dwellers. He is a member of the South End Rowing Club and an avid outdoorsman, Peskin can be seen most mornings in his Speedo swimming in the San Francisco Bay. He reassured San Franciscans after the 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill that the water was safe by stripping down to his Speedo and going for a dip in front of a local television news crew. As Supervisor he is mostly for siding with a self-described progressive majority on development issues, often being at odds with the policies of mayors Gavin Newsom. In office, Peskin wrote and won approval for 205 ordinances during his eight years on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Peskin was first elected in December 2000, along with other progressive neighborhood activists who had gained their first significant political experience on Tom Ammianos mayoral campaign. When he was sworn into office, he described District 3 as the room of San Francisco. In 2004, Peskin was unanimously elected President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors and he also served as a member of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, an agency responsible for regulating development in, on and immediately surrounding the San Francisco Bay. When he came to the end of his term in 2008 he supported David Chius successful campaign for the District 3 seat on the Board of Supervisors. San Francisco restricts supervisors to a maxiumum of two consecutive terms and he was then elected chair of the San Francisco Democratic Party Central Committee, the local partys governing board. Peskin held this seat until 2012, on March 30,2015, Peskin announced that he would be a candidate for his old District 3 Supervisors seat, challenging appointed incumbent Julie Christensen. While Peskin had previously served San Franciscos maximum of two terms as a supervisor from 2000 to 2008, the city code is silent on non-consecutive terms. Since his first days in office Peskin has been known as a neighborhood preservationist, in 2005, he prevented the conversion of hotel rooms by several San Francisco hotels into condominiums
36.
San Francisco Arts Commission
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The San Francisco Arts Commission is the official San Francisco County, USA arts council. The San Francisco Arts Commission was established in 1932 and it is a city agency and the commission is appointed by the mayor. The Board of Supervisors must approve its budget, the San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery is the contemporary art exhibitions program of the Commission. The other locations are a storefront art gallery at 155 Grove Street, across from City Hall, founded in 1970, the Gallery commissions new works, collaborates with arts and community organizations and supports artist’s projects. Admission to the gallery is free, the art commission has many functions and sponsors many programs. One of its functions is to approve the design of any built by the city. It oversees the selection of art enrichment in the forms of graphics, murals and sculpture for civic buildings, the commission oversees the city-owned cultural centers - among them the historic Bayview Opera House, the Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts and the African American Art and Culture Complex. The Community Arts and Education Program supports programs that enrich the fabric of the communities of life, giving opportunities for creative. This egalitarian spirit carries on the values of the people who started the program in 1967 of nurturing the arts for and by the people where they live, other Arts Commission programs are an annual city art festival and a pops concert series. The commissions Writers Corps brings writers into public schools and it was a national trailblazer in nurturing art in places outside the circles of high culture. The program expanded under the direction of Stephen Goldstine and it was during his tenure, from 1970 to 78, that the program tapped into federal money to help fund local artists. San Francisco, Arts for the City, Civic Art and Urban Change, official San Francisco Arts Commission website Arts Education Cultural Equity Grants Street Artists Program
37.
Baroque sculpture
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Baroque sculpture is the sculpture of the period between the early 17th and late 18th centuries associated with the Baroque cultural movement, based on exaggerated motion and drama. Stylistically, Baroque sculpture followed Renaissance sculpture and was succeeded by Neoclassical Sculpture, Gian Lorenzo Bernini is the first developer of this style and many of his works are the most important works in this period. Rome is the first place, where was the style formed, after the second half of the 17th century Baroque expanded also to the other parts of Italy and Europe. France had main position in spread of Baroque art after the late 17th century, at the end of 15th century art permanently got into the hands of the aristocracy and its secular intentions. Many donors used it for own promotion and tried to gain a new fame thanks to it, the real problem did not consist in the creation of secular works for aristocratic courts but in the use of religious works set to the field of church. Nobles wanted by this way not only ensure their place in Gods kingdom, response to this fact started the Protestant Reformation spreading mainly in Northern Europe. Many of new Protestant branches tried to finish the corruption of religious art, therefore, production of most works, mainly sculptural, was stopped and the development of art gained a new way. Catholic opposition to this lead to Council of Trent, held in 1546, and the beginning of the Counter-Reformation. Along with this fact, it was extended the activity of the Society of Jesuit, however, the progress of this development in the art lasted longer. While the first signs of new views emerged in painting at the end of the 16th century, the Baroque style was perfectly suited to sculpture, with Gian Lorenzo Bernini the dominating figure of the age in works such as The Ecstasy of St Theresa. Much Baroque sculpture added extra-sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting, or water fountains, artists saw themselves as in the classical tradition, but admired Hellenistic and later Roman sculpture, rather than that of the more Classical periods as they are seen today. In the 18th century much sculpture continued on Baroque lines – the Trevi Fountain was only completed in 1762, the Rococo style was better suited to smaller works. Aleijadinho in Brazil was also one of the names of baroque sculpture. The soapstone sculptures of old testament prophets around the terrace are considered amongst his finest work, the architecture, sculpture and fountains of Bernini give highly charged characteristics of Baroque style. Bernini was undoubtedly the most important sculptor of the Baroque period and he approached Michelangelo in his omnicompetence, Bernini sculpted, worked as an architect, painted, wrote plays, and staged spectacles. In the late 20th century Bernini was most valued for his sculpture, both for his virtuosity in carving marble and his ability to create figures that combine the physical and he was also a fine sculptor of bust portraits in high demand among the powerful. Bernini died in 1680 but his heritage was absorbed by sculptors painters and architects in their work in the first half of the 18th century particularly in Bavaria, France, Rome became the most productive place of Baroque sculpture in the 17th century. As Centre of Christian movement, but also an economic and dipolomatic predisposition guaranteed the arrival of the new style just around the old ancient city
38.
National Safety Council
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The National Safety Council is a 501 nonprofit, nongovernmental public service organization promoting health and safety in the United States of America. Headquartered in Itasca, Illinois, NSC is an organization, founded in 1913. Members include more than 55,000 businesses, labor organizations, schools, public agencies, private groups, NSC is nonpolitical and does not contribute to or support any political party or candidate. In 1912 the first Cooperative Safety Congress was held in Milwaukee, the event was sponsored by the Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers. At the Second Safety Congress in 1913, the National Council for Industrial Safety was established and it was headquartered in Chicago, Illinois and Robert W. Campbell served as first president and William H. Cameron served as secretary. The name was changed to National Safety Council in 1914, to reflect the expanded scope to include traffic. As membership increased, the NSC began producing posters, technical fact sheets, in 1953, the U. S. Congress and President Dwight D. Traffic safety, Motor vehicle crashes are the one cause of unintentional injury deaths in the United States. NSC works public and private group to work to reduce the number of deaths. Defensive driving, the National Safety Council has offered defensive driving courses since 1964 was the first approved course in New Jersey, first aid, NSC offers first aid training courses for safety, compliance and wellness. Classroom programs are available, as well as online training, the group is a member of the Department of Homeland Security’s Citizen Corps, a network of organizations and individuals dedicated to raising awareness about the need for preparedness. Since the NSC’s Emergency Care Services program began in 1991, more than 8 million rescuers have been trained in the program, GDL puts restrictions on high crash risk factors such as passengers and nighttime driving. Workplace safety, NSC works with the U. S, occupational Safety and Health Administration and the U. S. Department of Labor, to strengthen workplace safety and help reduce the number of unintentional injuries and fatalities. Training, NSC offers training courses for safety and health, driver improvement. Elder falls, falls are the cause of injury-related deaths among older adults. The NSC is part of the Falls Free Coalition, which hopes to advance a national plan to build community awareness. Communities apply for the Safe Communities designation by indicating their long-term commitment to the promotion of safety, NSC is governed by a Board of Directors and a Board of Delegates. The Board of Directors manages fiduciary and strategic affairs, the Board of Delegates develops the mission agenda, creates public policies, and tracks safety, health and environmental trends
39.
San Francisco Chronicle
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It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
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