1.
Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
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Vegetarian Society or VSS is a non-profit, non-denominational organisation. The Singapore registered charity established in 1999 to Promote vegetarianism among the public and support and link individuals and organizations that practise, VSS is the largest community for Vegetarianism, Veganism or any form of Semi-vegetarianism in Singapore. Promoting plant-based diet is one of the main goals, VSS is a member of the IVU and the Asian Vegetarian Union to synchronize within the global context. July 2015, In an open letter in the Straight Times VSS explains how changing to a plant based diet could reduce Greenhouse gas by 2030 which is a goal by the United Nations, veggie Thursday promotes increased consumption of plant based foods. 2014, “Why Love One But Eat The Other, Singapore Vegetarian Food Guide, ISBN 978-981-08-7868-9 by the Vegetarian Society Official website
2.
Non-governmental organization
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A non-governmental organization is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers, NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world. Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes, others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. The number of NGOs worldwide is estimated to be 3.7 million, India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India. China is estimated to have approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs, NGOs are difficult to define, and the term NGO is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied to an organization that in another country would be called an NPO, there are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common focus is on orientation and level of operation, an NGOs orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, an NGOs level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional, national, or international. The term non-governmental organization was first coined in 1945, when the United Nations was created, later the term became used more widely. One characteristic these diverse organizations share is that their non-profit status means they are not hindered by short-term financial objectives. Accordingly, they are able to devote themselves to issues which occur across longer time horizons, such as change, malaria prevention. Public surveys reveal that NGOs often enjoy a degree of public trust. NGO/GRO types can be understood by their orientation and level of how they operate, charitable orientation often involves a top-down paternalistic effort with little participation by the beneficiaries. It includes NGOs with activities directed toward meeting the needs of the poor people, in the classical community development project, participation begins with the need definition and continues into the planning and implementation stages. There is maximum involvement of the beneficiaries with NGOs acting as facilitators, community-based organizations arise out of peoples own initiatives. They can be responsible for raising the consciousness of the poor, helping them to understand their rights in accessing needed services. City-wide organizations include organizations such as chambers of commerce and industry, coalitions of business, ethnic or educational groups, national NGOs include national organizations such as the YMCAs/YWCAs, professional associations and similar groups. Some have state and city branches and assist local NGOs and they can be responsible for funding local NGOs, institutions and projects and implementing projects
3.
Vegetarianism
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Vegetarianism /vɛdʒɪˈtɛəriənɪzəm/ is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat, and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter. Vegetarianism may be adopted for various reasons, many people object to eating meat out of respect for sentient life. Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs, as well as animal rights advocacy, other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic, economic, or personal preference. A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including eggs and dairy, some vegans also avoid other animal products such as beeswax, leather or silk clothing, and goose-fat shoe polish. Often, prior to purchase or consumption, vegetarians will scrutinize products for animal-derived ingredients, vegetarians feelings vary with regard to these ingredients. Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods but may include fish or poultry, or sometimes other meats and those with diets containing fish or poultry may define meat only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism. A pescetarian diet has been described as fish but no other meat, the term vegetarian has been in use since 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable diet. The word is believed to be a compound of vegetable. The term was popularized with the foundation of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester, the earliest occurrences of the term seem to be related to Alcott House, a school on the north side of Ham Common, London, opened in July 1838 by James Pierrepont Greaves. The earliest record of vegetarianism comes from Indus Valley Civilization as early as the 7th century BCE, in the Indian culture, the diet was closely connected with the attitude of nonviolence towards animals and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers. The ancient Indian work of Tirukkural explicitly and unambiguously emphasizes vegetarianism, chapter 26 of the Tirukkural, through couplets 251 to 260, deals exclusively on vegetarianism or veganism. Among the Hellenes, Egyptians and others, it had medical or ritual purification purposes and those nanny goats, ewes and sows which are with young or giving milk to their young are protected, and so are young ones less than six months old. Cocks are not to be caponized, husks hiding living beings are not to be burnt, one animal is not to be fed to another. —Edicts of Ashoka, Fifth Pillar Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire in late antiquity, vegetarianism practically disappeared from Europe, as it did on other continents, except India. Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption of meat for ascetic reasons and it re-emerged during the Renaissance, becoming more widespread in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1847, the first Vegetarian Society was founded in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, in 1886, the vegetarian colony Nueva Germania was founded in Paraguay, though its vegetarian aspect would prove short-lived. The International Vegetarian Union, an association of the societies, was founded in 1908. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the century as a result of nutritional, ethical
4.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Information
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In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, as it regards data, the informations existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer, while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer. At its most fundamental, information is any propagation of cause, Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation. It can also be encrypted for safe storage and communication, the uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence and is inversely proportional to that. The more uncertain an event, the information is required to resolve uncertainty of that event. The bit is a unit of information, but other units such as the nat may be used. Example, information in one fair coin flip, log2 =1 bit, the concept that information is the message has different meanings in different contexts. The English word was derived from the Latin stem of the nominative. Inform itself comes from the Latin verb informare, which means to give form, eidos can also be associated with thought, proposition, or even concept. The ancient Greek word for information is πληροφορία, which transliterates from πλήρης fully and it literally means fully bears or conveys fully. In modern Greek language the word Πληροφορία is still in use and has the same meaning as the word information in English. In addition to its meaning, the word Πληροφορία as a symbol has deep roots in Aristotles semiotic triangle. In this regard it can be interpreted to communicate information to the one decoding that specific type of sign, from the stance of information theory, information is taken as an ordered sequence of symbols from an alphabet, say an input alphabet χ, and an output alphabet ϒ. Information processing consists of a function that maps any input sequence from χ into an output sequence from ϒ. The mapping may be probabilistic or deterministic and it may have memory or be memoryless. Often information can be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system, inputs are of two kinds, some inputs are important to the function of the organism or system by themselves. In his book Sensory Ecology Dusenbery called these causal inputs, other inputs are important only because they are associated with causal inputs and can be used to predict the occurrence of a causal input at a later time. Some information is important because of association with information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input
6.
Charitable organization
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A charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization. It differs from types of NPOs in that it centers on philanthropic goals as well as social well-being. The legal definition of charitable organization varies according to the country, the regulation, tax treatment, and the way in which charity law affects charitable organizations also varies. Financial figures are important indicators to assess the sustainability of a charity. This information can impact a charitys reputation with donors and societies, and thus, Charitable organizations often depend partly on donations from for-profit-organizations. Such donations to charitable organizations represent a form of corporate philanthropy. Until the mid-18th century, charity was mainly distributed through parish relief, churches, almshouses, Charities were also responsible for education, health, housing and even prisons. It was in the Enlightenment era that charitable and philanthropic activity among voluntary associations, societies, gentlemans clubs, and mutual associations began to flourish in England and the upper-classes increasingly adopted a philanthropic attitude toward the disadvantaged. This new social activism was channeled into the establishment of charitable organizations and this emerging upper-class fashion for benevolence resulted in the incorporation of the first charitable organizations. This was the first such charity in the world and served as the precedent for incorporated associational charities everywhere. Jonas Hanway, another notable philanthropist of the era established The Marine Society in 1756 as the first seafarers charity, by 1763, the Society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the Magdalen Hospital to rehabilitate prostitutes and these organizations were funded by subscription and run as voluntary associations. Charities also began to adopt campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause, the process was however a lengthy one being finally concluded when Saudi Arabia abolished slavery in 1962. This period also saw growing philosophical debate between those who championed state intervention and those who believed that private charities should provide welfare, thomas Malthus, the political economist, criticized poor relief for paupers on economic and moral grounds and proposed leaving charity entirely to the private sector. His views were influential and informed the Victorian laissez-faire attitude toward state intervention for the poor. During the 19th century, a profusion of charitable organizations were set up to alleviate the conditions of the working class in the slums. The Labourers Friend Society, chaired by Lord Shaftesbury in the United Kingdom in 1830, was set up to working class conditions. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for cottage husbandry that later became the allotment movement and this was one of the first housing associations, a philanthropic endeavour that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century brought about by the growth of the middle class
7.
Alcott House
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Alcott House in Ham, Surrey, was the home of a utopian spiritual community and progressive school which lasted from 1838 to 1848. Supporters of Alcott House, or the Concordium, were a key group involved in the formation of the Vegetarian Society in 1847. Together with his followers, who included Charles Lane – and the help of sponsors, Sophia. The Ham Common Concordium, as it came to be known, consisted of a working mixed cooperative community, the men grew their hair and beards long and wore loose fitting clothes, while the women defied convention by not wearing the traditional, restrictive corset. Alcott House school was open to children from both inside and outside the community – the latter usually from radical parents who sympathised with its progressive educational stance. The curriculum emphasised moral education and the development of the childs innate spiritual gifts, teaching skills such as gardening. Punishment was frowned upon and education aimed to produce men and women, able to live in a truly cooperative society. In 1848, the community came to an end and the house was purchased by John Minter Morgan to provide an orphanage, in 1856 the foundation stone was laid of a new building on the site, South Lodge, which exists to this day. The new building has been converted to flats and the grounds have developed as Bishops Close. Fruitlands See also The New Age, and Concordium Gazette which was the journal of the Ham Common Concordium, forty Years Recollections, Literary and Political. London, S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, bronson Alcott at Alcott house, England, and Fruitlands, New England. Latham, Jackie E. M. Search for a new Eden, trahair, R. C. S. Utopias and Utopians, an historical dictionary
8.
Salford, Greater Manchester
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Salford is a town lying at the heart of the City of Salford, a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. Salford is sited in a meander of the River Irwell, which forms in part its boundary with the city of Manchester to the east, the Salford wards of Broughton and Kersal are on the other side of the river. Together with its towns to the west, Salford forms the local government district of the City of Salford. The wider City of Salford district has a population of 219,200, historically in Lancashire, Salfords early history is marked by its status as a Royal caput and the judicial seat of the ancient hundred of Salfordshire, to which it lent its name. It was granted a charter by Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester, in about 1230, Salford became a major factory town and inland port during the 18th and 19th centuries. Cotton and silk spinning and weaving in local mills attracted an influx of families, Salford Docks was a principal dockyard of the Manchester Ship Canal. By the end of the 19th century Salford had a working class community. Industrial activities declined during the 20th century however, causing an economic depression. Salford subsequently became one of contrasts, with regenerated inner-city areas like Salford Quays next to some of the most socially deprived, Salfords MediaCityUK became the headquarters of CBBC and BBC Sport in 2011. The name of Salford derives from the Old English word Sealhford and it referred to the willows or sallows that grew alongside the banks of the River Irwell. The ford was about where Victoria Bridge is today, willow trees are still found in Lower Broughton. Salford appears in the roll of 1169 as Sauford and in the Lancashire Inquisitions of 1226 as Sainford. The raw material for tools was scarce and unsuitable for working. The Brigantes were the major Celtic tribe in what is now Northern England, following the Roman conquest of Britain, General Agricola ordered the construction of a Roman fort named Mamucium to protect the routes to Deva Victrix and Eboracum from the Brigantes. The fort was completed in AD79, and for over 300 years the Pax Romana brought peace to the area. Both the main Roman road to the north, from Mamucium to Ribchester, and a road to the west, ran through what is now Salford. The withdrawal of the Romans in AD410 left the inhabitants at the mercy of the Saxons, the Danes later conquered the area and absorbed what was left of the Brigantes. Angles settled in the region during the Early Middle Ages and gave the locality the name Sealhford, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Sealhford was part of the Kingdom of Northumbria until it was conquered in 923 by Edward the Elder
9.
The New Church (Swedenborgian)
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Swedenborg claimed to have received a new revelation from Jesus Christ through continuous heavenly visions which he experienced over a period of at least twenty-five years. In his writings, he predicted that God would replace the traditional Christian Church, establishing a New Church, the New Church doctrine is that each person must actively cooperate in repentance, reformation, and regeneration of ones life. The movement was founded on the belief that God explained the meaning of the Scriptures to Swedenborg as a means of revealing the truth of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. Swedenborg claimed divine inspiration for his writings and followers believe that Swedenborg witnessed the Last Judgment in the spiritual world, therefore, it is thought that any Christian holding these beliefs is part of this New Church movement. Other names for the movement include Swedenborgian, New Christians, Neo-Christians, Church of the New Jerusalem, Swedenborg spoke of a New Church that would be founded on the theology in his works, but he himself never tried to establish an organization. In 1768, a trial was initiated in Sweden against Swedenborgs writings. It essentially concerned whether Swedenborgs theological writings were consistent with the Christian doctrines, a royal ordinance in 1770 declared that Swedenborgs writings were clearly mistaken and should not be taught even though his system of theological thought was never examined. Swedenborg then begged the King for grace and protection in a letter from Amsterdam, a new investigation against Swedenborg stalled and was eventually dropped in 1778. At the time of Swedenborgs death, few efforts had made to establish an organized church, but on May 7,1787,15 years after Swedenborgs death. It was a country Swedenborg had often visited and where he died, by 1789 a number of Churches had sprung up around England, and in April of that year the first General Conference of the New Church was held in Great Eastcheap, London. New Church ideas were carried to United States by missionaries, one famous missionary was John Chapman, also known as Johnny Appleseed. Early missionaries also traveled to parts of Africa, at the time these concepts of African enlightenment were judged highly liberal, Swedenborgians accepted freed African converts to their homes as early as 1790. Several of them were involved in abolitionism. In the 19th century, occultism became increasingly popular especially in France, some followers blended Swedenborgs writings with theosophy, alchemy and divination. What fascinated these followers most was Swedenborgs mystical side and they concentrated on his work Heaven and Hell which tells of Swedenborgs visit to Heaven and Hell to experience and report the conditions there. In structure, it was related to Dantes The Divine Comedy, some continue to combine the theology of the New Church with ideas from other systems, including Jungian psychology and Spiritualism. In the U. S. the church was organized in 1817 with the founding of the General Convention of the New Church now also known as the Swedenborgian Church of North America, the movement in the United States grew stronger until the late 19th century. There was a New-Church Theology School in Cambridge, a controversy about doctrinal issues and the authority of Swedenborgs writings caused a faction to split off to form the Academy of the New Church
10.
Temperance (virtue)
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Temperance is defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint. It is typically described in terms of what an individual voluntarily refrains from doing, Temperance has been described as a virtue by religious thinkers, philosophers, and more recently, psychologists, particularly in the positive psychology movement. In classical iconography, the virtue is depicted as a woman holding two vessels transferring water from one to another. It was one of the virtues in western thought found in Greek philosophy and Christianity. Temperance is one of the six virtues in the positive psychology classification, included with wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, themes of temperance can be seen across cultures and time, as illustrated here. Temperance is an part of the Eightfold Path. The third and fifth of the five precepts reflect values of temperance, misconduct concerning sense pleasures, the concept of dama in Hinduism is equivalent to temperance. It is sometimes written as damah, the word dama, and Sanskrit derivative words based on it, connote the concepts of self-control and self-restraint. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, in verse 5.2.3, states that three characteristics of a good, developed person are self-restraint, compassion and love for all sentinent life, in Hinduism literature dedicated to yoga, self-restraint is expounded with the concept of yamas. According to ṣaṭsampad, self-restraint is one of the six cardinal virtues, the list of virtues that constitute a moral life evolve in vedas and upanishads. Over time, new virtues were conceptualized and added, some replaced, for example, Manusamhita initially listed ten virtues necessary for a human being to live a dharmic life, Dhriti, Kshama, Dama, Asteya, Saucha, Indriyani-graha, dhi, vidya, satyam, akrodha. In later verses this list was reduced to five virtues by the same scholar, the shorter list of virtues became, Ahimsa, Dama, Asteya, Saucha, Satyam. This trend of evolving concepts continue in classical Sanskrit literature, Dama with Ahimsa, the scope of self-restraint includes ones action, the words one speaks or writes, and in ones thoughts. The necessity for temperance is explained as preventing bad karma which sooner or later haunts, the theological need for self-restraint is also explained as reigning in the damaging effect of ones action on others, as hurting another is hurting oneself because all life is one. The Greek definition of temperance translates to “moderation in action, thought, or feeling, Temperance is a major Athenian virtue, as advocated by Plato, self-restraint is one of his four core virtues of the ideal city, and echoed by Aristotle. According to Aristotle, “temperance is a mean with regard to pleasures”, in the Judeo-Christian tradition, temperance is prolific. The Old Testament emphasizes temperance as a virtue, as evidenced in both Solomons Book of Proverbs and in the Ten Commandments, with its admonitions against adultery. The New Testament does so as well, with forgiveness being central to theology, with regard to Christian theology, the word temperance is used by the King James Version in Galatians 5,23 for the Greek word ἐγκρατεία, which means self-control or discipline
11.
Ham, London
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Ham is a suburban district in south-west London which has meadows adjoining the River Thames where the Thames Path National Trail also runs. Most of Ham is in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and, chiefly, within the ward of Ham, Petersham and Richmond Riverside, Ham is centred 9.25 miles south-west of the centre of London. Together with Petersham, Ham lies east of the bend in the river almost surrounding it on three sides,1 mile south of Richmond and 2 miles north of Kingston upon Thames. Its elevation mostly ranges between 6m and 12m OD but reaches 20m in the foothill side-streets leading to Richmond Park, apart from semi-rural Petersham, Richmond Park and the town of Kingston, the neighbouring land is on the opposite side of the river, Teddington and Twickenham. Ham is bounded on the west, along the bank of the River Thames, part of this former pasture land was used for gravel extraction. The last remnant of these gravel pits now forms an artificial lake, in this area is the Thames Young Mariners 10 acres site, operated as a water activity centre by Surrey County Council. The area along the riverside is preserved as a public amenity, mostly on low-lying river terrace, Ham today is bounded to the east by Richmond Park, where the land rises at the escarpment of the Richmond and Kingston hills. Small streams that drain this higher ground flow into a watercourse that flows south-north along the foot of the hill, known as Latchmere Stream to the south, Ham lies within the London Basin and its London clay bedrock. The low-lying flood plains to the west consist of fluvial gravels, sands, the name derives from the Old English word Hamme meaning place in the bend of a river. The Thames Valley has been inhabited since the Palaeolithic period and finds of Palaeolithic flints near to White Lodge and these have not been excavated, so it is impossible to date them precisely, but barrows are known to span the period from 3500BC to 900BC. Many of these artifacts are part of the Edwards Collection and housed in the Museum of Richmond, other finds from Ham are held at the Museum of London including an early Bronze Age collared urn, also from the Edwards Collection. The first early Saxon settlement found in the Greater London area was a Pit-house, or Grubenhaus, along with pottery finds dated to the 5th century AD, this suggests the area was amongst the first colonised by Saxon settlers. Historically, Ham covered a larger area, the boundaries shown in the tithe map of 1843 are believed to have changed little, if at all, for centuries. The earliest known record of Ham as a separate village dates from the 12th century when Hamma was included in the royal demesne as a member of Kingston. 4d. in 1168 towards the marriage of Matilda, the eldest daughter of Henry II, the related history of the Earls of Dysart dominated the development of Ham and Petersham for the following four centuries. In return for this, a deed was struck which has protected most of the remaining common land, Ham Common. The enclosed land, whilst lost to agriculture, remained within Hams administrative boundaries, the whole area was referred to as Ham cum Hatch, or Ham with Hatch, until late Victorian times. Hesba Stretton, the Evangelical childrens writer, retired to Ivycroft, Ham Common in 1892, since 1965 Ham has been mostly in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
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Animal product
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An animal product is any material derived from the body of an animal. Examples are fat, flesh, blood, milk, eggs, in the EU, animal by-products are defined somewhat more broadly, as materials from animals that people do not consume <https, //ec. europa. eu/food/safety/animal-by-products_en>. Thus, chicken eggs for consumption are considered by-products in the US but not France. This does not in itself reflect on the condition, safety, the sale of animal by-products allows the meat industry to compete economically with industries selling sources of vegetable protein. Generally, products made from fossilized or decomposed animals, such as petroleum formed from the ancient remains of animals, are not considered animal products. Crops grown in soil fertilized with animal remains are rarely characterized as animal products, several diets prohibit the inclusion of some animal products, including vegetarian, kosher, and halaal. Other diets, such as veganism and the raw vegan diet, slaughterhouse waste is defined as animal body parts cut off in the preparation of carcasses for use as food. This waste can come from sources, including slaughterhouses, restaurants, stores. In the UK, slaughterhouse waste is classed as category 3 risk waste in the Animal By-Products Regulations, Vegan Society - Criteria For Vegan Food Extensive list identifying animal-derived and vegan ingredients FDA Consumer Magazine, The Lowdown on Labels Heinz, G. & Hautzinger, P. Meat Processing Technology, Food and Agriculture Organization,2007, accessed March 30,2012, leoci, R. Animal by-products, origins, uses, and European regulations, Mantova, Universitas Studiorum,2014. ISBN 978-88-97683-47-6 Mian N Riaz, Riaz N Riaz, Muhammad M Chaudry, halal Food Production, CRC Press,2004. Whats in a can of dog food, earthly Origin of Materials, is a material animal, vegetable, or mineral
13.
Veganism
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Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. A follower of either the diet or the philosophy is known as a vegan, distinctions are sometimes made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans refrain from consuming animal products, not only meat but also eggs, dairy products and other animal-derived substances. The term ethical vegan is often applied to those who not only follow a diet but extend the philosophy into other areas of their lives. Donald Watson coined the term vegan in 1944 when he co-founded the Vegan Society in England, at first he used it to mean non-dairy vegetarian, but from 1951 the society defined it as the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals. Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s, more vegan stores opened, and vegan options became increasingly available in supermarkets and restaurants in many countries. Well-planned vegan diets can reduce the risk of some types of chronic disease and they are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The German Society for Nutrition cautions against vegan diets for children, because uncontaminated plant foods do not provide vitamin B12, researchers agree that vegans should eat B12-fortified foods or take a supplement. The origin of the English term vegetarian is unknown, the earliest known use is attributed to the actress Fanny Kemble, writing around 1839 in Georgia in the United States. The practice can be traced to Indus valley civilization in 3300 -1300 BCE Ancient India, the earliest known vegan was the Arab poet Al-Maʿarri. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century England and the United States, a minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. Lambe called animal food an habitual irritation, and argued that ilk eating and flesh eating are but branches of a common system, and they must stand or fall together. Sylvester Grahams meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, several vegan communities were established around this time. In 1843 members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food, led by Sophia Chichester, Alcott House also helped to establish the British Vegetarian Society, which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent. Belongs to the more moderate division. The first known vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldons No Animal Food, the consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger, it appears from the pages that many opponents of veganism came from within the vegetarian community. This lent support to the position, although Gandhi himself drank goats milk
14.
Amos Bronson Alcott
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Amos Bronson Alcott was an American teacher, writer, philosopher, and reformer. As an educator, Alcott pioneered new ways of interacting with students, focusing on a conversational style. He hoped to perfect the human spirit and, to that end and he was also an abolitionist and an advocate for womens rights. Born in Connecticut in 1799, Alcott had only formal schooling before attempting a career as a traveling salesman. Worried about how the itinerant life might have a impact on his soul. His innovative methods, however, were controversial, and he stayed in one place very long. His most well-known teaching position was at the Temple School in Boston and his experience there was turned into two books, Records of a School and Conversations with Children on the Gospels. Alcott became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and became a figure in transcendentalism. His writings on behalf of that movement, however, are criticized for being incoherent. Based on his ideas for human perfection, Alcott founded Fruitlands, the project was short-lived and failed after seven months. Alcott continued to struggle financially for most of his life, nevertheless, he continued focusing on educational projects and opened a new school at the end of his life in 1879. Alcott married Abby May in 1830 and they eventually had four surviving children and their second was Louisa May, who fictionalized her experience with the family in her novel Little Women in 1868. A native New Englander, Amos Bronson Alcott was born in Wolcott and his parents were Joseph Chatfield Alcott and Anna Bronson Alcott. The family home was in a known as Spindle Hill. The family originally spelled their name Alcock, later changed to Alcocke then Alcox, Amos Bronson, the oldest of eight children, later changed the spelling to Alcott and dropped his first name. At age six, young Bronson began his education in a one-room schoolhouse in the center of town. The school taught reading, writing, and spelling and he left this school at the age of 10. At age 13, his uncle, Reverend Tillotson Bronson, invited Alcott into his home in Cheshire, Bronson gave it up after only a month and was self-educated from then on
15.
Temperance movement
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The Temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The temperance movement began in the early 19th century, before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, total abstinence from alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced. There was also a concentration on hard spirits rather than on abstinence from alcohol, an early temperance movement began during the American Revolution in Connecticut, Virginia and New York state, with farmers forming associations to ban whiskey distilling. The movement spread to eight states, advocating temperance rather than abstinence, the American Temperance Society was formed in 1826, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. He mainly concentrated his fire on the elimination of spirits rather than wine, on 14 August 1829 he wrote a letter in the Belfast Telegraph publicizing his views on temperance. He also formed the Ulster Temperance Movement with other Presbyterian clergy, the 1830s saw a tremendous growth in temperance groups, not just in England and the United States, but also in British colonies, especially New Zealand and Australia. In the 1830s a more form of temperance emerged called teetotalism. This movement originated in Preston, England, in 1833, the Catholic temperance movement started in 1838 when the Irish priest Theobald Mathew established the Teetotal Abstinence Society in 1838. In 1838, the working class movement for universal suffrage for men, Chartism. During the Victorian period, the movement became more radical, advocating the legal prohibition of all alcohol. It was also perceived to be tied in both religious renewal and progressive politics, particularly female suffrage. In 1855, an organisation was formed amidst an explosion of Band of Hope work. Meetings were held in churches throughout the UK and included Christian teaching, the group also campaigned politically for the curtailment of the influence of pubs and brewers. In this period there was success at restricting or banning the sale of alcohol in many parts of the United States, New Zealand. The Temperance movement was a significant mass movement at this time, numerous periodicals devoted to temperance were also published and temperance theatre, which had started in the 1820s, became an important part of the American cultural landscape at this time. The Salvation Army quickly spread internationally, maintaining an emphasis on abstinence, many of the most important prohibitionist groups, such as the avowedly prohibitionist United Kingdom Alliance and the US-based Womans Christian Temperance Union, were started in this time. In 1898 the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association was formed by James Cullen, an Irish Catholic, the Anti-Saloon League was an organization that began in 1893 in Ohio. A favorite goal of the British Temperance movement was to reduce the heavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possible
16.
Joseph Brotherton
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Joseph Brotherton was a reforming British politician, Nonconformist minister and pioneering vegetarian. He was born in Whittington, near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, and was the son of John Brotherton, an excise collector, in 1789 the family moved to Salford, Lancashire, where John Brotherton established a cotton and silk mill. Joseph received no education, instead joining the family firm. On the death of his father in 1809 he went into partnership with his cousin William Harvey, in 1806 he married his business partners sister, Martha. In 1805 he joined the Salford Swedenborgian Church, the church, led by William Cowherd, was renamed the Bible Christian Church in 1809. In 1816 Cowherd died, and Brotherton became a minister, the church required abstention from the eating of meat or drinking of alcohol. In 1812 Martha Brotherton was the author of Vegetable Cookery, the first vegetarian cookbook, in 1819, aged only thirty-six, Brotherton retired from the family business in order to devote his energy to his ministry. He used his position to improve the conditions of workers. Among his achievements were the building of schools, the opening of a lending library and he was also an overseer of the poor and a justice of the peace. From 1815 Brotherton was a member of a group of Nonconformist Liberals, meeting in the Manchester home of John Potter, other members of the group included, John Edward Taylor, Archibald Prentice, John Shuttleworth, Absalom Watkin, William Cowdray Jnr, Thomas Potter and Richard Potter. In 1820 Brotherton, Shuttleworth and Thomas Potter founded the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, in 1821, after the Peterloo Massacre and the government-led closure of the Manchester Observer, the group without Cowdroy backed John Edward Taylor in founding the Manchester Guardian newspaper. After the death of John Potter, the Potter brothers formed a second Little Circle group and this called for the better proportional representation in the Houses of Parliament from the rotten boroughs towards the fast-growing industrialised towns of Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester and Salford. After the petition raised on behalf of the group by Absalom Watkin, the groups aims were achieved with the passing of the Reform Act 1832. Brotherton was elected as Salfords first member of parliament at the general election. He was re-elected five times, unopposed on two occasions, in parliament he campaigned against the death penalty, for the abolition of slavery and for free non-denominational education. He actively supported the Municipal Corporations Bill, which led to Manchester and he took an interest in the facilities provided by the new municipalities, and was largely responsible for the opening of Peel Park, Salford and Weaste Cemetery. Brotherton died suddenly from a heart attack aged 73 in January 1857 and he was buried on 14 January in the new Weaste municipal cemetery, Salford, the first interment at the cemetery he campaigned for, following a two and a half mile long funeral procession. A Joseph Brotherton Memorial Fund was established, and a statue of Brotherton was erected in Peel Park in 1858, the statue was dismantled in 1954 and sold into private ownership in 1969
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Salford (UK Parliament constituency)
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Salford was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, the borough constituency dated from 1997 and was abolished in 2010, replaced by Salford and Eccles. A parliamentary borough of the name existed from 1832 to 1885. The historic constituency returned two members of parliament from 1868, in 1832 the constituency was formed from the townships of Broughton, Pendleton and Salford, with part of the township of Pendlebury. In 1883 the detached portion of Pendlebury was absorbed by Pendleton, the constituency was re-created for the 1997 election. A very safe Labour seat which had some of the UKs most deprived areas, typified by council estates like Ordsall, Pendleton and Langworthy, which are now due for apparent redevelopment
18.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
19.
Pressure group
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Advocacy groups use various forms of advocacy in order to influence public opinion and/or policy. They have played and continue to play an important part in the development of political and social systems. Groups vary considerably in size, influence, and motive, some have wide-ranging long term social purposes, motives for action may be based on a shared political, religious, moral, health or commercial position. Groups use varied methods to try to achieve their aims including lobbying, media campaigns, publicity stunts, polls, research, and policy briefings. Some groups are supported or backed by business or political interests and exert considerable influence on the political process. Some have developed into important social, political institutions or social movements, Some groups, generally ones with less financial resources, may use direct action and civil disobedience and in some cases are accused of being a threat to the social order or domestic extremists. Research is beginning to explore how advocacy groups use media to facilitate civic engagement. An advocacy group is a group or an organization tries to influence the government. The first mass social movement catalyzed around the political figure. Charged with seditious libel, Wilkes was arrested after the issue of a general warrant, as a result of this episode, Wilkes became a figurehead to the growing movement for popular sovereignty among the middle classes – people began chanting, Wilkes and Liberty in the streets. After a later period of exile, brought about by further charges of libel and obscenity, Wilkes stood for the Parliamentary seat at Middlesex, where most of his support was located. When Wilkes was imprisoned in the Kings Bench Prison on 10 May 1768 and this was the first ever sustained social advocacy group, —it involved public meetings, demonstrations, the distribution of pamphlets on an unprecedented scale and the mass petition march. The force and influence of this social movement on the streets of London compelled the authorities to concede to the movements demands. Wilkes was returned to Parliament, general warrants were declared as unconstitutional, another important advocacy group that emerged in the late 18th century was the British abolitionist movement against slavery. Starting with an organised sugar boycott in 1791, it led the great petition drive of 1806. In the opinion of Eugene Black. association made possible the extension of the politically effective public, modern extra parliamentary political organization is a product of the late eighteenth century the history of the age of reform cannot be written without it. From 1815, Britain after victory in the Napoleonic Wars entered a period of social upheaval characterised by the maturity of the use of social movements. Chartism was the first mass movement of the growing working-class in the world and they led, among other things, to the formation of green parties and organisations influenced by the new left
20.
Gelatin
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Gelatin or gelatine is a translucent, colorless, brittle, flavorless food derived from collagen obtained from various animal body parts. It is commonly used as an agent in food, pharmaceutical drugs, vitamin capsules, photography. Substances containing gelatin or functioning in a way are called gelatinous. It is found in most gummy candy, as well as other such as marshmallows, gelatin desserts, and some ice creams, dips. Gelatin for recipe use comes in the form of sheets, granules, instant types can be added to the food as they are, others need to be soaked in water beforehand. During hydrolysis, the molecular bonds between individual collagen strands are broken down into a form that rearranges more easily. Its chemical composition is, in respects, closely similar to that of its parent collagen. Photographic and pharmaceutical grades of gelatin generally are sourced from beef bones, Gelatin readily dissolves in hot water and sets to a gel on cooling. When added directly to water, it does not dissolve well. Gelatin also is soluble in most polar solvents, Gelatin solutions show viscoelastic flow and streaming birefringence. Solubility is determined by the method of manufacture, typically, gelatin can be dispersed in a relatively concentrated acid. Such dispersions are stable for 10–15 days with little or no changes and are suitable for coating purposes or for extrusion into a precipitating bath. The mechanical properties of gelatin gels are very sensitive to variations, the previous thermal history of the gels. The upper melting point is below human body temperature, a factor that is important for mouthfeel of foods produced with gelatin, the viscosity of the gelatin-water mixture is greatest when the gelatin concentration is high and the mixture is kept cool at about 4 °C. The gel strength is quantified using the Bloom test, the worldwide production amount of gelatin is about 375, 000–400,000 tonnes per year. On a commercial scale, gelatin is made from by-products of the meat, recently, fish by-products also have been considered suitable because they eliminate some of the religious obstacles surrounding gelatin consumption. Gelatin is derived from pork skins, pork, and cattle bones, the raw materials are prepared by different curing, acid, and alkali processes that are employed to extract the dried collagen hydrolysate. These processes may take weeks, and differences in such processes have great effects on the properties of the final gelatin products
21.
Free-range eggs
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Free-range eggs are eggs produced from birds that may or may not be permitted outdoors. The term free-range may be used depending on the country and the relevant laws. Eggs from hens that are only indoors might also be labelled cage-free, barn and this is different from birds that are reared in systems labelled as battery cages or furnished cages. Legal standards defining free-range can be different or even non-existent depending on the country, various watchdog organizations, governmental agencies and industry groups adhere to differing criteria of what constitutes free-range and cage-free status. Many producers label their eggs as cage-free in addition to, or instead of, cage-free eggs have been a major cause of debate in the US. In 2015 there was an initiative that would ban the sale of in-state meat or eggs from caged animals raised anywhere in the nation. Egg industry groups are making an effort to show or educate lawmakers, voters and consumers about the merits, local farmers and producers say that the shift will occur if that is what consumers want, they will adapt to having birds in or out of cages. In the EU, cage-free egg production includes barns, free-range, organic, non-cage systems may be single or multi-tier, with or without outdoor access. In the UK, free-range systems are the most popular of the alternatives, accounting for around 44% of all eggs in 2013, whereas barns. In free-range systems, hens are housed to a standard as the barn or aviary. In addition, they have constant daytime access to a range with vegetation. Each hen must have at least 4 m2 of space, in 2012, the Australian Egg Corporation Limited, the body for the industry, tried to register a free-range trademark allowing 20,000 hens per hectare on the range. This sparked a discussion between large producers, small producers, animal welfare groups, and consumer rights groups. The trade mark was rejected by the body of the ACCC on the grounds of deceptive conduct. There is a voluntary code allowing for 1,500 hens per hectare which is ignored by the major egg producers. The Queensland government approved an increase in free-range layer hen stocking densities in July 2013, the maximum number of hens per hectare was increased from 1,500 to 10,000. In March 2016, Australian ministers voted in new standards for the definition of free-range. The new standards allow for up to 10,000 birds per hectare, a group called PROOF is now in the process of developing an accreditation scheme which will see the term pastured start appearing on cartons
22.
Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
23.
Peter Cushing
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Peter Wilton Cushing, OBE was an English actor and a BAFTA TV Award Best Actor winner in 1956. He appeared frequently opposite Christopher Lee and, occasionally, Vincent Price, a familiar face on both sides of the Atlantic, Cushing is best known outside the Hammer productions for playing Dr. Who in Doctor Who and the Daleks and Daleks – Invasion Earth, Cushings likeness was extensively recreated using digital effects in Rogue One which raised questions about the morality of using a deceased actors likeness. Cushing was born in Kenley, Surrey, the son of George Edward Cushing. Shortly after his birth, the moved to Dulwich, South London. It was here that Cushing remained until early adulthood, educated at Shoreham College, Cushing left his first job as a surveyors assistant to take up a scholarship at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. In one, A Chump at Oxford, he appeared opposite Laurel, during the Second World War he served with the Entertainments National Service Association. His first major role was that of Osric in Laurence Oliviers Hamlet. In the 1950s, he worked in television, notably as Winston Smith in the BBCs 1954 adaptation of the George Orwell novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and he also appeared in The Avengers and its successor series, The New Avengers. In 1956, he received the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor, Cushing is well known for playing Baron Victor Frankenstein and Professor Van Helsing in a long series of horror films produced by Hammer Film Productions in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. He was often cast alongside Christopher Lee, who became his best friend and his first appearances in his two most famous roles were in Terence Fishers films The Curse of Frankenstein and Dracula. He later said that his career decisions entailed selecting roles where he knew that he would be accepted by the audience, who wants to see me as Hamlet. But millions want to see me as Frankenstein, so thats the one I do, Cushing also played Sherlock Holmes many times, originally in Hammers The Hound of the Baskervilles, the first Holmes adaptation to be filmed in colour. This was followed by a performance in 16 episodes of the BBC series Sir Arthur Conan Doyles Sherlock Holmes, Cushing reprised the role, now playing the detective in old age, in The Masks of Death for Channel 4. In the mid-1960s, Cushing played Dr, who in two films based on the BBC science-fiction TV series Doctor Who, although the films are not considered part of the shows official canon by the BBC. He decided to play the part as a lovable and avuncular figure to counter the image of him as a horror actor. In an interview published in ABC Film Review in November 1964, Cushing stated, People look at me as if I were some sort of monster, in my macabre pictures, I have either been a monster-maker or a monster-destroyer, but never a monster. I love animals, and when Im in the country Im a keen bird-watcher, in an interview published in 1966, he added, I do get terribly tired with the neighbourhood kids telling me My mum says she wouldnt want to meet you in a dark alley
24.
Isaac Pitman
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Sir Isaac Pitman, was an English teacher who developed the most widely used system of shorthand, known now as Pitman shorthand. He first proposed this in Stenographic Soundhand in 1837 and he was also the vice president of the Vegetarian Society. Pitman was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1894, Pitman was born in Trowbridge, Wiltshire in England. One of his cousins was Abraham Laverton, in 1831 he had five months training at the Training College of the British and Foreign School Society, which was sufficient to qualify him as a teacher. He started teaching at Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, in 1835 he married a widow, and moved in 1836 to Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, where he started his own school. In 1839 he moved to Bath, where he opened a small school, in the 1851 census he appears in Bath aged 38, living with his wife, Mary, aged 58, born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. He married Isabella Masters in 1861, and he appears in the 1871 census, aged 58, with his new wife Isabella, Isaac Pitman was a lifelong advocate of spelling reform for the English language, producing many pamphlets during his lifetime on spelling reform. His motto was time saved is life gained, one of the outcomes of his interest in spelling reform was the creation of his system of phonetic shorthand which he first published in 1837, in a pamphlet titled Sound-Hand. Among the examples in this pamphlet, were the Psalm 100, the Lords Prayer, by 1843 his business of preparing and publishing had expanded sufficiently to give up teaching, and to set up his own printing press, as well as compositing and a binding. In 1844 he published Phonotypy, his work on spelling reform. In 1845 he published the first version of the English Phonotypic Alphabet, in the 1881 census his name is spelled phonetically as Eisak Pitman. In the 1891 census he is listed as Isaac. In 1886 Pitman went into partnerships with his sons Alfred and Ernest to form Isaac Pitman, in the same year the millionth copy of the Phonographic Teacher was sold in Great Britain. The publishing division was bought by rival Pearson Plc in 1985, the training business evolved into two separate businesses, Pitman Training and JHP Training. The element of student feedback was an innovation of Pitmans system. This scheme was made possible by the introduction of postage rates across England in 1840. Not only did he read The Writings of Emanuel Swedenborg daily, he devoted much time. He published and distributed books and tracts by and about Swedenborg, among the authors he encouraged was Thomas Child
25.
Jorja Fox
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Jorja-An Jorja Fox is an American actress and producer. She first came to prominence as a recurring guest star on the medical drama ER as Dr. Maggie Doyle from 1996 to 1999 and this was followed by another critical success in the recurring role of Secret Service Agent Gina Toscano on the political drama The West Wing in 2000. She played Sara Sidle in the procedural drama CSI, Crime Scene Investigation. Fox was born in New York City to Montreal-born parents Edward and Marilyn Fox, and is of French, Belgian and Irish descent and she has an older brother, Jeff. She describes herself as being overweight while growing up, with a prominent gap between her teeth, by her 20s, she observed that neither her wisdom teeth nor braces had appreciably helped, and Fox said forget it. After attending Melbourne High School for two years, she began a career after winning a local contest. She subsequently enrolled as a student at the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York. Fox had minor roles in films and television series, including a 1993 episode of the NBC legal drama Law & Order. In 1996, Foxs big break was a role in the NBC medical drama ER. She left the show in 1999, Fox appeared in The Puppy Episode Part 2, the April 30,1997 episode of the sitcom Ellen, in which that series main character came out as gay. In 1999, she was cast as Secret Service Agent Gina Toscano on the NBC political drama The West Wing, Fox has appeared in the films Velocity Trap and Food for the Heart and she also appeared briefly in Memento playing Guy Pearces wife. In 2000, she gained a role on the CBS police procedural drama CSI, Crime Scene Investigation as Sara Sidle. She and CSI co-star George Eads were fired from the show in 2004, Fox had allegedly failed to submit a letter to CBS confirming that she would be on time for shooting. The disputes were resolved in just over a week, and the two were rehired by CBS, however, neither actors salary was raised, in spite of other cast members receiving raises. It was also reported that of the two, Fox was approached first to resume her contract with CSI, but she refused until Eads was rehired as well. On April 18,2007, TV Guide began reporting that Fox may not be returning for the season of CSI. The season finale turned out to be a cliffhanger involving her character, the New York Post reported that Fox did not show up to film the finale because of ongoing issues over her employment. Neither CBS nor Jorjas agent confirmed the allegations, with the help of donations, the campaign also organized plane flyovers over the Universal Studios lot in California where CSI is filmed
26.
George Bernard Shaw
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He wrote more than sixty plays, including major works such as Man and Superman, Pygmalion and Saint Joan. With a range incorporating both contemporary satire and historical allegory, Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation, born in Dublin, Shaw moved to London in 1873, where he established himself as a writer and novelist. By the mid-1880s he was a theatre and music critic. Following a political awakening, he joined the gradualist Fabian Society, Shaw had been writing plays for years before his first public success, 1894s Arms and the Man. Influenced by Henrik Ibsen, he sought to introduce a new realism into English-language drama, using his plays as vehicles to disseminate his political, social and religious ideas. By the early twentieth century his reputation as a dramatist was secured with a series of critical and popular successes that included Major Barbara, The Doctors Dilemma and Caesar, Shaws expressed views were often contentious, he promoted eugenics and alphabet reform while opposing vaccination and organised religion. He courted unpopularity by denouncing both sides in the First World War as equally culpable and he castigated British policy on Ireland in the postwar period, and became a citizen of the Irish Free State in 1934, maintaining dual citizenship. He was prolific, finishing during the years a series of often ambitious plays which achieved varying degrees of popular success. Since Shaws death, opinion has varied about his works and he has at times been rated as second only to William Shakespeare among English-language dramatists, analysts recognise his extensive influence on generations of playwrights. The word Shavian has entered the language as encapsulating Shaws ideas, Shaw was born at 3 Upper Synge Street in Portobello, a lower-middle-class part of Dublin. He was the youngest child and only son of George Carr Shaw and his elder siblings were Lucinda Frances and Elinor Agnes. The Shaw family was of English descent and belonged to the dominant Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, George Carr Shaw and his relatives secured him a sinecure in the civil service, from which he was pensioned off in the early 1850s, thereafter he worked irregularly as a corn merchant. In 1852 he married Bessie Gurly, in the view of Shaws biographer Michael Holroyd she married to escape a tyrannical great-aunt, if, as Holroyd and others surmise, Georges motives were mercenary, then he was disappointed, as Bessie brought him little of her familys money. She came to despise her ineffectual and often drunken husband, with whom she shared what their son later described as a life of shabby-genteel poverty. By the time of Shaws birth, his mother had become close to George John Lee, Shaw retained a lifelong obsession that Lee might have been his biological father, there is no consensus among Shavian scholars on the likelihood of this. The young Shaw suffered no harshness from his mother, but he recalled that her indifference. He found solace in the music that abounded in the house, Lee was a conductor and teacher of singing, Bessie had a fine mezzo-soprano voice and was much influenced by Lees unorthodox method of vocal production. The Shaws house was filled with music, with frequent gatherings of singers and players
27.
Mahatma Gandhi
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Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights, the honorific Mahatma —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu and Gandhiji and he is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab, eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony, the last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating, among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Mahatma Gandhis birthday,2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and his father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan of Porbandar state. The Gandhi family originated from the village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State, in the late 17th or early 18th century, one Lalji Gandhi moved to Porbandar and entered the service of its ruler, the Rana. In 1831, Rana Khimojiraji died suddenly and was succeeded by his 12-year-old only son, as a result, Rana Khimojirajjis widow, Rani Rupaliba, became regent for her son. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his hand instead of his right. In 1841, Vikmatji assumed the throne and reinstated Uttamchand as his diwan, in 1847, Rana Vikmatji appointed Uttamchands son, Karamchand, as diwan after disagreeing with Uttamchand over the states maintenance of a British garrison. Although he only had an education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration
28.
Linda McCartney
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Linda Louise, Lady McCartney was an American musician, photographer, animal rights activist, entrepreneur and publisher who was married to Paul McCartney of the Beatles. Prior to marrying Paul, she was a photographer of celebrities and contemporary musicians. Her photos were published in the book Linda McCartneys Sixties, Portrait of an Era. Linda married McCartney in 1969 at St Johns Wood Church in London and her daughter, Heather Louise, from her first marriage to Melville See, was adopted by her new husband. Together, the McCartneys had three other children, in 1971, after they married and following the break-up of the Beatles the previous year, Paul and Linda McCartney recorded the album Ram. Shortly afterwards, they formed the band Wings and she continued to be part of her husbands touring band following Wings break-up in 1981 up until The New World Tour in 1993. She was a rights activist and wrote and published several vegetarian cookbooks. In 1995 she was diagnosed with breast cancer and died from the disease in 1998 at the age of 56, McCartney was born Linda Louise Eastman, the second-eldest of four children, in New York City. She had one brother, John, born in 1939. Her father, Leopold Vail Epstein, was born in 1910 to Jewish Russian immigrants and he later changed his name to Lee Eastman. At her fathers request, Lawrence wrote the song Linda when McCartney was four, the song was recorded by Buddy Clark in 1947 and went to number 1 on the charts. It was again recorded in 1963 by Jan and Dean, McCartneys mother, Louise Sara Eastman, was from a German Jewish family and was the daughter of Max J. Lindner—founder of the Lindner Company clothing store in Cleveland, Ohio. McCartney grew up in the affluent Scarsdale town of Westchester County, New York, following high school, McCartney attended Vermont College, receiving an Associate of Arts degree in 1961. While her brother John followed in his fathers footsteps, also going to Harvard to study law, Linda was less ambitious and avoided such intellectual pursuits. She was considered the sheep of the family, who lacked serious academic desires. Nature and animals were her primary interests, John later became Paul McCartneys attorney and manager. After graduating from Vermont College, she attended the University of Arizona, while there, McCartneys mother died in the 1962 crash of American Airlines Flight 1 in Queens, New York. McCartney later said that because of her mothers death, she hated travelling by air, in Arizona she took up nature photography as a hobby
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Stella McCartney
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Stella Nina McCartney, OBE is an English fashion designer. She is the daughter of former Beatles member Paul McCartney and American musician, photographer, McCartney was born in Lambeth, London, the second child of Beatle Paul McCartney and American photographer Linda McCartney. She is named after her maternal great-grandmothers, as a young girl, McCartney travelled the globe with her parents and their group Wings, along with her siblings, older sister Heather, older sister Mary, and younger brother James. According to her father, the name of Wings was inspired by Stellas difficult birth, as his daughter was being born by emergency caesarean section, Paul sat outside the operating room and prayed that she be born on the wings of an angel. McCartney has said that while attending school, she was a victim of bullying. McCartney became interested in designing clothes as a youth, at age thirteen, she designed her first jacket. Three years later, she interned for Christian Lacroix, working on her first haute couture collection, honing her skills working for Edward Sexton, her fathers Savile Row tailor for a number of years. She studied her foundation at Ravensbourne College of Design and Communication, followed by Fashion Design at Central Saint Martins in the early 1990s, she graduated in 1995. Her graduation collection was modelled by friends and supermodels Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon, the collection was shown to a song penned by her famous father, called Stella May Day. The show made front-page news, and the collection was sold to Tokyo. The designs were licensed to Browns, Joseph, Bergdorf Goodman and Neiman Marcus, in 1998, she designed her sister Marys wedding dress for her wedding to television producer Alistair Donald. A lifelong vegetarian, McCartney does not use any leather or fur in her designs, some of McCartneys designs have text that elaborates on her no animal policy, for example, one of her jackets for Adidas says, suitable for sporty vegetarians on the sleeve. She does use wool, silk, and other animal-derived fabrics in her designs, in March 1997 McCartney was appointed creative director of Paris fashion house Chloé, following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld. Lagerfeld was less impressed with the houses choice, stating. They did, but in music, not fashion, lets hope shes as gifted as her father. Despite initial skepticism, McCartneys designs have enjoyed commercial and critical success. She was accompanied to Chloé by her assistant and friend Phoebe Philo, in 2001, McCartney launched her own fashion house under her name in a joint venture with Gucci Group and showed her first collection in Paris. Her collections are now distributed in over 50 countries through 600 wholesale accounts including specialty shops, in 2003, McCartney launched her first perfume, Stella
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Jerome Flynn
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Jerome Patrick Flynn is an English actor and singer. He and his Soldier Soldier co-star Robson Green also performed as Robson & Jerome in the half of the 1990s. They released a version of Unchained Melody which stayed at number 1 for 7 weeks on the UK Chart, selling more than a million copies, the duo had two further number 1 singles, I Believe and What Becomes of the Brokenhearted. Their eponymous debut album and the follow-up Take Two both reached number 1 on the UK Albums Chart, Flynn was born in Bromley, Kent, the son of actor and singer Eric Flynn and drama teacher Fern Flynn. He has a brother and sister, and a half-brother and sister from his fathers second marriage and his brother Daniel Flynn is also an actor, and his half-brother Johnny Flynn is a musician and actor. In 1986 Flynn appeared in the LWT television film Londons Burning as firefighter Kenny Rambo Baines, when the film spawned a series of the same name in 1988, he was the only member of the main cast who was unable to reprise his role due to previous commitments. In 1988 he played the character Freddie in the ITV drama and he appeared as D. S Eddie Hargreaves for six episodes of the police drama Between The Lines. Flynn portrayed Corporal Paddy Garvey of the Kings Fusiliers in the ITV series Soldier Soldier and he acted alongside Robson Green in the series. The single was released under the name Robson & Jerome and reached number one in the UK chart in 1995. The duo had two number one hits in 1995 and 1996 with I Believe and What Becomes of the Brokenhearted both re-makes of standards, they also produced two number one albums. Flynn went on to star as Eddie Wallis in the comedy-drama Aint Misbehavin and he played Bobby Charlton in the 1999 film Best. On stage, he played Tommy Cooper in Jus Like That, having semi-retired from acting and moved to Pembrokeshire, in 2007 Flynn directed and starred in the low budget film, Rude Tales. The film was split into a series of stories, all centred around the lead character, Jerome Rude. The film was screened at a number of independent cinemas in the Pembrokeshire area. R. Flynn provides the voice of Daniel in the television show Tommy Zoom. He also appeared on the television programme So You Think Youre Royal. Where it was established that through his mother he is a descendant of Oliver Cromwell, through his son Henry Cromwell, and also a descendent of Edward I, Edward II. Flynn stars alongside Matthew Macfadyen in four series of Ripper Street for the BBC, in 2016, he appeared in Shut Up and Dance, an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror
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European Vegetarian Union
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The European Vegetarian Union is an non-profit-, non-governmental organization umbrella organization for vegetarian societies and groups in Europe. The Union works in the areas of vegetarianism, nutrition, health, consumer protection, headquarters are in Winterthur, together with the Swiss organization Swissveg. The EVU distribute the 1995 film Devour the Earth about the consequences of meat consumption. The film was produced by the Vegetarian Society, written by Tony Wardle, similar decrees are proposed for kindergartens, hospitals, prisons and retirement homes. The V-Label is a standardised European vegetarian label from the EVU with the aim of easy identification of vegetarian products, the EVU aims to support vegetarian organisations across Europe and bring them closer together. This is especially important in countries where the philosophy has not yet had a chance to develop. The connection between the member societies is promoted through the EVU magazine European Vegetarian. This is produced twice a year and reports on events, news, trends, developments, International meetings and events, where the latest developments and findings can be discussed in lectures and working groups, serve this purpose well. Through membership of the International Vegetarian Union, the EVU is in contact with the vegetarian community
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International Vegetarian Union
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The International Vegetarian Union is an international non-profit organization whose purpose is to promote vegetarianism. IVU was founded in 1908 in Dresden, Germany and it is considered as an umbrella organization for under this organisation are included organisations from many countries, and organises often World and Regional Vegetarian Congresses. The ruling body from IVU is the International Council, and the members who form it are unpaid volunteers elected by the Member Societies at each World Vegetarian Congress. Member organizations may be continental groups or local or other regional vegetarian organizations whose purpose is the promotion of vegetarianism. The IVU also encourages regional and national organizations to run vegetarian festivals, such as the 43rd WorldVegFest in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, on 25 October 2015
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Animal-free agriculture
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Animal-free agriculture consists of farming methods that do not use animals or animal products. Animal-free growers do not keep domesticated animals and do not use products such as farmed animal manures or animal parts. Emphasis is placed on using green manures instead, animal-free farming may use organic or non-organic farming techniques. However, most detailed discussions of animal-free agriculture currently focus on animal-free organic variants, forest gardening Livestocks Long Shadow Vegan organic gardening Vegan permaculture
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Fruitarianism
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Fruitarianism is a diet that consists entirely or primarily of fruits in the botanical sense, and possibly nuts and seeds, without animal products. Fruitarianism is a subset of dietary veganism, fruitarianism may be adopted for different reasons, including ethical, religious, environmental, cultural, economic, and health reasons. There are many varieties of the diet, some people whose diet consists of 75% or more fruit consider themselves fruitarians. Some fruitarians will eat only what falls naturally from a plant and these foods consist primarily of culinary fruits, nuts, and seeds. According to author Adam Gollner, some fruitarians eat only fallen fruit, others believe they should eat only plants that spread seeds when the plant is eaten. Others eat seeds and some cooked foods, some fruitarians use the botanical definitions of fruits and consume pulses, such as beans, peas, or other legumes. Other fruitarians diets include raw fruits, dried fruits, nuts, honey and olive oil, or fruits, nuts, beans and they believe that a return to an Eden-like paradise will require simple living and a holistic approach to health and diet. Some fruitarians wish, like Jains, to avoid killing anything, including plants, some fruitarians say that eating some types of fruit does the parent plant a favor and that fleshy fruit has evolved to be eaten by animals, to achieve seed dispersal. For some fruitarians, the motivation comes from a fixation on a utopian past, their hope being to return to a past that predates an agrarian society, another common motivation is the desire to eliminate perceived toxicity within the body. For others, the appeal of a fruitarian diet comes from the challenge that the nature of this diet provides. Walker said, I dont want to make too much of this yet, but it is quite a surprise. In 1971, a study by B. J. Meyer was published in the South African Medical Journal describing how lipid profiles. In a further trial in the study, body weights of overweight subjects showed a tendency to level off at the ideal weight. According to nutritionists, adults must be not to follow a fruit-only diet for too long. A fruitarian diet is unsuitable for children, and several children have died due to having fruitarian diets imposed on them. Fruitarianism is even more restrictive than veganism or raw veganism, maintaining this diet over a long period can result in dangerous deficiencies, a risk that many fruitarians try to ward off through nutritional testing and vitamin injections. The Health Promotion Program at Columbia University reports that a diet can cause deficiencies in calcium, protein, iron, zinc, vitamin D, most B vitamins. When the body does not take in enough protein, it out on amino acids
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Juice fasting
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Juice fasts may last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. Participants may use juice fasting as an alternative medicine, participants may believe juice fasting will cure chronic pain, cancer, depression, arthritis, severe infections that resisted antibiotics, autoimmune diseases, and many other diseases. One reason for juice fasting is to assist with other methods of gallstone passage, others choose juice fasting because they believe they can focus on healing specific organs and systems. Some practitioners fast bi-annually in week-long periods to attempt to purify the body in synchronization with what they believe to be cycles of nature. Fasts may even involve retreats and travel, such as with popular week-long spa-resort style trips to Thailand. Because pure juice contains little to no fiber, juice fasters may use enemas or herbal or saltwater laxatives during the time of fasting to efficiently expel waste from the intestines, another method to achieve this effect involves mixing psyllium husks in with the juice. Because psyllium is not absorbed by the body, but greatly increases in volume upon water absorption, to avoid excess sugar and maintain a high nutrient value juices should contain a healthy proportion of 80% vegetables to 20% fruits. The maximum shelf life of a juice is 72 hours and consuming it within that period is highly encouraged, in a reduced-calorie study, participants juice-fasted for one week without limitation of physical activity. The study demonstrated a reduction in total free cholesterol. However it was noted that within a week of ending the fast cholesterol had returned to prefast levels. Fasters should take care to maintain their intake of vitamins and nutrients during fasting, juice mixes containing grapefruit juice may also adversely interact with certain prescription drugs. Because of the low content of most fruits and vegetables. Salt deficiency causes headaches and weakness, then light-headedness, then nausea, scientists, dietitians, and doctors regard detox diets as less effective than water-fasting, and hence a waste of money. Catherine Collins, Chief Dietician of St Georges Hospital Medical School in London, England, the idea that an avalanche of vitamins, minerals, and laxatives taken over a 2 to 7 day period can have a long-lasting benefit for the body is also a marketing myth. Alternative cancer treatments Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead Fruitarianism Juicing
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Raw veganism
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Raw veganism is a diet that combines the concepts of veganism and raw foodism. It excludes all food and products of animal origin, as well as food cooked at a temperature above 48 °C. A raw vegan diet includes raw vegetables and fruits, nuts and nut pastes, grain and legume sprouts, seeds, plant oils, sea vegetables, herbs, mushrooms, there are many different versions of the diet, including fruitarianism, juicearianism, and sproutarianism. In addition to the ethics of eating meat, dairy, eggs and honey, raw vegans may be motivated by health, spiritual, financial, or environmental reasons, in terms of health, some raw vegans hold the belief that cooking foods destroys the complex balance of micronutrients. They may also believe that, in the process, dangerous chemicals are produced by the heat interaction with fat, protein. Forest gardening is a raw vegan lifestyle with a number of motives. For example, it can be viewed as a way to recreate the Garden of Eden, developed by raw vegan Robert Hart, forest gardening is a food production system based on woodland ecosystems, incorporating fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines and perennial vegetables. The three main products from a forest garden are fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables, forest gardens are probably the worlds oldest and most resilient agroecosystem. The gourmet approach to raw veganism typically use dehydrators to cook food like crackers, there are many raw vegan cookbooks on the market and recipes online. Obtaining such an amount of calories from carbohydrates from raw foods requires consuming large quantities of sweet and ripe fruit, such as bananas and dates. 24 bananas, or 48 dates, or 5.3 litres of orange juice, most LFRV also consume a large low-fat salad daily to ensure the required protein, mineral and vitamin daily intake is covered. The low-fat raw vegan lifestyle has been tried by several athletes, raw vegans must ensure that their intake of vitamin B12 is adequate, since it does not occur in raw plant foods. The Vegan Society and Vegan Outreach, among others, recommend that vegans either consistently eat foods fortified with B12 or take a B12 supplement. Tempeh, seaweed, spirulina, mushroom, organic produce, soil, vitamin D deficiency is possible due to the absence of dairy products, which are normally fortified with vitamin D, but preventable with the usage of supplements and time spent outdoors. Medical studies on raw food diets have shown some positive and negative health outcomes
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Vegan nutrition
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Vegan nutrition refers to the nutritional aspects of vegan diets – diets which include no animal products. They also state that a lifestyle change incorporating a vegan whole foods diet could not only prevent various degenerative diseases, such as coronary artery disease, but reverse them. A number of films, such as Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead, Planeat and Forks over Knives. Although there is consensus amongst doctors advocating plant-based diets, Joel Fuhrman and Michael Greger have disagreed with Campbell and Esselstyn on the use of nuts. Some athletes, such as Brendan Brazier, follow a vegan diet, because uncontaminated plant foods do not provide vitamin B12, researchers agree that vegans should eat foods fortified with B12 or take a daily supplement. Special attention may be necessary to ensure that an all-plant diet will provide adequate amounts of vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, iron, zinc, and iodine. These nutrients are available in plant foods, with the exception of vitamin B12, Vitamin B12 deficiency is potentially extremely serious, leading to megaloblastic anemia, nerve degeneration and irreversible neurological damage. Evidence shows that vegans who are not taking vitamin B12 supplements do not consume sufficient servings of B12 and this is because, unless fortified, plant foods do not contain reliable amounts of active vitamin B12. The US National Institutes of Health recommends B12 intake in a range from 0.4 micrograms a day for infants, to 2.4 micrograms for adults, and up to 2.8 micrograms for nursing mothers. The European Food Safety Authority set the Adequate Intake at 1.5 micrograms for infants,4 micrograms for children and adults, some of the fortified foods require only a single serving to provide the recommended B12 amounts. Proteins are composed of amino acids and essential amino acids cannot be synthesised by the human body, a 1994 study found a varied intake of such sources can be adequate. Protein levels of vegan diets typically meet or exceed the recommended levels, eating soy and legume products regularly, will help ensure adequate protein levels. Vegan diets can be low in omega-3 fatty acids, major vegan sources of O3FA include algae, hempseeds and hempseed oil, walnuts, flaxseeds and flaxseed oil, olive oil, canola oil, avocado and chia seeds. However, diets lacking generous amounts of sea vegetables generally lack a direct source of long-chain O3FA such as eicosapentaenoic acid, short-term supplemental ALA has been shown to increase EPA levels but not DHA levels, suggesting poor conversion of the intermediary EPA to DHA. DHA supplements derived from DHA-rich microalgae are available, and the body can also convert DHA to EPA. While there is evidence of adverse health or cognitive effects due to DHA deficiency in adult vegetarians or vegans, fetal. The most concentrated sources of fatty acids are seeds, such as flax, chia, camelina, canola, and hemp, as well as walnuts. Many studies have examined possible correlation between veganism, calcium intake, and bone health, overall, the entire group of vegans had a higher risk of fractures
