1.
Municipalities and cities of Serbia
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The municipalities and cities of Serbia are the second level administrative subdivisions of the country. Serbia is divided into 147 municipalities and 27 cities, forming the basic level of local government, also, the city of Belgrade has a status of separate statistical region. Municipalities and cities are the units of Serbia, and they form 29 districts in groups. They are defined by the Government of Serbias Enactment of 29 January 1992, a city may and may not be divided into city municipalities depending on their size. Currently, there are six cities in Serbia with city municipalities, Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, Požarevac, Užice and Vranje comprise several city municipalities each, divided into urban, Municipalities Like in many other countries, municipalities are the basic entities of local government in Serbia. The head of the municipality is the President of the municipality, while the power is held by the Municipal council. Municipal assembly is elected on local elections, while the President, Municipalities have their own property and budget. Only the cities officially have mayors, although the presidents are often informally referred to as such. The territory of a municipality is composed of a town and surrounding villages, the municipality bears the name of the seat town. Only one municipality does not share the name with the seat town and this municipality is located in Kosovo, and thus exists only on paper. The territory of the municipality was merged with part of the Municipality of Prizren in 2000 by UNMIK to form new Municipality of Dragaš and this move is not recognised by Serbian Government. Cities and city municipalities Cities are another type of local self-government, the territory with the city status usually has more than 100,000 inhabitants, but is otherwise very similar to municipality. There are 27 cities, each having an assembly and budget of its own, only the cities have mayors, although the presidents of the municipalities are often referred to as mayors in everyday usage. As with a municipality, the territory of a city is composed of a city proper, every city is part of a district. The exception is the capital Belgrade, which is not part of any district, the city may or may not be divided into city municipalities. Six cities, Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, Požarevac, Vranje, competences of cities and city municipalities are divided. The city municipalities of these six cities also have their assemblies, the two largest city municipalities by number of residents are the City municipality of Novi Sad and New Belgrade. The city of Kragujevac had its own city municipalities from 2002 until 2008, in 2013, the city municipality of Sevojno within the city of Užice was established
2.
Palace of Culture
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Palace of Culture or House of Culture was the name for major club-houses in the Soviet Union and the rest of the Eastern bloc. It was an establishment for all kinds of activities and hobbies, sports, collecting, arts. Groups were also subdivided by age of participants, from children to retirees, a public library may sometimes have been housed in the Palace of Culture as well. All hobby groups were free of charge until most recent times, a Palace of Culture was sometimes called a club, but this did not mean that it was membership-based. In official rhetoric, all these were supposed to aid the cultural leisure of Soviet workers and children and to fight cultureless leisure, such as drinking and hooliganism. Palaces or Houses of Culture were introduced in the days of the Soviet Union. Below is an excerpt from John Deweys Impressions of Soviet Russia, the other impression I would record came from a non-official visit to a House of Popular Culture. Built and controlled, perhaps, by the government, no, but by the voluntary efforts of the trade unions, who tax themselves two percent of their wages to afford their collective life these facilities. The House is staffed and managed by its own elected officers, the contrast with the comparative inactivity of our own working men and with the quasi-philanthropic quality of similar enterprises in my own country left a painful impression. It is true that this House—there is already another similar one in Leningrad—has no intrinsic and necessary connection with communistic theory, the like of it might exist in any large modern industrial center. But there is the fact that the like of it does not exist in the other, there it is in Leningrad, as it is not there in Chicago or New York. There were two categories of Palaces of Culture, those owned by the state and those owned by the enterprise. Every town, kolkhoz and sovkhoz had a central Palace or House of Culture, major industrial enterprises had their own Palaces of Culture, managed by the corresponding trade unions. Palaces of Culture served another important purpose, they housed local congresses and conferences of the divisions of the Communist Party. In smaller rural settlements similar establishments of lesser scope were known as clubs, with activities there being dance nights. In 1988 there were over 137,000 club establishments in the Soviet Union, the concept and the name of a House of Culture also appears in France, Belgium and Quebec. Most Palaces of Culture continue to exist after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but their status, especially the financial one, changed significantly, for various reasons
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Serbia
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Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a transitional character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217, in the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the regions first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006, in 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community. Serbia is a member of organizations such as the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, the country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector. The country ranks high on the Social Progress Index as well as the Global Peace Index, relatively high on the Human Development Index, located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2, which places it at 113th place in the world, with Kosovo excluded, the area is 77,474 km2. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km, all of Kosovos border with Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are under control of the Kosovo border police. The Pannonian Plain covers the third of the country while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the part of the country, with the region of Šumadija at its heart. Mountains dominate the third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina, the Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern Serbia. Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system, elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres to the lowest point of just 17 metres near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube, the climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
5.
Administrative divisions of Serbia
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Autonomous provinces Serbia has two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina in the north and Kosovo and Metohija in the south. The province of Vojvodina has its own Assembly and Government of Vojvodina and it enjoys autonomy on certain matters, such as infrastructure, science, education and culture. The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been transferred to the administration of UNMIK since June 1999, Central Serbia The Central Serbia is the area that lies between the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija and it was known under that name until 2009. It was not a division, and it did not have any regional authority of its own. In 2009, the National Assembly of Serbia adopted the Law on Equal Territorial Development that formed 7 statistical regions in the territory of Serbia, the Law was amended on 7 April 2010, reducing the number of regions from seven to five. The previously formed region of Eastern Serbia was merged with Southern Serbia, districts are not defined by the Law on Territorial Organisation, but are organised under the Governments Enactment of 29 January 1992. Serbia is divided into 29 districts, while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own, municipalities Serbia is divided into 147 municipalities and 27 cities, which form the basic units of local government. Each municipality has its own assembly, a president, public service property. Municipalities usually have more than 10,000 inhabitants, municipalities comprise local communities, which mostly correspond to settlements in the rural areas. Urban areas are divided into local communities. Their roles include communication of elected representatives with citizens, organization of citizen initiatives related with public service. They are presided over by councils, elected in semi-formal elections, the role of local communities is far more important in rural areas, due to proximity to municipal centers, many urban local communities are defunct. Cities Cities are another type of local self-government, territories with the status of city usually have more than 100,000 inhabitants, but are otherwise very similar to municipalities. There are 27 cities, each having an assembly and budget of its own, only cities have mayors, although the presidents of the municipalities are often referred to as mayors in everyday usage. The city may or may not be divided into city municipalities, five cities, Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, Požarevac and Vranje comprise several municipalities, divided into urban and suburban areas. Competences of cities and their municipalities are divided and this move is not recognized by Serbia, but is recognized by the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. According to the new subdivision, Kosovo is divided into 7 districts and 37 municipalities
6.
Districts of Serbia
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The districts of Serbia, officially called administrative districts are the first level administrative subdivisions of the country. Districts are the units of Serbia, comprising several municipalities and cities each. They are defined by the Government of Serbias Enactment of 29 January 1992, Districts are regional centers of state authority and they do not have any form of self-government. They run affairs in the name of the Government, there are 29 districts in Serbia. The only part of Serbia that is not part of any district is the territory of the City of Belgrade which has a special status, every districts has its seat in the largest city of the district. The Slavic word okrug denotes administrative subdivision in some states and its etymology is similar to the German Kreis, circle, okrug is literally something encircling. In the subdivisions of Serbia, the term is translated as district, the territorial organisation of Serbia is regulated by the Law on Territorial Organization, adopted by the National Assembly on 29 December 2007. According to the Law, the organization of the republic comprises municipalities and cities, the City of Belgrade with special status. Districts are not mentioned in law but are defined by the Government of Serbias Enactment of 29 January 1992. They are defined as the districts as regional centers of state authority, Serbia is divided into 29 districts, plus the City of Belgrade. The City of Belgrade is not part of any district, but has a status very similar to that of a district. Serbian laws treat Kosovo and Metohija as integral part of Serbia, the Enactment defines five districts on the territory of Kosovo. But, since 1999, following the Kosovo War Kosovo is under United Nations administration of UNMIK, in 2000, the UNMIK administration changed territorial organisation on the territory of Kosovo. All five districts were abolished, and seven new districts were created, Serbian government does not recognize this move, and accepts only five pre-2000 districts. Five of Serbian Districts are on the territory of Kosovo, comprising 28 municipalities and 1 city, in 2000, UNMIK created 7 new districts and 30 municipalities. Serbia does not exercise sovereignty over this polity, for the UNMIK districts and the districts of Kosovo, see Districts of Kosovo. Because the Serbian government has no control over Kosovo since it declared independence, for current demographic information about Kosovo, see Kosovos 2011 census. Administrative divisions of Serbia Municipalities and cities of Serbia Cities and towns of Serbia Cities, towns and villages of Vojvodina Populated places of Serbia ISO 3166-2, RS Notes References
7.
Rasina District
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The Rasina District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 241,999 inhabitants, the administrative center of the Rasina district is Kruševac. The district encompasses the municipalities of, Varvarin Trstenik Ćićevac Kruševac Aleksandrovac Brus According to the last official census done in 2011,53. 8% of the population lives in the urban areas. The Lazarica Church, built in 1376 on the occasion of Stephans son birth, a Donjon Tower, the military fortification of the medieval castle, bears witness of the great cultural and historic heritage of the Serb people. From its first days the Ljubostinja played an important part in culture, distinguished chroniclers, engrossers, book design masters, and painters were asked to come here. In the economy of this region prevails chemical industry, Merima, Miloje Zakić, also prominent are the 14 oktobar a giant company from Kruševac in the sector of metal industry, and the Crvena zastava in the sector of timber and wood industry. Administrative divisions of Serbia Districts of Serbia Note, All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law, www. rasinskiokrug. org. rs - Official web address of Rasina District
8.
Serbian Progressive Party
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The Serbian Progressive Party is a populist conservative political party in Serbia. The Serbian Progressive Party was formed by a group of 21 former Serbian Radical Party MPs led by Tomislav Nikolić, disenchanted with the direction of the party, the pro-EU members left and formed the Forward Serbia parliamentary group. The SNS was founded and held its first congress meeting on 21 October 2008, of the Serbian Radical Partys representatives elected in the 2008 parliamentary election,21 moved to the Serbian Progressive Party, while 57 remained in the SRS. In 2011, the SNS formed a coalition with New Serbia, the Strength of Serbia Movement. In the 2012 parliamentary election, the party led the Lets Get Serbia Moving coalition, Party leader Tomislav Nikolić defeated Boris Tadić of the Democratic Party in the second round of the 2012 presidential election. Following his election as President of Serbia, Nikolić stepped down as leader of the party on 24 May 2012, Vučić was the only candidate who ran for the party leadership, and was elected on 29 September 2012, with Jorgovanka Tabaković as his deputy. In December 2012, the Peoples Party led by ex-Mayor of Novi Sad Maja Gojković, the Serbian Progressive Party maintains cooperation with the Freedom Party of Austria and United Russia party. On 24 April 2013 the SNS representatives in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe joined the Group of the European Peoples Party, major positions held by Serbian Progressive Party members, Politics of Serbia List of political parties in Serbia List of Presidents of Serbia Official website
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
10.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
11.
Telephone numbers in Serbia
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Regulation of the telephone numbers in Serbia is under the responsibility of the Regulatory Agency of Electronic Communication and Mail Services, independent from the government. The country calling code of Serbia is +381, the country has an open telephone numbering plan, with most numbers consisting of a 2- or 3-digit calling code and a 6-7 digits of customer number. The country calling code of Serbia is +381, Serbia and Montenegro received the code of +381 following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. Montenegro switched to +382 after its independence in 2006, so +381 is now used only by Serbia, for domestic calls,0 must be dialed before the area code. For calls from Serbia, the prefix for international calls was 99, Calling code areas in Serbia have been largely unchanged since the time of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. As Socialist Republic of Serbia had been assigned codes starting with 1,2 and 3, Calling code areas, Until 2013, Telekom Srbija had a monopoly on fixed telephony services. The calling codes are assigned to the using the following scheme. However, since 2011 customers can change the operator and retain the old calling code, thus, calling codes do not necessary reflect the operator. It is not possible, however, to transfer a number to a land-based operator. The following special telephone numbers are valid across the country, On 21 May 2012 and this also applied to 976,985,987 and 9860. 112 redirects to 192 on mobile phones, the dialing code for Kosovo is +383. Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008, but retained the +381 calling code for fixed telephony until 2016, dialing code +383 started to be allocated on 15 December 2016. Republic Telecommunication Agency Telephone services in Serbia Telecommunications in Serbia
12.
Vehicle registration plates of Serbia
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Vehicle registration plates of Serbia are issued using a two-letter region code, followed by three or four-digit numeric and a two-letter alpha license code, separated by a hyphen. The region code and the code are separated by the shield of Serbia. A blue field is placed along the side edge, as in European Union countries. License numeric code contains combination of three digits, while two letter code is made of combination of letters using Serbian Latin alphabet order, with addition of letters X, Y and W. The standard dimensions of a Serbian license plates are 520.5 ×112.9 mm, issuance of current license plates started on January 1,2011 and they will be used alongside the old ones during the transitional period until the end of 2011. g. The letter in the middle is denoting the status of the owner and these are issued for agricultural vehicles, e. g. tractors, or construction vehicles. These plates consists of two-letter region code, coat of arms of Serbia and these plates had green background and black letters. Slow traffic vehicles use yellow background plates, the format is like older format of Serbia, it is two-letter regional code, then numbers. Older plates for slow traffic vehicles had white background and almost exactly like agriculture plates, it is regional letters at top on the plates, trailer plates is reversed format of the civilian license plates. It is serial letter, then numbers and then regional code, older trailers had up to six characters then regional code. Military plates had just one letters, then coat of arms, older military plates had a code indicating the branch was on, then one letters and then four numbers. Police plates had the letters П and then six numbers, older plates had letters M Mopeds use plates exactly like an older Serbian plates before 2011. Temporary plates had the letters RPE then regional code then numbers, older plates had the letters RP, then numbers, year of expiration and then number denoting the region. UNHCR plates use blue font then had the letters UNHCR and then numbers and this plate has been replaced by diplomatic plates. Exceptional vehicles had a red background and white letters, UNPF plates had the letters UNPF and then numbers. This plate is no longer issued, dealer plates had the regional letters on the top and then numbers. Military reserve plates had military branch was on and then 5 numbers, portal posvećen registraciji vozila Registracija vozila Nove tablice od 2011, cena 40 evra. Pravilnik o registraciji motornih i priključnih vozila Car Transport in Serbia
13.
Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
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The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script for the Serbian language, developed in 1818 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić. It is one of the two used to write standard modern Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, the other being Latin. During the same period, Croatian linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Cyrillic and Latin alphabets for Serbo-Croatian have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. Vuks Cyrillic alphabet was adopted in Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the inter-war period. Both alphabets were co-official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in Serbia, Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status. It is also a script in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, along with Latin. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov, Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language, however, Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to a 2014 survey, Glagolitic appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. Cyrillic was created by the orders of Boris I of Bulgaria by Cyrils disciples, the earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav, based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters, the literary Slavic language was based on the Bulgarian dialect of Thessaloniki. Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Vukan Gospels, St. Savas Nomocanon, Dušans Code, Munich Serbian Psalter, the first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, there he met Jernej Kopitar, a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform the Serbian language and he finalized the alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which was published in 1868 and he wrote several books, Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815-1818 he used, Ю, я, Ы and Ѳ, in his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was adopted in 1868, four years after his death
14.
Ottoman Empire
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After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, while the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians. The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society, however, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian Empires. While the Empire was able to hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent. Starting before World War I, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The word Ottoman is an anglicisation of the name of Osman I. Osmans name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān, in Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye, or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti, the Turkish word for Ottoman originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empires military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term Turk was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, the term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish-speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. In Western Europe, the two names Ottoman Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations and this dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. Most scholarly historians avoid the terms Turkey, Turks, and Turkish when referring to the Ottomans, as the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman, osmans early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades, many but not all converts to Islam. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River and it is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period. One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam, in the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans. Osmans son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 and this conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387, the Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe
15.
Joseph Cornelius O'Rourke
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Count Joseph Cornelius ORourke was a Russian nobleman of Irish ancestry. ORourke was awarded the orders of Saint George, Alexander Nevsky and his portrait was included in the Military Gallery of the Winter Palace, now part of the Hermitage Museum. A monument commemorating ORourke and his men was erected in Varvarin in 1910 on the celebration of their victory against the Turks. The ORourke family were members of the Jacobite Irish Nobility. The majority of the family moved as refugees to France during this time, the ORourkes were a prominent Gaelic aristocratic family who lost lands in the Elizabethan and Cromwellian conquests, and several family members emigrated to Russia. During the reign of Elizabeth in Russia in the century, one branch of the ORourkes moved to Livonia. ORourke was born in Dorpat in 1772, by this time, the family had intermarried and had been completely absorbed into Russian high society. According to customs, ORourke was immediately enrolled at birth in the Russian Imperial Guard and his father was Count Cornelius ORourke, who retired in 1788 with the rank of Major-General. After education in a school and military training, he first saw action as a young man in Zürich against the French Revolutionary Army. He served under General Kutuzov in 1805 at the Battle of Austerlitz and was awarded the Order of Saint George. After Napoleon invaded Russia and reached Moscow, ORourke took part in the defense and defeat of the French at Leipzig, and he was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky. For his exploits in the 1813–14 campaign, ORourke was awarded the Prussian Iron Cross, the Order of the Red Eagle, and his portrait hangs in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. In 1910, a monument was erected to him in Serbia, during his illustrious career, he received two golden swords for bravery, one of which was encrusted with diamonds. ORourke held a vast estate near Minsk, which was worked on by one thousand serfs and he married and had children, among them six sons. One son, Michael ORourke, entered the corps as a cadet and achieved distinction in the Navy in the 15th complement. A later descendant joined Catholic orders and became bishop of Danzig after World War I, between 1809 and 1812, ORourke served in the war against the Turks. When the Turks threatened the southern edge of the empire, ORourke equipped a regiment at his own expense and he and his men fought for the deliverance of Prahovo, Bela Palanka, Sokobanja and Jasika, and they won a decisive victory at Varvarin. ORourke helped free the area from domination by the Turks and was awarded the Order of Saint Anne for his service, ORourke concluded his military career as a Lieutenant General, and he fought French forces again in Germany
16.
Morava Banovina
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The Morava Banovina or Morava Banate was a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. This province consisted of parts of present-day Central Serbia and it was named for the Morava Rivers, the capital city of the Morava Banovina was Niš. The boundary then continues northwards, coinciding with the boundaries of the Zeta, Drina, in 1941, the World War II Axis Powers occupied the Morava Banovina and it was made part of German and Bulgaria -occupied Serbia and Italian-occupied Albania. Following World War II, the region was made a part of Serbia within a federal Socialist Yugoslavia, notes, References, The Constitution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Southern and Eastern Serbia Kosovo
17.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
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The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state in Southeast Europe and Central Europe, that existed during the interwar period and first half of World War II. It was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats, the Kingdom of Montenegro had united with Serbia five days previously, while the regions of Kosovo, Vojvodina and Vardar Macedonia were parts of Serbia prior to the unification. For its first eleven years of existence, the Kingdom was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929. The state was ruled by the Serbian dynasty of Karađorđević, which ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I from 1903 onwards. Peter I became the first king of Yugoslavia until his death in 1921 and he was succeeded by his son Alexander I, who had been regent for his father. He was known as Alexander the Unifier and he renamed the kingdom Yugoslavia in 1929 and he was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, during his visit to France in 1934. The crown passed to his then-still under-aged son Peter and his cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941, when Peter II would come of age. The royal family flew to London the same year, prior to the country being invaded by the Axis powers, in April 1941, the country was occupied and partitioned by the Axis powers. A royal government-in-exile, recognized by the United Kingdom and, later, in 1944, after pressure from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the King recognized the government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as the legitimate government. This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić, Trumbić faced initial hostility from Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić, who preferred an enlarged Serbia over a unified Yugoslav state. In 1916, the Serbian Parliament in exile decided on the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at a meeting inside the Municipal Theatre of Corfu. The Kingdom was formed on 1 December 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, on 1 December 1918, the new kingdom was proclaimed by Alexander Karađorđević, Prince-Regent for his father, Peter I of Serbia. The creation of the state was supported by pan-Slavists and Serbian nationalists, for the pan-Slavic movement, all of the South Slav people had united into a single state. For Serbian nationalists, the goal of uniting the majority of the Serb population across south-eastern Europe into one state was also achieved. Furthermore, as Serbia already had a government, military, and police force, the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes participated in the Paris Peace Conference with Trumbić as the countrys representative. Almost immediately, it ran into disputes with most of its neighbours, Slovenia was difficult to determine, since it had been an integral part of Austria for 400 years. The Vojvodina region was disputed with Hungary, Macedonia with Bulgaria, a plebiscite was also held in the Province of Carinthia, which opted to remain in Austria. Austrians had formed a majority in this region although numbers reflected that some Slovenes did vote for Carinthia to become part of Austria, the Dalmatian port city of Zadar and a few of the Dalmatian islands were given to Italy
18.
Kosovo War
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The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that lasted from 5 March 1998 until 11 June 1999. After attempts at a diplomatic solution failed, NATO intervened, justifying the campaign in Kosovo as a humanitarian war and this precipitated a mass expulsion of Kosovar Albanians as the Yugoslav forces continued to fight during the aerial bombardment of Yugoslavia. The war ended with the Kumanovo Treaty, with Yugoslav and Serb forces agreeing to withdraw from Kosovo to make way for an international presence, Kosovos borders did not precisely match the areas of ethnic Albanian settlement in Yugoslavia. Kosovos formal autonomy, established under the 1945 Yugoslav constitution, initially meant relatively little in practice, the secret police cracked down hard on nationalists. In 1956 a number of Albanians went on trial in Kosovo on charges of espionage, the threat of separatism was in fact minimal, as the few underground groups aiming for union with Albania had little political significance. Demaci himself was imprisoned in 1964 along with many of his followers, Yugoslavia underwent a period of economic and political crisis in 1969, as a massive government program of economic reform widened the gap between the rich north and poor south of the country. Student demonstrations and riots in Belgrade in June 1968 spread to Kosovo in November of the same year, however, Tito conceded some of the students demands—in particular, representative powers for Albanians in both the Serbian and Yugoslav state bodies and better recognition of the Albanian language. The University of Pristina was established as an independent institution in 1970, the lack of Albanian-language educational materials in Yugoslavia hampered the Albanisation of education in Kosovo, so an agreement was struck with Albania itself to supply textbooks. In 1974 Kosovos political status improved further when a new Yugoslav constitution granted a set of political rights. Along with Vojvodina, Kosovo was declared a province and gained many of the powers of a fully-fledged republic, power was still exercised by the Communist Party, but it was now devolved mainly to ethnic Albanian communists. Titos death on 4 May 1980 ushered in a period of political instability, worsened by growing economic crisis. The disturbances were quelled by the Presidency of Yugoslavia proclaiming a state of emergency, sending in riot police and the army, hard-liners instituted a fierce crackdown on nationalism of all kinds, Albanian and Serbian alike. Kosovo endured a heavy secret-police presence throughout most of the 1980s that ruthlessly suppressed any unauthorised nationalist manifestations, according to a report quoted by Mark Thompson, as many as 580,000 inhabitants of Kosovo were arrested, interrogated, interned or reprimanded. Thousands of these lost their jobs or were expelled from their educational establishments, during this time tension between the Albanian and Serbian communities continued to escalate. Such concerns did attract interest in Belgrade, stories appeared from time to time in the Belgrade media claiming that Serbs and Montenegrins were being persecuted. There was a perception among Serbian nationalists that Serbs were being driven out of Kosovo, in addition to all this, the worsening state of Kosovos economy made the province a poor choice for Serbs seeking work. Albanians, as well as Serbs, tended to favor their compatriots when hiring new employees, Kosovo was the poorest entity of Yugoslavia, the average per capita income was $795, compared with the national average of $2,635. 33 nationalist formations were dismantled by Yugoslav police, who sentenced some 280 people and seized arms caches, in Kosovo an increasingly poisonous atmosphere between Serbs and Albanians led to wild rumors being spread and otherwise trivial incidents being blown out of proportion
19.
Great Morava
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The Great Morava is the final section of the Morava, a major river system in Serbia. The Velika Morava begins at the confluence of the South Morava and the West Morava, located near the town of Stalać. From there to its confluence with the Danube northeast of the city of Smederevo, with its longer branch, the West Morava, it is 493 km long. The South Morava, which represents the natural headwaters of the Morava, used to be longer than the West Morava, at one time the Morava was over 600 km long. The drainage basin of the Velika Morava is 6,126 km², and of the whole Morava system is 37,444 km², Velika Morava flows through the most fertile and densely populated area of Central Serbia, called the Morava river valley or Pomoravlje. Pomoravlje was formed in a bay of a vast, ancient Pannonian Sea which dried out 200,000 years ago. Through about half of its length it passes through beautiful Bagrdan gorge, in past centuries, it was known for its seemingly endless forests, but there is almost nothing left today of those old woods. It flows into the Danube between the villages of Kulič & Dubravica, in the coal mining basin of Kostolac, one of two mines in its drainage basin. The average discharge of the Velika Morava on its confluence with Danube is 255 m³/s, tributaries of the Velika Morava are short, the longest one being the Jasenica and others rarely exceeding 50 km. Right tributaries are, Jovanovačka reka, Crnica, Ravanica, Resava, left tributaries are more numerous, including, Kalenićka reka, Lugomir, Belica River, Lepenica, Rača, and Jasenica. Many of them dont carry much water, but in years, they are known for causing major floods. Before it meets the Danube, the Velika Morava splits, creating a 47 km long arm called the Jezava and its joined by a longer river, the Ralja, from the left. The Velika Morava represents an example of a meandering river. It used to be 245 km long, but directly from its origin to the Danube, there is only 118 km in distance, its ratio is 118,245. The river bed is 80–200 m wide, and the depth as much as 10 m, notorious for its flooding, the Morava has changed its course many times, and old river bends have become small lakes, known as moravište. Južna Morava, with high erosion in its drainage basin, brings huge amounts of silt which is elevating Velika Moravas river bed. Beginning in 1966, huge works began on all three rivers to prevent future floodings, series of reservoirs were made on tributaries, and meanders were cut through, making river courses straightened, which made them shorter. It was projected that it would shorten by as much as 152 km, altogether,18 reservoirs are projected,23 meanders are to be cut, a series of embankments are to be built and intensive afforestation is to be started
20.
NATO
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party, three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states. NATOs headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons. NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries across North America and Europe, an additional 22 countries participate in NATOs Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total, Members defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, politically, the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004. N. The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Unions Defence Organization in September 1948. However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism. He got a hearing, especially considering American anxiety over Italy. In 1948 European leaders met with U. S. defense, military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, marshalls orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty and it included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in. Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, the creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. The members agreed that an attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor, although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which states that the response will be military in nature. It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily, the treaty was later clarified to include both the members territory and their vessels, forces or aircraft above the Tropic of Cancer, including some Overseas departments of France. The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, the roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved
21.
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
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The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a single-engine supersonic multirole fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force. Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it evolved into a successful all-weather multirole aircraft, over 4,500 aircraft have been built since production was approved in 1976. Although no longer being purchased by the U. S. Air Force, in 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to the Lockheed Corporation, which in turn became part of Lockheed Martin after a 1995 merger with Martin Marietta. The F-16 has an internal M61 Vulcan cannon and 11 locations for mounting weapons, the F-16 has also been procured to serve in the air forces of 25 other nations. As of 2015, it is the second most common operational military aircraft in the world. Experiences in the Vietnam War revealed the need for air superiority fighters, boyds work called for a small, lightweight aircraft that could maneuver with the minimum possible energy loss, and which also incorporated an increased thrust-to-weight ratio. Air Force F-X proponents remained hostile to the concept because they perceived it as a threat to the F-15 program, however, the Air Forces leadership understood that its budget would not allow it to purchase enough F-15 aircraft to satisfy all of its missions. The Advanced Day Fighter concept, renamed F-XX, gained political support under the reform-minded Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard. As a result, in May 1971, the Air Force Prototype Study Group was established, with Boyd a key member and this was the region where USAF studies predicted most future air combat would occur. The anticipated average flyaway cost of a version was $3 million. This production plan, though, was only notional as the USAF had no plans to procure the winner. Five companies responded and in 1972, the Air Staff selected General Dynamics Model 401 and Northrops P-600 for the prototype development. GD and Northrop were awarded contracts worth $37.9 million and $39.8 million to produce the YF-16 and YF-17, respectively, with first flights of both prototypes planned for early 1974. To overcome resistance in the Air Force hierarchy, the Fighter Mafia, the high/low mix would allow the USAF to be able to afford sufficient fighters for its overall fighter force structure requirements. The mix gained broad acceptance by the time of the flyoff, defining the relationship of the LWF. The YF-16 was developed by a team of General Dynamics engineers led by Robert H. Widmer. The first YF-16 was rolled out on 13 December 1973, and its 90-minute maiden flight was made at the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards AFB, California and its actual first flight occurred accidentally during a high-speed taxi test on 20 January 1974. The test pilot, Phil Oestricher, decided to lift off to avoid a potential crash, the slight damage was quickly repaired and the official first flight occurred on time
22.
Eastern Orthodox Church
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The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles. It practices what it understands to be the original Christian faith, the Eastern Orthodox Church is a communion of autocephalous churches, each typically governed by a Holy Synod. It teaches that all bishops are equal by virtue of their ordination, prior to the Council of Chalcedon in AD451, the Eastern Orthodox had also shared communion with the Oriental Orthodox churches, separating primarily over differences in Christology. Eastern Orthodoxy spread throughout the Roman and later Eastern Roman Empires and beyond, playing a prominent role in European, Near Eastern, Slavic, and some African cultures. As a result, the term Greek Orthodox has sometimes used to describe all of Eastern Orthodoxy in general. However, the appellation Greek was never in use and was gradually abandoned by the non-Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox churches. Its most prominent episcopal see is Constantinople, there are also many in other parts of the world, formed through immigration, conversion and missionary activity. The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the Orthodox Catholic Church and it is the name by which the church refers to itself in its liturgical or canonical texts, in official publications, and in official contexts or administrative documents. Orthodox teachers refer to the Church as Catholic and this name and longer variants containing Catholic are also recognized and referenced in other books and publications by secular or non-Orthodox writers. The common name of the Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, is a shortened practicality that helps to avoid confusions in casual use, for this reason, the eastern churches were sometimes identified as Greek, even before the great schism. After 1054, Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic marked a church as being in communion with Constantinople and this identification with Greek, however, became increasingly confusing with time. Missionaries brought Orthodoxy to many regions without ethnic Greeks, where the Greek language was not spoken. Today, many of those same Roman churches remain, while a large number of Orthodox are not of Greek national origin. Eastern, then, indicates the element in the Churchs origin and development, while Orthodox indicates the faith. While the Church continues officially to call itself Catholic, for reasons of universality, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in a letter written about 110 AD from one Greek church to another. Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, thus, almost from the very beginning, Christians referred to the Church as the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. The Orthodox Church claims that it is today the continuation and preservation of that same Church, a number of other Christian churches also make a similar claim, the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Assyrian Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church, not directly from the Orthodox Church, the depth of this meaning in the Orthodox Church is registered first in its use of the word Orthodox itself, a union of Greek orthos and doxa
23.
Jamie Shea
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Jamie Patrick Shea is Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges at NATO Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium. He received worldwide attention during the 1999 Kosovo War, when he served as the spokesperson for NATO and he described the civilians killed by the NATO bombing of Serbia in the effort to prevent the Serbs from retaining Kosovo as the cost to defeat an evil. He received his B. A. in Modern History and French from the University of Sussex and his D. Phil. in Modern History from Lincoln College, Shea is married and has two children, Chiara and Alexander. 1991 -1993 Deputy Head and Senior Planning Officer, Policy Planning Unit and Multilateral Affairs Section of the Political Directorate, speechwriter to the Secretary General of NATO. 1988 -1991 Assistant to the Secretary General of NATO for Special Projects,1985 -1988 Head of External Relations Conferences and Seminars. 1982 -1985 Head of Youth Programmes,1980 -1982 Administrator in Council Operations Section of Executive Secretariat. As of 2006 Professor, Collège d’Europe, Bruges Lecturer, Brussels School of International Studies,1993 onward Lecturer in the European Studies Program of the University of Antwerp. 1991 onward Course instructor, Boston University, Massachusetts,1988 onward Member of the Advisory Council, International Relations Studies and Programme of Université Libre de Bruxelles. 1987 -1990 Lecturer in Defence Studies, University of Lille,1987 onward Adjunct Associate Professor of International Relations, James Madison College, Michigan State University. Director of the Michigan State University Summer School in Brussels,1985 onward Associate Professor of International Relations, American University, Washington DC
24.
Serbs
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The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans. The majority of Serbs inhabit the state of Serbia, as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina. They form significant minorities in Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia, there is a large Serb diaspora in Western Europe, and outside Europe there are significant communities in North America and Australia. The Serbs share many traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe. They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion, the Serbian language is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the majority in Montenegro. The modern identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions, in the 19th century, the Serbian national identity was manifested, with awareness of history and tradition, medieval heritage, cultural unity, despite living under different empires. When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity, instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs. The tradition of slava, the family saint feast day, is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity, the origin of the ethnonym is unclear. Serbia has among the tallest people in the world, after Montenegro and Netherlands, Slavs invaded and settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. Up until the late 560s their activity was raiding, crossing from the Danube, the Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century. What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical province, through which the Via Militaris crossed and this area was frequently intruded by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries. The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population, numerous small Serbian states were created, located in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia. With the decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century, Raška separated from it, prince Stefan Nemanja conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo, Duklja and Zachlumia. The Nemanjić dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century, over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders. Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against the empire, the medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan, who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. Ruling as Emperor from 1346, his territory included Macedonia, northern Greece, Montenegro, when Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor. With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje, both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting
25.
Romani people in Serbia
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Romani people in Serbia, are the third largest ethnic group in Serbia, numbering 147,604 according to the 2011 census. Another name used for Roma in Serbia, often with a connotation, is Cigani. Several migration waves of Romani to Serbia are recorded from Hungary, Romania, Turkey and Bosnia, the Romani people are divided into numerous subgroups, with different, although related, Romani dialects and history. The community has produced several notable musicians, adding to a very large indigenous Roma population in Serbia which counts among the largest in the Balkans, anywhere between 46,000 to 97,000 Roma are internally displaced from Kosovo after 1999. Main sub-groups include Turkish Gypsies, White Gypsies, Wallachian Gypsies and Hungarian Gypsies and they have converted to Eastern Orthodoxy and mostly speak Serbian fluently. They are assumed to be the largest Romani group in the country and they are related to the Turkish Roma. Turkish Roma, also known as Arlia, at the beginning of the 19th century the Turkish Roma lived mainly in southeastern Serbia, in what was the Sanjak of Niš. The Serbian government attempted to force Orthodoxy on them after the conquest of the sanjak, T. Đorđević noted them as living in Podrinje and Mačva, being Muslim, and that they had lost their language. Romani, or gypsies, arrived in Serbia in several waves, the first reference to gypsies in Serbia is found in a 1348 document, by which Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan donated some gypsy slaves to a monastery in Prizren. In the 15th century, Romani migrations from Hungary are mentioned, in 1927, a Serbian-Romani humanitarian organization was founded. In 1928, a Romani singing society was founded in Niš, in 1932, a Romani football club was founded. In 1935, a Belgrade student established the first Romani magazine, Romani Lil, in 1938, an educational organization of Yugoslav Romani was founded. The Romani people in Central Serbia are predominantly Serbian Orthodox but a minority of Muslim Roma exists, Romani people in multi-ethnic Vojvodina are integrated with other ethnic groups, especially with Serbs, Romanians and Hungarians. For this reason, depending of the group with which they are integrated, Romani are usually referred to as Serbian Romani, Romanian Romani, Hungarian Romani, the majority of Romani people are Christian and a minority are Muslim. Đurđevdan or Ederlezi is a festivity of Roma in Serbia. They speak mainly Romani and Serbian, some also speak the language of other people they have been influenced by, Romanian, Hungarian or Albanian. In October 2005 the first text on the grammar of the Romani language in Serbia was published by linguist Rajko Đurić, a large number of Serbian Roma people live in slums, and so-called cardboard cities. Many Roma children never go to school, instead they are often used as beggars, occasionally even mutilated in order to earn more money
26.
Montenegrins of Serbia
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The Montenegrins of Serbia are a national minority in the country. According to the 2011 census, there are 38,527 ethnic Montenegrins in Serbia and they are the sixth largest ethnic community in the Vojvodina province. The largest concentration of Montenegrins in Vojvodina could be found in the municipalities of Vrbas, Mali Iđoš, formerly, the village of Bačko Dobro Polje in the Vrbas municipality also had a Montenegrin majority. In Vojvodina, the number of Montenegrins, according to 1948-2011 censuses,1948,30,589,1953,30,516,1961,34,782,1971,36,416,1981,43,304,1991,47,289,2002,35,513,2011,22,141. Montenegrins in Serbia speak Serbian or Montenegrin and the vast majority are adherents of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the society of Montenegrins in Serbia, known as Krstaš, is based in Lovćenac. Montenegrin language was recognised as minority language in use in Mali Iđoš. krstas. org. yu
27.
Macedonians in Serbia
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Macedonians of Serbia are an officially recognized ethnic minority in Serbia. During the years 1945–1992, ethnic Macedonians and the Macedonian Language was a constituent part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, many Ethnic Macedonians, due to economic reasons, migrated during the 1960s and 1970s to the Socialist Republic of Serbia. In 2004, Serbia and Macedonia signed an agreement on the protection of Macedonians in Serbia. According to the 2011 census there were 22,755 ethnic Macedonians in Serbia, the Macedonian population living in Serbia is concentrated in two cities, Belgrade and Pančevo. In Belgrade there are 6,970 Macedonians, while in neighboring Pančevo 4,558 - out of which vast majority live in three villages that are within administrative limits of City of Pančevo, additionally, Macedonians constitute significant population in Plandište municipality, especially in village of Dužine. In 2005 Macedonians in Serbia also established a National Minority Council, jovo Radevski was elected as its president. The Democratic Party of Macedonians is the minority party. It is centered in Novi Sad, Macedonian language is in the official use in the municipality of Plandište, where Macedonians constitute 9. 2% of population. Macedonian-language print media consists primarily of the political journal Makedonska videlina produced by the Macedonian Information
28.
Croats of Serbia
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The coat of arms of Croats of Serbia is one of the symbols of the Croatian minority in Serbia. The coat of arms of Croats of Serbia is actually the historical coat of arms of Croatia and it is a checkerboard that consists of 13 red and 12 white fields. The difference between this coat of arms and the coat of arms of Croatia is in the crown on top, which coat of arms does not have. It is situated on the center of flag of Croats of Serbia, flag and coat of arms of Croats of Serbia were adopted on 11 June 2005 in a session of the Croat National Council, in Subotica. Flag of Croats of Serbia Croat National Council Croats of Serbia Croats of Vojvodina Coat of arms of Croatia
29.
Vlachs
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Vlachs were initially identified and described during the 11th century by George Kedrenos. According to one theory, the Vlachs originated from Latinized Dacians. Nearly all Central and Southeastern European countries have sizable native Vlach minorities, as it is currently the case in Hungary, in Ukraine, in Serbia, in Croatia, in other countries, the Vlachs have assimilated in the local Slavic population. The term Vlach was also used for shepherds, like in mountains of Herzegovina region of Bosnia. Nowadays, Eastern Romance-speaking communities number around 24.19 million people, the word Vlach is of Germanic origin, an early loanword into Proto-Slavic from Germanic *Walhaz and used by ancient Germanic peoples for their Romance-speaking and Celtic neighbours. *Walhaz was evidently borrowed from the name of a Celtic tribe, known to the Romans as Volcae in the writings of Julius Caesar and to the Greeks as Ouólkai in texts by Strabo, Vlach is thus of the same origin as European ethnic names including the Welsh and Walloons. The word passed to the Slavs and from them to other peoples, such as the Hungarians and Byzantines, the Polish word for Italian has the same origin, as does the Slovenian, vaguely-derogatory lah. The Italian-speaking region south of the South Tyrol, now Trentino in Italy, was known as Welschtirol in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a 586 Byzantine chronicle of an incursion against the Avars in the eastern Balkans may have one of the earliest references to Vlachs. In the account, when carried by a mule slipped the muleteer shouted, Torna, torna. Byzantine historians used the Germanic Vlachs for Latin speakers, particularly Romanians, according to 10th century Arab chronicler Mutahhar al-Maqdisi, They say that in the Turkic neighbourhood there are the Khazars, Russians, Slavs, Waladj, Alans, Greeks and many other peoples. Byzantine writer Kekaumenos, author of the Strategikon, described a 1066 Roman revolt in northern Greece, traveler Benjamin of Tudela of the Kingdom of Navarre was one of the first writers to use the word Vlachs for a Romance-speaking population. Between the 12th and 14th centuries they were ruled by the Kingdom of Hungary, the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine historian John Kinnamos described Leon Vatatzes military expedition along the northern Danube, where Vatatzes mentioned the participation of Vlachs in battles with the Magyars in 1166. In the 13th century, the Asen royal family were the founders and rulers of the Vlach-Bulgarian kingdom, in 1213 an army of Romans, Transylvanian Saxons, and Pechenegs, led by Ioachim of Sibiu, attacked the Bulgars and Cumans from Vidin. After this, all Hungarian battles in the Carpathian region were supported by Romance-speaking soldiers from Transylvania, at the end of the 13th century, during the reign of Ladislaus the Cuman, Simon de Kéza wrote about the Blacki people and placed them in Pannonia with the Huns. Archaeological discoveries indicate that Transylvania was gradually settled by the Magyars, shortly after the fall of the Olt region, a church was built at the Cârța Monastery and Catholic German-speaking settlers from Rhineland and Mosel Valley began to settle in the Orthodox region. In the Diploma Andreanum issued by King Andrew II of Hungary in 1224, the Orthodox Vlachs spread further northward along the Carpathians to Poland, Slovakia, and Moravia and were granted autonomy under Ius Vlachonicum. In 1285 Ladislaus the Cuman fought the Tatars and Cumans, arriving with his troops at the Moldova River, a town, Baia, was documented in 1300 as settled by the Transylvanian Saxons. The Eastern Romance peoples refers to the Eastern Romance-speaking peoples, primarily the nations of Romanians and Moldovans and these two peoples had before Soviet rule been regarded part of one and the same, Romanian people
30.
Bulgarians in Serbia
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Bulgarians are a recognized national minority in Serbia. Censuses,1948,59,4721953,60,1461961,58,4941971,53,8001981,33,4551991,26,6982002,20,4972011,18,543 According to the 2011 census, there were 18,543 Bulgarians in Serbia. The dominant religion among ethnic Bulgarians in Serbia is Orthodoxy, islam never arrived in areas like Bosilegrad because of the mountainous terrain and most inhabitants dwelled in high mountain villages where they were hard to reach. They use both Serbian and Bulgarian churches due to the low number of Bulgarian clergymen present in the region, there is a church in every village around Bosilegrad, and the oldest ones date to the 11th century. The regional names used by many people in the Torlakian-speaking region was Torlaci. The borders of the region frequently shifted before the Ottoman conquest among Byzantine, According to some authors during the Ottoman rule, the majority of native Torlakian Slavic population did not have distinct national consciousness in ethnic sense. Therefore, both, Serbs and Bulgarians, considered local Slavs as part of their own people, while population was also divided between sympathy for Bulgarians and Serbs. In the 19th century the region was one of the centres of Bulgarian national revival and was included at a whole in the Bulgarian Exarchate. It was also stipulated the area to be ceded to Bulgaria according to the Constantinople Conference in 1876, in the Interwar Period, the Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organisation, countering Yugoslav rule in the region, was engaged in repeated attacks against the Yugoslav police and army. During World War II Bulgaria retook the Western Outlands, as well as Pirot, after the Second World War, these regions were returned to Yugoslavia. After Serbias independence, these areas remained within Serbia
31.
Romanians of Serbia
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Romanians are a recognised national minority in Serbia. Declared Romanians are mostly concentrated in Banat, while declared Vlachs are mostly concentrated in Eastern Serbia, of the total number of 29,332 declared Romanians in the 2011 census,22,353 live in Banat and 1,826 live in Eastern Serbia. Of the total number of 35,330 declared Vlachs,32,805 live in Eastern Serbia, the largest concentration of Romanians in Banat are to be found in the municipalities of Alibunar and Vršac. In the 1921 census in Vojvodina, Romanian-speakers numbered 65,197 people, according to the 2011 census, there were 42,391 Romanians in Vojvodina. The Vlachs of eastern Serbia, a minority, originate from early 18th and mid-19th century migrations from Banat. They do not declare as Romanians, as the population in Banat, Community representative Radiša Dragojević stated that Romanians regard Romania as their homeland, while Vlachs regard Serbia theirs. According to the 2011 census,35,330 people declared as Vlachs and 43,095 people declared Vlach language as mother tongue, the community is highly assimilated into Serbian society. The origins of the Vlachs, who live in northeastern Central Serbia, are not well known to most Vlachs, as Daco-Romanian-speakers, the Vlachs have a connection to the Roman heritage in Serbia. Strong Roman presence in the region persisted through the end of Justinians reign in the 6th century, the region where Vlachs predominantly live later on was part of the Second Bulgarian Empire, whose first rulers, the Asens, are considered Vlach. King Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia had most of Timok after his conquering of rival King Stephen Dragutins lands, the chroniclers of the crusaders describe meeting Vlachs in the 12th and 13th century in various parts of modern Serbia. Serbian documents from the 13th and 14th century mention Vlachs, including Emperor Dušan the Mighty, 14th and 15th century Romanian rulers built churches in NE Serbia. 15th century Turkish tax records list Vlachs in the region of Branicevo in NE Serbia, near the ancient Roman municipium, starting in the early 18th century NE Serbia was settled by Romanians from Banat, parts of Transylvania, and Oltenia. These are the Ungureni, Munteni and Bufeni, today about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians, originating in Oltenia and these are the Ţărani, who form some 25% of the modern population. The very name indicates their origin in Ţara Româneasca, i. e. The Romanian Land, Wallachia and Oltenia and it should be noted that from the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Ţara Româneasca. Significant migration ended with the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Rumania, respectively, the Vlachs of NE Serbia form a contiguous linguistic, cultural and historic group with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria, as well as the Romanians of Banat and Oltenia. In April 2005, many deputies from the Council of Europe protested against the position of this population in Serbian society, in August 2007, they were officially recognized as a national minority, and their language was recognized as Romanian
32.
Slovenia
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Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a nation state in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and it covers 20,273 square kilometers and has a population of 2.06 million. It is a republic and a member of the United Nations, European Union. The capital and largest city is Ljubljana, additionally, the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia. The country, marked by a significant biological diversity, is one of the most water-rich in Europe, with a river network, a rich aquifer system. Over half of the territory is covered by forest, the human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven. Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of South Slavic, Germanic, Romance, although the population is not homogeneous, the majority is Slovene. South Slavic language Slovene is the language throughout the country. Slovenia is a largely secularized country, but its culture and identity have been influenced by Catholicism as well as Lutheranism. The economy of Slovenia is small, open, and export-oriented and has strongly influenced by international conditions. It has been hurt by the Eurozone crisis, started in the late 2000s. The main economic field is services, followed by industry and construction, Historically, the current territory of Slovenia was part of many different state formations, including the Roman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, followed by the Habsburg Monarchy. In October 1918, the Slovenes exercised self-determination for the first time by co-founding the State of Slovenes, Croats, in December 1918, they merged with the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. During World War II, Slovenia was occupied and annexed by Germany, Italy, and Hungary, with a tiny area transferred to the Independent State of Croatia, in June 1991, after the introduction of multi-party representative democracy, Slovenia split from Yugoslavia and became an independent country. Present-day Slovenia has been inhabited since prehistoric times, and there is evidence of habitation from around 250,000 years ago. A pierced cave bear bone, dating from 43100 ±700 BP, in the 1920s and 1930s, artifacts belonging to the Cro-Magnon such as pierced bones, bone points, and needle were found by archaeologist Srečko Brodar in Potok Cave. It shows that wooden wheels appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe, in the transition period between the Bronze age to the Iron age, the Urnfield culture flourished. Archaeological remains dating from the Hallstatt period have been found, particularly in southeastern Slovenia, among them a number of situlas in Novo Mesto, in the Iron Age, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by Illyrian and Celtic tribes until the 1st century BC
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
Subdivisions of Belgrade
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The city of Belgrade is divided into 17 city municipalities. Most of the municipalities are situated on the side of the Danube and Sava rivers. Three municipalities are on the bank of the Sava, in the Syrmia region. An urban municipality is a part of the territory of the City of Belgrade, the bodies of the urban municipality are, Municipal Assembly Municipal Council The number of councilors in the Municipal Assembly ranges from 19 to 75 councilors. The District Council Chairman presides over the Municipal Assembly, and he/she is a chairperson of the Municipal Council, the Municipal Assembly elects the District Council Chairman among the municipal councilors. The Municipal Council is composed of the District Council Chairman, Deputy District Council Chairman, the Municipal Council members are elected by the Municipal Assembly among both councilors and citizens further to the proposal by the District Council Chairman. List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs List of former and proposed municipalities of Belgrade Municipalities of Serbia Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities
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Belgrade
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Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and its name translates to White city. The urban area of the City of Belgrade has a population of 1.34 million, one of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region, and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city and it was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus, and awarded city rights in the mid-2nd century. In 1521, Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo and it frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars. Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841, northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918, when the city was reunited. As a strategic location, the city was battled over in 115 wars, Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia from its creation in 1918, to its final dissolution in 2006. Belgrade has an administrative status within Serbia and it is one of five statistical regions of Serbia. Its metropolitan territory is divided into 17 municipalities, each with its own local council, City of Belgrade covers 3. 6% of Serbias territory, and 22. 5% of the countrys population lives within its administrative limits. It is classified as a Beta- global city, chipped stone tools found at Zemun show that the area around Belgrade was inhabited by nomadic foragers in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras. Some of these belong to the Mousterian industry, which are associated with Neanderthals rather than modern humans. Aurignacian and Gravettian tools have also discovered there, indicating occupation between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago. The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with the Neolithic Starčevo culture, there are several Starčevo sites in and around Belgrade, including the eponymous site of Starčevo. The Starčevo culture was succeeded by the Vinča culture, a more sophisticated farming culture that grew out of the earlier Starčevo settlements which is named for a site in the Belgrade region. Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrades geographical location comes from ancient myths, the rock overlooking the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers has been identified as one of the place in the story of Jason and the Argonauts. The Paleo-Balkan tribes of Thracians and Dacians ruled this area prior to the Roman conquest, Belgrade was inhabited by a Thraco-Dacian tribe Singi, after the Celtic invasion in 279 BC, the Scordisci took the city, naming it Singidūn. In 34–33 BC the Roman army led by Silanus reached Belgrade, jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, ending the brief revival of traditional Roman religions under his predecessor Julian the Apostate. In 395 AD, the passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire
36.
Barajevo
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Barajevo is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 27,110 inhabitants, the urban settlement of Barajevo is still statistically classified as a rural. It is growing by even higher rate than the municipality as a whole and it is located east of the Parcanski vis hill, northern part of the Kosmaj mountain, in the valley of the Beljanica river, a tributary to the Turija river. Municipality is located in the low part of Šumadija, southeast of the Belgrade, two major traffic routes, the Ibar Highway and the railway Belgrade-Bar, are passing through the municipal territory. Ethnic structure, Serbs 94, 5%, Romani 0, 8%, Montenegrins 0, municipality was created in 1956 and immediately became administratively part of the wider Belgrade area. In 1957 a nearby municipality of Beljina was annexed to Barajevo, being an agricultural area, Barajevo has a mill, large orchard farm, a veterinarian station and the hunting & forestry company of Lipovička šuma. Wheat, barley, oats and corn are being grown, industry is based on the small construction and electronic companies and the ball bearing factory. Barajevo is outside major roads, but it is located on the Belgrade-Bar railway, the settlement itself was further away, but as it grew, it reached the railway. Cultural festival, the Barlet, is held annually, artificial lake Duboki potok is located near the Barajevo, with the large weekend-settlement. First mention of the name Barajevo is from the 16th century, the popular story that the settlement got its name from the multitude of springs in this area is probably not true. Also, the reality TV show The Farm is captured in the village of Lisović, subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition, Prosveta, ISBN 86-07-00001-2 Jovan Đ
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Grocka
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Grocka is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has 83,907 inhabitants, with an altitude of 71 meters above sea level, the town of Grocka is one of the lowest parts of Belgrade. Other rivers in the municipality are Bolečica and Gročica, the municipality of Grocka covers an area of 289 km² and includes 15 settlements, all of which are statistically classified as rural, except for the municipal seat of Grocka, which is urban. The small town of Grocka is located on the bank of the Danube. Despite being seat of the municipality, in term of population, it is only the fourth largest settlement in the municipality, after Kaluđerica, Vrčin, neighborhoods of Vrčin, The municipality has a population of 83,907 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census results. The population boomed in the last 30 years, increasing the number of inhabitants, as in other similar areas surrounding Belgrade, the rapid population growth has not followed by the equal development of infrastructure. The ethnic structure is, as of the 2002 census, Serbs 94, 7%, Montenegrins 0, 8%, Romani 0, 6%, Ethnic Macedonians 0, in both demographic and economic terms, the municipality is sharply divided into two opposing parts. The Microclimate is perfect for the growing and grapevines, so the area east of Boleč is one of the best known fruit growing area in Serbia. Conditions are especially good for growing peaches, apricots, plums, of the other agricultural products, wheat is the most important. The experimental farm of Radmilovac is located near Vinča, as a section of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture, at the moment, Radmilovac is being expanded as an experimental ground for future agricultural production. Also, several mills are located in Grocka and Vinča, apart from that, the textile industry is also important, while hundreds of small family-owned factories and workshops are located in the settlements in the western part of the municipality. Some major traffic routes, like the Smederevski put and both the railway and highway Belgrade-Niš, pass through the municipal territory. Also, there are several docks in the settlements on the Danube with the prospect of a marina to be built in Grocka in the next few years. Other important facilities in the municipality are the Geomagnetic observatory in Brestovik, Nuclear Institute, tourism is the most developed part the municipal economy. Almost every village has its own festival and three weekend-settlements are located in Grocka, on the bank of the Danube. The womens monastery of Rajinovac in Begaljica, the marina and aqua park in Grocka. The municipality of Grocka became part of the wider Belgrade City area in 1955, in 1957 with the dissolution of the Mali Mokri Lug municipality, the eastern section were attached to Grocka. In the early 1960s, the municipalities of Umčari and Vrčin were disbanded and incorporated into the municipality of Grocka as well, since the elections in 2000, Grocka became the most politically turbulent of all Belgrade municipalities
38.
Lazarevac
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Lazarevac is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade. Its name stems from the name of medieval Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic, as of 2011, the town has a total population of 25,526 inhabitants, while the municipal area has a total of 58,622 inhabitants. In 1971, the municipality of Lazarevac, along with Mladenovac, was annexed to the city of Belgrade, the municipality of Lazarevac has a total population of 58,622 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census results. Lazarevac is the home to the Serbian largest coal mining and smelting complex RB Kolubara, in Baroševac on the bank of the Kolubara grow a grove of giant sequoia trees which were brought from California to be studied and planted in Europe. The trees had reached a height of 30m as of 2011. Subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighbourhoods and suburbs Municipality of Lazarevac City of Lazarevac City of Lazarevac official maps
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Mladenovac
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Mladenovac is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 53,050 inhabitants and its name stems from word youth in Serbian language. After the legend the emergence of the name is brought in connection with a man named Mladen, the brothers separated and the place, where Mladen had established himself, was called Mladenovac. The first official data over a settlement in this area are mentioned in the Ottoman census of 1528, the day of the urban district is 2 August, when Mladenovac was given the status of a town in 1893. In 1971, the municipality of Mladenovac, along with Lazarevac, was annexed to the city of Belgrade and this town, situated about 47 km in the south of Belgrade, is a part of the district of the capital city of Serbia. Kosmaj with its altitude of 628 m is the highest point in this region, on the top of this mountain there is a monument in remembrance to the numerous Serbs who have fallen during World War II battles in this area. Between the city central and the mountain Kosmaj you can find a monastery Tresije, Mladenovac is also a crossing point of many trading and transporting routes such as Belgrade, Kragujevac, Aranđelovac, Smederevo, Smederevska Palanka. Suburban, According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 53,096 inhabitants, most of the inhabitants of Mladenovac are working in the industrial factories. Keramika, Petar Drapšin, Progres, Minel trafo, Elektrošumadija, Cobest, the biggest primary school is Momcilo Zivojinovic with over 2000 pupils. Second in size is Sveti Sava primary school, there is also a primary school Kosta Đukić in Mladenovac. Also in Mladenovac exist 8 primary schools and 2 secondary schools and it has a long history, educating many pupils and having many teachers work in it. Every one of them left a trace in the schools history, the primary school Kosta Đukić was founded in 1968. Its pupils have shown good results in mathematics, chemistry. It is one of three schools in Mladenovac and its nearby Selters Institute for Rehabilitation. This school has classes in villages Međulužje, Pružatovac, Markovac, Koraćica. The school in Koraćica has existed for over 150 years, the school is very successful in many fields. Its pupils in recent years have shown good results in various republic, the school also has a lot of playgrounds for basketball, football, etc. The Grammar School in Mladenovac is very successful in Serbian and history, subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs Municipality of Mladenovac
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New Belgrade
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New Belgrade is an urban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities that constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is Central business district in Serbia and one of major in Southeast Europe, in the was planned municipality, built since 1948 in a previously uninhabited area on the left bank of the Sava River, opposite the old Belgrade. With 212,104 inhabitants, it is the second most populous municipality of Serbia after Novi Sad, the first record of human settlement on the territory of todays New Belgrade dates back to Ottoman rule. The book Kruševski pomenik, published in 1713, notes the existence of a Serb village called Bežanija as early as 1512 and it also mentions the village had 32 houses, a number that grew to 115 by the year 1810. Between two world wars of the 20th century, communities sprung up closer to Sava River in Staro Sajmište, in 1924 Petar Kokotović opened a kafana on Tošin Bunar with the prophetic name Novi Beograd. After 1945 Kokotović was president of the community of Novo Naselje–Bežanija which later grew into the municipality of Novi Beograd. In 1924 an airport was built in Bežanija and in 1928 the Rogožerski factory was constructed, a bridge was also built over the Sava River and a tram line connecting Belgrade and Zemun was established. Also, a Zemun airport was built, in 1938, a complex of buildings in the community of Staro Sajmište went up. Spread over 15 thousand square metres it hosted fairs and exhibitions designed to show off the Kingdom of Yugoslavias developing economy, also this year, the municipality of Belgrade signed a contract with two Danish construction companies, Kampsax and Højgaard & Schultz, to build the new neighbourhood. Engineer Branislav Nešić was entrusted with leading the project and he even continued his involvement on the project after 1941 when the Nazis conquered, occupied, and dismembered the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Because of this, the new communist authorities who came to power after 1945 put Nešić on trial as a collaborator, in 1941, German forces occupied much of the Kingdom. Nazi secret police, Gestapo, took over the fairgrounds and they encircled it with several rings of barbed wire turning it into a collection centre. It eventually became an extermination camp, until May 1942 it was mostly used to kill off Jews from Belgrade and other parts of Serbia, and from April 1942 onwards, it also held political prisoners. Executions of captured prisoners lasted as long as the camp existed, november 1946 report released by the Yugoslav State Commission for Crimes of Occupiers and their Collaborators claims that close to 100,000 prisoners came through the Sajmištes gates. It is estimated that around 48,000 people perished inside the camp. It was on April 11,1948, three years after World War II ended, that the ground was broken on a construction project. Buildings sprung up one another and by 1952, New Belgrade was officially a municipality. In 1955 the municipality of Bežanija was annexed to New Belgrade and it was for years the biggest construction site in Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia and a huge source of pride for countrys communist authorities that oversaw the project
Serbia
