1.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
2.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
3.
Public library
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A public library is a library that is accessible by the general public and is generally funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by librarians and library paraprofessionals, who are civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries, Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public access to books is not new, romans made scrolls in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the empire. In the middle of the 19th century, the push for public libraries, paid for by taxes. Public libraries were started with a donation, or were bequeathed to parishes, churches. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public collections of today. The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century, by booksellers and publishers provided a means of gaining profit, the circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of including the increasingly popular novels. Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity and this was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers. The Malatestiana Library, also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna and it was the first European civic library, i. e. belonging to the Commune and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena, Malatesta Novello, the works were directed by Matteo Nuti of Fano and lasted from 1447 to 1452. In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate, norwich City library was established in 1608 and Chethams Library in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653. Claude Sallier, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of library in the town of Saulieu from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people, the Załuski Library was built in Warsaw 1747–1795 by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and indeed was the first Polish public library, at the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently lending libraries. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries, before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature and libraries frequently chained their books to desks
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Great Vancouver Fire
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The Great Vancouver Fire was a conflagration that destroyed most of the newly incorporated city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on 13 June 1886. The fire began as a fire to clear land between present-day Main and Cambie Streets that was spread out of control by a strong gale. Dozens of lives were claimed by the fire and the structures not destroyed were a stone building in the West End, the Hastings Mill Store. An estimated $1.3 million was lost in destroyed property, shortly after the fire, $6,900 was raised for fire-fighting equipment and a fire hall and water tanks were constructed. Vancouvers lone constable, John Stewart, was joined by Jackson Abray, haywood, and John McLaren when Mayor McLean appointed them special constables to assist in the aftermath of the fire, marking the creation of the first police force for the city. The city was rebuilt with modern water, electricity and streetcar systems, one story that is often overlooked is the help that the local Squamish Nation offered to the survivors who were floundering in the water. Although being previously evicted from the land and relocated to North Vancouver at Ustlawn, List of fires in Canada List of disasters in Canada Vancouver Jubilee Souvenir,1946
6.
Andrew Carnegie
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He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away to charities, foundations and his 1889 article proclaiming The Gospel of Wealth called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, and it stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated in 1848 to the United States with his parents, Carnegie started work as a telegrapher and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman raising money for American enterprise in Europe and he built Pittsburghs Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $480 million. It became the U. S. Steel Corporation, after selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American for the next couple of years. Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, in a typical weavers cottage with only one main room, the main room served as a living room, dining room and bedroom. He was named after his legal grandfather, in 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street, following the demand for more heavy damask from which his father, William Carnegie, benefited. He was educated at the Free School in Dunfermline, which had been a gift to the town by the philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask, Lauders son, also named George Lauder, grew up with Andrew and would become his business partner. When Carnegie was thirteen, his father had fallen on hard times as a handloom weaver. His mother helped support the family by assisting her brother who was a cobbler and she eventually became the primary breadwinner by the 1840s. Struggling to make ends meet, the Carnegies then decided to move with his family to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, Andrews family had to borrow money from the Lauders in order to migrate. Allegheny was an industrial area that produced many products including wool. The Made in Allegheny label used on these and other diversified products was becoming more and more popular. His first job at age 13 in 1848 was as a bobbin boy and his starting wage was $1.20 per week. Andrews father, William Carnegie, started off working in a cotton mill and his mother, Margaret Morrison Carnegie, earned money by binding shoes. In 1849, Carnegie became a messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week. He was a hard worker and would memorize all of the locations of Pittsburghs businesses
7.
John Milton
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John Milton was an English poet, polemicist, man of letters, and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of flux and political upheaval. Miltons poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as a poem which. The phases of Miltons life parallel the major historical and political divisions in Stuart Britain, the Restoration of 1660 deprived Milton, now completely blind, of his public platform, but this period saw him complete most of his major works of poetry. Miltons views developed from his extensive reading, as well as travel and experience. By the time of his death in 1674, Milton was impoverished and on the margins of English intellectual life, yet famous throughout Europe, John Milton was born in Bread Street, London on 9 December 1608, the son of composer John Milton and his wife Sarah Jeffrey. The senior John Milton moved to London around 1583 after being disinherited by his devout Catholic father Richard Milton for embracing Protestantism, in London, the senior John Milton married Sarah Jeffrey and found lasting financial success as a scrivener. He lived in and worked from a house on Bread Street, the elder Milton was noted for his skill as a musical composer, and this talent left his son with a lifelong appreciation for music and friendships with musicians such as Henry Lawes. Miltons fathers prosperity provided his eldest son with a tutor, Thomas Young. Research suggests that Youngs influence served as the introduction to religious radicalism. After Youngs tutorship, Milton attended St Pauls School in London, there he began the study of Latin and Greek, and the classical languages left an imprint on his poetry in English. Miltons first datable compositions are two psalms done at age 15 at Long Bennington, one contemporary source is the Brief Lives of John Aubrey, an uneven compilation including first-hand reports. In the work, Aubrey quotes Christopher, Miltons younger brother, When he was young, he studied hard and sat up very late. In 1625, Milton began attending Christs College, Cambridge and he graduated with a B. A. in 1629, and ranked fourth of 24 honours graduates that year in the University of Cambridge. Preparing to become an Anglican priest, Milton stayed on to obtain his Master of Arts degree on 3 July 1632, Milton was probably rusticated for quarrelling in his first year with his tutor, Bishop William Chappell. He was certainly at home in the Lent Term 1626, there he wrote his Elegia Prima, a first Latin elegy, to Charles Diodati, based on remarks of John Aubrey, Chappell whipt Milton. This story is now disputed, though certainly Milton disliked Chappell, historian Christopher Hill cautiously notes that Milton was apparently rusticated, and that the differences between Chappell and Milton may have been either religious or personal. It is also possible that, like Isaac Newton four decades later, Milton was sent home because of the plague, in 1626, Miltons tutor was Nathaniel Tovey
8.
William Shakespeare
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William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called Englands national poet, and the Bard of Avon and his extant works, including collaborations, consist of approximately 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright, Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children, Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a career in London as an actor, writer. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, at age 49, Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories, which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, in his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and it was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as not of an age, but for all time. In the 20th and 21st centuries, his works have been adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship. His plays remain highly popular and are studied, performed. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden and he was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised there on 26 April 1564. His actual date of birth unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April. This date, which can be traced back to an 18th-century scholars mistake, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and he was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, the consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next day, two of Hathaways neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage, twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596, after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the appearance of his name in the bill of a law case before the Queens Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589
9.
Robert Burns
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Robert Burns, also known as Rabbie Burns, the Bard of Ayrshire, Ploughman Poet and various other names and epithets, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and he also wrote in standard English, and in these writings his political or civil commentary is often at its bluntest. Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, in 2009 he was chosen as the greatest Scot by the Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected songs from across Scotland. His poem Auld Lang Syne is often sung at Hogmanay, and he was born in a house built by his father, where he lived until Easter 1766, when he was seven years old. William Burnes sold the house and took the tenancy of the 70-acre Mount Oliphant farm, here Burns grew up in poverty and hardship, and the severe manual labour of the farm left its traces in a premature stoop and a weakened constitution. By the age of 15, Burns was the principal labourer at Mount Oliphant, during the harvest of 1774, he was assisted by Nelly Kilpatrick, who inspired his first attempt at poetry, O, Once I Lovd A Bonnie Lass. In the summer of 1775, he was sent to finish his education with a tutor at Kirkoswald, despite his ability and character, William Burnes was consistently unfortunate, and migrated with his large family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve his circumstances. Subsequently, the family became integrated into the community of Tarbolton, to his fathers disapproval, Robert joined a country dancing school in 1779 and, with Gilbert, formed the Tarbolton Bachelors Club the following year. His earliest existing letters date from this time, when he began making overtures to Alison Begbie. In spite of four songs written for her and a suggestion that he was willing to marry her, Robert Burns was initiated into masonic Lodge St David, Tarbolton, on 4 July 1781, when he was 22. This venture accordingly came to an end, and Burns went home to Lochlea farm, during this time he met and befriended Captain Richard Brown who encouraged him to become a poet. He continued to write poems and songs and began a book in 1783. The case went to the Court of Session, and Burnes was upheld in January 1784, a fortnight before he died. During the summer of 1784 Burns came to know a group of girls known collectively as The Belles of Mauchline, one of whom was Jean Armour, the daughter of a stonemason from Mauchline. His first child, Elizabeth Paton Burns, was born to his mothers servant, Elizabeth Paton, while he was embarking on a relationship with Jean Armour, Burns signed a paper attesting his marriage to Jean, but her father was in the greatest distress, and fainted away. To avoid disgrace, her parents sent her to live with her uncle in Paisley, although Armours father initially forbade it, they were eventually married in 1788
10.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
11.
Thomas More
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Sir Thomas More, venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532 and he also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation. More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther, More also opposed the Kings separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason, of his execution, he was reported to have said, I die the Kings good servant, but Gods first. Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr, Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians. Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr, the Soviet Union honoured him for the Communist attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia. From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, Morton enthusiastically supported the New Learning, and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford, More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek, More left Oxford after only two years—at his fathers insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery. In 1496, More became a student at Lincolns Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, according to his friend, theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk. Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London, although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year. In spite of his choice to pursue a career, More continued ascetic practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin. A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints, More married Jane Colt in 1505. She was five years younger than her husband, quiet and good-natured, Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature. The couple had four children before Jane died in 1511, Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, going against friends advice and common custom, within thirty days More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends. He certainly expected a mother to care of his little children and, as the view of his time considered marriage as an economic union, he chose a rich widow. More was not viewed as being in haste to remarry for the gratification of sexual pleasure, as Alice was older than he, and their marriage was possibly not consummated. The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation of the banns, Alice More lacked Janes docility, Mores friend Andrew Ammonius derided Alice as a hook-nosed harpy
12.
Edmund Spenser
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Edmund Spenser was an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem and fantastical allegory celebrating the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the craftsmen of nascent Modern English verse. He was deeply affected by Irish faerie mythology, which he knew from his home at Kilcolman and his genocidal tracts against Gaelic culture were war propaganda. His house was burned to the ground during the war, causing him to flee Ireland, Edmund Spenser was born in East Smithfield, London, around the year 1552, though there is some ambiguity as to the exact date of his birth. As a young boy, he was educated in London at the Merchant Taylors School, while at Cambridge he became a friend of Gabriel Harvey and later consulted him, despite their differing views on poetry. In 1578, he became for a time secretary to John Young. In 1579, he published The Shepheardes Calender and around the time married his first wife. They had two children, Sylvanus and Katherine, in July 1580, Spenser went to Ireland in service of the newly appointed Lord Deputy, Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton. Spenser served under Lord Gray with Walter Raleigh at the Siege of Smerwick massacre, when Lord Grey was recalled to England, Spenser stayed on in Ireland, having acquired other official posts and lands in the Munster Plantation. Raleigh acquired other nearby Munster estates confiscated in the Second Desmond Rebellion, some time between 1587 and 1589, Spenser acquired his main estate at Kilcolman, near Doneraile in North Cork. He later bought a second holding to the south, at Rennie and its ruins are still visible today. A short distance away grew a tree, locally known as Spensers Oak until it was destroyed in a strike in the 1960s. Local legend has it that he penned some of The Faerie Queene under this tree. In 1590, Spenser brought out the first three books of his most famous work, The Faerie Queene, having travelled to London to publish and promote the work and he was successful enough to obtain a life pension of £50 a year from the Queen. By 1594, Spensers first wife had died, and in that year he married Elizabeth Boyle, the marriage itself was celebrated in Epithalamion. They had a son named Peregrine, in 1596, Spenser wrote a prose pamphlet titled A View of the Present State of Ireland. This piece, in the form of a dialogue, circulated in manuscript and it is probable that it was kept out of print during the authors lifetime because of its inflammatory content. The pamphlet argued that Ireland would never be totally pacified by the English until its indigenous language and customs had been destroyed, in 1598, during the Nine Years War, Spenser was driven from his home by the native Irish forces of Aodh Ó Néill
13.
750 Burrard Street
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750 Burrard Street is a building in Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, at the northeast corner of Robson Street and Burrard Street. The site was home of the branch of the Vancouver Public Library from 1957 to 1995. In December 1996, Canadas first Virgin Megastore opened on the level, Virgin eventually decided to exit the Canadian market. In late 2011, HMV Canada, now owned by Hilco UK. HMV closed at this location on January 23,2012, the southeast corner of the building was also the first Planet Hollywood in Vancouver opened on March 16,1997. The main entrance was on 969 Robson Street and it was closed in October 1999 after bankruptcy. The upper levels were taken over in fall 1997 as studios for the newly launched independent TV station VTV, VTV later became part of the CTV Television Network, and the site now serves as Bell Medias west coast headquarters. The site selection, and indeed much of the VTV format, had been inspired by Toronto station City, incidentally, CTV would later acquire the Toronto building in question. Later, radio stations 94.5 Virgin Radio,103.5 QMFM, TSN Radio 1040 and TSN Radio 1410 also moved into the building. In the early 2010s, CTV reduced its space so that its offices are no longer accessible from Burrard Street, though it remains in the same building. Besides Bell Media and the Globe, current occupants include a flagship Victorias Secret / Pink store,9 Channel Nine Court--CTVs Toronto Studios Morguard building profile
14.
Downtown Vancouver
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Downtown Vancouver is the southeastern portion of the peninsula in the north-central part of the City of Vancouver. It is the business, commercial, cultural, financial, government, and entertainment centre of the city and the Metro Vancouver and Lower Mainland regions. The downtown area is considered to be bounded by Burrard Inlet to the north, Stanley Park and the West End to the west, False Creek to the south. Most sources include the downtown peninsula as downtown Vancouver. Other downtown neighbourhoods include the Granville Mall and Entertainment District, Downtowns South, Gastown, Japantown, the downtown area includes most of the remaining historic buildings and many of the larger notable buildings in the region. The presence of water on three sides limits access to downtown Vancouver, the historic Waterfront Station is the principal transit hub for the downtown core. There are six stations located in downtown Vancouver running on three SkyTrain lines, the Expo Line, Millennium Line, and Canada Line. The Expo and Millennium lines travel from the historic Waterfront Station at the foot of the central harbor, Canada Line travels from Waterfront Station and tunnels south under Granville Street and Davie Street, linking downtown to central Richmond and Vancouver International Airport. SeaBus is a ferry that connects from Waterfront Station to the North Shore in 10–12 minutes. The West Coast Express commuter rail system travels from Waterfront Station to the suburbs and exurbs. Terminals are also available near Waterfront Station for float planes and helicopters, most north-south Vancouver bus routes serve Downtown Vancouver, in addition to suburban routes from the North Shore, Burnaby, the Tri-Cities, Richmond, Delta, and South Surrey. The bus rapid transit line 98 B-Line had eight stops in the core, primarily along Seymour Street. This service was replaced on August 17,2009 by SkyTrains Canada Line, there are two private passenger water taxi operators, providing service between several downtown neighbourhoods, False Creek, and Granville Island. There are two sporting facilities in the downtown core, Rogers Arena and BC Place Stadium. The NHLs Vancouver Canucks play at Rogers Arena, while the CFLs BC Lions, SkyTrain Stadium-Chinatown station provides easy rapid transit access to the district. City of Vancouver Community Profiles, Downtown Downtown page, Vancouver Then and Now website, comparisons of old photos with modern locations
15.
Colosseum
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The Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of concrete and sand, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built, the Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD72, and was completed in AD80 under his successor, further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian. These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name, the building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry. Although partially ruined because of damage caused by earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin. The Colosseums original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheatre, the building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, following the reign of Nero. This name is used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. The name Colosseum has long believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby. This statue was later remodeled by Neros successors into the likeness of Helios or Apollo, Neros head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an symbol of the permanence of Rome. This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus, however, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre. The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze, by the year 1000 the name Colosseum had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was forgotten and only its base survives. The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages, in Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as Coloseumul, le Colisée, el Coliseo and o Coliseu. The site chosen was an area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited and it was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain
16.
Referendum
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A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to vote on a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new law, in some countries it is synonymous with a plebiscite or a vote on a ballot question. Some definitions of plebiscite suggest that it is a type of vote to change the constitution or government of a country, however, some other countries define it differently. For example, Australia defines referendum as a vote to change the constitution, the addition of the verb sum to a gerundive, denotes the idea of necessity or compulsion, that which must be done, rather than that which is fit for doing). This determines the form of the plural in English, which according to English grammar should be referendums, the use of referenda as a plural form in English is thus insupportable according to the rules of both Latin and English grammar alike. The Latin plural gerundive referenda, meaning things to be referred, compare also, Agenda those matters which must be driven forward, from ago, to drive, Memorandum, that matter which must be remembered, from memoro, to call to mind, etc. The name and use of the referendum is thought to have originated in the Swiss canton of Graubünden as early as the 16th century. Today, a referendum can also often be referred to as a plebiscite, for example, Australia defines referendum as a vote to change the constitution, and plebiscite as a vote that does not affect the constitution. In contrast, Ireland has only held one plebiscite, which was the vote to adopt its constitution. Of that which has most definitely already occurred and this is in line with Eamon De Valeras oft stated belief that the people do not have the right to do wrong which in this context means to reject his new Eire constitution. The term referendum covers a variety of different meanings, a referendum can be binding or advisory. In some countries, different names are used for two types of referendum. From a political-philosophical perspective, referendums are an expression of direct democracy, however, in the modern world, most referendums need to be understood within the context of representative democracy. Australia ranked second with dozens of referendums, a referendum usually offers the electorate a choice of accepting or rejecting a proposal, but this is not necessarily the case. In Switzerland, for example, multiple choice referendums are common and this question can be resolved by applying voting systems designed for single winner elections to a multiple-choice referendum. Swiss referendums get around this problem by offering a separate vote on each of the options as well as an additional decision about which of the multiple options should be preferred. In the Swedish case, in both referendums the winning option was chosen by the Single Member Plurality system, in other words, the winning option was deemed to be that supported by a plurality, rather than an absolute majority, of voters. In the 1977, Australian referendum, the winner was chosen by the system of preferential instant-runoff voting, the 1992 New Zealand poll, was counted under the two-round system, as were polls in Newfoundland and Guam, for example
17.
Moshe Safdie
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Moshe Safdie, CC, FAIA is an Israeli/Canadian/American architect, urban designer, educator, theorist, and author. He is most identified with Habitat 67, which paved the way for his international career, moshe Safdie was born in Haifa, Israel to a Syrian Jewish family. His family moved to Montreal, Canada, in 1953, in 1959, Safdie married Nina Nusynowicz. The couple had two children, a daughter and a son and his son Oren Safdie is a playwright who has written several plays about architecture including Private Jokes, Public Places. His daughter Taal is an architect in San Diego, a partner of the firm Safdie Rabines Architects, in 1961, Safdie graduated from McGill University with a degree in architecture. In 1981, Safdie married Michal Ronnen, a photographer, with whom he has two daughters, Carmelle and Yasmin, Carmelle Safdie is an artist, and Yasmin Safdie is a social worker. Safdie is the uncle of Dov Charney, founder and former CEO of American Apparel, after apprenticing with Louis Kahn in Philadelphia, Safdie returned to Montreal to oversee the master plan for Expo 67. In 1964, he established his own firm to undertake Habitat 67, Habitat 67, which pioneered the design and implementation of three-dimensional, prefabricated units for living, was a central feature of Expo 67 and an important development in architectural history. He was awarded the 1967 Construction Man of the Year Award from the Engineering News Record, in 1970, Safdie opened a branch office in Jerusalem. Among the projects he has designed in Jerusalem are Yad Vashem and the Alrov Mamilla Quarter, which includes the Mamilla Mall, Davids Village luxury condominiums, from 1984 to 1989, he was the Ian Woodner Professor of Architecture and Urban Design at Harvard. Moshe Safdies works are known for their dramatic curves, arrays of geometric patterns, use of windows and he said Safdie had studied Sikh religion for two years before designing the heritage museum. Safdie said he wanted the museum to look 300 years old and he thought he had succeeded in this objective. C. C. architravel. com/architravel/architects/safdie-architects/
18.
DA Architects + Planners
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DA Architects + Planners is an architectural firm founded in 1969 and located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Barry Vance Downs, architects and Richard Archambault met in 1954 at the firm of Thompson Berwick and Pratt, after going their separate ways the pair reunited to launch Downs/Archambault and Partners in 1969. C. and the Campbell River Museum, Campbell River, B. C. Barber Learning Centre with Pfeiffer Partners, Vancouver Convention Centre West with LMN & MCMP, Coast Coal Harbour Hotel, in 2008 the firm name was changed to DA Architects + Planners in response to the retirement of the founding partners. Currently the partnership consists of Mark Ehman Architect AIBC, Randy Knill, Architect AIBC and James Kao,2014 Order of Canada - Barry V. Downs - For his contributions as an architect who creates spaces that meld buildings with their natural surroundings, barber Learning Centre, University of British Columbia Official website AIBC Profile Industry Canada Profile Architizer Profile
19.
Library
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A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a building or room, or a virtual space. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items, in Latin and Greek, the idea of a bookcase is represented by Bibliotheca and Bibliothēkē, derivatives of these mean library in many modern languages, e. g. French bibliothèque. The first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in Sumer. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the close of the Classical period. A library is organized for use and maintained by a body, an institution. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of librarians who are experts at finding and organizing information, Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to facilitate group study and collaboration. Libraries often provide facilities for access to their electronic resources. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats, the first libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writing—the clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in temple rooms in Sumer, some dating back to 2600 BC. These archives, which consisted of the records of commercial transactions or inventories, mark the end of prehistory. Things were much the same in the government and temple records on papyrus of Ancient Egypt, the earliest discovered private archives were kept at Ugarit, besides correspondence and inventories, texts of myths may have been standardized practice-texts for teaching new scribes. There is also evidence of libraries at Nippur about 1900 BC, philosopher Laozi was keeper of books in the earliest library in China, which belonged to the Imperial Zhou dynasty. Also, evidence of catalogues found in some destroyed ancient libraries illustrates the presence of librarians, the Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a center of scholarship from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II, an early organization system was in effect at Alexandria. The Library of Celsus in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey was built in honor of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus by Celsus’ son, the library was built to store 12,000 scrolls and to serve as a monumental tomb for Celsus. Private or personal libraries made up of books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC
20.
High-rise building
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A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building or structure used as a residential and/or office building. In some areas it may be referred to as an MDU, in the United States, such a structure is referred to as an apartment building or office building, while a group of such buildings is called an apartment complex or office complex. High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator and cheaper, the materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American style skyscrapers have a frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There is no difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered a skyscraper. They also pose challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed, in order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with setbacks. In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land, various bodies have defined high-rise, Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors. According to the code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a high-rise as a building having many storeys, most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet tall. The lower floors were occupied by either shops or wealthy families. Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, in Arab Egypt, the initial capital city of Fustat housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The skyline of many important medieval cities was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, the residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In Florence, a law of 1251 decreed that all buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m. Even medium-sized towns such as San Gimignano are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height, the oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century. Tower blocks were built in the Yemeni city of Shibam in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all out of mud bricks, but about five hundred of them are tower houses
21.
Metro Vancouver Regional District
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Metro Vancouver is a political body and corporate entity designated by provincial legislation as one of the regional districts in British Columbia, Canada. Now officially known by the name of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. Further, it was known as the Regional District of Fraser–Burrard for nearly one year upon originally incorporating in mid-1967, the MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities, it delivers regional services, sets policy and acts as a political forum. The regional districts most populous city is Vancouver, and Metro Vancouvers administrative offices are located in the City of Burnaby, the MVRDs boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area as identified by Statistics Canada. The Greater Vancouver Water District and the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District were established in 1924 and 1956 respectively, the Government of British Columbia incorporated a regional district for this western portion of the Lower Mainland named the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard on June 29,1967. Just under a later, the regional district was renamed as the Greater Vancouver Regional District on June 13,1968. In 2007, the GVRD applied to change its legal name a second time to simply Metro Vancouver. The regional district was formally renamed a second time by the Government of British Columbia on January 30,2017 to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The Metro Vancouver Regional District is located east of the Strait of Georgia, the boundaries of the MVRD match those of the Vancouver CMA. 5% from its revised 2011 population of 2,313,328. This regional district comprises 23 local authorities as members,21 municipalities, one electoral area, note, Abbotsford is a member for parks purposes only. Electoral Area A comprises all unincorporated land within the district boundaries. There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the area that are not subject to governance by local authorities or the regional district. Abbotsford also participates in the Metro Vancouver regional district, but only for parks purposes, each of these is governed by a board of directors. The board of the MVRD has 38 directors coming from the 23 local authorities who are MVRD members, each board director is an elected official of one of the local authorities, with the exception of the representative for Electoral Area A, which has no elected council. As of 2017, the organization had about 1,500 employees, the principal function of Metro Vancouver is to administer resources and services which are common across the metropolitan area. The Metro Vancouver Board has defined its strategic priorities for 2015 through 2018 in its Board Strategic Plan, the organization categorizes its work into eight action areas, as described in the following subsections. However, 84% of the budget is spent in three of those areas - the three utilities. Metro Vancouvers commitments and its members commitments to each area are outlined in eight board-approved management plans as referenced below
22.
Robson Street
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Robson Street is a major southeast-northwest thoroughfare in downtown and West End of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Its core commercial blocks from Burrard Street to Jervis were also known as Robsonstrasse and its name honours John Robson, a major figure in British Columbias entry into the Canadian Confederation, and Premier of the province from 1889 to 1892. As of 2006, the city of Vancouver overall had the fifth most expensive retail rental rates in the world, averaging US$135 per square foot per year, Robson Street tops Vancouver with its most expensive locations renting for up to US$200 per square foot per year. In 2006, both Robson Street and the Mink Mile on Bloor Street in Toronto were the 22nd most expensive streets in the world, in 2007, the Mink Mile and Robson slipped to 25th in the world with an average of $198 per square feet. The price of each continues to grow with Vancouver being Burberrys first Canadian location, in 1895, train tracks were laid down the street, supporting a concentration of shops and restaurants. At one time, the city had placed streetsigns reading Robsonstrasse though these were placed after the German presence in the area had largely vanished, Robson Street was featured on an old edition of the Canadian Monopoly board as one of the two most expensive properties. The location on the west corner is known as a meeting place for the biker culture. It was also this corner of Robson and Thurlow that acted as the epicentre of the Stanley Cup Riot of 1994, there are numerous highrises along or near Robson, many of them condo towers and hotels. The Empire Landmark Hotel, originally the Sheraton Landmark, is the tallest highrise on the strip at 42 storeys and it includes the Cloud Nine revolving restaurant. Robson Street is also popular as a street, with many exotic, rare cars. West End, Vancouver Davie Village 1964 film footage of Robson Street Robson Street Business Association
23.
Canada Post
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Canada Post Corporation, known more simply as Canada Post, is the crown corporation which functions as the countrys primary postal operator. Originally known as Royal Mail Canada, rebranding was done to the “Canada Post” name in the late 1960s, on October 16,1981, the Canada Post Corporation Act came into effect. This abolished the Post Office Department and created the present day Crown corporation which provides postal service, the act aimed to set a new direction for the postal service by ensuring the postal services financial security and independence. Canada Post provided service to more than 15.8 million addresses and delivered almost 9 billion items in 2015, Delivery takes place via traditional to the door service by 25,000 letter carriers, through a 13,000 vehicle fleet. There are more than 6,200 post offices across the country, in terms of area serviced, Canada Post delivers to a larger area than the postal service of any other nation, including Russia. As of 2004, nearly 843,000 rural Canadian customers received residential mail delivery services, Canada Post operates as a group of companies called The Canada Post Group. It employs approximately 64,000 full and part-time employees to deliver a range of delivery, logistics. The Corporation holds an interest in Purolator Courier, Innovapost, Progistix-Solutions, in 2000, Canada Post created a company called Epost, allowed customers to receive their bill online for free. Canada Post is the Federal Identity Program name, the legal name is Canada Post Corporation in English and Société canadienne des postes in French. On August 3,1527 in St. Johns, Newfoundland, while in St. Johns, John Rut wrote a letter to King Henry VIII about his findings and planned voyage. Mail delivery within Canada first started in 1693 when the Portuguese born Pedro da Silva was paid to deliver mail between Quebec City and Montreal, official postal services began in 1775, under the control of the British Government up to 1851. The first postage stamp went into circulation in Canada that same year and it was not until 1867 when the newly formed Dominion of Canada created the Post Office Department as a federal government department headed by a Cabinet minister, the Postmaster General of Canada. The Act took effect April 1,1868, providing postal service throughout the newly established country. Prior to rural mail delivery, many Canadians living outside major cities, on 10 October 1908, the first free rural mail delivery service was instituted in Canada. The extension of residential mail delivery services to all rural Canadian residents was an achievement for the Post Office Department. The Post Office Department was a pioneer of airmail delivery, with the first airmail flight taking place on June 24,1918. They had with them the first bag of mail to be delivered by air in Canada, wind and rain buffetted the small plane and forced it to make refuelling stops at Kingston and Deseronto. Finally, at 4,55 p. m. Peck, the flight had been arranged by a civilian organization, the Aerial League of the British Empire, to demonstrate that aviation was the way of the future
24.
CBC Regional Broadcast Centre Vancouver
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The CBC Regional Broadcast Centre in Vancouver, British Columbia, houses the Canadian Broadcasting Corporations radio and television facilities in that city. It is the second largest CBC production facility in English Canada, the building was designed by Paul Merrick Architect and built in 1975. The building underwent significant renovations, completed in 2009, the buildings address is 700 Hamilton Street in Downtown Vancouver. In addition to Vancouvers local CBC broadcast stations, the satellite radio network CBC Radio 3 operates from the Vancouver building
25.
SkyTrain (Vancouver)
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SkyTrain is the metropolitan rail system of Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. SkyTrain has 79.5 km of track and uses automated trains on grade-separated tracks running on underground and elevated guideways. SkyTrain has the worlds longest cable-supported transit-only bridge, known as SkyBridge, the opening of the Evergreen Extension on December 2,2016, made SkyTrain the longest rapid transit system in Canada and the longest fully automated driverless system in the world. SkyTrain has 53 stations serving three lines, the Expo, Millennium, and Canada Lines, the Expo Line and Millennium Line are operated by British Columbia Rapid Transit Company under contract from TransLink, a regional government transportation agency. The Canada Line is operated on the principles by the private concessionaire ProTrans BC under contract to TransLink. SkyTrain uses a system shared with other local transit services. SkyTrain Attendants provide first aid, directions and customer service, inspect fares, monitor train faults, the Expo Line was built in 1985 in time for Expo 86. The Expo Line ran only as far as New Westminster Station initially, in 1989, it was extended to Columbia Station and in 1990, once the Skybridge was finished, it continued across the Fraser River to Scott Road Station in Surrey. In 1994, the terminus of the Expo line became King George Station in central Surrey and it was built on a budget of $854 million. During peak periods, every third Expo Line train provides service to Production Way–University, off-peak and it was built on a $1. 2-billion budget and the final extension from Commercial Drive Station to VCC–Clark Station was opened on January 6,2006. From October 22,2016 to December 1,2016, the Millennium Line operated from VCC–Clark to Lougheed Town Centre station, since December 2,2016, the Millennium Line has operated between VCC–Clark Station in Vancouver and Lafarge Lake–Douglas station in Coquitlam. The Millennium Line has 17 stations, three of which are transfer stations with the Expo Line and two which connect with the West Coast Express commuter train, the original Millennium Lines stations were designed by British Columbias top architects and are very different from those on the Expo Line. In 2004, Busby and Associates Architects, designers of the Brentwood Town Centre station in Burnaby, were honoured for their work with a Governor Generals Medal in Architecture and this extension adds 11 km and 6 new stations to the Millennium Line. The Canada Line begins at the Waterfront Station hub, then south to the City of Richmond. Opened on August 17,2009, the Canada Line added 15 stations and 19.2 km to the SkyTrain network, the Canada Line cost $1.9 billion, financed by the Governments of Canada and British Columbia, TransLink, and InTransitBC. Canada Line tracks do not interconnect with the older SkyTrain network, current operation, Former operation, SkyTrain provides high-frequency service, with trains arriving every 2–7 minutes at all stations during peak hours. Trains operate between 5,00 a. m. and 1,30 a. m. on weekdays, with reduced hours on weekends on Expo and Millennium lines. SkyTrain has longer hours of service during special events, such as New Years Eve, the Vancouver 2010 Olympics, TransLinks SkyTrain service area is divided into three zones, with fares varying depending on how many zone boundaries are crossed during one trip
26.
Granville station (SkyTrain)
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Granville is an underground SkyTrain station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, served by the Expo Line. The station is located in the Dunsmuir Tunnel located beneath Downtown Vancouver, the station is named for nearby Granville Street, whose name in turn derives from Granville, the name of the original settlement that preceded Vancouver prior to its incorporation in 1886. The portion of Granville Street on which this station is located is known as the Granville Mall, at approximately 25 metres underground, Granville station is the deepest subway station on the Expo Line. Granville station is located in the heart of the Granville Entertainment District which is known for shopping, trendy culture. The station is accessible from the surface via entrances on Granville Street and Seymour Street, the station can be accessed underground via Pacific Centre mall, through the Downtown Vancouver premises of the Hudsons Bay Company. The station serves the shopping and entertainment districts along Granville and Robson streets, the station is also within walking distance of such amenities as Robson Square, the Orpheum Theatre, Vancouver Library Square, TD Tower, Scotia Tower and the HSBC Canada Building. There are unoccupied retail spaces within the new station area’s ticket vending lobby, the design of the station, its capacity, and connection to Granville Mall make it possible for the original facility to be closed entirely, however, it will remain in full service. The original station closed only temporarily for lighting upgrades from October 23,2006. There is a retail space standing at the bottom of the long escalator bank in the original station area. It is one of the few stores located entirely within a fare zone of any SkyTrain station. It held a Shefield & Sons location prior to the summer of 2005, as of 2008, Granville station is one of six SkyTrain subway stations on the Expo Line serving Downtown Vancouver. It connects with many TransLink bus routes, including trolleybus routes on the Granville Mall and suburban bus routes heading to and from North, like Burrard and King Edward stations, Granville station has a distinctive platform design. The westbound track is stacked above the track, with the westbound platform being one level above the eastbound platform. Granville station is unique in being one of only a few stations having no surface building of its own. Granville Street Entrance is one of the entrance for the station. Underground connection to the basement level of HBC department store. Three escalators are available between platform and concourse level, however, none is available between concourse and street, escalator to this entrance is later made available through an underground connection from the new Dunsmuir entrance. No elevator available for entrance, and there is no stairway available between concourse and platform
27.
Vancouver City Centre station
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Vancouver City Centre is a SkyTrain station on the Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Vancouver City Centre station is located on Granville Street, between West Georgia Street and Robson Street in Downtown Vancouver, the station serves the shopping and entertainment districts along Granville and Robson streets, and the office and shopping complexes of Pacific Centre and Vancouver Centre. The station is also walking distance of such amenities as Robson Square, the Orpheum Theatre, Vancouver Library Square, TD Tower, Scotia Tower. The station is located within walking distance of bus stops for bus services throughout Vancouver. There are underground connections between Vancouver City Centre and both the Pacific Centre and Vancouver Centre shopping malls
28.
Optical fiber
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An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic sensors. Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with an index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by the phenomenon of internal reflection which causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers, multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,000 meters, being able to join optical fibers with low loss is important in fiber optic communication. This is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable and involves careful cleaving of the fibers, precise alignment of the cores. For applications that demand a permanent connection a fusion splice is common, in this technique, an electric arc is used to melt the ends of the fibers together. Another common technique is a splice, where the ends of the fibers are held in contact by mechanical force. Temporary or semi-permanent connections are made by means of specialized optical fiber connectors, the field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. The term was coined by Indian physicist Narinder Singh Kapany who is acknowledged as the father of fiber optics. Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon, John Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London,12 years later. When the ray passes from water to air it is bent from the perpendicular. If the angle which the ray in water encloses with the perpendicular to the surface be greater than 48 degrees, the angle which marks the limit where total reflection begins is called the limiting angle of the medium. For water this angle is 48°27′, for flint glass it is 38°41′, unpigmented human hairs have also been shown to act as an optical fiber. Practical applications, such as close internal illumination during dentistry, appeared early in the twentieth century, image transmission through tubes was demonstrated independently by the radio experimenter Clarence Hansell and the television pioneer John Logie Baird in the 1920s. The principle was first used for medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the following decade
29.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
30.
Government of British Columbia
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The Executive Council of British Columbia is the cabinet of that Canadian province. Almost always made up of members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia the Cabinet is similar in structure, as federal and provincial responsibilities differ there are a number of different portfolios between the federal and provincial governments. The Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia, as representative of the Queen in Right of British Columbia, heads the council, other members of the Cabinet, who advise, or minister, the vice-regal, are selected by the Premier of British Columbia and appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor. Most cabinet ministers are the head of a ministry, but this is not always the case, as at the federal level the most important Cabinet post after that of the leader is Minister of Finance, although notably during the regimes of Premiers W. A. C. Bennett and Dave Barrett that position was conjoint with that of the Premier, today the next most powerful positions are the Forestry and Health portfolios which have huge budgets and are of central political importance. Other powerful portfolios include Education, Health, and Energy, Mines, the colonial Legislative Assemblies were subordinate to the Governor and the Council and served more as a sounding-board than a legislative body. The current ministry has been in place after the 2013 provincial elections, the cabinet was sworn into office on June 7,2013
31.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933
32.
Government of Canada
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The Government of Canada or more formally Her Majestys Government, is the federal government of Canada, a country in North America, composed of 10 provinces, Ottawa, and 3 territories. The head of government is Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, whose party the Liberal Party of Canada won the majority of seats in the Canadian Parliament in the 2015 Canadian federal election, in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes, court rulings, in Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country, and to the current political leadership. In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes referred to by the phrase Government. The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canadas New Government, as per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The executive is formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament. The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council, however, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, one of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet. The monarch and governor general typically follow the advice of their ministers. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations, politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the publics general unfamiliarity with it. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act,1867, outlines that the general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queens name. After a number of sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, the sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust. Below this is the Federal Court, which cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada, in some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture
33.
Vancouver School Board
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Vancouver School Board is a school district based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. A board of nine trustees normally manages this district that serves the city of Vancouver, in 2014 there were 1,473 international students in Vancouver public schools. The Ministry of Education launched a seismic upgrading program in March 2005 to upgrade schools all over British Columbia, the program is quoted to cost a total of $1.5 billion. David Lloyd George Elementary School is a school in the Marpole neighbourhood. It holds approximately 427 students in grades K through 7, the school opened in 1921 and was named after David Lloyd George, the British prime minister from 1916 to 1922. The sports teams are called the DLG Hornets and wear Blue, the school motto is Remember the Four Bs. Be Responsible, Be Safe, Be Ready to Learn, Be Respectful, David Oppenheimer Elementary School opened in 1959 and was named after one of the early mayors of the city, David Oppenheimer. It is located at 2421 Scarboro Avenue, at the intersection with Nanaimo Street in the Victoria-Fraserview neighbourhood, as of 2011, the current school principal is Rosie Finch, the schools sports teams are called the Orcas. Lord Tennyson Elementary School is a French immersion school opened in 1912 and it is located at 1936 West 10th Avenue, near Broadway and Burrard Street. As of 2015, the current school principal is Claudette Alain, Lord Tennyson is a feeder school for the nearby Kitsilano Secondary School, where graduates can continue their education in French Immersion. Nootka Elementary School opened in 1959 as Lord Beaconsfield Annex, but a student population led to school status being granted in 1963. It is located at 3375 Nootka Street, near Renfrew Street, as of 2016, the current school principal is Monika Sanft and the Vice-principal is Megan Davies. Queen Alexandra Elementary School opened in 1909 and was named for Queen Alexandra and it is located at 1300 East Broadway, at the intersection with Clark Drive. It is near Vancouver Community Colleges King Edward campus, and is accessible from VCC–Clark Station on the SkyTrain. As of 2015, the current school principal is Cheryll Matthews, Queen Mary Elementary School opened in 1915. It is located at 2000 Trimble Street, at the intersection with 4th Avenue in the West Point Grey neighbourhood, as of 2017, the current school principal is Hugh Blackman. The school has a population of about 450 students from grade K-7, Queen Mary Elementary School is located close to the beach and is upon a hill. It has two buildings, a field and two playgrounds The main red building was a former Town Hall for the city of Vancouver
34.
Exit International
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Exit International, is an international non-profit organization advocating legalization of euthanasia. It was previously known as the Voluntary Euthanasia Research Foundation, other assisted suicide organisations are Dignitas and Final EXIT. During the ROTI Act, Dr Nitschke became the first physician in the world to administer a legal, lethal, Exit International is a non-profit organisation. The organisation had 3, 500-members in 2011, in 2011 Exit International unveiled the first pro-euthanasia billboard in Australia on the Hume Highway near Sydney. Exit International successfully countered by arguing that the used on the billboard did not argue for euthanasia. Prior to the billboard, Exit International had developed a pro-voluntary euthanasia television advertisement that was due to screen in 2010, the advertisement was prompted by a The Gruen Transfer segment, where two advertising agencies had been requested to create a pro-euthanasia advertisement to market the unmarketable. Although the winning entry was not able to be used by Exit International, in 2017, Philip Nitschke announced that Exit International had created a smartphone app that connects to a SCiO infrared spectrometer to allow testing of the purity of Nembutal. Dignitas Euthanasia in Australia Euthanasia machine Official website
35.
Philip Nitschke
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Philip Haig Nitschke is an Australian humanist, author, former physician and founder and director of the pro-euthanasia group Exit International. Nitschke was the first doctor in the world to administer a legal, voluntary, lethal injection, Nitschke states that he and his group are regularly subject to harassment by authorities. In 2015 Nitschke burned his medical practising certificate in response to what he saw as onerous conditions that violated his right to free speech, imposed on him by the Medical Board of Australia. Born in 1947 in rural South Australia, Nitschke studied physics at the University of Adelaide, rejecting a career in the sciences, he instead travelled to the Northern Territory to take up work with the Aboriginal land rights activist Vincent Lingiari and the Gurindji at Wave Hill. After the hand-back of land by the then Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, Nitschke became a Northern Territory Parks, however, after badly injuring his subtalar joint, which effectively finished his career as a ranger, he began studying for a medical degree. He graduated from the University of Sydney Medical School in 1989, after graduating Nitschke worked as an intern at Royal Darwin Hospital, and then as an after hours general practitioner. This put him in a position of a spokesperson for the proposed legislation. After the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act came into force on 1 July 1996 and this practice was ceased when the ROTI Act was effectively nullified by the Australian Parliaments Euthanasia Laws Act 1997. After the ROTI Act was nullified Nitschke began providing advice to others about how they can end their lives, a notable case of Nitschkes was that of Nancy Crick, aged 69. On 22 May 2002, Crick, in the presence of over 20 friends and family, took a dose of barbiturates, went quickly to sleep. Nitschke had encouraged Crick to enter palliative care, which she did for a number of days before returning home again. She had undergone multiple surgeries to treat cancer and was left with multiple dense and inoperable bowel adhesions that left her in constant pain. She was not, however, terminally ill at the time of her death, Nitschke said the scar tissue from previous cancer surgery had caused her suffering. She didnt actually want to die when she had cancer and she wanted to die after she had cancer treatment, he said. A2004 documentary film, Mademoiselle and the Doctor, focused on the quest of a retired Perth professor, Lisette Nigot, Nigot took an overdose of medication which she had bought in the United States and died, not long before her 80th birthday. In a note to Nitschke thanking him for his support, she described him as a crusader working for a worthwhile humane cause, after 80 years of a good life, I have enough of it, she wrote, I want to stop it before it gets bad. Nitschke made headlines in New Zealand when he announced plans to accompany eight New Zealanders to Mexico where the drug Nembutal, capable of producing a fatal overdose, can be purchased legally. In the 2007 Australian federal election Nitschke ran against the Australian politician Kevin Andrews in the Victorian seat of Menzies but was unsuccessful, in 2009 Nitschke helped to promote Dignified Departure, a 13-hour, pay-television program on doctor-assisted suicide in Hong Kong and mainland China
36.
Assisted suicide
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Assisted suicide is suicide committed with the aid of another person, sometimes a physician. Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Switzerland allow physicians to physically assist in the death of patients, Assisted suicide is prohibited by common law or criminal statute in all U. S. Assisted suicide and euthanasia are sometimes combined under the term assisted dying. Physician-assisted suicide is often confused with euthanasia, in cases of euthanasia the physician administers the means of death, usually a lethal drug. In physician-assisted suicide, it is required that the person voluntarily expresses his or her wish to die, physician-assisted suicide thus involves a person’s self-administration of deadly drugs that are supplied by a doctor. Due to the recent election November 8, there have many people debating the newly passed Colorado End of Life Options Act, the new law is usually compared to the Death With Dignity Act that has been in place in the state of Oregon for 20 years. While it passed by a vote of two thirds, that leaves one third of the states voters that did not wish to see it pass. A few common reasons that have come up, include, religious beliefs, fear of abuse, most supporters believe that it is their right to make this difficult decision on their own and wish to have the choice, despite opposing reasons. They view their choice for aid-in-dying as an end to their suffering, Medical decisions are personal and should be made by individuals and their families without interference from a third party—like the federal or state government. Libertarians strongly support AiD legislation for this reason, one argument for assisted suicide or medical aid in dying is that it reduces prolonged suffering in those with terminal illnesses. When death is imminent patients can choose to have aid in dying as an option to shorten an unbearable dying process. Washington vs. Glucksberg Assisted suicide is a controversial topic. In Washington, it did not become legal until 2008, in 1997, four Washington physicians, and three deathly ill patients brought forth a lawsuit that would challenge the ban on physician assisted suicide that was in place at the time. This lawsuit was first part of a court hearing, where it ruled in favor of Glucksberg. The lawsuit was then affirmed by the ninth circuit, thus, it was taken to the supreme court, and there the supreme court decided to grant Washington certiorari. Eventually, the court decided, with a unanimous vote. The laws and arguments on this topic are often argued and changed depending on legal evaluation and decision, a similar trend was found in Vermont, where AiD was authorized in 2013. In Oregon, in death rates are at the lowest in the nation, at home death rates are at the highest in the nation
37.
Unitarian Universalist Association
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Both of these predecessor organizations began as Christian denominations of the Unitarian and Universalist varieties respectively. However, modern Unitarian Universalists see themselves as a religion with its own beliefs. Thus, the UUA is a religious group with liberal leanings. In the U. S, Unitarian Universalism grew considerably between 2000 and 2010 to include 211,000 adherents. Most of the congregations of the UUA are in the United States and Canada, but the UUA has also admitted congregations from Australia, New Zealand. Until 2002, almost all congregations of the Canadian Unitarian Council were also members of the UUA. Since 2002, some Canadian congregations have continued to be members of both the UUA and CUC while others are members of only the CUC, many of these are Unitarian Universalists in other countries, members of the military, prisoners or non-mobile elderly. The Unitarian Universalist Association is headquartered at 24 Farnsworth Street, within Boston and this serves as the historical center of Unitarian Christianity in the U. S. As of 2009, the UUA comprised 19 Districts,1,041 congregations with 164,656 certified members and 61,795 church school enrollees served by 1,623 ministers. However, as of 2011 the UUA had 162,796 certified members and 54,671 church school enrollees and this shows a decline of 1,860 members and 7,124 enrollees in church school since 2008. The UUA has, for the first time, also reported decline in average attendance to 100,693 people. This is a drop of 1. 5% on the 2010 reported figure, many atheists and humanists are also a part of the various congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Association. The UUA was given corporate status in May 1961 under special acts of legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, see Chapter 148 of the acts of 1960 of the Massachusetts legislature and Chapter 827 of the Acts of 1960 of the New York legislature. The UUA is not a denomination in the sense, the UUA is an association of congregations with no one organization able to speak authoritatively for the whole. It is the congregations that have authority over the larger body, since the general public understands denomination much more readily than association of congregations, the distinction is generally omitted in conversation. Because of this relationship between the congregations and the association, Unitarian Universalist congregations have a congregational polity of governance, however, day-to-day decisions are made by the president, the moderator, and the Board of Trustees. In its role as an organization representing the congregations, the UUA is a member of various organizations. The first version of the principles was adopted in 1960, and they were amended once again in 1995 to include the 6th source
38.
The 6th Day
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The 6th Day is a 2000 American science fiction action film directed by Roger Spottiswoode and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Tony Goldwyn, Michael Rapaport and Robert Duvall. The title refers to the Judeo-Christian Genesis creation narrative, where God created mankind on the sixth day, Schwarzenegger received a salary of $25 million for his role in the film. The film opened at #4 in North America and made $13 million in its opening weekend and it became a box office disappointment and received mixed reviews from critics. In the year 2015, the cloning of animals and human organs has become routine, cloning entire humans, however, is prohibited by what are known as Sixth Day laws. Billionaire Michael Drucker, owner of cloning corporation Replacement Technologies, hires charter pilot Adam Gibson, due to Druckers prominence, the two must first undergo blood and eye tests to verify their aptitude. On the day of Druckers arrival, Adam finds that his family dog Oliver has died, after visiting a RePet shop, he remains unconvinced but purchases an animatronic doll, a SimPal, named Cindy. Adam returns home and discovers not only has Oliver already been cloned. Replacement Technologies security agents Marshall, Talia, Vincent and Wiley arrive with the intention on killing Adam, Adam kills Talia and Wiley in the ensuing chase and escapes, but both are later cloned. Adam seeks refuge at Hanks apartment after the police betray him to the agents, a while later, Tripp kills Hank and is mortally injured by Adam. Tripp then commits suicide to avoid being captured by Marshall and the others, the agents arrive again and Adam is able to disable Marshall and kill Talia again, and steals her thumb. Adam sneaks into Replacement Technologies with Talias thumb and finds Dr. Griffin Weir, Weir confirms Tripps story, adding that to resurrect Drucker, the incident had to be covered up and Adam was cloned because they mistakenly believed he had been killed. Weir explains that Drucker - who already died years before - could lose all of his assets if the revelation became public, since clones are devoid of all rights. Sympathetic with Adams plight, Weir gives him a memory disk of the Drucker clone but warns him that Drucker may go after the other Adam instead, Weir also discovers that Drucker has been engineering cloned humans with fatal diseases as an insurance policy against betrayal. Upon finding out that his own wife was one victim, Weir confronts Drucker. Drucker shoots him dead while promising to clone him and his wife. Druckers agents abduct the Gibson family and Adam comes face to face with his clone, the two reluctantly team up and devise a plan to destroy Druckers facility. While Adam wrecks the security system and gets captured, the clone sneaks in, plants a bomb. Drucker, however, tells Adam that he himself is the clone, enraged, Adam fights off Druckers agents and Drucker is mortally wounded while Talia, Wiley, Vincent and Marshall are killed for the final time
39.
The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus
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The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus is a 2009 British-Canadian-French fantasy film directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam and Charles McKeown. Ledgers role was recast with Johnny Depp, Jude Law, the Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus interweaves several plot lines in a nonlinear arrangement. The film made its premiere during the 62nd Cannes Film Festival. The film, which was budgeted at $30 million, grossed more than $60 million in its theatrical release. The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus was nominated for two Academy Awards in the categories Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design, Doctor Parnassus theater troupe, which includes sleight of hand expert Anton, confidant Percy, and Parnassus daughter Valentina, performs outside a London pub. The troupes main attraction is a magical Imaginarium, which offers whoever enters it a choice between difficult self-fulfillment or easy ignorance, after a drunkard is swayed to the latter, Parnassus says he has lost another one to Mr. Nick, a suave personification of the Devil. Mr. Nick reminds Parnassus that in three days Valentina turns 16, and her soul will be his, hundreds of years ago Mr. Nick tricked Parnassus into gaining immortality, after making a wager similar to his current predicament. As the troupe crosses a bridge, Anton spies someone hanging beneath it and they rescue the man, who spits out a golden pipe when revived. Claiming to have amnesia, he joins the troupe as a barker, Parnassus becomes despondent over the impending loss of his daughter. Mr. Nick visits Parnassus, revealing the man is a disgraced philanthropist named Tony. He offers Parnassus a wager, Valentina can stay with whoever wins five souls first, Tony convinces the troupe to remodel the show into a more modern act. While performing, Tony lures a posh woman into the Imaginarium and follows her, the womans imagination also changes Tonys face, upon discovering this, he dances elegantly with her, and they spy a motel run by Mr. Nick. Tony convinces the woman to take a gondola toward a pyramid alone, Tony falls back out of the Imaginarium, returning his face to normal, the woman exits shortly after and gives the troupe a vast sum of money. When three other women enter, each emerges elated, and thus Parnassus wins three more souls, four Russian gangsters, to whom Tony owes money, are taken by Mr. Nick when they chase Tony into the Imaginarium. The score becomes four souls apiece, in exchange, any child he fathered would become Mr. Nicks property at age 16. Valentina attempts to run away, but Tony enters the Imaginarium to give his soul to Parnassus, in exchange, Valentina returns as he tries to enter the mirror, but Anton blocks them, having discovered that Tony is a fraudulent charity scammer. Tony fights off Anton, pushes Valentina into the Imaginarium and joins her, influenced by Valentinas desires, Tonys face changes again, and they float along a beautiful river in a gondola. After an impoverished child disrupts their boat trip, Tony transforms into a philanthropist speaking at a fundraiser, Anton, following the pair into the Imaginarium, appears as an outspoken child and exposes Tony as a fraud
40.
Battlestar Galactica
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The Twelve Colonies of Man, also called the Twelve Colonies of Kobol, are fictional locations that constitute the principal human civilization in the Battlestar Galactica universe. This includes the original 1978 series, the 2003 reimagined series, the names of twelve planets were taken from the signs of the Zodiac. The Twelve Colonies were established by tribes who left their homeworld, Kobol, there were at one time thirteen tribes, but one that was separated from the others instead went to a distant planet called Earth. In the reimagined series, the humans of the Twelve Colonies totalled around 50 billion people, in both the 1978 and 2003 series, the Twelve Colonies were attacked by the Cylons who virtually exterminated humanity. A few thousand survivors escaped in a collection of assorted spacecraft that formed a fleet headed by the Battlestar Galactica that attempted to lead them to safety, the concept of twelve colonies alludes to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. Given the names negative connotations, the word Cancer was rarely spoken, or even shown on-screen, count Baltar was the representative of one of the colonies prior to his betrayal. The script for the first episode states that he was from the colony of Orion, in either version of the show, many colonies spoke different languages. For example, in the series, Gemonese was spoken in several scenes. In the original pilot, Adama remarked that Sagitara had the best defense systems in the Colonies. In the novelization for the pilot, several Colonies were mentioned, Virgon, Sagitara, Caprica, Scorpia, Taura, Piscera. In the novelization, one planet is called Aeriana, yet in the episode The Long Patrol, in a deleted scene from Experiment in Terra, Apollo mentions Sagitaria, though it was called Sagitara in all other references. In The Magnificent Warriors, Orion is mentioned a few times, and it is stated that it was not one of the Colonies, in the novelization for The Young Lords, the planets Aquarus, Scorpia and Virgon are mentioned. In the novelization of the pilot for the 1978 series, the Twelve Colonies are referred to as The Twelve Colonies of the Three Suns. In the 1978 series, the Colonies were very set in a multiple star system. The inner colonies – including Virgon, Sagitaria and Caprica – were attacked first, by the time the Galactica arrived, the Cylons were already launching their first wave against the outer colonies. In one episode, The Long Patrol, Starbuck refers to the colonies as being located within the Cyrannus Galaxy. However, in the Battlestar Galactica video game, published in 2003 just prior to the release of the series, Cyrannus is the name of the star system. As with many science fiction shows, the terminology used is often self-contradictory, the name Cyrannus has not been used in the reimagined series, but appears on a map produced by the writers and producers of the show
41.
Caprica
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Caprica is an American science fiction drama television series. An extended version of the pilot premiered exclusively on DVD and digital download on April 21,2009, the first season debuted on January 22,2010, on Syfy in the U. S. Space in Canada, and Sky1 in the UK, running nine episodes, including the two-hour pilot, the second half of the first season began airing on October 5,2010, on Syfy and Space. On October 27,2010, Syfy canceled the show, citing low ratings, the series continued to air as scheduled on Space, finishing with the series finale on November 30,2010. The remaining episodes were released on DVD in the U. S. on December 21,2010, Caprica differs significantly from its parent series. Although a critical success, Galactica had a male audience. With these considerations, and Capricas storyline already focused on taking place prior to the two Cylon Wars, the series has a different tone, content, and style. While Caprica contains references to elements of the Battlestar universe, the series was intended to be accessible to new fans, whereas the dark, post-apocalyptic reimagined Battlestar Galactica series revolved around a final struggle for survival, Caprica is concerned with a world intoxicated by success. Ronald D. Moore states, Its about a society thats running out of control with a wild-eyed glint in its eye, the Twelve Colonies are at their peak, self-involved, oblivious, and mesmerized by the seemingly unlimited promise of technology. Caprica is grounded in urban locales rather than in space, and focuses on corporate, political, familial, Joseph Adama is the father of future Battlestar commander Bill Adama. In the act of terrorism that sets the story in motion, Joseph loses his wife and his family – his son, Willie, his brother, Sam, and his mother-in-law – deal with aftermath of their loss. Ethnicity is a theme in Caprica. The series takes place before the Twelve Colonies are unified under one government, relations between the diverse worlds are contentious and discrimination is pervasive. Taurons native language is represented by Ancient Greek, and given an emphasis on vengeance, after Josephs sense of propriety is energized in the pilots third act, he confesses to his son that he changed his last name to hide his background. Introduced as Adams, Joseph then reclaims his surname, Adama and he is also referred to as Yusif by fellow Taurons in private conversations, and Joseph is a Capricanized rendition of his original Tauron name. More Tauron personal names mentioned, like Khalil, emphasize the Other-ness of Tauron culture on a Caprican world, One of the shows main driving points is religious belief. Colonial culture is influenced by mainstream Polytheism, the belief in multiple gods which is characteristic of the ancient Greek. Characters are shown praying to Athena and Jupiter, Greek and Roman deities, monotheism is depicted as a fringe belief, as practised by the cult the Soldiers of The One from the planet Gemenon
42.
Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever
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Ballistic, Ecks vs. Sever is a 2002 American-German action-thriller film starring Antonio Banderas and Lucy Liu, and directed by Wych Kaosayananda. Liu and Banderas play opposing secret agents who are supposedly enemies, the film has been called one of the worst movies ever made. At the box office, the film made $19.9 million on a $70-million budget, with a total of 116 reviews, the highest for a film with a 0% score, Ballistic, Ecks vs. Sever is the worst reviewed film in the history of Rotten Tomatoes. FBI agent Jeremiah Ecks, left the agency after his wife Rayne was killed in a car bombing and his old boss, Julio Martin, asks him to investigate the Gant case. He claims that Rayne is still alive and he will give Ecks the information on her whereabouts, Ecks agrees and realizes Sever must be an orphan Chinese girl the DIA adopted to train as a covert operative and assassin with no fear, no conscience and no morality. Meanwhile, Gant executes the only survivor of Michaels security detail and he then orders his elite agents, led by A. J. Ross, to pursue Sever and rescue Michael. Ecks joins Martin and CSIS agent Harry Lee in Vancouver, where Sever is hiding out, Ecks learns that Gant stole an experimental weapon codenamed Softkill, a nanomachine which operates in the human circulatory system and can cause heart attacks at will. Gant had implanted Softkill in Michael in order to smuggle it into the United States, Ross and his men surround Sever in a shopping plaza, but she wipes out Rosss forces in a lengthy gun battle. Sever shoots Martin, and Ecks pursues Sever, climaxing with a fight thats cut off when Ross starts shooting at them with an M60 machine gun, Ecks is arrested by Vancouver PD under the false pretense that he killed Martin. While being transported to jail, his convoy is attacked by Sever who frees Ecks, after a lengthy car chase, Sever tells Ecks that shes on his side and gives him his wifes location. Ecks meets Rayne at an aquarium and its revealed that her death was orchestrated by Gant, Rayne ended up believing Ecks had died while he thought she was gone. Rayne then married Gant under the name Vinn and it ends up that Gant had Severs family killed, it was initially believed that kidnapping Michael was Severs revenge. However, Rayne reveals that Michael is actually Ecks son, Ecks, Rayne, and Sever go to Severs underground bunker in an abandoned trainyard, where Rayne is reunited with Michael. Gant and Ross arrive with an army of heavily-armed DIA agents, Ecks and Sever eventually gain the upperhand, and Sever kills Ross in a fight in the bunker. Gant tries to retrieve the Softkill in Michaels arm, but is surprised to find its not there, Sever kills Gant using a Softkill-loaded bullet, and escapes as the police arrive. The film concludes with Ecks and Sever looking over the sea, of all movies with a 0% rating, Ballistic had the most reviews of all as of March 2017. The critical consensus states, A startlingly inept film, Ballistic, Ecks vs. Sever offers overblown, wall-to-wall action without a hint of wit, coherence, style, or originality. In March 2007, Rotten Tomatoes ranked the film #1 on its The Worst of the Worst movie list, the film also has a score of 19 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 26 critics indicating overwhelming dislike
43.
Mr. Magoo (film)
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Mr. Magoo is a 1997 live-action comedy film based on the original cartoon of the same name. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures, and starred Leslie Nielsen as the character, along with Kelly Lynch, Matt Keeslar, Nick Chinlund, Stephen Tobolowsky. It was produced by Ben Myron and was the first and only English language film made by Hong Kong director Stanley Tong, Mr. Quincy Magoo, a wealthy canned vegetable factory owner, goes to the museum to attend a party. While there, Waldo, Mr. Magoos nephew, spies a woman named Stacey Sampanahoditra, later that night, jewel thieves Luanne LeSeur and Bob Morgan steal the museums beautiful ruby The Star of Kuristan and escape on a boat to Austin Cloquet, Bobs boss. Meanwhile, Mr. Magoo and his dog Angus go fishing in the area as the jewel thieves boat. Luanne picks a fight with Bob and in the scuffle, they lose the ruby which lands in Mr. Magoos boat unbeknownst to Magoo, Bob goes after the ruby but fails by falling onto the paddle wheel of a paddle boat. At the museum, the curator and Stacey send two agents, Gustav Anders of the CIA and Chuck Stupak of the FBI to track down the ruby, Stacey mentions she was invited to the opera where the Magoos go that night. Anders and Stupak also visit the opera to look for Mr. Magoo who is in the show, at the opera Mr. Magoo meets Luanne who pretends to be a magazine reporter named Prunella Pagliachi. She wishes Mr. Magoo luck at the opera, who takes a liking to her. Stupak sneaks on the stage and fails to find any clue about Mr. Magoo with Mr. Magoo accidentally hitting Stupak with a big tool, the next morning, Luanne tricks Mr. Magoo into taking her to his house with an injured ankle. Stupak finds a notebook with Luannes fingerprints on it and realizes who Mr. Magoo is with and he and Anders go to Mr. Magoos house where Stupak sneaks in looking for the ruby. Mr. Magoo and Luanne arrive at the house and Stupak hides from them, Bob sneaks into Mr. Magoos house and finds the ruby. Upon being caught in the act, he steals Mr. Magoos prized Studebaker with the Magoos, Bob loses them and brings the ruby to Austin. Austin plans an auction for his friends from around the world. Mr. Magoo disguises himself as Ortega Peru, a thief from Brazil who never goes anywhere, however he is discovered when the fake tattoo on his chest is washed away by the water. Luanne breaks up the auction, steals the ruby, and escapes on a snow mobile away from the lair, the government arrests Austin and his friends while Mr. Magoo gives chase on an ironing board and winds up in the middle of a womens skiing competition. Waldo and Angus sneak out of the lair, catch up with Magoo, Angus sees Luanne in disguise as an old woman and spills her purse which gives Mr. Magoo and Waldo a clue about where Luanne is going. The Magoos follow Luanne to Brazil where Waldo spies on the real Ortega, Mr. Magoo steals a bride dress from Ortegas girlfriend Rosita and is led to the wedding
44.
Fringe (TV series)
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Fringe is an American science fiction television series created by J. J. Abrams, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci. It premiered on the Fox Broadcasting network on September 9,2008, the team uses fringe science and FBI investigative techniques to investigate a series of unexplained, often ghastly occurrences, which are related to mysteries surrounding a parallel universe. The series has been described as a hybrid of fantasy and procedural dramas and serials, influenced by film and television such as Lost, The X-Files, Altered States. The series began as a traditional mystery-of-the-week series and became more serialized in later seasons, most episodes contain a standalone plot, with several others also exploring the series overarching mythology. Critical reception was at first lukewarm but became more favorable after the first season, the show, as well as the cast and crew, were nominated for many major awards. Despite its move to the Friday night death slot and low ratings and it also spawned two six-part comic book series, an alternate reality game, and three novels. They are supported by Phillip Broyles, the director, and Agent Astrid Farnsworth. The team is also watched silently by a group of bald, the ZFT threat appears to end when Peter kills Jones as he attempts travel to a parallel universe. Olivia comes to learn she was a child test subject for Walter years ago for a drug, Cortexiphan. Walter is forced to tell Peter that he is from the universe, a replacement for his own Peter. On return, they fell through the ice but were saved by the Observer September, who told Walter of the importance of the boy, Walters crossing is what caused the singularities in the parallel universe, with Reiden Lake at their epicenter. Walter has been looking for a sign of forgiveness in the form of a white tulip, Season 3 presents episodes that alternate between the two universes. Walternate, Walters doppelgänger in the universe, is the U. S. Secretary of Defense and has set events in motion to assemble the Machine. By happenstance, Fauxlivia becomes pregnant with Peters child, Henry, Walternate orchestrated acceleration of the pregnancy to gain a sample of the babys blood, which he uses to activate the machine. Season 4 begins in a timeline, one in which September had failed to save the alternate version of Peter in 1985. This creates a butterfly effect influencing the main characters pasts but otherwise stabilizing both universes due to the creation of the bridge, Peter is pulled into this new timeline due to the actions of the alternate timelines Fringe team, which includes Lincoln Lee. September also reveals to Peter that the Observers needed to erase Peters son, Henry, to assure their future will be created, the Fringe division is forced to close the dimensional bridge, but this fails to stop Bells plan. Walter is left with one choice, to shoot and kill Olivia, her death disrupting the process, Olivias death is only temporary, as the Cortexiphan in her body is consumed to repair the bullet wound, leaving her alive and healthy but lacking her psionic abilities
45.
This Means War (film)
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This Means War is a 2012 American romantic comedy spy film directed by McG in which two CIA agents who are best friends discover that they are dating the same woman. The film stars Reese Witherspoon, Chris Pine, and Tom Hardy, upon returning to America, their boss, Collins assigns them to desk duty for their protection. FDR is a womanizer, whose cover is a ship captain, while Tuck, who presents himself as a travel agent, has an ex-wife, Katie and a young son, Joe. Tuck goes to Joes karate lesson where Joe loses his match, Tuck tries to give Joe advice but Joe rolls his eyes and asks how he would know since he is just a travel agent. Tuck walks Joe to the car where he attempts to rekindle his connection to his famIly, after being rebuffed by Katie he sees a commercial for online dating. Tuck decides to sign himself up and is paired with Lauren Scott and her best friend, Trish enrolled her in the same online dating website. FDR insists on being Tucks backup for the date and hides nearby, shortly thereafter, FDR runs into Lauren at a video store and tries to flirt with her, not knowing shes Tucks date. She surmises that hes a man and ignores him. Intrigued, FDR crashes into one of Laurens test groups and persuades her to go on a date with him, Tuck takes Lauren on a date to a circus where they swing on the trapeze and have a really great date. The date with FDR does not go well at the start, after arguing in the street, FDR walks away from Lauren but seconds later, Lauren sees her ex-boyfriend and his fiancée approaching. Desperate, Lauren grabs FDR and kisses him and lies to her ex that she and FDR are together and her ex and his fiancée both seem jealous at the passion displayed, and later move along. FDR demands that Lauren explain what just happened and suggests they grab some dinner at a pizza parlor. Later, after dating both men a few times Lauren feels guilty about dating them at the time, but is persuaded by Trish to make the best of the situation. This leads to men taking steps to ensure she does not sleep with the other one. After a while, Lauren invites Tuck to lunch, while FDR discovers that Heinrich has arrived in town to exact his revenge and he interrupts Laurens date to warn Tuck but Tuck doesnt believe him. They engage in a fight, after which Lauren discovers that they are in fact best friends and, feeling made a fool of. At that moment, the women are kidnapped by Heinrich and his men, FDR and Tuck rescue Lauren and Trish after a car chase, in which they reveal that they are not who they say they are. On Laurens advice, they out the headlights on Heinrichs SUV, deploying the airbags
46.
The Jade Peony
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The Jade Peony is a novel by Wayson Choy. It was first published in 1995 by Douglas and McIntyre, the novel features stories told by three siblings, Jook-Liang, Jung-Sum and Sek-Lung or Sekky. Each child tells their own story, revealing their personal flaws. They are working to find their identity as Chinese Canadians, and find either embrace being Canadian and this issue becomes especially important in the wake of their grandmother s death. The Jade Peony is divided into three sections, with a different child of the Chen family narrating his or her experience growing up in Vancouvers Chinatown in the early 1930-40s, the three children are Jook Liang or Liang-Liang, followed by Jung Sum, and finally Sek-Lung or Sekky. The first section is narrated by Jook-Liang, the sister in the family. She wishes to be a performer like Shirley Temple and forms a friendship with Wong Suk. As the only daughter in the family, Liang struggles against her dreams of fame and escaping the old ways of her family, as well as the old Chinese convention of placing boys before girls. Her story concludes with Wong Suk returning to China to repatriate the remains of Chinese men who died in Canada but had wished to return home to China, Jung-Sum, the second son, narrates the second section of the novel. Adopted into the Chen family after his parents died, he is hesitant to accept his new family after enduring neglect. However, he finds a sense of belonging with his new family as they welcome him with kind yet subtle gestures, Jung-Sum constantly seeks approval by attempting to prove himself to his family as well as his peers. Furthermore, he struggles with his sexuality and feelings for Frank and he and Jung-Sum bond as Frank mentors him through boxing. Sek-Lung, the son, is the youngest child of the Chen family. Because he tended to be sickly, he becomes close to Poh-Poh, all That Matters is a sequel to The Jade Peony. It tells the story of the three siblings eldest brother, Kiam-Kim, with a number of events running concurrent to The Jade Peony, the Jade Peony was the winner of the 1995 Trillium Prize and the 1995 City of Vancouver Book Award. The book was selected for the 2010 edition of Canada Reads, where it was championed by academic and activist Samantha Nutt, in 2002, The Jade Peony was also selected as the inaugural book for the One Book, One Vancouver program for the Vancouver Public Library
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