1.
Jimmy Reed
–
Mathis James Jimmy Reed was an American blues musician and songwriter. Reed was born in Dunleith, Mississippi, in 1925 and he learned the harmonica and guitar from his friend Eddie Taylor. After several years of busking and performing there, he moved to Chicago, Illinois and he was then drafted into the US Navy and served in World War II. He was discharged in 1945 and returned briefly to Mississippi, marrying his girlfriend and he then moved to Gary, Indiana, to work at an Armour meat-packing plant. Mama Reed was a background singer on many of his songs, notably the hits Baby What You Want Me to Do, Big Boss Man and Bright Lights. By the 1950s, Reed had established himself as a popular musician and he joined the Gary Kings with John Brim and played on the street with Willie Joe Duncan. Reed failed to gain a contract with Chess Records but signed with Vee-Jay Records through Brims drummer. At Vee-Jay, Reed began playing again with Eddie Taylor and soon released You Dont Have to Go and this was followed by a long string of hits. Reed maintained his reputation despite his rampant alcoholism, his wife sometimes had to help him remember the lyrics to his songs while recording. In 1957, Reed developed epilepsy, though the condition was not correctly diagnosed for a time, as Reed. In spite of his numerous hits, Reeds personal problems prevented him achieving the same level of fame as other popular blues artists of the time. When Vee-Jay Records closed, his manager signed a contract with the fledgling ABC-Bluesway label, in 1968, he toured Europe with the American Folk Blues Festival. Reed died of respiratory failure in 1976, in Oakland, California and he is interred in the Lincoln Cemetery, in Worth, Illinois. In 1980, Reed was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame, then in 1991 into the Rock, the B-side of their February 1964 hit single Not Fade Away was a pastiche of Shame, Shame, Shame, entitled Little by Little. Their first album, The Rolling Stones, released in April 1964, featured Little by Little, for their 2016 release, Blue and Lonesome they featured Reeds Little Rain. The Yardbirds recorded an instrumental dedicated to Reed, Like Jimmy Reed Again, the Animals considered Reed as one of their main source of inspiration and recorded versions of I Aint Got You and Bright Lights, Big City. Van Morrisons group Them covered Bright Lights, Big City and Baby, What You Want Me to Do, Big Boss Man, sung by Ron Pigpen McKernan, was regularly performed by the Grateful Dead in the 1960s and early 1970s and appears on their live album Grateful Dead. It was revived by Jerry Garcia with the Dead in the 1980s, bob Weir of the Dead also played it with the band Kingfish in the mid-1970s and, more recently, with Ratdog
2.
Concord Bicycle Music
–
Concord Bicycle Music is a wholly owned independent music company based in Beverly Hills, California, with world-wide distribution through Universal Music Group. The company was founded in 1973 in Concord, California by Carl Jefferson, Jefferson produced the first Concord Jazz recording by guitarists Herb Ellis and Joe Pass. He named the label after the Concord Jazz Festival, which he had organized some years earlier, Jefferson sold Concord to Alliance Entertainment in 1994 and died the following year. In 1999, film/television producer Norman Lear and entertainment executive Hal Gaba purchased the company, in 2002, the labels headquarters were moved to Beverly Hills, California. In 2004 Concord Records acquired Fantasy, Inc. owner of Prestige, Fantasy, Milestone, Riverside, and Specialty, Concord then combined with Fantasy to form the independent Concord Music Group. That same year, Concord first partnered with Starbucks to release Ray Charles’s Genius Loves Company – which won 8 Grammy Awards, in 2005, the company acquired the classics and jazz label Telarc International. On December 18,2006, Concord announced the re-launch of the soul label Stax, New signings included Isaac Hayes and Angie Stone. On March 12,2007, Concord Music Group and Starbucks jointly founded the Hear Music label, Hear Music’s initial release, Paul McCartney’s Memory Almost Full, was released in June of ‘07. Hear Music has since released albums by artists that include Paul McCartney, Joni Mitchell, James Taylor, John Mellencamp, in 2008, Village Roadshow Pictures Group and Concord completed their merger resulting in the creation of the new diversified entertainment group, Village Roadshow Entertainment Group. In April 2010 it was announced that Paul McCartney transferred the rights of his post-Beatles output to Concord from EMI. Concord purchased Rounder Records in 2010, distribution is mainly handled by Universal Music Group. In smaller markets, such as those in Africa and Eastern Europe, in 2012 Concord Music Group designated four distinct operating units, Fantasy Label Group, Rounder Label Group, Concord-Telarc Label Group and Prestige Group. Esperanza Spalding was honored with the Best New Artist Grammy in 2011, Concord Music Group artists won 8 Grammy Awards at the 2013 Awards ceremony, the most of any label. On March 25,2013, Wood Creek Capital Management, an affiliate of MassMutual Financial Group, purchased Concord Music Group from Village Roadshow Entertainment Group. On October 31,2013, The Bicycle Music Company acquired Wind-up Records back catalog including the recordings of 1,600 songs including albums by Creed, Evanescence. The Bicycle Music Company then cut a service agreement deal with sister company Concord Music Group to market the acquired Wind-up Records back catalog to retailers and consumers. On July 1,2014, Tom Whalleys label, Loma Vista Recordings agreed to a new multi-year, under the terms of the agreement, Concord provides funding for new talent relationships and artist development, as well as comprehensive label services for Loma Vista. On April 1,2015, Concord Music Group announced that it had acquired Vanguard Records, in May 2015, Concord Bicycle Music acquired Fearless Records and the rest of Wind-Up Records, the latters back catalogue having been acquired by The Bicycle Music Company in October 2013
3.
Jazz
–
Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
4.
Blues
–
Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
5.
Rock and roll
–
While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
6.
R&B
–
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
7.
Disco
–
Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
8.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
9.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
10.
Rhythm and blues
–
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
11.
African Americans
–
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
12.
Memphis Slim
–
Memphis Slim was an American blues pianist, singer, and composer. He led a series of bands that, reflecting the popular appeal of jump blues, included saxophones, bass, drums, a song he first cut in 1947, Every Day I Have the Blues, has become a blues standard, recorded by many other artists. Memphis Slim was born John Len Chatman, in Memphis, Tennessee, for his first recordings, for Okeh Records in 1940, he used the name of his father, Peter Chatman, it is commonly believed that he did so to honor his father. He started performing under the name Memphis Slim later that year and he spent most of the 1930s performing in honky-tonks, dance halls, and gambling joints in West Memphis, Arkansas, and southeast Missouri. He settled in Chicago in 1939 and began teaming with the guitarist, in 1940 and 1941 he recorded two songs for Bluebird Records that became part of his repertoire for decades, Beer Drinking Woman and Grinder Man Blues. These were released under the name Memphis Slim, given to him by Bluebirds producer, Lester Melrose, Slim became a regular session musician for Bluebird, and his piano talents supported established stars such as John Lee Sonny Boy Williamson, Washboard Sam, and Jazz Gillum. Many of Slims recordings and performances until the mid-1940s were with Broonzy, after World War II, Slim began leading bands that generally included saxophones, bass, drums, and piano, reflecting the popular appeal of jump blues. With the decline of blues recording by the labels, Slim worked with emerging independent labels. Starting in late 1945, he recorded with trios for the small Chicago-based Hy-Tone Records, with a lineup of alto saxophone, tenor sax, piano, and string bass, he signed with the Miracle label in the fall of 1946. One of the numbers recorded at the first session was the ebullient boogie Rockin the House, Slim and the House Rockers recorded mainly for Miracle through 1949, with some commercial success. Among the songs recorded were Messin Around and Harlem Bound. Lomax presented sections of this recording on BBC Radio in the early 1950s as a documentary, The Art of the Negro, one of Slims 1947 recordings for Miracle, released in 1949, was originally titled Nobody Loves Me. It has become as famous as Every Day I Have the Blues, the tune was recorded in 1950 by Lowell Fulson and subsequently by numerous other artists, including B. B. King, Elmore James, T-Bone Walker, Ray Charles, Eric Clapton, Natalie Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Jimi Hendrix, Mahalia Jackson, Sarah Vaughan, Carlos Santana, John Mayer and Lou Rawls. Joe Williams recorded it in 1952 for Checker Records, his remake from 1956 was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1992. Early in 1950, Miracle succumbed to financial troubles, but its owners regrouped to form the Premium label and his last session for Premium kept the two-tenor lineup but dispensed with the guitar. During his time with Premium, Slim first recorded his song Mother Earth, Slim made just one session for King, but the company bought his Hy-Tone sides in 1948 and acquired his Miracle masters after that company failed in 1950. He was never a Chess artist, but Leonard Chess bought most of the Premium masters after the demise of Premium, after a year with Mercury Records, Slim signed with United Records in Chicago, the A&R man, Lew Simpkins, knew him from Miracle and Premium
13.
John Lee Hooker
–
John Lee Hooker was an American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist. The son of a sharecropper, he rose to performing an electric guitar-style adaptation of Delta blues. Hooker often incorporated elements, including talking blues and early North Mississippi Hill country blues. He developed his own driving-rhythm boogie style, distinct from the 1930s–1940s piano-derived boogie-woogie, some of his best known songs include Boogie Chillen, Crawling King Snake, Dimples, Boom Boom, and One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer. Several of his albums, including The Healer, Mr. Lucky, Chill Out. Hookers date of birth is the subject of debate, since they were only permitted to listen to religious songs, the spirituals sung in church were their earliest exposure to music. The next year, his mother married William Moore, a blues singer, Moore was his first significant blues influence. He was a blues guitarist, who learned in Shreveport, Louisiana, to play a droning. Another formative influence was Tony Hollins, who dated Hookers sister Alice, helped teach Hooker to play, for the rest of his life, Hooker regarded Hollins as a formative influence on his style of playing and his career as a musician. Among the songs that Hollins reputedly taught Hooker were versions of Crawlin King Snake, at the age of 14, John Lee Hooker ran away from home, reportedly never seeing his mother or stepfather again. In the mid 1930s, he lived in Memphis, Tennessee and he worked in factories in various cities during World War II, eventually landing a job in 1943 at the Ford Motor Company in Detroit. He frequented the clubs and bars on Hastings Street, the heart of the black entertainment district on Detroits east side. In a city noted for its pianists, guitar players were scarce, Hookers popularity grew quickly performing in Detroit clubs and, seeking a louder instrument than his acoustic guitar, he bought his first electric guitar. Hookers recording career began in 1948, when Los Angeles-based Modern Records released a demo he had recorded for Bernie Besman in Detroit, the single, Boogie Chillen, became a hit and the biggest selling race record of 1949. Despite being illiterate, Hooker was a prolific lyricist, in addition to adapting traditional blues lyrics, he also composed originals. In the 1950s, many black musicians earned little money from record sales, so Hooker often recorded variations on his songs for new studios for an upfront fee. His early solo songs were recorded by Bernie Besman, John Lee Hooker rarely played with a standard beat, instead, he changed tempo to fit the needs of the song. This often made it difficult to use backing musicians, who were not accustomed to Hookers musical vagaries, as a result, Besman recorded Hooker, in addition to playing guitar and singing, stomping along with the music on a wooden pallet
14.
The Dells
–
The Dells were an American R&B vocal group. After disbanding due to a car crash in 1958, the band reformed in 1960 with Funches being replaced by Johnny Carter. This lineup remained together until Carters 2009 death, the Dells were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2004. The vocal group performed until illness forced longtime lead singer Marvin Junior and bass vocalist Chuck Barksdale into retirement, the Dells grew up in Harvey, Illinois and began singing together while attending Thornton Township High School. Forming in 1952 under the name the El-Rays, the group consisted of Marvin Junior, Mickey McGill, Lucius McGill, Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale. Lucius soon left the group and the quintet signed with Checker Records, releasing their first single, Darling I Know. In 1955, the group renamed themselves the Dells and signed with Vee-Jay Records, in 1956, they recorded their first hit, Oh What a Night, which hit the Top 5 of the R&B singles chart. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc, the song is ranked #260 on the Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In November 1958, the Dells suffered a car accident that left McGill in a hospital in Ohio for six months, the group temporarily disbanded and Barksdale sung as a member of Harvey Fuquas spinoff Moonglows act, Harvey and the Moonglows, which included a young Marvin Gaye. In 1961, the Dells reunited and auditioned for Dinah Washington, after Washington agreed to hire them, Johnny Funches left the group to take care of his family. Funches was replaced by Flamingos founding member Johnny Carter and sung background for Washington for two years, in 1966, Ray Charles hired them to be opening acts, only to fire them after their performance gave them several standing ovations. In 1966, the Dells returned to Chess under the labels Cadet subsidiary working with Bobby Miller and future Earth, the song was also their first top 20 pop hit. The Dells soulful version of their hit, Oh What a Night gave the group their second chart-topping R&B single. For a second time, the song sold over a million copies, subsequent hits included Open Up My Heart, Oh What A Day, and On the Dock of the Bay. In 1971, the Dells The Love We Had Stays on My Mind became another Top Ten hit on the R&B charts, by this time Charles Stepney had taken over production duties from Bobby Miller. 1973s Give Your Baby a Standing Ovation was their third certified gold record, the song was written by L. V. Johnson and produced by Don Davis, the group recorded a composition titled A Heart Is a House for Love. The song reached number thirteen on the Billboard R&B chart, making only one of two groups to have hit singles in five decades
15.
Jerry Butler
–
Jerry Butler, Jr. is an American soul singer and songwriter. He is also noted as being the lead singer of the famed R&B vocal group the Impressions, as well as a 1991 Rock. Butler is also an American politician and he serves as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, having first been elected in 1985. As a member of this 17-member county board, he chairs the Health and Hospitals Committee, Butler was born in Sunflower, Mississippi in 1939. The mid-1950s had a impact on Butlers life. He grew up poor, having lived in Chicagos Cabrini–Green housing complex, music and the church provided solace from the poverty of the slums he lived in, and difficulties of a predominantly segregated society. He performed in a choir with Curtis Mayfield. As a teenager, Butler sang in a quartet called Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers. Mayfield, a player, became the lone instrumentalist for the six-member Roosters group. Inspired by Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers, the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, Butlers younger brother, Billy Butler, also had a career in the music industry, including playing guitar with Jerrys band, until his death in 2015. Butler co-wrote the song For Your Precious Love and wanted to record a disc, looking for recording studios, the Impressions, auditioned for Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records. The group eventually signed with Vee-Jay, where they released For Your Precious Love in 1958 and it became The Impressions first hit and gold record. Butler was dubbed the Iceman by WDAS Philadelphia disc jockey, Georgie Woods and he co-wrote, with Otis Redding, the song Ive Been Loving You Too Long in 1965. His 1969 Moody Woman release became a Northern Soul favourite and featured at number 369 in the Northern Soul Top 500, Butler released two successful albums, The Ice Man Cometh and Ice on Ice. The Ice Man Cometh garnered Butler three Grammy nominations and he collaborated on many of his successful recordings with the Philadelphia-based songwriting team, Gamble and Huff. With Motown, in 1976 and 1977, Butler produced and co-produced two albums, Suite for the Single Girl and It All Comes Out in My Song, subsequently, Butler and Wilson produced an album with Dee Dee Sharp-Gamble with Philadelphia International. In 1981 with Breaking and Entering / Easy Money, from Sharp-Gambles album Dee Dee, Butler continues to perform while serving as a Cook County Board Commissioner since the 1980s. As Cook County Commissioner, Butler voted to uphold a historic 2008 Cook County sales tax increase, as a result, the Chicago Tribune encouraged people to vote against him in the 2010 elections
16.
Dee Clark
–
He was born Delectus Clark or Delecta Clark, Jr. in Blytheville, Arkansas, and moved to Chicago in 1941. His mother, Essie Mae Clark, was a gospel singer, Clark made his first recording in 1952 as a member of the Hambone Kids, who enjoyed some success with a recording of Hambone on the OKeh label. In 1953, he joined an R&B group called the Goldentones, Kent had the Kool Gents signed to Vee-Jay labels subsidiary Falcon/Abner. The group recorded for Falcon/Abner in 1956, and also recorded a novelty record as The Delegates, Clark embarked on a solo career in 1957, initially following the styles of Clyde McPhatter and Little Richard. When Little Richard temporarily abandoned his career to study the Bible, Clark fulfilled Richards remaining live dates and also recorded with his backing band. Over the next four years he landed several hits, two of which reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100). His records for Abner and Vee-Jay were orchestrated by Riley Hampton and it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Raindrops was also a success, reaching number one in New Zealand and reaching the top ten in South Africa and Belgium. Clark himself recorded a version of Raindrops in 1973. However, Clarks biggest hit was also his last, the follow-up to Raindrops, Dont Walk Away From Me, was a flop, and he made the pop charts in America only twice more, with Im Going Back to School and Crossfire Time. By the time Crossfire Time came out, Clark had moved from Vee-Jay to the Constellation label, though he continued to record for Constellation through 1966, none of his records charted nationally. He had considerable success in Chicago with such standout recordings as Come Closer, the double-sided hit of Warm Summer Breezes and Heartbreak. He later recorded for the Columbia, Wand, Liberty and Rocky labels, without success. Clark had a revival in 1975 when his disco song Ride a Wild Horse became a surprise Top 30 hit in the UK Singles Chart. Afterwards, Clark performed mostly on the oldies circuit, by the late 1980s, he was in dire straits financially, living in a welfare hotel in Toccoa, Georgia. His last concert was with the Jimmy Gilstrap Band at the Portman Lounge in Anderson, South Carolina
17.
Atlanta
–
Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
18.
Gladys Knight and the Pips
–
Gladys Knight & the Pips were an R&B/soul family musical act from Atlanta, Georgia that remained active on the music charts and performing circuit for three decades. After a couple years performing in talent shows, the signed with Brunswick Records in 1957. Brenda Knight and Eleanor Guest were eventually replaced by cousin, Edward Patten. This lineup produced the groups first hit single, Every Beat of My Heart, after the single was released on three different labels, they changed their name to Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1961. Langston George left the year and Gladys Knight left in 1962 to start a family with musician Jimmy Newman. Knight rejoined in 1964 and this continued until the groups disbandment in 1989. The group reached commercial success after signing with Motown Records in 1966, contractual difficulties with their labels forced the group to record side projects until 1980 when they signed with Columbia Records. Later hits included Save the Overtime and the Grammy-winning single Love Overboard, in 1989, the group disbanded with the Pips retiring and Knight embarking on a successful solo career. Gladys Knight & the Pips are multiple Grammy and American Music Award winners and are inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Gladys Knight performed on Ted Macks Original Amateur Hour in 1952 at the age of seven, winning first prize. On September 4,1952, Gladys, Bubba, sister Brenda and their cousins William, shortly afterwards, the quintet agreed to form a group under the insistence of Gladys mother Elizabeth Knight. They settled on the name The Pips, inspired by the nickname of their cousin James Pip Woods, by 1955, the group began performing at the talent show circuit at their hometown of Atlanta, winning each talent show they performed on. This success allowed them a contract with Brunswick Records in 1957. The group released two recordings that failed to chart, despite this, the group was now opening for top recording acts such as Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke. By 1959, Brunswick dropped the group and both Brenda Knight and Eleanor Guest left the group to begin families and they were replaced by another cousin, Edward Patten, and a friend, Langston George. Patten and George were involved in another group before joining the Pips, in 1961, they recorded their version of Johnny Otis Every Beat of My Heart. Because the group was without a label, a local Atlanta label, Huntom Records, pushed the single. During this time, the moved to New York where they auditioned for Bobby Robinsons Fury Records. Upon learning that Every Beat of My Heart was already becoming a hit and cutting the group off of profits, Robinson had the group re-record the song, both versions made the Billboard charts, with the Huntom/Vee-Jay version reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100
19.
The Four Seasons (band)
–
The Four Seasons is an American rock and pop band that became internationally successful in the 1960s and 1970s. The Vocal Group Hall of Fame has stated that the group was the most popular rock band before the Beatles, since 1970, they have also been known at times as Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons. The legal name of the organization is the Four Seasons Partnership, formed by Gaudio, while singers, producers, and musicians have come and gone, Gaudio and Valli remain the groups constant. Gaudio no longer live, leaving Valli the only member of the group from its inception who is touring as of 2017. The Four Seasons were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and they are one of the best-selling musical groups of all time, having sold an estimated 100 million records worldwide. Frankie Vallis first commercial release was My Mothers Eyes in 1953, the following year, he and guitarist Tommy DeVito formed The Variatones, which between 1954 and 1956 performed and recorded under a variety of names before settling on the name The Four Lovers. The same year, the released their first record, Youre the Apple of My Eye. Five additional Four Lovers singles were released over the year, with virtually no sales, airplay. In 1957, the seventh single had a similar lack of success. In 1958, Charles Calello replaced Nick Massi on bass in the lineup, in 1959, the group started working with producer/songwriter Bob Crewe, primarily for session work. In late 1959, Gaudio was added to the Four Lovers on keyboards and guitar, early the following year, Nick Massi returned to replace Calello, who remained the bands musical arranger. In 1960, despite the changes of personnel, the fortunes of the Four Lovers had not changed—they failed an audition for a lounge at a Union Township, Union County, according to Gaudio, We figured well come out of this with something. So we took the name of the bowling alley and it was called the Four Seasons. Despite the last few years of frustration of the Four Lovers, later, on a handshake agreement between keyboardist/composer Bob Gaudio and lead singer Frankie Valli, the Four Seasons Partnership was formed. The Four Seasons signed as artists to Crewes production company, the group continued working with producer Bob Crewe as background vocalists, and sometimes leads under different group names, for productions on Crewes own Topix label. As a follow-up, Bob Gaudio wrote a song that, after some discussion between Crewe and Gaudio, was titled Sherry, after the song was recorded, Crewe and the members of the group solicited record labels to release it. It was Frankie Valli who spoke with Randy Wood, West coast sales manager for Vee-Jay Records who, in turn, Sherry made enough of an impression that Crewe was able to sign a deal between his production company and Vee-Jay for its release. They were the first white artists to sign with Vee-Jay, in 1962, the group released their first album, featuring the single Sherry, which was not only their first charted hit but also their first number-one song
20.
The Beatles
–
The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
21.
EMI
–
EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
22.
Capitol Records
–
Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
23.
Folk music
–
Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
24.
Hoyt Axton
–
Hoyt Wayne Axton was an American folk music singer-songwriter, guitarist and a film and television actor. He became prominent in the early 1960s, establishing himself on the West Coast as a singer with an earthy style. As he matured, some of his songwriting became well known throughout the world, among them were Joy to the World, The Pusher, No No Song, Greenback Dollar, Della and the Dealer and Never Been to Spain. Born in Duncan, Oklahoma, Axton spent his pre-teen years in Comanche, Oklahoma, with his brother and his mother, Mae Boren Axton, a songwriter, co-wrote the classic rock n roll song Heartbreak Hotel, which became the first major hit for Elvis Presley. Some of Hoyts own songs were later recorded by Elvis. Axtons father, John Thomas Axton, was a Naval officer stationed in Jacksonville, Florida, Axton graduated from Robert E. Lee High School in 1956 and left town after Knauers Hardware burned down on graduation night, a prank gone wrong. Axton attended Oklahoma State for a length of time before following his father. Axton served aboard the USS Ranger before pursuing a music career, after his discharge from the Navy on the West Coast, he began singing folk songs in San Francisco nightclubs. In the early 1960s he released his first folk album titled The Balladeer, which included his song Greenback Dollar, Axton released numerous albums well into the 1980s. The wild stallion Smoky gets his revenge on the evil Mr. Denton in the end by killing him for his brutal, in 1979, Axton appeared on the PBS music program Austin City Limits during Season 4. Axton had many minor singing hits of his own, such as Boney Fingers, When the Morning Comes, and 1979s Della and his vocal style featured his distinctive bass-baritone and use of characterization. Axton also sang a couple of duets with Linda Ronstadt, including Lion in Winter and When the Morning Comes. His composition Joy to the World, as performed by Three Dog Night, was No.1 on the charts for six weeks in 1971. Axton first appeared on television in a David L. Wolper ABC production of The Story of a Folksinger and he frequently appeared on Hootenanny, hosted by Jack Linkletter during this period. In 1965, he appeared in an episode of Bonanza, then followed with other TV roles over the years, as he matured, Axton specialized in playing good ol boys on television and in films. He sang the jingle Head For the Mountains in the Busch beer commercials in the 1980s, Axton also appeared in a Pizza Hut commercial in 1985. Axton struggled with addiction and several of his songs, including The Pusher, Snowblind Friend. He was a proponent of use for many years when, in February 1997, he
25.
Little Richard
–
Richard Wayne Penniman, known as Little Richard, is an American musician, singer and songwriter. His music also played a key role in the formation of popular music genres, including soul. Little Richard has been honored by many institutions and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as part of its first group of inductees in 1986. He was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and he is the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Recording Academy and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Little Richard was born Richard Wayne Penniman on December 5,1932, in Macon and he was the third eldest of the 12 children of Leva Mae and Charles Bud Penniman. His father was a deacon who sold bootlegged moonshine on the side and owned a nightclub. His mother was a member of Macons New Hope Baptist Church, initially, Little Richards first name was supposed to have been Ricardo but an error resulted in Richard instead. The Penniman children were raised in a neighborhood of Macon called Pleasant Hill, in childhood, he was nicknamed Lil Richard by his family, because of his small and skinny frame. A mischievous child who played pranks on neighbors, Little Richard began singing in church at a young age, possibly as a result of complications at birth, Little Richard had a slight deformity that left one of his legs shorter than the other. This produced an unusual gait, he was mocked for its allegedly effeminate appearance, Little Richards family was highly religious, joining various A. M. E. Baptist and Pentecostal churches, with family members becoming ministers. Little Richard enjoyed the Pentecostal churches the most, because of their charismatic worship and he had observed that people sang to feel their connection with God and to wash their trials and burdens away. Little Richards initial musical influences were gospel performers such as Brother Joe May, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, may, who as a singing evangelist was known as the Thunderbolt of the Middle West because of his phenomenal range and vocal power, inspired the boy to become a preacher. Little Richard attended Macons Hudson High School, where he was a below-average student and his musical talent, however, was recognized there when he learned to play the alto saxophone. His mother recalled how Richard was always musical and that when he was young, he would beat on the steps of the house. She also recalled that Richard was so quick at learning to play the saxophone that he was allowed to play with the marching band immediately. While in high school, Little Richard obtained a job at Macon City Auditorium for local secular. Little Richard sold Coca-Cola to crowds during concerts of star performers of the day, such as Cab Calloway, Lucky Millinder, on October 27,1947, Sister Rosetta Tharpe heard 14-year-old Little Richard singing two of her gospel recordings before her concert at Macon City Auditorium
26.
Specialty Records
–
Specialty Records was an American record label founded in Los Angeles in 1945 by Art Rupe. It was known for rhythm and blues, gospel, and early rock and roll, having recorded Little Richard, Guitar Slim, Percy Mayfield, and Lloyd Price. Rupe started the company under the name Juke Box Records but changed it to Specialty when he parted company with a couple of his original partners, rupes daughter restarted the label in the 1980s. The major producers for the label were Rupe, Robert Bumps Blackwell, Johnny Vincent, Rupe was known as one of the most honest owners of an independent R&B record company in the 1950s. He was known for paying his artists, recording them well and he was also known for hating payola, but by 1953, the only way for Specialty to remain competitive was to pay like everybody else. Specialty also owned music publishing companies, Venice Music for BMI-licensed songs, the record label was sold to Fantasy Records in 1991 and is now part of the Concord Music Group. The music publishing unit was sold to Sony/ATV Music Publishing
27.
Jimi Hendrix
–
James Marshall Jimi Hendrix was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music, born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at the age of 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the U. S. Army and trained as a paratrooper in the 101st Airborne Division, within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Hey Joe, Purple Haze, and The Wind Cries Mary. Hendrix was inspired musically by American rock and roll and electric blues and he favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in utilizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He helped to popularize the use of a pedal in mainstream rock. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented, Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as a sound source. Hendrix was the recipient of several awards during his lifetime. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year, disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, Jimi Hendrix was of African American descent. Both his mother Lucille and father Al were African Americans and his paternal grandmother, Zenora Nora Rose Moore, was African American and one-quarter Cherokee. On June 10,1919, Hendrix and Moore had a son they named James Allen Ross Hendrix, in 1941, Al met Lucille Jeter at a dance in Seattle, they married on March 31,1942. Al, who had been drafted by the U. S. Army to serve in World War II, Johnny Allen Hendrix was born on November 27,1942, in Seattle, he was the first of Lucilles five children. In 1946, Johnnys parents changed his name to James Marshall Hendrix, in honor of Al and he spent two months locked up without trial, and while in the stockade received a telegram announcing his sons birth. During Als three-year absence, Lucille struggled to raise their son, when Al was away, Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and friends, especially Lucilles sister Delores Hall and her friend Dorothy Harding. Al received a discharge from the U. S. Army on September 1,1945. After returning from service, Al reunited with Lucille, but his inability to find steady work left the family impoverished and they both struggled with alcohol, and often fought when intoxicated. The violence sometimes drove Hendrix to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home and his relationship with his brother Leon was close but precarious, with Leon in and out of foster care, they lived with an almost constant threat of fraternal separation. In addition to Leon, Hendrix had three siblings, Joseph, born in 1949, Kathy in 1950, and Pamela,1951, all of whom Al and Lucille gave up to foster care
28.
Billy Preston
–
William Everett Billy Preston was an American musician whose work included R&B, rock, soul, funk and gospel. He then went on to fame as a solo artist, with hit pop singles including Thats the Way God Planned It, Outa-Space, Will It Go Round in Circles, Space Race. Preston was the musician to be credited on a Beatles recording other than the groups four members. Preston was born on September 2,1946 in Houston, when he was three, the family moved to Los Angeles, where Preston began playing piano while sitting on his mother Robbies lap. Noted as a prodigy, Preston was entirely self-taught and never had a music lesson. By the age of ten, Preston was playing organ onstage backing several gospel singers such as Mahalia Jackson, James Cleveland, at age eleven, Preston appeared on Nat King Coles national TV show singing the Fats Domino hit, Blueberry Hill with Cole. Also at eleven, he appeared in the W. C, handy biopic starring Nat King Cole, St. Louis Blues, playing W. C. In 1962, Preston joined Little Richards band as an organist, in 1963, he played the organ on Sam Cookes Night Beat album and released his own debut album,16 Yr Old Soul, for Cookes SAR Records label. In 1965, he released the album The Most Exciting Organ Ever and performed on the rock, in 1967, he joined Ray Charles band. Following this exposure, several musicians began asking Preston to contribute to their sessions, Preston first met the Beatles as a 16-year-old in 1962, while part of Little Richards touring band, when their manager Brian Epstein organized a Liverpool show, at which the Beatles opened. The Washington Post explained their subsequent meeting, Preston is one of people referred to as the Fifth Beatle. At one point during the Get Back sessions, John Lennon proposed the idea of having him join the band. Preston played with the Beatles for several of the Get Back sessions, some of the material from which would later be culled to make the film Let it Be, Preston also accompanied the band for its rooftop concert, the groups final public appearance. In April 1969, their single Get Back was credited to The Beatles with Billy Preston, the credit was bestowed by the Beatles to reflect the extent of Prestons presence on the track, his electric piano is prominent throughout and he plays an extended solo. Preston also worked, in a limited role, on the Abbey Road album, contributing to the tracks I Want You. In 1978, he appeared as Sgt, pepper in Robert Stigwoods film Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, which was based on the Beatles album of the same name, and sang Get Back as the penultimate song. Signed to the Beatles Apple Records label, in 1969, Preston released the album Thats the Way God Planned It, produced by Harrison, Preston also worked on solo releases by Lennon and Ringo Starr
29.
Wynton Kelly
–
Wynton Charles Kelly was a Jamaican American jazz pianist and composer. He is known for his lively, blues-based playing and as one of the finest accompanists in jazz and he began playing professionally at the age of 12, and was pianist on a No.1 R&B hit at the age of 16. This progress was interrupted by two years in the army, after which Kelly returned to Washington and Gillespie, and played with other leaders. Kelly attracted the most attention as part of Miles Davis band from 1959, including an appearance on the trumpeters Kind of Blue, after leaving Davis in 1963, Kelly played with his own trio, which recorded for several labels and toured the United States and internationally. His career did not develop further, and he had difficulty finding enough work late in his career. Kelly, who was prone to epilepsy, died in a room in Canada following a seizure. The son of Jamaican immigrants, Kelly was born in Brooklyn, New York and he began playing the piano at the age of four, but did not receive much formal training in music. He attended The High School of Music & Art and the Metropolitan Vocational High School in New York, Kelly started his professional career in 1943, initially as a member of R&B groups. Through this, he improved his playing – the bands music had to be accessible, entertaining and easy to dance to, around this time he also played organ in local churches. In his local area, he played with brothers Lee and Ray Abrams, as well as Ahmed Abdul-Malik, Ernie Henry, and Cecil Payne, at the age of 15, Kelly toured the Caribbean as part of Ray Abrams R&B band. Kelly made his debut aged 16, playing on saxophonist Hal Singers 1948 Cornbread. In the following year, Kelly recorded with vocalist Babs Gonzales, other R&B bands that Kelly played with included those led by Hot Lips Page, Eddie Cleanhead Vinson, and Eddie Lockjaw Davis. Material from sessions on July 25 and August 1,1951 formed Piano Interpretations, Kelly became better known after joining vocalist Dinah Washingtons band in 1951. After this, he played in bands led by Lester Young in the spring of 1952, in September of that year, just as Kelly was beginning to build a reputation, he was drafted into the army. After a period at Fort McClellan in Alabama, Kelly was part of a Third Army traveling show, by April 1954 Kelly was Private First Class Wynton Kelly, musical director of the show. He ended his service with a music performance for an audience of 10,000 in the Chastain Memorial Park Amphitheater in Atlanta. Kelly was released from the military two years, following which he worked on and off with Washington and Gillespie again. Kelly was also part of Charles Mingus group for a tour of Washington, california, and Vancouver in late 1956 to early 1957
30.
Lee Morgan
–
Edward Lee Morgan was an American jazz trumpeter. Morgan stayed with Blakey until 1961 and started to record as soon after. Soon after The Sidewinder was released, Morgan rejoined Blakey for a period of time. Morgans career was cut short at the age of 33, when his longtime girlfriend shot him at Slugs Saloon where he died of his injuries. Edward Lee Morgan was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 10,1938, a leading trumpeter and composer, he recorded prolifically from 1956 until a day before his death in February 1972. Originally interested in the vibraphone, he showed a growing enthusiasm for the trumpet. Morgan also knew how to play the alto saxophone, on his thirteenth birthday, his sister Ernestine gave him his first trumpet. His primary stylistic influence was Clifford Brown, with whom he took a few lessons as a teenager. He joined the Dizzy Gillespie Big Band at 18, and remained as a member for a year and he began recording for Blue Note Records in 1956, eventually recording 25 albums as a leader for the company, with more than 250 musicians. He also recorded on the Vee-Jay label and one album for Riverside Records on its short-lived Jazzland subsidiary, joining Art Blakeys Jazz Messengers in 1958 further developed his talent as a soloist and composer. He toured with Blakey for a few years, and was featured on albums by the Messengers, including Moanin. When Benny Golson left the Jazz Messengers, Morgan persuaded Blakey to hire Wayne Shorter and this version of the Jazz Messengers, including pianist Bobby Timmons and bassist Jymie Merritt, recorded several albums including Africaine, The Big Beat, A Night in Tunisia and The Freedom Rider. During his time with The Jazz Messengers, Morgan also wrote several tunes including The Midget, Haina, Celine, Yama, Kozos Waltz, Pisces, and Blue Lace. The drug problems of Morgan and Timmons forced them to leave the band in 1961, according to Tom Perchard, a Morgan biographer, it was Blakey who introduced the trumpeter to heroin, which impeded his progression in his career. On returning to New York in 1963, he recorded The Sidewinder, the title track cracked the pop charts in 1964, and served as the background theme for Chrysler television commercials during the World Series. The tune was used without Morgans or Blue Notes consent, due to the crossover success of The Sidewinder in a rapidly changing pop music market, Blue Note encouraged its other artists to emulate the tunes boogaloo beat. Morgan himself repeated the formula several times with such as Cornbread and Yes I Can. According to drummer Billy Hart, Morgan said he had recorded The Sidewinder as filler for the album and he felt that his playing was much more advanced on Grachan Moncur IIIs essentially avant-garde Evolution album, recorded a month earlier, on November 21,1963
31.
Eddie Harris
–
Eddie Harris was an American jazz musician, best known for playing tenor saxophone and for introducing the electrically amplified saxophone. He was also fluent on the piano and organ. His best-known compositions are Freedom Jazz Dance, recorded and popularized by Miles Davis in 1966, Harris was born and grew up in Chicago. His father was originally from Cuba, and his mother from New Orleans and he later studied music at Roosevelt University, by which time he was proficient on piano, vibraphone, and tenor saxophone. While in college, he performed professionally with Gene Ammons, after college, Harris was drafted into the United States Army and while serving in Europe, he was accepted into the 7th Army Band, which also included Don Ellis, Leo Wright, and Cedar Walton. Leaving military service, he worked in New York City before returning to Chicago where he signed a contract with Vee Jay Records and his first album for Vee Jay, Exodus to Jazz, included his own jazz arrangement of Ernest Golds theme from the movie Exodus. The single climbed into the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached No.16 in the U. S. R&B chart, some jazz critics, however, regarded commercial success as a sign that a jazz artist had sold out and Harris soon stopped playing Exodus in concert. He moved to Columbia Records in 1964 and then to Atlantic Records the following year where he re-established himself, in 1965, Atlantic released The In Sound, a bop album that won back many of his detractors. In 1967, his album, The Electrifying Eddie Harris reached second place on the R&B charts, the albums lead track, Listen Here, was issued as a single, climbing to No.11 R&B and No.45 on the Hot 100. Harris released several different versions of his composition over the years, the first appeared on an early Atlantic album, Mean Greens, featuring him on electric piano. He was to re-work the track two years later, stretching it out to seven minutes in length, for his iconic sax solo version. The whole track appeared on both sides of the Atlantic hit single, edited into two parts, in 1969, he performed with pianist and vocalist Les McCann at the Montreux Jazz Festival. Although the musicians had been unable to rehearse, their session was so impressive that a recording of it was released by Atlantic as Swiss Movement and this became one of the best-selling jazz albums ever, also reaching second place on the R&B charts. Harris also came up with the idea of the reed trumpet, from 1970 to 1975, he experimented with new instruments of his own invention, with singing the blues, with jazz-rock. He also started singing and to perform comic R&B numbers, such as That is Why Youre Overweight, in 1975, however, he alienated much of his audience with his album The Reason Why Im Talking S--t, which consisted mainly of comedy. He had moved from Chicago to Los Angeles in the mid-1970s, Harris died of congestive heart failure in Los Angeles, at the age of 62. Homecoming With Horace Parlan Glad I Found You With Horace Silver Spiritualizing the Senses Theres No Need to Struggle Eddie Harris at AllMusic Eddie Harris Illustrated Discography
32.
Wayne Shorter
–
Wayne Shorter is an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Many of Shorters compositions have become standards, and his output has earned worldwide recognition, critical praise. Shorter first came to prominence in the late 1950s as a member of. In the 1960s, he went on to join Miles Daviss Second Great Quintet and he has recorded over 20 albums as a bandleader. Shorter has won 10 Grammy Awards, the New York Times has described Shorter as probably jazzs greatest living small-group composer and a contender for greatest living improviser. In 2017, he was awarded the Polar Music Prize, Wayne Shorter was born in Newark, New Jersey, and attended Newark Arts High School, from which he graduated in 1952. He loved music, being encouraged by his father to take up the clarinet as a teenager, after graduating from New York University in 1956, Shorter spent two years in the U. S. Army, during which time he played briefly with Horace Silver. After his discharge, he played with Maynard Ferguson, in his youth Shorter had acquired the nickname Mr. Gone, which later became an album title for Weather Report. In 1959, Shorter joined Art Blakey and he stayed with Blakey for five years, and eventually became the bands musical director. When John Coltrane left Miles Davis band in 1960 to pursue his own group, Coltrane proposed Shorter as a replacement, Davis went with Sonny Stitt on tenor, followed by a revolving door of Hank Mobley, George Coleman, and Sam Rivers. In 1964 Davis persuaded Shorter to leave Blakey and join his quintet alongside Herbie Hancock, Ron Carter and he composed extensively for Davis, on some albums, he provided half of the compositions. Hancock said of Shorters tenure in the group, The master writer to me, Wayne was one of the few people who brought music to Miles that didnt get changed. Davis said, Wayne is a real composer and he writes scores, write the parts for everybody just as he wants them to sound. Wayne also brought in a kind of curiosity about working with musical rules. If they didnt work, then he broke them, but with musical sense, he understood that freedom in music was the ability to know the rules in order to them to your own satisfaction. Shorter remained in Daviss band after the breakup of the quintet in 1968, playing on early jazz recordings including In a Silent Way. His last live dates and studio recordings with Davis were in 1970, until 1968, he played tenor saxophone exclusively. The final album on which he played tenor in the sequence of Davis albums was Filles de Kilimanjaro
