1.
Vasas SC (women's handball)
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Vasas-Angyalföldi Sportiskola is a Hungarian womens handball team. It is part of the Budapest-based multi-sports club Vasas SC, one of the most successful teams in the country, they have won the Hungarian championship a record 15 times and in 1982 they were also crowned as the European Champions Cup winners. Until 1928 there was not a national championship and the hazena team participated only in several invitational tournaments. Due to financial reasons the club suspended its operations in 1931, after a financial consolidation the handball department of Vasas was reborn and entered the championship in 1938. The brightest year of this era was 1945, when Vasas won the division title. However, just after a few years, due growing troubles the club decided to withdraw from the competitive handball once again, on 7 March 1956 the Sport School of Angyalföld was founded. Under head coach József Ferenczy the Sport School performed brilliantly, having won several youth and they also wanted to enter the adult competition, but the permit was not granted. Instead of that, they got the chance from Hungarian Handball Federation to join either Csavargyár or Vasas and they have chosen Vasas and the team has risen from its ashes in 1960. With the ASI-girls on the board, under the new, team handball rules, Vasas entered the Budapest II championship and won it in their inaugural year, in 1962 they celebrated another promotion, this time from the Budapest I division to the NB II. In 1964 Vasas climbed to the NB I, the league in Hungary. Although they suffered a relegation in 1965, they spent only one season in the NB II. With the comeback in 1967 the brightest period in the clubs life began, in 1969 the Vasas lifted the Hungarian Cup trophy, followed by another Cup title in 1971. From 1972 they have won the Hungarian Championship an exceptional eleven times in a row – in 1977 and 1981 they did not even drop a single point throughout the season, adding to this, they also won the Hungarian Cup eight times in this period. Their most successful year came in 1982, when Vasas did the treble, beside the Hungarian Championship, in the nineties, after the transition, private companies took over the club and became their main sponsor. In short term Vasas benefited from it, they managed to put together a strong squad, however, after these financials grown narrow, a disintegration process started. To save from cessation, in 2004 Vasas Sport Club took the team under control, vasas-ASI is currently competing in the NB I/B
2.
Budapest
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Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary, one of the largest cities in the European Union and sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. It has an area of 525 square kilometres and a population of about 1.8 million within the limits in 2016. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the Danube river with the unification of Buda and Óbuda on the west bank, the history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia. Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century and their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–1242. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century, following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, the region entered a new age of prosperity, and Budapest became a global city after its unification in 1873. It also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a power that dissolved in 1918. Budapest was the point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Battle of Budapest in 1945. Budapest is an Alpha- global city, with strengths in arts, commerce, design, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, services, research, and tourism. Its business district hosts the Budapest Stock Exchange and the headquarters of the largest national and international banks and it is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city on Innovation Cities Top 100 index. Budapest attracts 4.4 million international tourists per year, making it the 25th most popular city in the world, further famous landmarks include Andrássy Avenue, St. It has around 80 geothermal springs, the worlds largest thermal water system, second largest synagogue. Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College, over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including the Eötvös Loránd University, Central European University and Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest is the combination of the city names Buda and Pest, One of the first documented occurrences of the combined name Buda-Pest was in 1831 in the book Világ, written by Count István Széchenyi. The origins of the names Buda and Pest are obscure, according to chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name Buda comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that Buda was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars, an alternative explanation suggests that Buda derives from the Slavic word вода, voda, a translation of the Latin name Aquincum, which was the main Roman settlement in the region. There are also theories about the origin of the name Pest. One of the states that the word Pest comes from the Roman times. According to another theory, Pest originates from the Slavic word for cave, or oven, the first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD
3.
Kit (association football)
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In association football, kit is the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The sports Laws of the Game specify the minimum kit which a player must use, footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. Professional clubs also usually display players surnames or nicknames on their shirts, Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. The Laws of the Game set out the equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4. Five separate items are specified, shirt, shorts, socks, footwear, goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts. While most players wear studded football boots, the Laws do not specify that these are required, shirts must have sleeves, and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the colour as the shorts themselves. Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings, be made of rubber, plastic or a similar material, and provide a reasonable degree of protection. The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player. In the event of a match between teams who would wear identical or similar colours the away team must change to a different colour. The England national team plays in red shirts even when it is not required. Many professional clubs also have a kit, ostensibly to be used if both their first-choice and away colours are deemed too similar to those of an opponent. Most professional clubs have retained the basic colour scheme for several decades. Teams representing countries in international competition generally wear national colours in common with other sporting teams of the same nation, shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre. Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logos may be displayed, competitions such as the Premier League may also require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition. The captain of team is usually required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify him as the captain to the referee. Most current players wear specialist football boots, which can be either of leather or a synthetic material. Modern boots are cut slightly below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former times, studs may be either moulded directly to the sole or be detachable, normally by means of a screw thread
4.
Away colours
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Away colours are a choice of coloured clothing used in team sports. They are required to be worn by one team during a game between teams that would wear the same colours as each other, or similar colours. This change prevents confusion for officials, players, and spectators, in most sports it is the visiting team that must change – second-choice kits are commonly known as away kits or change kits in British English, and road uniforms in American English. Some sports leagues mandate that teams must always wear an alternative kit. In some sports, conventionally the home team has changed its kit, in most cases, a team wears its away kit only when its primary kit would clash with the colours of the home team. However, sometimes teams wear away colours by choice, occasionally even in a home game, at some clubs, the away kit has become more popular than the home version. Replica home and away kits are available for fans to buy. Some teams also have produced third-choice kits, or even old-fashioned throwback uniforms, in American sports, road teams usually wear a change uniform regardless of a potential colour clash. Further, almost all road uniforms are white in American football, in the National Basketball Association, home uniforms are white or yellow, and visiting teams wear a darker colour. In the United States, color vs. color games are a rarity, most teams choose to wear their color jerseys at home, with the road team changing to white in most cases. White road uniforms gained prominence with the rise of television in the 1950s, a white vs. color game was easier to follow in black-and-white. According to Phil Hecken, until the mid 1950′s, not only was color versus color common in the NFL, even long after the advent of color television, the use of white jerseys has remained in almost every game. The NFLs current rules require that a home jerseys must be either white or official team color throughout the season. If a team insists on wearing its home uniforms on the road, the road team might instead wear a third jersey, such as the Seattle Seahawks Wolf Grey alternate. According to the Gridiron Uniform Database, the Cleveland Browns wore white for home game of the 1955 season. The only times they wore brown was for games at Philadelphia and the New York Giants, in 1964 the Baltimore Colts, Browns, Vikings and Rams wore white regularly for their home games according to Tim Brulias research. The St. Louis Cardinals wore white for several of their home games, until 1964 Dallas had worn blue at home, but it was not an official rule that teams should wear their colored jerseys at home. The use of white jerseys was instigated by general manager Tex Schramm, the Cowboys still wear white at home today
5.
Third jersey
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Alternate jerseys are also a means for professional sports organizations to generate revenue, by sales to fans. Of North American sports leagues, the NFL generates $1.2 billion annually in jersey sales, another use of the alternate uniform is for identifying with causes, like the Central Coast Mariners wear an alternate pink kit on pink ribbon day. Extra alternate uniforms or fourth/fifth kits are not commonly used, but are required when teams other uniforms cause color clashes. In cases where teams have more than three kits in the same season, the extra kits were usually recycled from previous seasons. Third-choice jerseys or uniforms are used in all four North American major professional sports leagues, Third kits are commonplace in professional European association football and in some professional European rugby union clubs. Alternate guernseys or jerseys are common in Australias two biggest domestic leagues, the Australian Football League and National Rugby League, for home and away jerseys in North America, historical convention has often dictated the colors used by teams in a given league. Teams generally have one jersey which is primarily in a team color, white at home is the convention in baseball, basketball, minor league professional hockey, and college hockey. White while away is the convention in football, major professional hockey. Association football does not have a white at home or a white while away convention, the NBA and NHL both enforce the color/white rule strictly, any NHL team seeking to wear white at home must get express permission from the league office to do so. In American sports, throwback jerseys are generally used for special team games. In American football a third jersey may be a uniform based on designs the team used in the past. In association football, meanwhile, it is commonly a radically different design. Initially, the NFL rule stated that a team may wear their third only once a year. There are currently no rules on wearing alternate pants, teams are also permitted to wear alternate jerseys as often as desired in playoff games, the only team to do so was the 2008 San Diego Chargers. Some teams will use one of their third jersey allotments against a particular division opponent each year. The New York Giants were known to wear their red jerseys at home against the Dallas Cowboys until the red jerseys were retired in 2009. The Washington Redskins wear their uniform on home games to commemorate their annual homecoming game once a year since 2012. When wearing their jerseys, especially if the team is wearing a throwback uniform
6.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
7.
Lotto Sport Italia
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Lotto Sport Italia is an Italian sportswear manufacturer. Its products are now distributed in more than 60 countries, Lotto was established in 1973 by the Caberlotto family in Montebelluna, northern Italy, the world centre of footwear manufacturing. In June 1973, Lotto made its debut as a footwear manufacturer. Tennis shoes signaled the beginning of production, followed by models for basketball, volleyball, athletics, sports clothing was the companys next venture. In the first ten years, Lotto focused on the Italian market, during its first decade, corporate strategy concentrated on making tennis footwear and clothing, and early on sponsored big names from the professional tennis circuit. In the 1980s, Lotto moved on to broaden its business base by competing among the group of manufacturers of football boots. Lotto began to create its first football boot models and signed major collaboration agreements with renowned players. Tennis players John Newcombe, Andrés Gómez and José Luis Clerc wore the brands tennis products, the first sponsorship agreements in football were signed with players and teams, such as Milan, the Dutch national team, Napoli, Juventus, Chievo and Spanish club Real Zaragoza. Professional footballers provided input in both the design and fine-tuning of the products and this involvement together with the athletes public images helped make the company a leader in tennis and football. During this same period, Lotto expanded into the export market, ten years later, the brand was being distributed in more than 60 countries around the world. In June 1999, the company was taken over by a group of business people who were already very active in the sports area. The company was renamed Lotto Sport Italia, the company is pushing the development of corner and flagship stores, which are now widespread in Italy and in other countries. Excludes articles found in Category, Sporting goods manufacturers of Italy, sergio Tacchini Ukraine national football team Lotto Sport Italia
8.
Hummel International
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Hummel International is a sportswear company based in Denmark. The firm was started in 1923 by the German Messmer family in the city of Hamburg and it was taken over in 1956 by Bernhard Weckenbrock, who moved its base to Kevelaer, North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1975, the company was bought by its Danish importer, Hummel currently manufactures apparel for football, futsal, handball, basketball, shinty and volleyball. The company also produces footwear for football and handball, the company has manufactured kits for a variety of sports teams and from August 2016 will be the sponsors of the Danish national football team again. In the past, hummel International has gained recognition after the Danish national football team played in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers for a first time since 1986. Kits for Aston Villa have worn hummel kits for two stints in the 1980s and the 2000s. The hummel logo is a stylized bumble bee, as hummel is German for bumble bee, the companys name is derived from the popular Hamburg greeting, which is known throughout northern Germany, One says Hummel, Hummel and the other replies with Mors, Mors. The origin of this saying trades back to the 19th century, when a Hamburg citizen with the name Hummel answered greetings with Mors, Mors, which is short for lick my ass
9.
Winter salami
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Winter salami is a type of Hungarian salami produced according to a centuries-old tradition. Made from Mangalitsa pork and spices, winter salami is cured in cold air, during the dry ripening process, a special noble-mold is formed on the casing surface. Szegedi téliszalámi gained European Union PDO status in 2007, followed by Budapesti téliszalámi, the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development places many specific regulations on what can be called Szeged winter salami. Pick Szeged is one of the most successful producers of this style of salami, List of dried foods List of sausages List of smoked foods Food portal Pick Salami and Szeged Paprika Museum Hungarian Winter Salami recipe Mangalica Breed Pork. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29
10.
Adidas
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Adidas AG is a German multinational corporation, headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Germany, that designs and manufactures shoes, clothing and accessories. It is the largest sportswear manufacturer in Europe, and the second biggest in the world, Adidas revenue for 2016 was listed at €19.29 billion. Adidas was registered on 18 August 1949 by Adolf Dassler, following a feud at the Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik company between him and his older brother Rudolf. Rudolf had earlier established Puma, which became the business rival of Adidas. The companys clothing and shoe designs typically feature three parallel bars, and the motif is incorporated into Adidass current official logo. The brand name is uncapitalized and is stylized with a case a. Christoph Von Wilhelm Dassler was a worker in a shoe factory, after leaving school, their son, Rudolf Rudi Dassler, joined his father at the shoe factory. When he returned from fighting in World War I, Rudolf received a management position at a porcelain factory, Adolf Adi Dassler started to produce his own sports shoes in his mothers wash kitchen in Herzogenaurach after his return from World War I. In July 1924, his brother Rudolf returned to Herzogenaurach to join his brothers business. Following Owens haul of four medals, his success cemented the good reputation of Dassler shoes among the worlds most famous sportsmen. Letters from around the world landed on the desks. Business boomed and the Dasslers were selling 200,000 pairs of every year before World War II. After Rudolf was later picked up by American soldiers and accused of being a member of the Waffen SS, American occupying forces subsequently became major buyers of the Dassler brothers shoes. Although it is a urban myth that the name is an acronym for All Day I Dream About Sports. Puma and Adidas entered into a fierce and bitter rivalry after the split. Indeed, the town of Herzogenaurach was divided on the issue, even the towns two football clubs were divided, ASV Herzogenaurach club was supported by Adidas, while 1 FC Herzogenaurach endorsed Rudolfs footwear. When handymen were called to Rudolfs home, they would deliberately wear Adidas shoes, Rudolf would tell them to go to the basement and pick out a pair of free Pumas. The two brothers were never reconciled and although both are now buried in the cemetery, they are spaced as far apart as possible
11.
Zalaegerszegi TE
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Zalaegerszegi Torna Egylet or just ZTE is a football club from the city of Zalaegerszeg in Hungary. They are best known for beating Manchester United F. C. 1–0 in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League qualifying stage, Zalaegerszeg has won one Hungarian League title. ZTE traces its roots back to 1912, at the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and its first match was a 4–2 defeat to a team from Vasvár. The team was first composed of members of a literary and debating society, ZTE flourished under coach József Vadász, but World War I halted its progress. In 1920, Zalaegerszegi TE, or Gymanistics Club of Zalaegerszeg, was born and they were defeated in their debut match, losing 2–1 to AK Szombathely on August 21,1920, but were motivated by a crowd of over 2,000 fans. ZTEs league history began in 1924, when joined the Hungarian second division. The club won the title a decade later and entered the top flight in 1934, however, the start of World War II under the regime of Admiral Miklós Horthy saw ZTEs field and equipment confiscated. After the war, in 1957, ZTE merged with two local teams, signalling the rebirth of the club. From then on to the 1990s, however, ZTE did not really challenge the Hungarian title much, the league was dominated by Budapest club Ferencvárosi TC. In 1994, ZTE managed to gain a foothold on the Hungarian first division. In the 2000s the club reached their zenith by winning the Hungarian League for the first time in the club history, in the 2001–02 season Zalaegrszeg finished second in the first stage of the championship gaining 61 points while Budapest rivals MTK Budapest FC64 points. In the championship play-off Zalaegerszeg could secure their first title by gaining 71 points, péter Bozsiks team could overtake Budapest rivals Ferencváros and MTK Budapest. Krisztián Kenesei and Gábor Egressy were the key figures of the team by scoring 37 goals. In the 2002–03 Zalaegerszeg could not finish in the first six teams of the first stage of the Hungarian League therefore they could play in the relegation play-off as reigning champions and they finished first in the relegation play-off but it was a real disappointement for the former champion. In the following seasons ZTE came 9th, 6th and 11th, in the 2002–03 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase Zalaegerszeg defeated Croatian champions NK Zagreb on away goals. The first match was played in Zalaegerszeg and the club won it by 1–0, the only goal was scored by Darko Ljubojević. In the second leg Zagreb was winning by 2–0 when in the 87th minute Zalaegerszeg was awarded a penalty which was scored by Flórián Urbán, ZTE beat Zagreb on away goals. In the third qualifying round Zalaegerszeg faced with the English giant club Manchester United, in the first leg, ZTE provided a stunning shock by winning 1–0 in Hungary with a last minute goal from Béla Koplárovics
12.
Magyar Kupa
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The Hungarian Cup is the Hungarian cup competition for football clubs. It has been started by the Hungarian Football Association, the Magyar Labdarúgó Szövetség in 1909, eight years after the commencement of the Hungarian League, besides all of the professional clubs of Hungary numerous amateur sides take part every year. These have to qualify through local cup competitions, most successful participant in the Magya Kupa has been the Ferencvarosi TC with 21 wins, followed by the local rivals from MTK Hungária FC with 12 cups. The current holder is Ferencvarosi TC, although the first Hungarian League match was played in 1901, the first Hungarian Cup match was played eight years later in 1910 between MTK Budapest FC and Budapesti TC. The first era of the Magyar Kupa was dominated by the clubs as in the Hungarian League, MTK Budapest FC. In the 1910s MTK won 4 trophies, while Ferencváros only 1, however, in the 1920s Ferencváros won 3 other titles, whereas MTK2 cups. The only club who could interrupt the Ferencvárosi TC-MTK Budapest FC rivalry were Kispesti AC in 1926, in the 1930s new clubs could conquer the Magyar cup and two of them were outside Budapest. In 1930 Bocskai FC and in 1934 Soroksár FC, the traditional clubs won three trophies, Ferencváros in 1933 and 1935, while MTK in 1932. The 1940s were dominated by Ferencváros by winning the cup in a three seasons, 1941-42, 1942-43, and 1943-44. Ferencváross dominance was interrupted by Szolnoki MÁV FC by winning the 1940-41 season, due to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the Magyar Kupa was held only three times in the 1950s. In 1969 Újpesti Dózsa SC became cup winners for the first time after losing five finals, the 1970s were dominated by Budapest clubs. Ferencváros won four times, Újpest won twice, and Vasas SC won once, however, the 1976-77 season was won by Diósgyőri VTK. This was the first time when the cup finals was in a round-robin tournament, in the 1980s Újpesti Dózsa SC won three trophies, while Budapest Honvéd SE could lift the cup twice. In the 1990s Ferencvárosi TC won the cup four times, in 1999 Debreceni VSC won their first cup trophy. In the early 2000s the Magyar Kupa was dominated by Debrecen by winning three trophies in 2001,2008,2010, in the 2010s the dominance of the non-Budapest clubs continued. Debrecen managed to clinch the cup twice in the 2011-12 and in the 2012-13 seasons while Kecskemét could lift the trophy in the 2010-11 season, however, Újpest surprisingly won the 2013-14 season while the rebuilt Ferencváros in 2014-15 season. Notes, Note 1, In 1912, Ferencvárosi TC did not play, Note 2, Final from 1956 held in 1958. Note 3, Final from 1977 played in Group-Format, notes, Note 4, Includes Ferencváros FC Note 5, Includes MTK, MTK-VM, Hungária and Bástya
13.
Mitropa Cup
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The Mitropa Cup, officially called the La Coupe de lEurope Centrale or Central European Cup, was one of the first international major European football cups for club sides. The tournament declined and was discontinued after 1992, Mitropa Cup had 51 editions in history, including a different format edition held in 1960 and won by Hungary. The most successful club is Vasas Budapest with 6 titles, a first International competition for football clubs was founded in 1897 in Vienna. The Challenge Cup was invented by John Gramlick Sr. a co-founder of the Vienna Cricket, the Challenge Cup was carried out until the year 1911 and is today seen as the predecessor to the Mitropa Cup and consequently the European Cup and Champions League. The last winner of the cup was Wiener Sport-Club, one of the oldest and most traditional clubs of Austria where the cup still remains. The idea of a European cup competition was shaped after World War I which brought the defeat, the centre of this idea were the Central European countries that, at this time, were still leading in continental football. In the early 1920s they introduced professional leagues, the first continental countries to do so, Austria started in 1924, followed by Hungary in 1925 and Czechoslovakia in 1926. Moreover, the creation of a European Cup for national teams - that unlike the Challenge Cup, the first matches were played on 14 August 1927. The competition was between the top teams of Central Europe. Initially two teams each from Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia entered, competing in a knock-out competition, the countries involved could either send their respective league winners and runners-up, or league winners and cup winners to take part. The first winners were the Czech side, AC Sparta Prague, in 1929 Italian teams replaced the Yugoslavian ones. The competition was expanded to four teams each of the competing countries in 1934. Other countries were invited to participate - Switzerland in 1936, and Romania, Switzerland, Austria was withdrawn from the competition following the Anschluss in 1938. In 1939, prior to the start of WW II, the cup involved only eight teams, the level of the competing nations is clearly shown by Italys two World Cup titles, Czechoslovakias and Hungarys World Cup final, and Austrias and Yugoslavias semi-finals. Out of the different teams competing in the first three World Cups, five were part of the Mitropa Cup. A tournament was started in 1940, but abandoned before the match due to World War II. Again, only eight teams competed, three each from Hungary and Yugoslavia and two from Romania, hungarian Ferencváros and Romanian Rapid qualified for the final, but did not meet because the northern part of Transylvania was ceded back to Hungary from Romania. After World War II, the cup was resumed in 1951, the Cup, once again named Mitropa Cup, lost much of its status because of the introduction of other European Club Competitions, and faced an ongoing decline
14.
UEFA European Cup
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The UEFA Champions League is an annual continental club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations and contested by top-division European clubs. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world, the UEFA Champions League final is the most watched annual sporting event worldwide. The final of the 2012–13 tournament had the highest TV ratings to date, the pre-1992 competition was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champion club of each country. During the 1990s, the format was expanded, incorporating a round-robin group stage to include clubs that finished runner-up of some nations top-level league. Clubs that finish next-in-line in each top level league, having not qualified for the UEFA Champions League competition. In its present format, the UEFA Champions League begins in mid-July with three qualifying rounds and a play-off round. The 10 surviving teams enter the stage, joining 22 other teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams, the eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in May. The winner of the UEFA Champions League qualifies for the UEFA Super Cup, Real Madrid is the most successful club in the competitions history, having won the tournament 11 times, including its first five seasons. Spanish clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, followed by England, the competition has been won by 22 different clubs,12 of which have won it more than once. Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, no club has managed consecutive wins, Milan were the last holders to defend their title. The reigning champions are Real Madrid, who secured their title in the competition after defeating Atlético Madrid on penalties following a 1–1 draw in the 2016 final. The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs. In 1930, the Coupe des Nations, the first attempt to create a cup for national clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette. Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent, the tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary. Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949 and it was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs Cup. The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season, the first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan. The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP, the inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid
15.
FIFA eligibility rules
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In the 20th century, FIFA allowed a player to represent any national team, as long as the player held citizenship of that country. FIFA has used its authority to overturn results of competitive matches that feature ineligible players. FIFAs eligibility rules also demand that in mens competitions, only men are eligible to play, historically, it was possible for players to play for different national teams. For example, Alfredo di Stefano played for Argentina and Spain, di Stefanos Real Madrid team-mate Ferenc Puskás also played for Spain after amassing 85 caps for Hungary earlier in his career. Other 20th century examples of players officially representing more than one country – excluding those resulting from changes to geopolitical borders e. g. e, fixtures not recognised by FIFA as full internationals. These caps are not officially recognised due to a dispute between FIFA and the Colombian Football Federation at the time, the first player to do so was Antar Yahia, who played for the France under-18s before representing Algeria in qualifiers for the 2004 Olympic Games. In March 2004, FIFA amended its policy on international eligibility. An emergency FIFA committee ruling judged that players must be able to demonstrate a connection to a country that they had not been born in. Defender Nikola Vujadinović, for example, would be eligible to play for the teams of Serbia or Montenegro. In June 2009, FIFA Congress passed a motion that removed the age limit for players who had played for a countrys national team at youth level to change national associations. This ruling features in Article 18 of the Regulations Governing the Application of the FIFA Statutes, thiago Motta has three caps for Brazil in matches deemed friendlies for Brazil and now represents Italy. Mehdi Carcela-González was born and raised in Belgium, and won two caps for Belgium in official friendly matches before switching to his nation of Morocco in 2011. Diego Costa represented Brazil in 2 friendlies before switching his allegiances to Spain in 2013, apostolos Giannou represented Greece in a friendly in 2015, before switching his allegiances to Australia, making his debut for the latter in March 2016. A FIFA Players Status Committee is responsible for making such judgements, FIFA takes punitive action against teams that field ineligible players. In August 2011, FIFA expelled Syria from the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification process following the appearance of George Mourad in a qualification match against Tajikistan. Mourad had made friendly match appearances for Sweden earlier in his career, after the game, a protest was lodged by their opponents Vanuatu, on the basis that Wynne was not an eligible player. As Wynne was 20 years old, it was impossible for him to have lived in New Zealand for five years after the age of 18. This protest was upheld by the Oceania Football Confederation, resulting in New Zealand being disqualified, there are 25 FIFA member associations that share a common nationality with at least one other FIFA member association
16.
Goalkeeper (association football)
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Goalkeeper, often shortened to keeper or goalie, is one of the major positions of association football. It is the most specialised position in the sport, the goalkeepers primary role is to prevent the opposing team from successfully moving the ball over the defended goal-line. This is accomplished by the moving into the path of the ball. Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands, goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks, and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks, direct and indirect free kicks, and marking. Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have a view of the entire pitch. If an attacker on the opposing team obstructs the keeper from catching or saving the ball, for example, in a corner, it will normally be a free kick. If a goalkeeper is injured or sent off, a goalkeeper has to take their place. In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off, a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper and they then play the remainder of the match with nine outfield players. Goalkeepers often have longer playing careers than players, many not retiring until their late thirties or early forties. This can be explained by noting that goalkeepers play a physically demanding position that requires significantly less running. For example, Peter Shilton played for 31 years between 1966 and 1997 before retiring at the age of 47. Because only one player can play in goal and the position is so specialised many professional teams on average especially at the highest level have one player as first-choice for many years, for example Gianlugi Buffon has played as first choice keeper for Juventus for more than 15 years. Petr Cech prior to his move to Aresnal was first choice keeper for Chelsea between 2004 and 2015, the squad number for a first choice goalkeeper is generally number 1. Although this is common, some goalkeepers now wear other numbers when in goal, association football, like many sports, has experienced many changes in tactics resulting in the generation and elimination of different positions. Goalkeeper is the position that is certain to have existed since the codification of the sport. The earliest account of football teams with player positions comes from Richard Mulcaster in 1581, the earliest specific reference to keeping goal comes from Cornish Hurling in 1602. One of these is appointed by lots, to the one side, there is assigned for their guard, a couple of their best stopping Hurlers. Other references to scoring goals begin in English literature in the early 16th century, for example, in John Days play The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, Ill play a gole at camp-ball
17.
MTK Budapest FC
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Magyar Testgyakorlók Köre Budapest Futball Club or shortly MTK is a Hungarian football club based in Józsefváros, Budapest. The team plays in the first division of the Hungarian League, the clubs colours are blue and white. As one of the most successful Hungarian football clubs, MTK has won the Hungarian League 23 times, the club has also won the Hungarian Super Cup 2 times. The club founded the Sándor Károly Football Academy in 2001, the Academy also has a partnership agreement with English club Liverpool F. C. About a dozen sport-loving citizens decided on 16 November 1888 in a cafe in Budapest to form the Magyar Testgyakorlók Köre, a number of its founding members were aristocrats and members of the capitals Jewish community. The colours of the club became blue and white, and it had 31 members by the end of its inaugural year, the clubs first divisions offered sporting possibilities only for fencing and gymnastics. As football was spreading far and wide in Hungary also the club established its football division on 12 March 1901, the first public football match of the Blues was a 0–0 draw against Budapesti TC, which later became Hungarian champions in 1901 and 1902. MTK started to play football in the 2nd league in 1902, the first year brought the club a 3rd place and it did not take long for the Blues to win the first championship, which happened a year later in 1904. MTK won their first Hungarian League title in the 1904 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season and they won 11 matches and drew three times and lost only twice. MTKs second Hungarian League title was won in the 1907–08 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season, MTK won the league without losing any matches. The 1910s was a period for the club since they won the Hungarian League five times. MTK Budapest finished first in the 1913–14 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season, out of the 18 matches MTK managed to win 15 and drew only three times. In the 1916–17 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season MTK finished first, MTK won 21 out of 22 matches and lost to Törekvés SE. In the 1917–18 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season MTK finished first again, in this season MTK could win 21 out of 22 matches and overtook their arch-rival Ferencvárosi TC. In the 1918–19 Nemzeti Bajnokság I season MTK finished first, MTK could overtake Ferencvárosi TC and Újpest FC. The first president of the club became an entrepreneur, his vice a close friend of him who turned out to be an excellent sport-oriented organiser. His name was Alfréd Brüll, and he became the clubs legendary, before the introduction of professional football, MTK was the most successful Hungarian team. Prior to the Second World War the team managed to win 15 Hungarian League titles, during the professional era the team could not repeat the same performance but still won 2 championships
18.
Defender (association football)
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In the sport of association football, a defender is an outfield player whose primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring goals. There are four types of defenders, centre-back, sweeper, full-back, the centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations. The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialised for certain formations, a centre-back defends in the area directly in front of the goal, and tries to prevent opposing players, particularly centre-forwards, from scoring. Centre-backs accomplish this by blocking shots, tackling, intercepting passes, contesting headers, with the ball, centre-backs are generally expected to make long and pinpoint passes to their teammates, or to kick unaimed long balls down the field. For example, a clearance is a long unaimed kick intended to move the ball as far as possible from the defenders goal, during normal play, centre-backs are unlikely to score goals. In this case, other defenders or midfielders will temporarily move into the centre-back positions, in the modern game, most teams employ two or three centre-backs in front of the goalkeeper. The 4–2–3–1, 4–3–3, and 4–4–2 formations all use two centre-backs, the sweeper is a more versatile centre-back who sweeps up the ball if an opponent manages to breach the defensive line. This position is more fluid than that of other defenders who man-mark their designated opponents. Because of this, it is referred to as libero. For example, the system of play, used in Italian football in the 1960s. The more modern libero possesses the qualities of the typical libero while being able to expose the opposition during counterattacks. The Fundell-libero has become popular in recent time with the sweeper transitioning to the most advanced forward in an attack. This variation on the position requires great pace and fitness, while rarely seen in professional football, the position has been extensively used in lower leagues. Modern libero sit behind centre-backs as a sweeper before charging through the team to join in the attack, some sweepers move forward and distribute the ball up-field, while others intercept passes and get the ball off the opposition without needing to hurl themselves into tackles. If the sweeper does move up the field to distribute the ball, they will need to make a speedy recovery, in modern football, its usage has been fairly restricted, with few clubs in the biggest leagues using the position. Though it is used in modern football, it remains a highly respected. A recent and successful use of the sweeper was made by Otto Rehhagel, Greeces manager, Rehhagel utilized Traianos Dellas as Greeces sweeper to great success, as Greece surprisingly became European champions. The full-backs take up the wide positions and traditionally stayed in defence at all times
19.
Forward (association football)
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Forwards are the players on an association football team who play nearest to the opposing teams goal, and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals. Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players, modern team formations generally include one to three forwards, for example, the common 4–2–3–1 formation includes one forward. Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards, or none, the centre-forward is often a tall player, typically known as a target man, whose main function is to score the majority of goals on behalf of the team. Most modern centre-forwards operate in front of the strikers or central attacking midfielders. The present role of centre-forward is sometimes interchangeable with that of an attacking midfielder, a centre-forward usually must be strong, to win key headers and outmuscle defenders. The term centre-forward is taken from the football playing formation in which there were five forward players. The number would become synonymous with the centre-forward position. Strikers are known for their ability to peel off defenders and to run into space via the side of the defender and to receive the ball in a good goalscoring position. They are typically fast players with ball control and dribbling abilities. More agile strikers like Michael Owen have an advantage over taller defenders due to their short burst speed, a good striker should be able to shoot confidently with either foot, possess great power and accuracy, and have the ability to pass the ball under pressure in breakaway situations. Deep-lying forwards have a history in the game, but the terminology to describe their playing activity has varied over the years. Originally such players were termed inside forwards, creative or deep-lying centre-forwards, in fact, a coined term, the nine-and-a-half, has been an attempt to become a standard in defining the position. In Italy, this role is known as a rifinitore or seconda punta, whereas in Brazil, it is known as segundo atacante. An outside forward plays as the forward on the right or left wing – as an outside right or outside left. As football tactics have largely developed, and wingers have dropped back to become midfielders, many commentators and football analysts still refer to the wing positions as outside right and outside left. However, in the British game they are counted as part of the midfield. It is a duty to beat opposing full-backs, deliver cut-backs or crosses from wide positions and, to a lesser extent, to beat defenders. They are usually some of the quickest players in the team, in their Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese usage, the defensive duties of the winger have been usually confined to pressing the opposition fullbacks when they have the ball
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Miklós Vancsa
