1.
Venice Municipal Airport
–
Venice Municipal Airport is a city managed public-use airport located two miles south of the central business district of Venice, a city in Sarasota County, Florida, United States. The airport was built during the 1940s by the United States Army Air Forces and it also was used by Air Transport Command to deliver US-built aircraft destined for Britain under Lend-lease from the factories on the West Coast or for assignment to selected British pilots. Some of the aircraft were disassembled and prepared for being loaded onboard ships for the trip across the Atlantic Ocean. After World War II, the U. S. government gave control to the City of Venice. Venice Municipal Airport covers an area of 1,200 acres which contains two paved runways, 5/23 and 13/31, both measuring 5,000 x 150 ft. For the 12-month period ending October 21,2008, the airport had 172,645 aircraft operations, at that time there were 214 aircraft based at this airport,181 single-engine,28 multi-engine,3 jet and 2 helicopter. It is also the base of FFTC that offers training, self-service aviation fuel, as well as air charter service within Florida. Suncoast Air Center, located just west of the end of Runway 23, is the primary fixed-base operator and provides ground support. They offer both Avgas and JetA fuels, with Avgas available via full or self-service,3 Sarasota Avionics International maintains its headquarters in a 10,000 SF hangar on the northwest side of the airport. There is one restaurant located at the airport, the Suncoast Cafe is housed within Suncoast Air Centers FBO terminal and is open for breakfast and lunch
Venice Municipal Airport
–
USGS aerial image, 31 Dec 1998
2.
Venice
–
Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
Venice
–
A collage of Venice: at the top left is the
Piazza San Marco, followed by a view of the city, then the
Grand Canal, and (smaller) the interior of
La Fenice and, finally, the Island of San Giorgio Maggiore
Venice
–
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Venice
–
Photography of Venice at dusk
Venice
–
The Grand Canal seen from the bridge at
Ponte di Rialto
3.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
4.
Focus city
–
In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities
Focus city
–
Kuala Lumpur is
AirAsia 's hub, with
Kota Kinabalu,
Penang, and
Kuching as mini hubs or focus cities.
5.
Volotea
–
Volotea is a Spanish low cost airline headquartered in Barcelona with bases in Spain, Italy and France. Volotea was established by Alaeo S. L. from Barcelona, the name Volotea originates from the Spanish verb revolotear, meaning to fly around. It commenced operations on 5 April 2012, from Venice Marco Polo Airport, the company raised over €50m before operations began. Boeing announced on 15 February 2012 that it had signed a long term deal with Volotea for an undisclosed number of Boeing 717 aircraft. In March 2015, it was announced that Volotea will receive a further four 717s from Blue1, however, in November 2015, Volotea announced plans to phase out their 717 fleet over the next few years and replace it with Airbus A320 family aircraft. As of April 2016, the Volotea fleet consists of the following aircraft, Media related to Volotea at Wikimedia Commons Official website
Volotea
–
Volotea
Volotea
–
Volotea's head office
Volotea
–
Volotea
Boeing 717-200
6.
EasyJet
–
EasyJet is a British airline, operating under the low-cost carrier model, based at London Luton Airport. It operates domestic and international scheduled services on over 820 routes in more than 30 countries, EasyJet plc is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. EasyGroup Holdings Ltd is the largest shareholder with a 34. 62% stake and it employs nearly 11,000 people, based throughout Europe but mainly in the UK. EasyJet has seen expansion since its establishment in 1995, having grown through a combination of acquisitions, the airline, along with associate company easyJet Switzerland, operates more than 200 aircraft, mostly Airbus A319. It has 28 bases across Europe, the largest being Gatwick, in 2014 the airline carried more than 65 million passengers, making it the second-largest airline in Europe by number of passengers carried, behind Ryanair. EasyJet was featured in the television series Airline broadcast on ITV which followed the operations at London Luton. In November 2016, ITN Productions announced a new TV series to be broadcast on ITV in 2017 exploring what it takes to become a pilot at the airline. The current working title of the series is easyJet, Inside the Cockpit and will feature unprecedented access to the pilot training scheme using unique. The airline was established in 1995, the first company in what would become the easyGroup conglomerate. It was launched by Greek Cypriot businessman Stelios Haji-Ioannou with two wet leased Boeing 737-200 aircraft, initially operating two routes, London Luton Airport to Glasgow and Edinburgh. In April 1996, the first wholly owned aircraft was delivered to the airline, enabling its first international route, until October 1997, the aircraft were operated by GB Airways and subsequently by Air Foyle, as easyJet had not yet received its Air Operators Certificate. EasyJet was floated on the London Stock Exchange on 5 November 2000, in October 2004 the FL Group, owner of the airlines Icelandair and Sterling, purchased an 8. 4% stake in the airline. Over the course of 2005, FL increased its share in the company periodically to 16. 9%, however, in April 2006 the threat of takeover receded as FL sold its stake for €325 million, securing a profit of €140m on its investment. In November 2005, Ray Webster stood down after 10 years as executive officer and was replaced by former RAC plc CEO. EasyJet has expanded since its establishment, driven by demand from both the United Kingdom and continental Europe, as part of this, the airline has also purchased several rivals, including GB Airways. In March 1998, easyJet purchased a 40% stake in Swiss charter airline TEA Basle for three million Swiss francs, the airline was renamed easyJet Switzerland and commenced franchise services on 1 April 1999, having relocated its headquarters to Geneva International Airport. This was easyJets first new base outside the United Kingdom, in 2002, rival airline Go Fly was purchased for £374 million, the airline inherited three new bases from Go, at Bristol Airport, East Midlands Airport and London Stansted Airport. The acquisition of Go almost doubled the number of Boeing 737-300 aircraft in the easyJet fleet, in 2002, the airline opened its base at Gatwick Airport, and between 2003 and 2007 opened bases in Germany, France, Italy and Spain, establishing a presence in continental Europe
EasyJet
–
Go Fly Boeing 737-300 in 2004
EasyJet
–
Hangar 89 at
London Luton Airport, EasyJet head office
EasyJet
–
EasyJet
Airbus A320 at
Ben Gurion Airport
EasyJet
–
EasyJet
Airbus A319 wearing the new livery (2015)
7.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
8.
Runway
–
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
Runway
–
A runway at
Brussels Airport
Runway
–
Runway of
Chennai International Airport,
Chennai, India
Runway
–
Runways at
Stockholm-Arlanda Airport
Runway
–
Runway sign at
Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain
9.
Asphalt
–
Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
Natural asphalt/bitumen from the
Dead Sea
Asphalt
–
refined asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
The University of Queensland
pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the
viscosity of asphalt/bitumen
Asphalt
–
Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix,
Clermont-Ferrand, France
10.
Bitumen
–
Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
Bitumen
–
Natural asphalt/bitumen from the
Dead Sea
Bitumen
–
refined asphalt/bitumen
Bitumen
–
The University of Queensland
pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the
viscosity of asphalt/bitumen
Bitumen
–
Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix,
Clermont-Ferrand, France
11.
International airport
–
An international airport is an airport that offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers travelling between countries. International airports often also host domestic flights, some, such as Frankfurt Airport in Germany are very large, others such as Faaā International Airport in Tahiti, are quite small. Buildings, operations and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid 20th century, detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of passengers and flights are among the most complex. In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services and it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928, the precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, there was limited infrastructure, four-engined land planes being unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, thus/therefore flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route, on-water landing areas were found in such as Surabaya. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the landing area. International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments, other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate. Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious, an example is the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity. Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density, because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges, each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic. International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines, many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers, an airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared, technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association, formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies, the International Civil Aviation Organization is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate and this eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics
International airport
–
An aerial photograph of
San Francisco International Airport at night, showing departure gates radiating out from the
terminal building,
aerobridges,
apron and parked planes (2005)
International airport
–
Qantas Empire Airways International flying boat services arriving at
Rose Bay, Sydney (c.1939)
International airport
–
Airports have to be designed to fit into the landscape (
Nouméa Magenta Airport)
International airport
–
A
flight information display system screen at
Charles de Gaulle Airport 's Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals
12.
Nautical mile
–
A nautical mile is a unit of measurement defined as exactly 1852 meters. Historically, it was defined as one minute of latitude, which is equivalent to one sixtieth of a degree of latitude. Today it is an SI derived unit, being rounded to a number of meters. The derived unit of speed is the knot, defined as one mile per hour. The geographical mile is the length of one minute of longitude along the Equator, there is no internationally agreed symbol. M is used as the abbreviation for the mile by the International Hydrographic Organization and by the International Bureau of Weights. NM is used by the International Civil Aviation Organization, nm is used by the U. S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Nmi is used by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the word mile is from the Latin word for a thousand paces, mīlia. In 1617 the Dutch scientist Snell assessed the circumference of the Earth at 24,630 Roman miles, around that time British mathematician Edmund Gunter improved navigational tools including a new quadrant to determine latitude at sea. He reasoned that the lines of latitude could be used as the basis for a unit of measurement for distance, as one degree is 1/360 of a circle, one minute of arc is 1/21600 of a circle. These sexagesimal units originated in Babylonian astronomy, Gunter used Snells circumference to define a nautical mile as 6,080 feet, the length of one minute of arc at 48 degrees latitude.3 metres. Other countries measure the minute of arc at 45 degrees latitude, in 1929, the international nautical mile was defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in Monaco as 1,852 meters. Imperial units and United States customary units used a definition of the nautical mile based on the Clarke Spheroid, the United States nautical mile was defined as 6,080.20 feet based in the Mendenhall Order foot of 1893. It was abandoned in favour of the nautical mile in 1954.181 meters. It was abandoned in 1970 and, legally, references to the unit are now converted to 1,853 meters. Conversion of units Orders of magnitude
Nautical mile
–
Historical definition – 1 nautical mile
13.
Mestre
–
Mestre is the center and the most populated urban area of the mainland of Venice, part of the territory of the Metropolitan City of Venice, in Veneto, northern Italy. Administratively speaking, Mestre forms the Municipalità di Mestre-Carpenedo, one of the six boroughs of the commune of Venice, sometimes considered as a frazione, it is Italys most populated, with 89,373 inhabitants. The mainland of Venice is the territory of the city based on normal land connected to the center by a long rail and road bridge over the Venetian lagoon. Since the end of World War II, Mestre had a quick and disordered urban growth, Mestre being the center and the most populated area of the mainland, in common language the toponym Mestre is very often used, incorrectly, to define the whole Venetian mainland. Mestre received the title of city in 1923 and maintained it briefly till 1926, public transport is managed by Azienda del Consorzio Trasporti Veneziano. There are several bus routes and one tramway line, according to legends, Mestre was founded by Mesthles, a companion of the hero Antenor, a fugitive from Troy who founded Padua. The true origins of the city are uncertain, although it is known that a Roman oppidum existed here, though this was destroyed by Attila and probably rebuilt in the 10th century. The first historical mention is from an Imperial diploma by Otto III, by which Rambald, count of Treviso, received land in the area named Mestre. In 1152 a papal bull by Pope Eugene III recognized the bishop of Treviso as lord of Mestre, citing the existence of the church of St. Lawrence, a castle, in 1257 the bishops ceded it to Alberico da Romano, podestat of Treviso. The port benefited from the growth of Venice, constituting its main connection to the Italian mainland. In 1274 a fire destroyed the castle, and the moved to a location nearby. No traces remain today of the old castle, the Scaliger family from Verona conquered Mestre and Treviso in 1323. The Venetians, fearing the excessive Veronese power in the mainland, an artificial channel was built to facilitate the transport of goods. The Venetian domination ended on July 16,1797, in 1808 Mestre, following the French practice, constituted itself into a free commune. It remained such under the subsequent Austrian and Italian rules, receiving the title of city in 1923, three years later, however, a Royal Decree annexed Mestre and some other neighbouring comuni to the comune of Venezia. Since that moment there has been several attempts to regain independence. In the 1960s and 1970s Mestre experienced a boom, fuelled mainly by the construction of the nearby huge industrial district of Marghera. The city already has experience as host of major international basketball tournaments such as the EuroBasket 1979
Mestre
–
The Clock tower in Piazza Ferretto
Mestre
–
Il Palazzo Podestarile.City Hall from Mestre
Mestre
–
Duomo of St. Lawrence
Mestre
–
Bus in Mestre
14.
Marco Polo
–
He learned the mercantile trade from his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo, who travelled through Asia and met Kublai Khan. In 1269, they returned to Venice to meet Marco for the first time, the three of them embarked on an epic journey to Asia, returning after 24 years to find Venice at war with Genoa, Marco was imprisoned and dictated his stories to a cellmate. He was released in 1299, became a merchant, married. He died in 1324 and was buried in the church of San Lorenzo in Venice, Marco Polo was not the first European to reach China, but he was the first to leave a detailed chronicle of his experience. This book inspired Christopher Columbus and many other travellers, there is a substantial literature based on Polos writings, he also influenced European cartography, leading to the introduction of the Fra Mauro map. Marco Polo was born in 1254 in Venice Republic and his exact date and place of birth are archivally unknown. Some historians mentioned that he was born on September 15 but that date is not endorsed by mainstream scholarship, Marco Polos birthplace is generally considered Venice, but also varies between Constantinople, and the island of Korčula. There is dispute as to whether the Polo family is of Venetian origin, the first recorded Polo is Venetian Domenico Polo who was mentioned in 971 regarding the prohibition of trade with the Arabs. Later other Polos were also mentioned in the service of the realm, whether they were related with the family of Marco Polo is uncertain, but this could indicate that his ancestors travelled between Venice and Dalmatia. Some of the first indications of where his family originated and were resident come from Venetian documents and manuscripts. Some scholars argued that this account could go along with the note from Il Milione that his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, the non-Venetian i. e. Sanuto also mentioned a captain from Korčula, Antonio di Polo. Moule cited two early 17th century Venetian manuscripts questi ueneno de dalmatia, Polo questi uene de Dalmatia, scholars etymologically argued that his family name derives from Latin Paulus, the name of a certain bird species, or like Albert tSerstevens considered - from Eastern origin. However, the habitat of the shorebird is non-existent on Korčula, the surname Polo seems related with other widespread Dalmatian surnames. The lack of evidence makes the Korčula theory as a specific birthplace strongly disputed, in 1168, his great-uncle, Marco Polo, borrowed money and commanded a ship in Constantinople. His grandfather, Andrea Polo of the parish of San Felice, had three sons, Maffeo, yet another Marco, and the travellers father Niccolò and this genealogy, described by Ramusio, is not universally accepted as there is no additional evidence to support it. His father, Niccolò Polo, a merchant, traded with the Near East, becoming wealthy, Niccolò and his brother Maffeo set off on a trading voyage before Marcos birth. In 1260, Niccolò and Maffeo, while residing in Constantinople, then the capital of the Latin Empire, foresaw a political change, they liquidated their assets into jewels and moved away. According to The Travels of Marco Polo, they passed through much of Asia, and met with Kublai Khan and their decision to leave Constantinople proved timely
Marco Polo
–
Polo wearing a
Tatar outfit, date of print unknown
Marco Polo
–
Corte del Milion is still called after the nickname of Polo, "Il Milione"
Marco Polo
–
San Lorenzo church in the
sestiere of
Castello (
Venice), where Polo was buried. The photo shows the church as is today, after the 1592 rebuilding.
Marco Polo
–
A
miniature from Il Milione.
15.
Treviso Airport
–
Treviso-SantAngelo Airport, Italian, Aeroporto di Treviso-SantAngelo, is an international airport located 1.6 NM west-southwest of Treviso and approximately 31 km away from the city of Venice, Italy. It is mainly used by low-cost airlines, some airlines refer to the airport unofficially as Venice-Treviso or similar despite its actual name - however, the primary airport of Venice is Venice Marco Polo Airport. The airport stands 18 meters above the sea level, runway direction is 07/25, the new terminal was opened in 2007. It was named after Antonio Canova, a famous Italian sculptor, the following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Treviso Airport, The airport has four parking areas. Three are long-term car parks for a total of 564 places, in front of the terminal building there are an additional 50 parking spaces available for short term parking. A public urban bus service, operated by Mobilità di Marca, another bus service, connecting with flights for Wizzair and Ryanair, operated by BARZI BUS SERVICE, reaches Venice in 40 minutes by highway. Further coach connections are available from the airport or from the city center of Treviso, media related to Aeroporto di Treviso-SantAngelo at Wikimedia Commons Official website Current weather for LIPH at NOAA/NWS Accident history for TSF at Aviation Safety Network
Treviso Airport
–
Treviso-Sant'Angelo Airport Aeroporto di Treviso-Sant'Angelo
16.
Ryanair
–
Ryanair Ltd. is an Irish low-cost airline headquartered in Swords, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland, with its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted Airports. In 2016, Ryanair was both the largest European airline by scheduled passengers carried, and the busiest international airline by passenger numbers. Ryanair operates over 370 Boeing 737-800 aircraft, with a single 737-700 used primarily as a charter aircraft, the airline has been characterised by its rapid expansion, a result of the deregulation of the aviation industry in Europe in 1997 and the success of its low-cost business model. Ryanairs route network serves 34 countries in Europe, Africa, since its establishment in 1984, Ryanair has grown from a small airline flying the short journey from Waterford to London into Europes largest carrier. As of 2013 including over 1,200 pilots, after the rapidly growing airline went public in 1997, the money raised was used to expand the airline into a pan-European carrier. Revenues have risen from €231 million in 1998, to €1,843 million in 2003, similarly net profits have increased from €48 million to €339 million over the same period. Ryanair was founded in 1984 as Danren Enterprises by Christopher Ryan, Liam Lonergan and Irish businessman Tony Ryan, in 1986, the company added a second route – flying Dublin–Luton in direct competition with the Aer Lingus / British Airways duopoly for the first time. Under partial EU deregulation, airlines could begin new international intra-EU services, the Irish government at the time refused its approval, to protect Aer Lingus, but Britain, under Margaret Thatchers deregulating Conservative government, approved the service. With two routes and two planes, the airline carried 82,000 passengers in one year. In 1986 the directors of Ryanair took an 85% stake in London European Airways, from 1987 this provided a connection with the Luton Ryanair service onward to Amsterdam, in 1988 London European operated as Ryanair Europe and later began to operate charter services. Ryanair passenger numbers continued to increase, but the airline generally ran at a loss and, Michael OLeary was charged with the task of making the airline profitable. OLeary quickly decided that the key to profitability was low fares, quick turn-around times for aircraft, no frills and no business class, in 1989, a Short Sandringham was operated with Ryanair sponsorship titles but never flew revenue-generating services for the airline. He competed with the airlines by providing a no-frills, low-cost service. Flights were scheduled into regional airports, which offered lower landing and handling charges than larger established international airports, OLeary as Chief Executive took part in a publicity stunt, where he helped out with baggage handling on Ryanair flights at Dublin Airport. By 1995, after the consistent pursuit of its low-cost business model, in 1998, flush with new capital, the airline placed a massive US$2 billion order for 45 new Boeing 737-800 series aircraft. The airline launched its website in 2000, with online booking initially said to be a small, increasingly the online booking contributed to the aim of cutting flight prices by selling directly to passengers and excluding the costs imposed by travel agents. Within a year, the website was handling three-quarters of all bookings, Ryanair launched a new base of operation in Charleroi Airport in 2001. Later that year, the airline ordered 155 new 737-800 aircraft from Boeing at what was believed to be a substantial discount, to be delivered over eight years from 2002 to 2010
Ryanair
–
ATR-42 in 1991
Ryanair
–
Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante in 1988
Ryanair
–
Ryanair operated
BAC 1-11 series 500 aircraft between 1988 and 1993
Ryanair
–
Boeing 737 -200 landing at
Bristol Airport, the type operated by the company through the 1990s and until 2005
17.
Wizz Air
–
Wizz Air Hungary Ltd. is a Hungarian low-cost airline with its head office in Budapest. The airline typically uses secondary airports serving many cities across Europe, Israel and it has the largest fleet of any Hungarian airline, although it is not a flag carrier, and currently serves 35 countries. Its Jersey based parent company, Wizz Air Holdings Plc, is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index, the airline was established in September 2003. The lead investor is Indigo Partners, an American private equity firm specializing in transportation investments, the first flight was made from Katowice International Airport on 19 May 2004. The airlines CEO is József Váradi, former CEO of Malév Hungarian Airlines, the company is registered in Pest County. In 2011, Wizz Air carried 11 million passengers, including 4.2 million passengers on Polish routes, recently Wizz opened new bases in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. However, Poland is still the largest market for Wizz Air, on 4 October 2012, Wizz Air launched a new cabin bag policy to encourage customers to bring smaller baggage on-board following a successful month-long trial on the London Luton and Katowice route. This means that a smaller cabin bag can be taken on board for free, on 25 February 2015 Wizz Air started trading on London Stock Exchange. The current Head office can be found in Laurus offices, Budapest since March 2016, the new building has 5 floors, which gives the company more space than any of the former headquarters. Previously, its office was at Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport. While attempting to hasten SkyEuropes demise in June 2009, Wizz Air claimed it had been profitable for several years, however, as a private company it is not required to publish its financial accounts - annual reports are still available. In November 2009, it emerged that Wizz Air was significantly loss-making and had never made a profit while delaying the pay-back of €32 million of debt by five years. Losses since commencing operations total €78 million, which, in 2009, since then Wizz Air reported profits in 2012, in 2013, in 2014 and in 2015. Wizz Air has the second lowest CASK among European airlines, as result of the 2014 situation in Ukraine, Wizz Air Ukraine was terminated on 20 April 2015. Some routes to and from Kyiv were taken over by Wizz Air itself while all others ceased, Wizz Air Bulgaria was Wizz Airs Bulgarian subsidiary based at Sofia Airport. However, Wizz Air itself still maintains base operations there, Wizz Air Romania was a planned subsidiary to be based at Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport. However, this never started operations and Wizz Air itself inaugurated a base there instead. Wizz Air prefers to land at smaller or secondary airports to reduce costs, the airline also has a buy on board service called Wizz Café and a shopping service called Wizz Boutique
Wizz Air
–
Wizz Air
Airbus A320 in old livery
Wizz Air
–
Cabin of a Wizz Air Airbus A320-200
Wizz Air
–
Wizz Air
Airbus A320-200 in current livery
18.
Low-cost carrier
–
A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline is an airline that generally has lower fares and fewer comforts. To make up for revenue lost in decreased ticket prices, the airline may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat allocating, as of July 2014, the worlds largest low-cost carrier is Southwest Airlines, which operates in the United States and some surrounding areas. The term originated within the airline industry referring to airlines with an operating cost structure than their competitors. Low-cost carrier business model practices vary widely, some practices are more common in certain regions, while others are generally universal. The common theme among all low-cost carriers is the reduction of cost, traditional airlines have also reduced their cost using several of these practices. Most low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class and these airlines tend to operate short-haul flights that suit the range of narrow-body planes. Long-range wide-body aircraft are too expensive for low cost carriers. In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft purchased second-hand, such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9, since 2000, fleets generally consist of the newest aircraft, commonly the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. In 2013, ch-aviation published a study about the strategy of low-cost carriers. They summarized that major LCCs that order aircraft in large numbers get huge discounts and that saves a lot in operative costs. Aircraft often operate with a set of optional equipment, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower. Ryanair seats do not recline and do not have pockets, to reduce cleaning. Pilot conveniences, such as ACARS, may be excluded, often, no in-flight entertainment systems are made available, though many US low-cost carriers do offer satellite television or radio in-flight. It is also becoming a popular approach to install LCD monitors onto the aircraft and broadcast advertisements on them, most do not offer reserved seating, hoping to encourage passengers to board early and quickly, thus decreasing turnaround times. Some allow priority boarding for an extra fee instead of reserved seating, like the major carriers, many low-cost carriers develop one or more bases to maximize destination coverage and defend their market. Many do not operate traditional hubs, but rather focus cities, Airlines often offer a simpler fare scheme, such as charging one-way tickets half that of round-trips. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations, in Europe luggage is not transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same airline. This saves costs and is thought to encourage passengers to take direct flights, tickets are not sold with transfers, so the airline wont need to take responsibility for a delay
Low-cost carrier
–
A
Boeing 737-800 operated by Irish airline
Ryanair
Low-cost carrier
–
A
Wizz Air Airbus A320 in
Katowice International Airport.
Low-cost carrier
–
A
SunExpress Boeing 737-800 in
Zurich Airport.
Low-cost carrier
–
An
Airbus A319 of
Germanwings and an
Airbus A320 of
Air Berlin at
Zurich Airport. Both carriers are among the largest budget airlines in Germany.
19.
Air One
–
Air One S. p. A. which operated as Air One Smart Carrier, was an Italian airline. Air One is a portmanteau of the English meaning Air One and the Italian word airone, meaning heron, which was also the airlines callsign. Before the merger with Alitalia, Air One was a competitor and its main bases were Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in Rome, Linate Airport in Milan and Turin Airport. Air One ceased operations on 30 October 2014 as part of the new concept of its parent company Alitalia based on its new partnership with Etihad Airways, all routes were either cancelled or taken over by Alitalia itself. Air One began life as Aliadriatica which was established in Pescara in 1983 to operate as a school and provide air-taxi services. In 1988 Gruppo Toto, one of the building and civil engineering groups in Italy. With the acquisition of its first Boeing 737-200 in June 1994, Aliadriatica started scheduled, on 27 April 1995 Aliadriatica began scheduled flights between Milan and Brindisi and Reggio Calabria and Lamezia Terme. On 23 November 1995, the new name Air One was adopted, in 1996, the first full year of operations,713,000 passengers were carried and the airline expanded rapidly thereafter. In the year 2000 Air One announced a partnership with Lufthansa, as from June 2006, regional destinations were served under the name Air One CityLiner with the brand new fleet of Bombardier CRJ-900s. In 2007, Air One carried approximately 5.5 million passengers,2007 revenues totaled EUR750 million with a net profit of EUR6.8 million. In August 2008, it was announced that Air One was to be merged with Alitalia, Air One was almost bankrupt in 2008, and the merger with Alitalia-CAI was the only viable solution to save it. On 13 January 2009, Air One officially became part of Alitalia, a detailed integration plan was at that time yet to be announced. On 28 March 2009, due to the merger with Alitalia, on 28 June 2009, also due to the Alitalia merger, the partnerships with United Airlines Mileage Plus program and Air Canadas Aeroplan program ended. Later in 2009, the Alitalia and Air One booking procedures were unified so that the airlines effectively became the same, on 28 March 2010, Air One Smart Carrier as a separate brand from Alitalia began operating low-cost flights out of Milan Malpensa Airport. Nine domestic and five international destinations were served, using five Airbus A320s painted in the Air One livery. In its first full quarter of operations, Air One Smart Carrier transported 320000 passengers, with an on-time performance of 89%. On 2 February 2011, Air One Smart Carrier announced that, in the Summer 2011 season, it would expand its operations at Milan Malpensa, the base opened on 1 July 2011. Air One Smart Carrier predicted it would carry 1,6 million passengers in 2011, compared to 0,9 million in 2010, on 21 December 2011, Air One Smart Carrier announced a new base at Venice Marco Polo Airport, with flights starting in May 2012
Air One
–
Air One
Boeing 737-300 in 2008
Air One
–
Air One
Airbus A320-200
20.
Airport terminal
–
An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft. Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, the buildings that provide access to the airplanes are typically called concourses. However, the terminal and concourse are sometimes used interchangeably. Smaller airports have one terminal while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses, at small airports, the single terminal building typically serves all of the functions of a terminal and a concourse. Some larger airports have one terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via walkways, sky-bridges, some larger airports have more than one terminal, each with one or more concourses. Still other larger airports have multiple terminals each of which incorporate the functions of a concourse, due to the rapid rise in popularity of passenger flight, many early terminals were built in the 1930s–1940s and reflected the popular art deco style architecture of the time. One such surviving example from 1940 is the Houston Municipal Airport Terminal, early airport terminals opened directly onto the tarmac, passengers would walk or take a bus to their aircraft. This design is common among smaller airports, and even many larger airports have bus gates to accommodate aircraft beyond the main terminal. A pier design uses a small, narrow building with aircraft parked on both sides, one end connects to a ticketing and baggage claim area. Piers offer high capacity and simplicity of design, but often result in a long distance from the check-in counter to the gate. A satellite terminal is a building detached from other airport buildings, the first airport to use a satellite terminal was London Gatwick Airport. It used a pedestrian tunnel to connect the satellite to the main terminal. This was also the first setup at Los Angeles International Airport, the first airport to use an automatic people mover to connect the main terminal with a satellite was Tampa International Airport, which is the standard today. Other examples include the following, Pariss Charles de Gaulle Airport, Geneva International Airport and London Gatwick Airport have circular satellite terminals, lisbon Internacional Airport has a small rectangular satellite terminal, connect by a free shuttle service. Orlando International Airport and Pittsburgh International Airport have multi-pier satellite terminals, brussels Airports Pier A is connected to the main building via underground tunnels and walkways. Zurich Airports Midfield Terminal is connected to the terminal via an underground Skymetro. At Logan International Airport in Boston, Terminal A has two sections of gates, one of which is a terminal connected by an underground walkway. Denver International Airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, and Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport have linear satellite terminals connected by central passages, the linear satellite terminals are connected by automatic people movers
Airport terminal
–
Terminal Five at
Heathrow Airport
Airport terminal
Airport terminal
–
The
Tom Bradley International Terminal of
Los Angeles International Airport, which handles the most origin and destination (O&D) flights in the world
Airport terminal
–
Typical design of a terminal, showing the Departures (upper half of page) and Arrivals levels. 1. Departures Lounge. 2. Gates and jet bridges. 3. Security Clearance Gates. 4 Baggage Check-in. 5.
Baggage carousels
21.
Airport check-in
–
Airport check-in uses service counters found at commercial airports handling commercial air travel. The check-in is normally handled by an airline itself or an agent working on behalf of an airline. Passengers usually hand over any baggage that they do not wish or are not allowed to carry on to the aircrafts cabin and receive a boarding pass before they can proceed to board their aircraft. Check-in is usually the first procedure for a passenger when arriving at an airport and this duration spans from 15 minutes to 4 hours depending on the destination and airline. The airline check-ins main function, however, is to accept luggage that is to go in the cargo hold. This reduces check-in time and queuing at the airport, at the time of check-in one of the Agents primary duties is to check for valid documents. This includes tickets, passports, visas, letters of consent etc and this information, known as Advance Passenger Information, is now usually collected online with or after the flight booking. At the time of check-in, the hands over baggage which is checked by the airport security. Anything that is above the limit or which is not allowed to be carried by the passenger themself to the aircraft cabin is usually handed over to the agent at the time of check-in. The baggage allowance, if any, is prescribed by the airline and these baggage restrictions are based on the class the passenger is traveling. E. g. Economy Class, First Class, Executive Class, Air New Zealand domestic services introduced a self-check-in process allowing passengers with bags to arrive and check-in at the self-service kiosks with luggage up to 25 min prior to departure time. Passengers then attach the tag and drop the bag themselves at the baggage drop belt. KLM also since 2008 provides a self-service bag drop counter at Schiphol International Airport, stockholm-Arlanda Airport introduced self-service bag drop in 2012. It is expected that self-service bag drop will be more common. Usually at the time of check-in, an option of selecting the seats is offered, the agent may ask if a window or aisle seat is wanted. Online check-in is the process in which passengers confirm their presence on a flight via the Internet, depending on the carrier and the specific flight, passengers may also enter details such as meal options and baggage quantities and select their preferred seating. This service is promoted by the airlines to passengers as being easier and faster because it reduces the time a passenger would normally spend at an airport check-in counter. Some airlines, however, would require passengers to proceed to a check-in counter at the airport, regardless of preferred check-in method
Airport check-in
–
Check-in counters of
Thai Airways International at
Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok
Airport check-in
–
Aer Lingus self-check-in at
Dublin Airport
Airport check-in
–
Panorama of a modern airport check-in hall at
Ezeiza International Airport in
Buenos Aires
Airport check-in
–
Check-in Hall A at
Leeds Bradford International Airport
22.
Airport lounge
–
An airport lounge is a hospitality facility operated at many airports. The American Airlines Admirals Club was the first airport lounge when it opened at New York Citys La Guardia Airport in 1939, then AA president C. R. Smith conceived it as a promotional tool. Airlines operate airline lounges as a service to passengers, usually those flying first and business class. Most major carriers have one or more lounges in their hubs, the major US airlines—American, Delta and United —operate dozens of lounges, while smaller airlines like Alaska Airlines tend to only operate a handful of lounges in their hub and focus cities. Airlines outside of North America and Australia generally do not sell lounge membership, however, if one has a lounge membership in an airline in one of the three major airline alliances, they may have access to the lounges of the other members of that alliance. It is however not uncommon for members to agree individually to allow usage of each others lounges. Although Alaska Airlines operates just five Board Rooms, its members have access to American Airlines Admirals Club, Board Room members cannot, however, access the lounges of other Oneworld members, such as British Airways or Japan Airlines. Private companies, such as Aspire Lounges by Swissport and Plaza Premium Lounge, in contrast to airline lounges, these facilities are open to any traveller traversing the airport, regardless of class of ticket or airline, subject to payment of a fee. Most only offer day passes, but some also offer yearly, for many airlines, a first class lounge will also be offered to international first class and top-tier passengers. First class lounges are usually more exclusive and will feature extra amenities over business class that are more in line with the European/Asian concept of an airport lounge. In the few cases where an amenity is offered only in the business class lounge, in most cases, airlines will offer first class passengers a free pass to their standard airport club. Some airlines offer arrival lounges for passengers to shower, rest, access to airport lounges may be obtained in several ways. In Australia, Canada, and the United States, a method to gain access is by purchasing an annual or a lifetime membership, while in Asia. Membership fees are sometimes discounted for elite members of a frequent flyer program. Lounge access can also be attained with an airline status card, the top frequent-flyer levels often offer access to any of an airlines lounges or partner airlines lounges, when traveling in any class of travel on any of the partner airlines. Aspire Airport Lounges can be accessed by anyone, irrespective of airline or flight class, Aspire Lounges are highly regarded through their contemporary design and complimentary food and drink offering. Executive Lounges, also owned by Swissport, offer a range of benefits when booking an Aspire Lounge directly with them. Premium credit and charge cards such as Diners Club International, American Express Platinum, some banks like HSBC and ABN Amro offer lounge access for premium clients
Airport lounge
–
An airport lounge in the
Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport
Airport lounge
–
Malaysia Airlines ' Golden Lounge at
Kuala Lumpur International Airport,
Malaysia
Airport lounge
–
The
Japan Airlines first class "Diamond Premiere Lounge" at
Tokyo International Airport,
Japan
Airport lounge
–
The
Lufthansa First Class lounge at
Frankfurt International Airport,
Germany
23.
SkyTeam
–
Founded in June 2000, SkyTeam was the last of the three major airline alliances to be formed, the first two being Star Alliance and Oneworld. As of March 2014, SkyTeam consists of 20 carriers from five continents and it also operates a cargo alliance named SkyTeam Cargo, which partners ten carriers, all of them SkyTeam members. Its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, is based at the World Trade Center Schiphol Airport on the grounds of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands. In terms of passengers, with 665.4 million carried passengers, SkyTeam has grown and is now the largest alliance in the world ahead of Star Alliance. In 2004, the alliance had its biggest expansion when Continental Airlines, Northwest Airlines, garuda Indonesia entered the alliance in March 2014. As of March 2014, SkyTeam flies to more than 1,000 destinations in 178 countries and operates some 15,700 daily flights with a fleet of over 4,400 aircraft. The alliance and its members have a workforce of 459,781, furthermore. On 22 June 2000, representatives of Aeroméxico, Air France, Delta Air Lines and these became the four founding carriers of SkyTeam. Upon its formation, SkyTeam would offer its customers a total of 6,402 daily flights to 451 destinations in 98 countries, in September 2000, the alliance established a cargo alliance, SkyTeam Cargo. The groups inaugural members were Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics, the following month, the newly established airline alliance announced its intentions to incorporate CSA Czech Airlines as the 5th member in April the following year. The alliance saw the joining of CSA Czech Airlines on 25 March 2001, Alitalia entered SkyTeam on 27 July the same year, on 30 September 2001, the alliance received KLMs application for membership, following the airlines plans to create a leading airline group with Air France. In 2003, Deltas subsidiary, Delta Express, was replaced by Song and that same year, SkyTeam also launched an improved website focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity and other resources. On 24 May 2004, Aeroflot, the carrier and principal airline of Russia. The event took place in Kremlin following the airlines application earlier in the year for membership, SkyTeam expressed that Aeroflot has not met the consortiums standards, but that the airlines large hub networks made it ideal for the alliance, and made up for its deficiencies. On 28 August, China Southern Airlines, the largest carrier in the Peoples Republic of China, on 13 September, Continental Airlines, KLM and Northwest Airlines joined the alliance. Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline alliance history, every associate adopted a frequent-flyer program of a full member, Copa Airlines already used Continentals OnePass, Kenya Airways and Air Europa used Air France–KLMs Flying Blue. Following a 23-month joining process since May 2004, Aeroflot joined on 14 April 2006 and it was the first Russian airline to be associated with any airline alliance. Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passing International Air Transport Associations Operational Safety Audit, Deltas subsidiary Song continued to operate as Delta Air Lines
SkyTeam
–
Schiphol World Trade Center, where SkyTeam has its head office
SkyTeam
–
SkyTeam
SkyTeam
–
Aeroflot Airbus A330 departs
London Heathrow Airport, (2014)
SkyTeam
–
Garuda Indonesia
Airbus A330-300 in SkyTeam special livery
24.
Schengen Area
–
The Schengen Area is an area comprising 26 European states that have officially abolished passport and any other type of border control at their mutual borders. The area mostly functions as a country for international travel purposes. The area is named after the Schengen Agreement, States in the Schengen Area have eliminated border controls with other Schengen members and strengthened border controls with non-Schengen countries. Twenty-two of the twenty-eight European Union member states participate in the Schengen Area, three European microstates – Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City – can be considered de facto participants. The Schengen Area has a population of over 400 million people, as a result of the migration crisis ongoing as of early 2017, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Norway and Sweden temporarily imposed controls on some or all of their borders with other Schengen states. Following the November 2015 Paris attacks and subsequent attacks in France, France declared a state of emergency, the Schengen Agreement was signed on 14 June 1985 by five of the ten EEC member states in the town of Schengen, Luxembourg. The Schengen Area was established separately from the European Economic Community, in 1990 the Agreement was supplemented by the Schengen Convention, which proposed the abolition of internal border controls and a common visa policy. The Agreements and the rules adopted under them were separate from the EC structures. As more EU member states signed the Schengen Agreement, consensus was reached on absorbing it into the procedures of the EU, the Agreement and its related conventions were incorporated into the mainstream of European Union law by the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997, which came into effect in 1999. A consequence of the Agreement being part of European law is that any amendment and regulation is made within its processes, in which the non-EU members are not participants. The UK and Ireland have maintained a Common Travel Area since 1923, but beyond this the UK could not accept abolishing border controls, and were given a full opt-out from the area. While not signing the Schengen Treaty, Ireland has always looked more favourably on joining but has not done so to maintain the CTA, the Nordic members required Norway and Iceland to be included, which was accepted, and so a consensus could be reached. The Schengen Area consists of 26 states, including four which are not members of the European Union, two of the non-EU members, Iceland and Norway, are part of the Nordic Passport Union and are officially classified as states associated with the Schengen activities of the EU. Switzerland was subsequently allowed to participate in the manner in 2008. Liechtenstein joined the Schengen Area on 19 December 2011, de facto, the Schengen Area also includes three European micro-states – Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican City – that maintain open or semi-open borders with other Schengen member countries. Two EU members – Ireland and the United Kingdom – negotiated opt-outs from Schengen, the remaining four EU member states – Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania – are obliged to eventually join the Schengen Area. However, before implementing the Schengen rules, each state must have its preparedness assessed in four areas, air borders, visas, police cooperation. This evaluation process involves a questionnaire and visits by EU experts to selected institutions, the only land borders with border controls between EU/EEA members, are those of Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania, and the one at Gibraltar and those at the Channel Tunnel
Schengen Area
–
A typical Schengen border crossing has no border control post and only a common EU-state sign displaying the name of the country being entered, as here between Germany and Austria. The larger blue sign announces entry to the Federal Republic of Germany in German, the smaller white sign announces entry into the German
state of
Bavaria.
Schengen Area
Schengen Area
–
Passport control at an external Schengen border in Finland
Schengen Area
–
Facilitated Rail Transit Document
25.
Aegean Airlines
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Aegean Airlines S. A. is the largest Greek airline by total number of passengers carried, by number of destinations served and by fleet size. Its main hubs are Athens International Airport in Athens, Thessaloniki International Airport in Thessaloniki and it also uses other Greek airports as bases, some of which are seasonal. It has its office in Kifisia, a suburb of Athens. Although the airline is the largest airline in Greece, it is not a flag carrier. On 21 October 2012, Aegean Airlines announced that it had struck a deal to acquire Olympic Air, both carriers continue to operate under separate brands. In addition, Aegean Airlines participated in the stages of the tender for the privatization of Cyprus Airways. Aegean Airlines was founded as Aegean Aviation in 1987 and it was originally a VIP/business air operation specialising in executive and air ambulance services. On 17 February 1992, it became the first airline to be issued with a Greek independent air operators licence, after it was acquired by Vasilakis Group in 1994, Aegean Aviation commenced VIP flights from Athens all over the world with wholly owned Learjet aircraft. The Aegean Airlines name was adopted with the start of scheduled services at the end of May 1999. Aegeans first commercial flights were in May 1999 from Athens to Heraklion, Crete, in December 1999 Aegean also acquired Air Greece. After an agreement in March 2001 to merge Aegean and Cronus Airlines, since 2005, the airline has been in partnership with Lufthansa, offering participation in the Miles & More programme, and its flights, in addition to its A3 code also have the Lufthansa LH code. In March 2006, Aegean Airlines also entered into an agreement with TAP Portugal. In December 2008, Aegean Airlines announced its co-operation with Brussels Airlines, in 2009, Aegean Airlines started codeshare agreements with BMI, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa and TAP Portugal. On 26 May 2009, the Aegean Airlines membership application was approved by the Chief Executive Board of Star Alliance, Aegean officially joined the alliance on 30 June 2010. In February 2010, initial shareholder discussions took place to consider co-operation between Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air fueling rumours of a possible merger, on 22 February 2010, Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines announced that they agreed to a merger. The newly merged airline was to carry the Olympic brand name and logo, the Aegean brand would cease to exist after the transition period. It was expected that the merger would be finalised and the new combined airline would begin operation by October 2010, Aegean joined Star Alliance at the end of June 2010. The intent was for the carrier to be a Star Alliance member
Aegean Airlines
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An Aegean Airlines
British Aerospace Avro RJ100 (used 1999-2011).
Aegean Airlines
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Boeing 737-300 (used 2001-2010).
Aegean Airlines
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Aegean Airlines
Airbus A320-232 (used from 2007).
Aegean Airlines
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Aegean
Airbus A321-200, (2014)
26.
Athens International Airport
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It is Greeces busiest airport and it serves as the hub and main base of Aegean Airlines as well as other Greek airlines. The airport is currently in Group 2 of Airports Council International and as of 2016, AIA is located between the towns of Markopoulo, Koropi, Spata and Loutsa, about 20 km to the east of central Athens. As to-date, ownership is divided between the Hellenic Republic and Private Sector in a 55%-45% stake following a PPP scheme for the airport company, currently, private investors include the Copelouzos Group and PSP Investments of Canada, following purchase of Hochtiefs shares. The airport was constructed to replace the now-closed Athens International Airport, studies for a new airport had been carried out from as early as the 1970s, with as many as 19 different locations being looked at before an area close to the town of Spata was chosen as suitable. Athens Airport SA, a company, was established in 1978 to proceed with the plans. In 1996, Athens International Airport S. A. was established as a Public–private partnership with a 30-year concession agreement and that same year, the €2.1 billion development finally began with an estimated completion date of February 2001. The airport construction was completed five months before schedule, but was delayed opening a month due to connections to Attiki Odos not being completed. Its major features include two parallel runways being 4 km and 3.8 km long respectively, the airport has received approval from the European Aviation Safety Agency and the Federal Aviation Administration for take-offs and landings of the biggest passenger jet worldwide, the A380. The first ever A380 to visit Eleftherios Venizelos Athens International Airport made a landing on 13 April 2011 for emergency medical reasons. The first scheduled A380 flight took place on 26 October 2012 by Emirates, the Greek government-debt crisis reduced the overall passenger traffic of the airport for six consecutive years. Many long-haul airlines outright terminated service to the airport, while others chose to operate on a basis only. Moreover, these problems were exacerbated by the closure of Olympic Airlines. In 2013, the airport handled just above 12.5 million passengers,3. 2% fewer than in 2012,2014 signaled a strong recovery for the airports passenger traffic and all statistical figures. More than ten new airlines started new flights to and from Athens, Aegean Airlines strengthened its network by 30% while Ryanair established a new base in the Athens Airport and added eight destinations. Characteristically, Singapore and Gulf Air resumed flights while Emirates, Etihad Airways, delta Air Lines and American Airlines retained their seasonal schedules to/from USA with even more frequent connectivity. From 2017 onwards, year-round services to Singapore are going to resume after more than 5 years, flights are going to be opeated by Scoot. In addition, over the period, aircraft traffic exhibited a solid growth of 14% year-over-year. Strong growth was evident throughout 2016, both for domestic and international destinations, annual results reflect a solid performance having an all-time record high been achieved for a second year in a row fueled by double-digit growth, this time passing the twenty million mark
Athens International Airport
Athens International Airport
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Check-in-area
Athens International Airport
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Apron overview
27.
Heraklion International Airport
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Heraklion International Airport, “Nikos Kazantzakis” is the primary airport on the island of Crete, Greece, and the country’s second busiest airport after Athens International Airport. It is located about 5 km east of the city center of Heraklion. It is a shared civil/military facility, the airport is named after Heraklion native Nikos Kazantzakis, a Greek writer and philosopher. Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is Crete’s main and busiest airport, serving Heraklion, Aghios Nikolaos, Malia, Hersonissos, Stalida, Elounda, the airport first opened in March 1939. This was then merely a piece of agricultural land. The first aeroplane carried the first passengers to the site, during the Second World War operations ceased, but in the fall of 1946 traffic ressumed, introducing the DC-3 aircraft. At first, the airport only offered very basic service, with only primitive installations on the site, in 1947, the first terminal was erected. Hellenic Airlines started commercial flights in 1948, at that time, a total of 4,000 people were served. The year 1953 saw the construction of a runway which was initially 1,850 meters long. The next major event followed in 1954, when a four-engined DC-4 aircraft landed for the first time at the airport, in that year the airport handled approximately 18,000 passengers. From 1957 onward, the new Olympic Airways used the airport, from 1968 until 1971, the runway was extended to 2,680 meters and a new terminal and other facilities were constructed, essentially making it a new airport. On March 18,1971, the first charter flight from abroad operated at the airport, the new airport itself was officially inaugurated on May 5,1972. Further events Annual traffic statistics – 16-year history *2016 data is for January - November only The airline Bluebird Airways has its office at the airport. It is often requested by airlines that passengers do not take any photographs or video of the runway and this is because of a Hellenic Air Force base which operates at the airport. Kazantzakis Greek Airport Guide, Iraklio Airport, N. Kazantzakis LGIR on Airliners. net Airport information for LGIR at World Aero Data, Data current as of October 2006. LGIR current wind Heraklion International Airport, N. Kazantzakis Greek Airports
Heraklion International Airport
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Heraklion International Airport “Nikos Kazantzakis” Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Ηρακλείου “Νίκος Καζαντζάκης”
28.
Rhodes International Airport
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Rhodes International Airport, Diagoras or Diagoras International Airport is located on the West side of the island of Rhodes in Greece. The facility is located just north of the village Paradisi, about 14 km southwest of the capital city, Rhodes International Airport was the fourth busiest airport in Greece as of 2016, with 5,007,159 passengers utilizing the airport. Civil aviation on Rhodes started after the world war, on the location of the nearby military Rhodes Maritsa Airport. This was the main airport until 1980, when the new Rhodes International Airport was opened. The need for a new facility was big, as the old Maritsa airport did not meet the needs for a civil airport. The new Diagoras airport was built in 1977 and it was decided that, on this location, it would meet the needs of the island better. Over the passing years, many improvements have made to the airport, like expansion of taxiways, platform. The most recent upgrade is the new terminal, which opened in 2005. The airports plants currently cover an area of 60,000 m2 In 2015. Flights were diverted to Athens and the runway was fixed and reopened shortly afterwards and we signed the deal today, the head of Greeces privatisation agency HRADF, Stergios Pitsiorlas, told Reuters. According to the agreement, the joint venture will operate the 14 airports for 40 years as of autumn 2016, the airports single runway direction is 070/250, having a length of 3,306 meters and a width of 60 meters. There are six taxiways connecting the runway with the terminal, annual Passenger Throughput, 16-year history By car the airport can be reached via the main road along the west coast. Rodos city is some 30 minutes driving away, buses to Rodos city depart regularly and the journey takes about 40 minutes. Data current as of October 2006
Rhodes International Airport
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Rhodes International Airport "Diagoras" Κρατικός Αερολιμένας Ρόδου "Διαγόρας»
29.
Aer Lingus
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Aer Lingus, is the flag carrier airline of Ireland and the second-largest airline in Ireland. Founded by the Irish government, it was privatised between 2006 and 2015 and it is now a subsidiary of International Airlines Group, the parent company of British Airways, Iberia, the airlines head office is on the grounds of Dublin Airport in Cloghran, County Dublin, Ireland. The airline has codeshares with Oneworld, Star Alliance and SkyTeam members, as well as interline agreements with Etihad Airways, JetBlue Airways and United Airlines. Aer Lingus has a business model, operating a mixed fare service on its European and North African routes and full service. Ryanair used to own over 29% of Aer Lingus stock and the Irish state owned over 25% and these shareholders were lost after IAG bought the airline. The state had previously held an 85% shareholding until the Governments decision to float the company on the Dublin, the principal group companies include Aer Lingus Limited, Aer Lingus Beachey Limited, Aer Lingus Limited and Dirnan Insurance Company Limited, all of which are wholly owned. On 26 May 2015, after months of negotiations on a possible IAG takeover, Ryanair retained a 30% stake in Aer Lingus which it agreed to sell to IAG on 10 July 2015 for €2.55 per share. In August 2015, Aer Lingus shareholders officially accepted IAGs takeover offer, IAG subsequently assumed control of Aer Lingus on 2 September 2015. Aer Lingus was founded on 15 April 1936, with a capital of £100,000 and its first chairman was Seán Ó hUadhaigh. Aer Lingus Teoranta was registered as an airline on 22 May 1936, the name Aer Lingus was proposed by Richard F OConnor, who was County Cork Surveyor, as well as an aviation enthusiast. Aer Lingus was originally pronounced air ling-us and only later did the change to the air ling-gus used now. Later that year, the airline acquired its second aircraft, a four-engined biplane de Havilland DH.86 Express named Éire and this aircraft provided the first air link between Dublin and London by extending the Bristol service to Croydon. At the same time, the DH.84 Dragon was used to inaugurate an Aer Lingus service on the Dublin-Liverpool route, the airline was established as the national carrier under the Air Navigation and Transport Act. In 1937, the Irish government created Aer Rianta, a company to financial responsibility for the new airline. In April 1937, Aer Lingus became wholly owned by the Irish government via Aer Rianta and he retired 30 years later in 1967 at the age of 60. In 1938, a de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide replaced Iolar, two Lockheed 14s arrived in 1939, Aer Lingus first all-metal aircraft. In January 1940, a new airport opened in the Dublin suburb of Collinstown and it purchased a new DC-3 and inaugurated new services to Liverpool and an internal service to Shannon. The airlines services were curtailed during World War II with the route being to Liverpool or Barton Aerodrome Manchester depending on the fluctuating security situation
Aer Lingus
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A DH.84 Dragon, repainted in the livery of Aer Lingus' original aircraft "Iolar".
Aer Lingus
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Douglas DC-3 at
Manchester Airport in 1948 wearing the first postwar livery
Aer Lingus
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A
Bristol 170 Freighter at Manchester Airport in 1953.
Aer Lingus
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A
Vickers Viscount 808 in "green top" livery at Manchester Airport in 1963.
30.
Dublin Airport
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Dublin Airport, is an international airport serving Dublin, the capital city of Ireland. The airport is located 5.4 nmi north of Dublin in Collinstown, in 2016,27.9 million passengers passed through the airport, making it the airports busiest year on record. It is the 16th busiest airport in Europe, and is also the busiest of the states airports by passenger traffic. It has the greatest traffic levels on the island of Ireland, followed by Belfast International Airport, the airport has an extensive short and medium haul network, served by an array of carriers, as well as some intercontinental routes focused in the Middle East and North America. United States border preclearance services are available at the airport for U. S. -bound passengers, Shannon Airport is the only other airport in Europe to offer this facility. A decision was made that an airport should replace Baldonnel as Dublins airport. The townlands of Collinstown, Rock and Corballis in the Barony of Coolock were selected as the location for the new civil aerodrome, collinstowns first association with aviation was as a British military air base during World War I. Construction of the airport was completed in 1919, and at the end of 1922 the land. The airfield quickly fell into disrepair and grass grew on the former runways, work on the new airport began in 1937. By the end of 1939, a grass surface, internal roads, car parks and electrical power. The inaugural flight from Dublin took place on 19 January 1940 to Liverpool, in August 1938, work began on a new airport terminal building. The terminal building was designed by architect Desmond FitzGerald, brother of politician Garret FitzGerald, the terminal building opened in early 1941, with its design heavily influenced by the tiered structure of the luxury ocean liners of the time. The terminal was awarded the Triennial Gold Medal of the Royal Hibernian Institute of Architects in 1942 and is today a listed building. Due to World War II, which was known as The Emergency in the Irish Free State, the only international scheduled route operated during this time was by Aer Lingus to Liverpool. The end of the war meant the beginning of an expansion in services at the airport. Aer Lingus resumed its London service to Croydon in November 1945, in 1947, KLM started the first European flights to Dublin with a service to Amsterdam. Three new concrete runways were completed in 1948, and in 1950 - after ten years in operation - the airport had welcomed a total of 920,000 passengers, throughout the 1950s Dublin Airport expanded with virtually uninterrupted traffic growth. Runway extensions and terminal enhancements were carried out to deal with the influx of traffic, new airlines began serving the airport also
Dublin Airport
Dublin Airport
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The original
international style passenger terminal, completed in 1940
Dublin Airport
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An
Aer Lingus DC-3 plane at Dublin Airport's original Terminal 1 in May 1950.
Dublin Airport
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Two of the airport's largest operators side-by-side, a
Ryanair BAC 1-11 (front) and an Aer Lingus
Boeing 737 (rear) in 1993
10%
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Media related to Venice Marco Polo Airport at Wikimedia Commons
