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Vastitas Borealis
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Vastitas Borealis is the largest lowland region of Mars. It is in the northerly latitudes of the planet and encircles the northern polar region. Vastitas Borealis is often simply referred to as the northern plains, northern lowlands or the North polar erg of Mars. The plains lie 4–5 km below the mean radius of the planet, and is centered at 87.73°N 32.53°E. A small part of Vastitas Borealis reaches below 65°N.
Vastitas Borealis is the large low elevation area surrounding 70°N.
Vastitas Borealis is the large low elevation area surrounding 70°N.
Surface of Mars, as seen by Phoenix. The ground is shaped into polygons which are common where the ground freezes and thaws.
Surface of Mars, as seen by Phoenix. The ground is shaped into polygons which are common where the ground freezes and thaws.
Olympia Planitia Dunes, as seen by HiRISE. Gypsum has been detected here by MRO.
Olympia Planitia Dunes, as seen by HiRISE. Gypsum has been detected here by MRO.
Patterned ground was once called fingerprint terrain because it looked like giant fingerprints. The dark dots are actually chains of low mounds. The c
Patterned ground was once called fingerprint terrain because it looked like giant fingerprints. The dark dots are actually chains of low mounds. The center circular feature is a ring of dark boulders on the rim of a buried crater. Picture from Mars Global Surveyor.
Mars ocean theory
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The Mars ocean theory states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history. This primordial ocean, dubbed Paleo-Ocean or Oceanus Borealis, would have filled the basin Vastitas Borealis in the northern hemisphere, a region that lies 4–5 km below the mean planetary elevation, at a time period of approximately 4.1–3.8 billion years ago. Evidence for this ocean includes geographic features resembling ancient shorelines, and the chemical properties of the Martian soil and atmosphere. Early Mars would have required a denser atmosphere and warmer climate to allow liquid water to remain at the surface.
An artist's impression of ancient Mars and its oceans based on geological data
An artist's impression of ancient Mars and its oceans based on geological data
Channels made by the backwash from tsunamis, as seen by HiRISE. The tsunamis were probably caused by asteroids striking the ocean.
Channels made by the backwash from tsunamis, as seen by HiRISE. The tsunamis were probably caused by asteroids striking the ocean.
Boulders that were picked up, carried, and dropped by tsunamis, as seen by HiRISE. The boulders are between the size of cars and houses.
Boulders that were picked up, carried, and dropped by tsunamis, as seen by HiRISE. The boulders are between the size of cars and houses.
Streamlined promontory eroded by tsunami, as seen by HiRISE.
Streamlined promontory eroded by tsunami, as seen by HiRISE.