1.
Hellfest (French music festival)
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Hellfest, also called Hellfest Summer Open Air, is a French music festival specializing in heavy metal, held annually in June in Clisson in Loire-Atlantique. Its high attendance makes it one of the greatest French music festivals and it is also one of the biggest festivals of metal in Europe and the first in France. The festival was the successor of Fury Fest, which was held in 2002 and 2003 in Clisson and Nantes respectively, in June 2009, numerous groups concerned about the concert name asked the festival sponsors to disengage from Hellfest. Coca-Cola announced a few days later that they no longer support the festival. The same month, former minister and leader of the Parti chrétien-démocrate Christine Boutin wrote to Kronenbourg asking them to supporting the festival. The 30 March, questioned by deputy Patrick Roy, the minister Frédéric Mitterrand declared to the Assemblée Nationale that the detractors of the festival should calm down, during the 2011 edition an homage was paid to Patrick Roy who died two months before. On June 9,2010, the AFC sued the Hellfest, asking not to allow people under 18 years old to attend the festival. On June 14, the judge refused their demand, the first association was created in 2000 in Clisson as CLS CREW, in order to organize concerts of hardcore and punk in the region of Nantes. It allows to program groups like Arkangel or Poison the Well, the success of these concerts makes possible the launch the first festival in June 2002, named Fury Fest. It gathers 400 people to attend Agnostic Front, in Clisson, the festival continued the following years. It attracts 7,000 people to attend concerts of Sick of It All, the format changes to two days. Because no room was available in Clisson, Hall of Trocardière hosts this second edition, the organization of the festival also changes, the MAN. IN. FEST association was created to take charge of the organization. The 2003 has reached €30,000 profit, allowing Benjamin Barbaud, one of the founders, in 2004, the festival moved to Le Mans and stands in the halls of the 24 Hours circuit where it attracts 21,000 spectators to Slipknot and Soulfly. After a deficit in 2004, the 2005 inheriting liabilities, the team decided to give the rights of the festival to others promoters. This time 30,000 entries are recorded at Le Mans in three days, to concerts of Slayer, Motörhead and Anthrax on three stages. But financial problems worsen, with the disappearance of promoters with €600000 recipe, official website Pictures of Hellfest 2009
2.
Newcastle upon Tyne
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Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself, the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. Newcastle also houses Newcastle University, a member of the Russell Group, the city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the trade in the 14th century. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the worlds largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastles economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge. Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run, a marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius and it was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain, Pons Aelius population at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrians Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road, the course of the Roman Wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the walls end—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all, because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a castle in 1087. The castle was again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city dates from this period. Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was Englands northern fortress, incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589
3.
Thrash metal
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Thrash metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its fast tempo and overall aggression. The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, the lyrics often deal with social issues and reproach for The Establishment, using direct and denunciatory language, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the fast drum beats and attitude of hardcore with the double bass drumming, heavy and complex guitar style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. Thrash metal was an inspiration for subsequent extreme genres such as death metal, Four American bands—Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer—are credited with pioneering and popularizing the genre. The Clash of the Titans tour, which featured Megadeth, Slayer, thrash metal has seen a resurgence in recent times, with many of the older bands returning to their roots with their new releases. A new generation of metal bands emerged in the early 2000s. Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex riffs, high-register guitar solos. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the drum beats of hardcore punk with the style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. The rhythm guitar parts are played with distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter. Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from singing to shouted vocals. The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, for example, the intro riff of Metallicas Master of Puppets is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone. Speed, pacing and time-changes also define thrash metal, thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two drums, or a double-bass pedal, in order to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo, to keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve DiGiorgio, Robert Trujillo, several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörheads Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, in addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands
4.
Black metal
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Black metal is an extreme subgenre and subculture of heavy metal music. Common traits include fast tempos, a vocal style, heavily distorted guitars played with tremolo picking, raw recording, unconventional song structures. Artists often appear in corpse paint and adopt pseudonyms, during the 1980s, several thrash and death metal bands formed a prototype for black metal. This so-called first wave included bands such as Venom, Bathory, Mercyful Fate, Hellhammer, a second wave arose in the early 1990s, spearheaded by Norwegian bands such as Mayhem, Darkthrone, Burzum, Immortal, Emperor, Satyricon and Gorgoroth. The early Norwegian black metal scene developed the style of their forebears into a distinct genre, norwegian-inspired black metal scenes emerged throughout Europe and North America, although some other scenes developed their own styles independently. Some prominent Swedish bands spawned during this wave, such as Marduk, Nifelheim. Initially a synonym for Satanic metal, black metal is often met with hostility from mainstream culture, due to the actions, many artists express extreme anti-Christian and misanthropic views, advocating various forms of Satanism or ethnic paganism. In the 1990s, members of the scene were responsible for a spate of church burnings, there is also a small neo-Nazi movement within black metal, although it has been shunned by many prominent artists. Generally, black metal strives to remain underground, inaccessible to the mainstream, although contemporary black metal typically refers to the Norwegian style with shrieking vocals and raw production, the term has also been applied to bands with widely differing sounds. Norwegian-inspired black metal guitarists usually favor high-pitched or trebly guitar tones, the guitar is usually played with fast, un-muted tremolo picking. Guitarists often use dissonance—along with specific scales, intervals and chord progressions—to create a sense of dread, the tritone, or flat-fifth, is often used. Guitar solos and low guitar tunings are rare in black metal, the bass guitar is seldom used to play stand-alone melodies. It is not uncommon for the bass to be muted against the guitar, some newer black metal bands began raising their production quality and introducing additional instruments such as synthesizers and even orchestras. The drumming is usually fast and relies on double-bass and blast beats to maintain tempos that can sometimes approach 300 beats per minute and these fast tempos require great skill and physical stamina, typified by black metal drummers Frost and Hellhammer. Even still, authenticity is still prioritized over technique and this professionalism has to go, insists well-respected drummer and metal historian Fenriz of Darkthrone. I want to de-learn playing drums, I want to play primitive and simple, I dont want to play like a drum solo all the time, Black metal songs often stray from conventional song structure and often lack clear verse-chorus sections. Instead, many black metal songs contain lengthy and repetitive instrumental sections, the Greek style—established by Rotting Christ, Necromantia and Varathron—has more traditional heavy metal and death metal traits than Norwegian black metal. Traditional black metal bands tend to favor raspy, high-pitched vocals which include such as shrieking, screaming, and snarling
5.
Speed metal
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Speed metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music that originated in the late 1970s from new wave of British heavy metal roots. It is described by AllMusic as extremely fast, abrasive, and it is usually considered less abrasive and more melodic than thrash metal, showing less influence from hardcore punk. However, speed metal is usually faster and more aggressive than traditional heavy metal, Speed metal songs frequently make use of highly expressive vocals, but are usually less likely to employ harsh vocals than thrash metal songs. One of the key influences on the development of speed metal was the new wave of British heavy metal and this was a heavy metal movement that started in the late 1970s, in Britain, and achieved international attention by the early 1980s. NWOBHM bands toned down the blues influences of earlier acts, incorporated elements of punk, increased the tempo and it was an era directed almost exclusively at heavy metal fans and is considered to be a major foundation stone for the extreme metal genres. The NWOBHM came to dominate the heavy metal scene of the early-mid-1980s and it was musically characterized by fast upbeat tempo songs, power chords, fast guitar solos and melodic, soaring vocals. Groups such as Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Venom, Saxon and Motörhead as well as many lesser-known ones, Motörhead is often credited as the first band to invent/play speed metal. The latter was called early speed metal by Robb Reiner of speed metal band Anvil, black Sabbath are a British heavy metal band from Birmingham, England, and are often cited as one of the grandfathers of the genre. Though usually known for playing a slow, sludgy tempo. Their are those that believe that their song, Symptom of the Universe from their 1975 released Sabbotage album is thee first true example of a metal song. Judas Priest are a British heavy metal band formed in Birmingham. They often played faster than most rock groups of the time, some songs, such as 1978s Exciter, were groundbreaking for their sheer ferocity and speed, few, if any, bands exempting Motörhead, played with the same tempo. Exciter is a Canadian speed metal band from Ottawa, Ontario which was formed in 1978 and they are widely considered to be one of the first speed metal bands and a seminal influence of the thrash metal genre. Anvil are another Canadian speed metal band, from Toronto, Ontario, to date, the band has released sixteen studio albums, and has been cited as having influenced many notable thrash metal groups, including Metallica, Anthrax, Slayer and Megadeth. Annihilator is a Canadian speed/thrash metal band founded in 1984 by vocalist, guitarist and bassist Jeff Waters and they are the highest selling heavy metal group in Canadian history, having sold 2 million records worldwide. Accept is a German heavy metal band played an important role in the development of speed and thrash metal, being part of the German heavy metal scene. Of particular importance was their 1982 track Fast as a Shark, Speed metal eventually evolved into thrash metal. Although many tend to equate the two subgenres, others argue there is a distinct difference between them
6.
SPV GmbH
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SPV GmbH is an independent German record label. Founded on 1 January 1984, it has grown to be one of the largest independent distributors. It also has several sublabels that it produces and distributes, including the heavy metal labels Steamhammer, Synthetic Symphony, Oblivion, SPV Recordings/SPV America and Audiopharm. In response to this, on 27 May 2009, the District Court of Hannover appointed the attorney Manuel Sack as the provisional insolvency administrator
7.
Castle Communications
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Castle Communications was a British independent record label and home video distributor founded in 1983 by Terry Shand, Cliff Dane, and Jon Beecher. Its video imprint was called Castle Vision, Castle Communications was acquired by the American music distributor Alliance Entertainment in 1994 and in 2000 it was absorbed into Sanctuary Records Group. The label dissolved when Sanctuary became a subsidiary of Universal Music Group in 2007 and its catalogue of masters is now owned by BMG Rights Management, with global distribution handled by Warner Music Group. It purchased a number of catalogues, including Pye, Piccadilly, Bradleys, Bronze, Black Sabbath, Sugar Hill, Transatlantic, Beserkley, All Platinum. They possessed most of the Transatlantic and Trailer catalogue and they have also diversified to reissue several early albums by the Fall as well as Pink Years and Blue Years albums by Tangerine Dream, and compilations by Nurse with Wound and Current 93. They have also released a compilation featuring songs by Canadian rock band. In the 1980s they were notable for releasing heavy metal compilations albums under the series name Metal Killers. The first signing to the Raw Power label was the NWOBHM act Hells Belles, releasing their debut album, after several years, the Raw Power imprint was retired with the alleged waning of heavy metals popularity in the UK. Castle Vision was Castle Communications home video distributor arm and it released many videotapes, including TUGS, The Raggy Dolls, Tumbledown Farm, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Youve Been Framed. The Men of our Time series, a documentary called Falklands War, The Untold Story, The Fugitive, Harrys Game and more
8.
Universal Music Group
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Universal Music Group is an American-French global music corporation that is a subsidiary of the Paris-based French media conglomerate Vivendi. UMGs global corporate headquarters are in Santa Monica, California and it is considered one of the Big Three record labels, along with Warner Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment. Universal Music was once the music attached to film studio Universal Pictures and its origins go back to the formation of the American branch of Decca Records in September 1934. The Decca Record Co. Ltd. of England spun American Decca off in 1939, MCA Inc. merged with American Decca in 1962. The present organization was formed when its parent company Seagram purchased PolyGram in May 1998, however, the name had first appeared in 1996 when MCA Music Entertainment Group was renamed Universal Music Group. The PolyGram acquisition included Deutsche Grammophon which traces its ancestry to Berliner Gramophone making Deutsche Grammophon UMGs oldest unit, UMGs Canadian unit traces its ancestry to a Berliner Gramophone breakaway firm the Compo Company. With the 2004 acquisition of Universal Studios by General Electric and merging with GEs NBC and this is the second time a music company has done so, the first being the separation of Time Warner and Warner Music Group. On June 25,2007, Vivendi completed its €1.63 billion purchase of BMG Music Publishing, after receiving European Union regulatory approval, doug Morris stepped down from his position as CEO on January 1,2011. Former chairman/CEO of Universal Music International Lucian Grainge was promoted to CEO of the company, Grainge later replaced him as chairman on March 9,2011. Morris became the chairman of Sony Music Entertainment on July 1,2011. With Grainges appointment as CEO at UMG, Max Hole was promoted to COO of UMGI, starting in 2011 UMGs Interscope Geffen A&M Records will be signing contestants from American Idol/Idol series. On January 2011, UMG announced it was donating 200,000 master recordings from the 1920s to 1940s to the Library of Congress for preservation, in March 2011, Barry Weiss became chairman & CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group & Universal Republic Records. Both companies are restructuring under Weiss, in December 2011, David Foster was named Chairman of Verve Music Group. Among the other companies that had competed for the music business was Warner Music Group which was reported to have made a $2 billion bid. However, IMPALA has said it would fight the merger, coincidentally, UMG sister company StudioCanal has owned the EMI Films library for several years. On September 21,2012, the sale of EMI to UMG was approved in Europe, UMG divested Mute Records, Parlophone, Roxy Recordings, MPS Records, Cooperative Music, Now Thats What I Call Music. Jazzland, Universal Greece, Sanctuary Records, Chrysalis Records, EMI Classics, Virgin Classics, the Beatles recorded music library was allowed to remain with UMG despite being considered part of Parlophone and is now managed by UMGs reorganized Capitol Music Group worldwide. Robbie Williams, who had recorded for Chrysalis, had his transferred to Universals Island Records
9.
Conrad Lant
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Conrad Thomas Lant, also known by the stage name of Cronos, is an English musician. He is the vocalist and bass player of the influential Thrash metal/black metal band Venom, from 1979 to 1989 and from 1994 to present. After playing in a couple of school bands, Dwarfstar and Album Graecum, Conrad Lant known as Cronos, joined Guillotine as a guitarist in 1978. In 1980, the bass player left one week before a gig. Instead of not playing the venue, Cronos took up the bass and he continued to play the bass throughout his career in Venom. In 1981, the bands vocalist, Clive Archer, left, in League With Satan c/w Live Like An Angel. Cronos left the band in 1988 to pursue a career and occasionally featured in many other bands of a similar genre, including Cronos, Enthroned, Cradle of Filth, Warpath, Massacre. He also produced some of the albums for other bands, Venom tried to continue without Cronos, but only managed a couple of releases before halting their efforts in around 1993 due to lack of sales and poor concert attendances. Cronos reformed the original Venom line-up in 1995 and headlined the Dynamo Festival in 1996 to 90,000 fans. Venom tried to continue with the line up members but the magic that had worked for them in the early 80s was gone. They had signed a 3 album deal with CBH/Steamhammer in Germany, so like rats from a sinking ship, the first to depart was the drummer who refused to play drums on their next album leaving Cronos and the guitarist the job of finding a drummer. After this next release they still only managed 2 shows, so next to jump ship was the guitarist, in 2007 Cronos replaced the guitarist with Rage, releasing the album Hell in 2008 and again touring to sell out shows. By 2009 Dante joined the band, and starting with a full South American tour,2016 Current line up, Cronos, Rage and Dante, with 2 albums Fallen Angels and From The Very Depths. He also made several interviews stating that he would never work with drummer Abbadun again after financial disagreements, Venom played the classic single Die Hard along with Phil Anselmo in the Gods of Metal 2006 in Italy, where they headlined. Cronos appeared on Dave Grohls heavy metal side project Probot in 2004 and he had two other basses which are seen on the DVD which comes with the deluxe version of Black Metal. Cronos owns various 6 string guitars also which he plays to compose his songs with
10.
New wave of British heavy metal
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The new wave of British heavy metal was a nationwide musical movement that started in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and achieved international attention by the early 1980s. The DIY attitude of the new metal bands led to the spread of raw-sounding, self-produced recordings, song lyrics were usually about escapist themes such as mythology, fantasy, horror and the rock lifestyle. The NWOBHM began as an underground phenomenon growing in parallel to punk and it was only through the promotion of rock DJ Neal Kay and Sounds campaigning that it reached the public consciousness and gained radio airplay, recognition and success in the UK. The movement involved mostly young, white, male and working-class musicians and fans, as a reaction to their bleak reality, they created a community separate from mainstream society to enjoy each others company and their favourite loud music. The NWOBHM was heavily criticised for the hype generated by local media in favour of mostly talentless musicians. The movement spawned perhaps a metal bands, but only a few survived the advent of MTV. Among them, Iron Maiden and Def Leppard became international stars, other groups, such as Diamond Head, Venom and Raven, remained underground, but were a major influence on the successful extreme metal subgenres of the late 1980s and 1990s. Many bands from the NWOBHM reunited in the 2000s and remained active through live performances, as a consequence of deindustrialization, the unemployment rate was exceptionally high, especially among working class youth. It continued to rise in the early 1980s, peaking in February 1983, the discontent of so many people caused social unrest with frequent strikes, and culminated in a series of riots. These self-proclaimed punks were politically militant, relishing their anarchic attitude and they wore short and spiked hairstyles or shaved heads, often with safety pins and ripped clothes, and considered musical prowess unimportant as long as the music was simple and loud. The UK was a cradle of the first wave of heavy metal, of the many British bands that came to prominence during that period, Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple achieved worldwide success and critical acclaim. The success of the genre, usually called heavy rock at the time, generated a community of UK fans with strong ties to psychedelia, hippie doctrines. Some writers even declared the premature demise of heavy metal altogether, foreign hard rock acts, such as Blue Öyster Cult and Kiss from the US, Rush from Canada, Scorpions from Germany, and especially AC/DC from Australia, climbed the British charts in the same period. The band Motörhead was founded in 1975 by already experienced musicians and their leader Ian Lemmy Kilmister was a former member of the space rock band Hawkwind, Larry Wallis had played with Pink Fairies, and Eddie Clarke had been a member of Curtis Knights Zeus. Their previous experience is one element which divides critics and fans over whether the band belongs to the new wave of British heavy metal, didnt do us much good, because Motörhead came along a bit too early for it. Other critics view Motörhead as the first significant exponent of the movement and their fast music, the renunciation of technical virtuosity in favour of sheer loudness, and their uncompromising attitude were welcomed equally by punks and heavy metal fans. Motörhead were supported by many NWOBHM bands on tour, and they shared the stage with Lemmys friends punk band The Damned. Motörheads musical style became popular during the NWOBHM, making them a fundamental reference for the nascent movement
11.
Welcome to Hell
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Welcome to Hell is the debut studio album by English heavy metal band Venom. It was released in December 1981, through Neat Records, at the culmination of the new wave of British heavy metal movement. The sound of the album is very noisy and rough, perhaps in part because the thought they were recording a demo when they recorded the album over a period of only three days. According to author Dayal Patterson, Welcome to Hell might be the first black metal album, the album was re-issued in 1998 by Combat Records and was re-released by Sanctuary Records in 2002. The black metal band Mayhem borrowed their name from the instrumental track Mayhem with Mercy, the American death metal band Six Feet Under covered the song In League with Satan on their first cover album Graveyard Classics. The Brazilian death metal band Krisiun also covered this song on their studio album Works of Carnage. Stoner metal group High on Fire covered the song Witching Hour on their limited edition live album Live from the Relapse Contamination Festival as the closing track, the hardcore punk band The Meatmen covered In League with Satan on their 1996 album War of the Superbikes, Vol.2. In addition to covering the song, Canadian parody metal band Zimmers Hole references In League with Satan in the title of their album When You Were Shouting at the Devil and we Were in League with Satan. Sodom covered the song One Thousand Days in Sodom in their compilation Ten Black Years, the Canadian metal band Voivod covered the song In League With Satan on the live album Lives. Swedish heavy metal band Enforcer covered Bursting Out in 2013 and released it on the Japanese edition of their album From Beyond in 2014. Venom – producer, performer Conrad Cronos Lant – bass guitar, vocals Jeffrey Mantas Dunn – guitar Tony Abaddon Bray – drums Keith Nichol – producer, engineer Welcome to Hell info on venomcollector. com
12.
Black Metal (Venom album)
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Black Metal is the second album by English heavy metal band Venom. Although lending its name to the subgenre of heavy metal. AllMusic has described it as metal, while Moynihan & Søderlind in their book affirm that the album carved in stone some of essential features. Nevertheless, its lyrics and imagery were an influence on the early Norwegian black metal scene. The cover art was made by the bands bassist and singer Conrad Cronos Lant, in 1998, it was voted the 52nd among the 100 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die by the British magazine Kerrang. It was included in Robert Dimerys book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, the title track was featured on the soundtrack of the video game Tony Hawks American Wasteland. Alchemist covered Black Metal for a tribute album, blitzkrieg covered Countess Bathory on their album Unholy Trinity. Cradle of Filth covered the song Black Metal on the edition of their album Cruelty. Dark Forest, a metal band from Brazil, covered the song Black Metal on their demo Sodomized by Depraved Goat from 2003. Dimmu Borgir covered the song Black Metal, as the Japanese version bonus track on their album In Sorte Diaboli, heidenland covered Black Metal as a hidden track on the 1999 demo cassette Triomftocht voor de glorie van Wodan. Hypocrisy did a cover of the song Black Metal on the album Osculum Obscenum, isegrim made a cover album called A Tribute to Venom. Machetazo covered Black Metal, it appears on their compilation Ultratumba, mayhem, whose guitarist and bandleader Euronymous hailed Venom as an important black metal band, covered Black Metal on their Pure Fucking Armageddon demo. Messiah Marcolin did a cover of Countess Bathory, necrodeath made a cover of Countess Bathory on their album Draculea released in 2007. Obituary covered Buried Alive for their greatest hits compilation, entitled Anthology, sigh covered multiple songs off of this album on To Hell and Back, Sighs Tribute to Venom in 1995, and on A Tribute to Venom in 2008, along with other EPs and splits. The Soft Pink Truth, Drew Daniel of Matmos house side project, unleashed covered Countess Bathory on Shadows in the Deep. Vader covered Black Metal on their album Necropolis, macabre covered Countess Bathory for their album Grim Scary Tales. Warpath covered Black Metal for their album When War Begins, kazjurol covered Countess Bathory for their EP Body Slam. Cronos – bass guitar, vocals Mantas – guitar Abaddon – drums Keith Nichol - producer, engineer
13.
Jesus
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In Christology, the Person of Christ refers to the study of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ as they co-exist within one person. There is no discussion in the New Testament regarding the dual nature of the Person of Christ as both divine and human. Hence, since the days of Christianity theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures. In the period following the Apostolic Age, specific beliefs such as Arianism and Docetism were criticized. On the other end of the spectrum, Docetism argued that Jesus physical body was an illusion, docetic teachings were attacked by St. Ignatius of Antioch and were eventually abandoned by proto-orthodox Christians. However, after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Logos, historically in the Alexandrian school of christology, Jesus Christ is the eternal Logos paradoxically humanized in history, a divine Person who became enfleshed, uniting himself to the human nature. The views of these schools can be summarized as follows, Alexandria, Antioch, Logos assumes a specific human being The First Council of Ephesus in 431 debated a number of views regarding the Person of Christ. At the same gathering the council debated the doctrines of monophysitism or miaphysitism. The council rejected Nestorianism and adopted the term hypostatic union, referring to divine, the language used in the 431 declaration was further refined at the 451 Council of Chalcedon. However, the Chalcedon creed was not accepted by all Christians, because Saint Augustine died in 430 he did not participate in the Council of Ephesus in 431 or Chalcedon in 451, but his ideas had some impact on both councils. On the other hand, the major theological figure of the Middle Ages. The Third Council of Constantinople in 680 held that both divine and human wills exist in Jesus, with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will. John Calvin maintained that there was no element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the person of The Word. Calvin also emphasized the importance of the Work of Christ in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ, the study of the Person of Christ continued into the 20th century, with modern theologians such as Karl Rahner and Hans von Balthasar. Balthasar argued that the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the absorption of human attributes, thus in his view the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine
14.
Cronus
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In Greek mythology, Cronus, or Kronos, was the leader and youngest of the first generation of Titans, the divine descendants of Uranus, the sky, and Gaia, the earth. He overthrew his father and ruled during the mythological Golden Age, until he was overthrown by his own son Zeus, Cronus was usually depicted with a harpe, scythe or a sickle, which was the instrument he used to castrate and depose Uranus, his father. Cronus was also identified in antiquity with the Roman deity Saturn. In an ancient myth recorded by Hesiods Theogony, Cronus envied the power of his father, Gaia created a great stone sickle and gathered together Cronus and his brothers to persuade them to castrate Uranus. Only Cronus was willing to do the deed, so Gaia gave him the sickle, when Uranus met with Gaia, Cronus attacked him with the sickle, castrating him and casting his testicles into the sea. From the blood spilled out from Uranus and fell upon the earth, the Gigantes, Erinyes. The testicles produced a white foam from which the goddess Aphrodite emerged, for this, Uranus threatened vengeance and called his sons Titenes for overstepping their boundaries and daring to commit such an act. After dispatching Uranus, Cronus re-imprisoned the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes and he and his sister Rhea took the throne of the world as king and queen. The period in which Cronus ruled was called the Golden Age, as the people of the time had no need for laws or rules, everyone did the right thing, and immorality was absent. Cronus learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overcome by his own sons, just as he had overthrown his father. As a result, although he sired the gods Demeter, Hestia, Hera, Hades and Poseidon by Rhea, he devoured them all as soon as they were born to prevent the prophecy. When the sixth child, Zeus, was born Rhea sought Gaia to devise a plan to them and to eventually get retribution on Cronus for his acts against his father. Rhea secretly gave birth to Zeus in Crete, and handed Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes, also known as the Omphalos Stone, Rhea kept Zeus hidden in a cave on Mount Ida, Crete. Still other versions of the say that Zeus was raised by his grandmother. In other versions of the tale, Metis gave Cronus an emetic to force him to disgorge the children, after freeing his siblings, Zeus released the Hecatonchires, and the Cyclopes who forged for him his thunderbolts, Poseidons trident and Hades helmet of darkness. In a vast war called the Titanomachy, Zeus and his brothers and sisters, with the help of the Hecatonchires, and Cyclopes, overthrew Cronus and the other Titans. Afterwards, many of the Titans were confined in Tartarus, however, Atlas, Epimetheus, Helios, Gaia bore the monster Typhon to claim revenge for the imprisoned Titans. Accounts of the fate of Cronus after the Titanomachy differ, in Homeric and other texts he is imprisoned with the other Titans in Tartarus
15.
Abaddon
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The Hebrew term Abaddon, and its Greek equivalent Apollyon, appears in the Bible as a place of destruction. In the Hebrew Bible, abaddon often appears alongside the place שאול, in the New Testament Book of Revelation, an angel called Abaddon is described as the king of an army of locusts, his name is first transcribed in Greek. The Latin Vulgate and the Douay Rheims Bible have additional notes, according to the Brown Driver Briggs lexicon, the Hebrew abaddon is an intensive form of the Semitic root and verb stem abad perish, which occurs 184 times in the Hebrew Bible. The Septuagint, an early Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, renders abaddon as ἀπώλεια, while the Greek Apollyon comes from apollumi, the Greek term Apollyon, is the active participle of apollumi, and is not used as a name in classical Greek texts. The term abaddon appears six times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible, abaddon means destruction or place of destruction, or the realm of the dead, Job 26,6, the grave is naked before Him, and destruction has no covering. Job 28,22, destruction and death say, Job 31,12, it is a fire that consumes to destruction. Psalm 88,11, Shall thy loving kindness be declared in the grave or thy faithfulness in destruction, proverbs 15,11, Hell and Destruction are before the LORD, how much more than the hearts of the children of men. Proverbs 27,20, Hell and Destruction are never full, the text of the Thanksgiving Hymns—which was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls—tells of the Sheol of Abaddon and of the torrents of Belial burst into Abaddon. The Biblical Antiquities mentions Abaddon as a rather than an individual. Abaddon is also one of the compartments of Gehenna, by extension, it can mean an underworld abode of lost souls, or Gehenna. In some legends, Abaddon is identified as a realm where the damned lie in fire and snow, the Christian scriptures contain the first known depiction of Abaddon as an individual entity instead of a place. The symbolism of Revelation 9,11 leaves the identity of Abaddon open to interpretation, protestant commentator Matthew Henry believed Abaddon to be the Antichrist, whereas the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary and Henry H. Halley identified the angel as Satan. Latter-Day Saints believe that the use of Abaddon in Revelation 9 refers to the devil, to give further understanding, the book Insight from The Scriptures, Vol.1 presents the following information, ABADDON. At Revelation 9,11 this Hebrew word is transliterated into the English text, there we read concerning the symbolic plague of locusts that they have a king, the angel of the abyss. In Hebrew his name is Abaddon, but in Greek he has the name Apollyon, in Hebrew the word ʼavad·dohnʹ means destruction and may also refer to the place of destruction. It appears in the original Hebrew text a total of five times, and in four of the occurrences it is used to parallel the burial place, Sheol, at Job 31,12 ʼavad·dohnʹ designates the damaging effect of an adulterous course. Job declared, That is a fire that would eat clear to destruction, Abaddon, the angel of the abyss—who is he. At Revelation 9,11, however, the word Abaddon is used as the name of the angel of the abyss, the corresponding Greek name Apollyon means Destroyer
16.
Black Sabbath
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The band experienced multiple line-up changes, with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history. Originally formed as a rock band, the group soon adopted the Black Sabbath moniker and began incorporating occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics. They also composed songs about social instability, political corruption and drugs, Osbournes regular use of alcohol and other drugs led to his dismissal from the band in 1979. He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio, in 1992, Iommi and Butler rejoined Dio and drummer Vinny Appice to record Dehumanizer. The original line-up reunited with Osbourne in 1997 and released a live album Reunion, Black Sabbaths final studio album and nineteenth overall,13, features all of the original members but Ward. A year after embarking on a tour, the band played their final concert in their home city of Birmingham on 4 February 2017. Iommi has stated, however, that he has not ruled out the possibility of new material or one-off shows under the Black Sabbath name, Black Sabbath are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music. The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath, Paranoid and they were ranked by MTV as the Greatest Metal Band of all time, and placed second in VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list. Rolling Stone magazine ranked them number 85 in their 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and they have sold over 70 million records worldwide. Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 and they have also won two Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance. Following the break-up of their previous band Mythology in 1968, guitarist Tony Iommi and drummer Bill Ward sought to form a blues rock band in Aston. The new group was named the Polka Tulk Blues Band, the name taken either from a brand of talcum powder or an Indian/Pakistani clothing shop. The Polka Tulk Blues Band featured slide guitarist Jimmy Phillips, a friend of Osbournes. After shortening the name to Polka Tulk, the band changed their name to Earth and continued as a four-piece without Phillips. Iommi became concerned that Phillips and Clarke lacked the dedication and were not taking the band seriously. Rather than asking them to leave, they decided to break up. While the band was performing under the Earth title, they recorded several demos written by Norman Haines such as The Rebel, Song for Jim, the demo titled Song for Jim was in reference to Jim Simpson. Jim Simpson was a manager for the bands Bakerloo Blues Line, Simpson was also a trumpet player for the group Locomotive
17.
Judas Priest
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Judas Priest are a British heavy metal band formed in Birmingham, England, in 1969. The band has sold close to 50 million albums to date, MTV ranked them the second greatest metal band of all time. In 1989, they were named as defendants in a lawsuit alleging that subliminal messages on the song Better By You. The bands membership has seen much turnover, including a revolving cast of drummers in the 1970s, the current line-up consists of Halford, guitarists Glenn Tipton and Richie Faulkner, bassist Ian Hill, and drummer Scott Travis. The bands best-selling album is 1982s Screaming for Vengeance with their most commercially successful line-up, featuring Halford, Tipton, Hill, guitarist K. K. Downing, and drummer Dave Holland. Their influence, while mainly Halfords operatic vocal style and the guitar sound of Downing. Their image of leather, spikes, and other articles of clothing were widely influential during the glam metal era of the 1980s. The Guardian referred to British Steel as the record that defines heavy metal, an earlier band with a different line-up had been formed in the West Midlands area in 1969 by Al Atkins, Bruno Stapenhill, John Partridge, and John Perry. Perry was killed in a car accident, according to Al Atkins. Stapenhill came up with the name Judas Priest from Bob Dylans song The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest, the band played their first gig on 25 November 1969 at The George Hotel in Walsall and then toured Scotland in December 1969 and January 1970. The group disbanded in April 1970 after their last gig on 20 April at The Youth Centre in Cannock, the line-up that took over the name of Judas Priest included lead guitarist Kenny K. K. Downing, bassist Ian Skull Hill and drummer John Ellis. The band was founded in October 1970 in Birmingham and they agreed to join with Atkins, who suggested using his old bands name, and rehearsed at Atkins mother-in-laws house in Stone Cross. The reformed group played their first gig on 16 March 1971 at St Johns Hall, with Downing as acting leader, the band moved away from their original blues influences to play hard rock. The quartet played around Birmingham and the areas with various drummers until 1974, sometimes opening for bands such as Budgie, Thin Lizzy. Eventually, financial difficulties and problems with their management, Tony Iommis company, IMA, led to the departure of Allan Atkins, at the time, Ian Hill was dating a Walsall woman who suggested her brother, Rob Halford, as the bands singer. Halford joined them, bringing drummer John Hinch from his previous band and this line-up toured the UK, often supporting Budgie, and even headlining some shows in Norway and Germany. Before the band entered the studio to record their first album, the two guitarists worked together to adapt the existing material and Tipton also received credits as a songwriter. In August 1974, the released their debut single Rocka Rolla
18.
Kiss (band)
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Kiss is an American hard rock group formed in New York City in January 1973 by Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Peter Criss, and Ace Frehley. The band has gone through several changes, with Stanley. The original and best-known lineup consisted of Stanley, Simmons, Frehley, with their make-up and costumes, they took on the personae of comic book-style characters, The Starchild, The Demon, The Spaceman or Space Ace, and The Catman. Due to creative differences, both Criss and Frehley had departed the group by 1982, in 1983, Kiss began performing without makeup and costumes, thinking that it was time to leave the makeup behind. The band accordingly experienced a commercial resurgence, and their music videos received regular airplay on MTV. Drummer Eric Carr, who had replaced Criss in 1980, died in 1991 of a type of heart cancer and was replaced by Eric Singer. In response to a wave of Kiss nostalgia in the mid-1990s, the band announced a reunion of the lineup in 1996. The resulting Alive/Worldwide Tour was commercially successful, Criss and Frehley have both since left the band again and have been replaced by Singer and Tommy Thayer, respectively. Kiss has sold more than 100 million records worldwide, including 25 million RIAA-certified albums, on April 10,2014, Kiss was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Kiss traces their roots to Wicked Lester, a New York City-based rock band led by Gene Simmons and they recorded one album, which was shelved by Epic Records, and played a handful of live shows. Simmons and Stanley, feeling a new direction was needed, abandoned Wicked Lester in 1972. Simmons and Stanley met him in a nightclub where he was playing drums, after hearing Criss sing, they thought of him being in the band. Criss then auditioned for and later joined the new version of Wicked Lester, the trio focused on a much harder style of rock than Wicked Lester played. They also began experimenting with their image by wearing makeup and various outfits, in November 1972, the trio played a showcase for Epic Records A&R director Don Ellis, in an effort to secure a record deal. Although the performance went well, Ellis disliked the groups image, in early January 1973, the group added lead guitarist Ace Frehley. Frehley impressed the group with his first audition, although he showed up wearing two different colored sneakers, one red and one orange, a few weeks after Frehley joined, Wicked Lester changed their name to Kiss. Stanley came up with the name while he, Simmons and Criss were driving around New York City, Criss mentioned that he had been in a band called Lips, so Stanley said something to the effect of What about Kiss. Frehley created the logo, making the SS look like lightning bolts
19.
Deep Purple
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Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. The band is considered to be among the pioneers of metal and modern hard rock. Originally formed as a rock band, the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970. Deep Purple, together with Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, have referred to as the unholy trinity of British hard rock. They were listed in the 1975 Guinness Book of World Records as the globes loudest band for a 1972 concert at Londons Rainbow Theatre, Deep Purple have had several line-up changes and an eight-year hiatus. The 1968–1976 line-ups are commonly labelled Mark I, II, III and their second and most commercially successful line-up featured Ian Gillan, Jon Lord, Roger Glover, Ian Paice, and Ritchie Blackmore. This line-up was active from 1969 to 1973, and was revived from 1984 to 1989, and again from 1992 to 1993. The bands line-up has been more stable in recent years. Deep Purple were ranked number 22 on VH1s Greatest Artists of Hard Rock programme, the band received the Legend Award at the 2008 World Music Awards. Deep Purple were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2016, in 1967, former Searchers drummer Chris Curtis contacted London businessman Tony Edwards, in the hope that he would manage a new group he was putting together, to be called Roundabout. Curtis vision was a supergroup where the members would get on and off. Impressed with the plan, Edwards agreed to finance the venture with two partners, John Coletta and Ron Hire, all of Hire-Edwards-Coletta Enterprises. The first recruit to the band was the classically trained Hammond organ player Jon Lord, Lord was currently performing in a backing band for the vocal group The Flower Pot Men, along with bassist Nick Simper and drummer Carlo Little. Simper had previously been in Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and survived the 1966 car crash that killed Kidd, Lord put the two on alert that hed been recruited for the Roundabout project, after which Simper and Little suggested guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, whom Lord had never met. Simper had known Blackmore since the early 1960s when his first band, the Renegades, debuted around the time as one of Blackmores early bands. HEC persuaded Blackmore to return from Hamburg to audition for the new group, Blackmore was making a name for himself as a studio session guitarist, and had also been a member of the Outlaws, Screaming Lord Sutch, and Neil Christian. Curtis erratic behaviour and lifestyle, fueled by LSD use, caused a sudden disinterest in the project he had started, but HEC was now intrigued with the possibilities Lord and Blackmore brought, while Lord and Blackmore were also keen to continue. The two carried on with recruiting members, keeping Tony Edwards as their manager
20.
The Who
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The Who are an English rock band that formed in 1964. Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered one of the most influential bands of the 20th century, selling over 100 million records worldwide and holding a reputation for their live shows. The Who developed from a group, the Detours, and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements, featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars. Their first single as the Who, I Cant Explain, reached the UK top ten, followed by a string of singles including My Generation, Substitute and Happy Jack. In 1967, they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single I Can See for Miles, the groups fourth album, 1969s rock opera Tommy, included the single Pinball Wizard and was a critical and commercial success. Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival, along with the live album Live at Leeds, with their success came increased pressure on lead songwriter and visionary Townshend, and the follow-up to Tommy, Lifehouse, was abandoned. Songs from the project made up 1971s Whos Next, which included the hit Wont Get Fooled Again, the group released the album Quadrophenia in 1973 as a celebration of their mod roots, and oversaw the film adaptation of Tommy in 1975. They continued to tour to large audiences before semi-retiring from live performances at the end of 1976, the release of Who Are You in 1978 was overshadowed by the death of Moon shortly after. Kenney Jones replaced Moon and the group resumed activity, releasing a film adaptation of Quadrophenia, after Townshend became weary of touring, the group split in 1982. The Who occasionally re-formed for live appearances such as Live Aid in 1985, a 25th anniversary tour in 1989 and they resumed regular touring in 1999, with drummer Zak Starkey. After Entwistles death in 2002, plans for a new album were delayed, Townshend and Daltrey continued as the Who, releasing Endless Wire in 2006, and continued to play live regularly. They are cited as an influence by rock, punk rock and mod bands. The founding members of the Who, Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend and John Entwistle, grew up in Acton, London and went to Acton County Grammar School. Townshend and Entwistle became friends in their year of Acton County. Both were interested in rock, and Townshend particularly admired Cliff Richards début single, Entwistle moved to guitar, but struggled with it due to his large fingers, and moved to bass on hearing the guitar work of Duane Eddy. He was unable to afford a bass and built one at home, after Acton County, Townshend attended Ealing Art College, a move he later described as profoundly influential on the course of the Who. Daltrey, who was in the year above, had moved to Acton from Shepherds Bush and he had trouble fitting in at the school, and discovered gangs and rock and roll
21.
The Tubes
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The Tubes are a San Francisco-based rock band whose 1975 debut album included the hit single White Punks on Dope. During its first fifteen years or so, the live performances combined quasi-pornography with wild satires of media, consumerism. The Tubes formed in 1972 in San Francisco from two Phoenix bands after both relocated to San Francisco in 1969. The Beans featured Bill Spooner, Rick Anderson, Vince Welnick and Bob Macintosh, while The Red White and Blues Band featured Prairie Prince, Roger Steen and David Killingsworth. After playing Expo 70 in Japan, Killingsworth left the Red, White and Blues Band leaving Steen and Prince to audition bass players unsuccessfully. The Beans had been a favorite in Phoenix selling out shows with a tongue in cheek concept rock show called The Mother of Ascension featuring costumes. After moving, Bill Spooner worked at the Fillmore West sweeping floors in between Beans gigs at the Longshoremans Halls and other depressing venues, the bands loud, heavy jamming style didnt attract attention and the band would go back to Phoenix and sell out shows to make rent. Beans manager and former Alice Cooper Group drummer John Speer suggested they add Prince, waybills nickname among the band was Fee short for Fiji thanks to his insane head of hippie hair. The group would stick together and play shows at biker bars such as The Inn of The Beginning, the vocals at this time were shared by Spooner, Steen and Waybill as different characters. Cotten was asked by Spooner to buy an ARP synthesizer instead of a camera and began to perform with the band as well as create props. One of the first Tubes shows was at the Art Institute cafeteria as part of an art show for classmate, while experimenting with their stage show and art, Prince and Michael met model Re Styles while painting the Cliff House Mural. Styles has appeared in both Alejandro Jodorowskys The Holy Mountain and Sun Ras Space Is the Place and posed for Playboy, Prince and Styles began dating and she started performing with the band playing Patty Hearst and dressing in wild leather outfits during the Mondo Bondage dance with Waybill. After several years of playing biker bars the band needed help, the band had a temporary agreement with producer David Rubinson and played on bills with The Pointer Sisters and Sylvester but were still trying to find an audience. Prince had been hired by newly formed rock band Journey to record demos and approached their manager Herbie Herbert. Herbert made a deal with Graham that if the Tubes could sell out three local shows, Graham would give him a slot on the show of his choice. Herbert booked shows at a club called the Village which sold out thanks to themes inspired by the San Francisco post-hippie underground culture such as The Streakers Ball. Much to Grahams dismay Herbert chose an opening slot for the upcoming Led Zeppelin show at Kezar Stadium, the band pulled out the stops including Waybill dressed as an early version of Quay Lewd throwing Cocaine and Pills at the crowd who threw it back. After the 1973 Led Zeppelin show, Herbert wanted to manage the band but Spooner, Moriarty was interested in the use of video in rock music and saw the Tubes stage show as the future of music video
22.
Van Halen
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Jan Van Halen, born Jan van Halen, was a Dutch musician and the patriarch of the Van Halen family. He was the father of Eddie Van Halen and Alex Van Halen, Van Halen was born on January 18,1920, to Jannetje Berg and Hermanus van Halen, a butcher in Amsterdam. He had already made a career in music when in 1939, at the age of 19 and he joined the Royal Dutch Air Force and played marches for the troops until the country was occupied in 1940, forcing him to play propaganda music for the Third Reich. After the war ended in 1945, Van Halen emigrated to the Dutch East Indies, where he pursued his career and met his future wife. They married on August 11,1950 in Jakarta, Alex was born two months later in Amsterdam. The Van Halen family moved to Nijmegen, where Eddie was born in January 1955, in 1960, Jan played his biggest gig with the Ton Wijkamp Quintet, playing the Loosdrecht Jazz Festival. However, after hearing stories from her side of the family and they left in February 1962 by boat and moved across the continent by train to Pasadena, California. To complete their transition, they Americanized their surname from van Halen to Van Halen, in May 1986, Jan suffered a heart attack. He died due to the effects of alcoholism on December 9,1986 and his sons dedicated their 1988 album OU812 to their father, quoting This ones for you, pa. On August 4,2005, his wife Eugenia Van Halen passed away at the age of 89
23.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
24.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
25.
Satanism
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Satanism is a group of ideological and philosophical beliefs based on the character of Satan. Contemporary religious practice of Satanism began with the founding of the Church of Satan in 1966, prior to the public practice, Satanism existed primarily as an accusation by various Christian groups toward perceived ideological opponents, rather than a self-identity. Satanism, and the concept of Satan, has also used by artists. Accusations that various groups have been practicing Satanism have been throughout much of Christian history. In the subsequent Early Modern period, belief in a widespread Satanic conspiracy of witches resulted in mass trials of alleged witches across Europe and the North American colonies. Accusations that Satanic conspiracies were active and that they were behind such as the French Revolution continued to be made in Christendom during the eighteenth to the twentieth century. Since the 19th century, various religious groups have emerged that self-identify as Satanists or use Satanic iconography. Satanist groups that appeared after the 1960s are widely diverse, theistic Satanists venerate Satan as a supernatural deity, viewing him not as omnipotent but rather as a patriarch. In contrast, atheistic Satanists regard Satan as merely a symbol of human traits. Contemporary religious Satanism is predominantly an American phenomenon, the ideas spreading elsewhere with the effects of globalization, the Internet spreads awareness of other Satanists, and is also the main battleground for Satanist disputes. Satanism started to reach Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s, in time with the fall of the Soviet Union, the concept of Satanism is an invention of Christianity, for it relies upon the figure of Satan, a character deriving from Christian mythology. Elsewhere, Petersen noted that Satanism as something others do is different from Satanism as a self-designation. Eugene Gallagher noted that, as used, Satanism was usually a polemical. The word Satan was not originally a name but rather an ordinary noun meaning the adversary. For instance, in the Book of Samuel, David is presented as the satan of the Philistines, while in the Book of Numbers the term appears as a verb, the word Satanism was adopted into English from the French satanisme. In a Roman Catholic tract of 1565, the author condemns the heresies, blasphemies, in an Anglican work of 1559, Anabaptists and other Protestant sects are condemned as swarmes of Satanistes. Historical and anthropological research suggests that all societies have developed the idea of a sinister. This commonly involves a belief in witches, a group of individuals who invert the norms of their society and seek to harm their community, for instance by engaging in incest, murder, allegations of witchcraft may have different causes and serve different functions within a society
26.
Ozzy Osbourne
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John Michael Ozzy Osbourne is an English singer, songwriter, and actor. He rose to prominence in the early 1970s as the lead vocalist of the metal band Black Sabbath. He was fired from Black Sabbath in 1979 and went on to have a solo career, releasing 11 studio albums. Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions, recording the album 13 in 2013 and his longevity and success have earned him the informal title of Godfather of Heavy Metal. Osbournes total album sales from his years in Black Sabbath, combined with his work, is over 100 million. As a member of Black Sabbath, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, he received the Global Icon Award. Osbourne appeared with son Jack in the 2016 worldwide travelogue docuseries Ozzy & Jacks World Detour, Osbourne was born in the Aston area of Birmingham, England. His mother, Lillian, was Catholic but non-religious, and she worked days at a factory and his father, John Thomas Jack Osbourne, worked night shifts as a toolmaker at the General Electric Company. Osbourne has three sisters named Jean, Iris, and Gillian, and two younger brothers named Paul and Tony. The family lived in a small two-bedroom home at 14 Lodge Road in Aston, Osbourne has had the nickname Ozzy since primary school. Osbourne dealt with dyslexia at school, drawn to the stage, he took part in school plays such as Gilbert and Sullivans The Mikado and HMS Pinafore. As a Birmingham native, he has a strong Brummie accent, upon hearing their first hit single at age 14, he became a great fan of The Beatles. He credits the bands 1963 song She Loves You for inspiring him to become a musician and he said in the 2011 documentary God Bless Ozzy Osbourne that as soon as heard She Loves You on the radio, knew wanted to be a rock star for the rest of life. Osbourne left school at 15 and was employed as a construction site labourer, trainee plumber, apprentice toolmaker, car factory horn-tuner and he attempted to commit burglary, stealing a television, a handful of baby clothes, and some T-shirts. He spent six weeks in Winson Green Prison when he was unable to pay a fine after being found guilty of robbing a shop, to teach his son a lesson. In late 1967, Geezer Butler formed his first band, Rare Breed, the band played two shows, then broke up. Osbourne and Butler reunited in Polka Tulk Blues, along with guitarist Tony Iommi and drummer Bill Ward and they renamed themselves Earth, but after being accidentally booked for a show instead of a different band with the same name, they decided to change their name again. They finally settled on the name Black Sabbath in August 1969, the band had noticed how people enjoyed being frightened, inspired, the band decided to play a heavy blues style of music laced with gloomy sounds and lyrics
27.
Black Sabbath (song)
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Black Sabbath is a song by the British heavy metal band Black Sabbath, written in 1969 and released on their eponymous debut album. In 1970, it was released as a four-track 12 single, with The Wizard also on the A-side and Evil Woman and Sleeping Village on B-side, according to the band, the song was inspired by an experience that Geezer Butler had related to Ozzy Osbourne. In the days of Earth, Geezer Butler painted his apartment matte black, placed several inverted crucifixes, Osbourne gave Butler a book about witchcraft. He read the book and placed the book on a shelf beside his bed before going to sleep, when he woke up, he claims he saw a large black figure standing at the end of his bed. The figure disappeared and Butler went to get the book, a version of this song from Black Sabbaths first demo exists on the Ozzy Osbourne compilation album The Ozzman Cometh. The song has a verse with additional vocals before the bridge. The guitar and bass are tuned one whole step, resulting in the key position of A being played on the fretboard. Its one of the bands most frequently performed tracks, being featured on every tour of their career. AllMusics Steve Huey said the song is an example wherein Black Sabbath appropriated the blue note from the standard pentatonic blues scale, the main riff is an inversion of a tritone, constructed with a harmonic progression including a diminished fifth / augmented fourth. This particular interval is known as diabolus in musica, for it has musical qualities which are often used to suggest Satanic connotations in Western music. The song Black Sabbath was one of the earliest examples in heavy metal to use of this interval, and since then. The riff was created when bassist Geezer Butler began playing a fragment of Mars from Gustav Holsts The Planets suite, inspired, guitarist Tony Iommi returned the next day with the famously dark tritone. A music video was made for the song, the video was filmed in a studio with a village on the foreground. Black Sabbath has been covered by the bands, Flower Travellin Band in 1970. The Throwaways in 1993, on their album Postmadonna Primadonna, type O Negative in 1994, for the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black. Vader in 1994, on their albums Sothis and Future of the Past, LA Guns in 1996, on their album American Hardcore. Iced Earth in 2002, on their album Tribute to the Gods, van Helsings Curse in 2004, on their album Oculus Infernum. Breakcore artist Venetian Snares heavily sampled the vocals and guitar on his dubstep EP Sabbath Dubs, allmusic review of the song Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
28.
Death metal
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Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Building from the structure of thrash metal and early black metal. Bands such as Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, and Kreator were important influences on the genres creation, Possessed and Death, along with bands such as Obituary, Autopsy and Morbid Angel, are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache. Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres, melodic death metal combines death metal elements with those of the new wave of British heavy metal. Technical death metal is a style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms. Death-doom combines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos, deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind mix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity of grindcore. Deathcore combines death metal with metalcore traits, Death n roll combines death metals growled vocals and highly distorted, detuned guitar riffs with elements of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what became known as thrash metal, death metal and black metal. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, and macabre, another highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a metal act, Slayers music was more violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth. Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, according to AllMusic, their third album Reign in Blood inspired the entire death metal genre. It had a big impact on the genre such as Death, Obituary. While attributed as having a Slayer influence, current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as work by Exodus. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of Death Metal than any of the acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80s. During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, an influential metal band was formed in Florida. Death, originally called Mantas, was formed in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, in 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the bands name, with Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene
29.
Iron Maiden
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Iron Maiden are a British heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. The bands discography has grown to thirty-eight albums, including sixteen studio albums, eleven albums, four EPs. Pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal, Iron Maiden achieved initial success during the early 1980s,1 in 28 countries and receiving widespread critical acclaim. Their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls, was released on 4 September 2015 to similar success, the band won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002. As of October 2013, the band have played over 2000 live shows throughout their career. For the past 35 years, the band have been supported by their famous mascot, Eddie, Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler. Harris attributes the name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas. After months of rehearsal, Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976, before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point, Stratford. The original line-up did not last very long, however, with vocalist Paul Day being the first casualty as, according to Harris and he was replaced by Dennis Wilcock, a Kiss fan who used make-up and fake blood during live performances. Wilcocks friend Dave Murray was invited to join, to the dismay of the bands guitarists Dave Sullivan and their frustration led Harris to temporarily disband Iron Maiden in 1976, though the group reformed soon after with Murray as the sole guitarist. Steve Harris and Dave Murray remain the bands longest-standing members and have performed on all of their releases, Iron Maiden recruited yet another guitarist in 1977, Bob Sawyer, who was sacked for embarrassing the band on stage by pretending to play guitar with his teeth. Tension ensued again, causing a rift between Murray and Wilcock, who convinced Harris to fire Murray, as well as original drummer Ron Matthews. A new line-up was put together, including future Cutting Crew member Tony Moore on keyboards, Terry Wapram on guitar, and drummer Barry Purkis. A bad performance at the Bridgehouse, a pub located in Canning Town, in November 1977 was the line-ups first and only concert, at the same time, Moore was asked to leave as Harris decided that keyboards did not suit the bands sound. A few months later, Dennis Wilcock decided that he had had enough with the group and left to form his own band, V1, as he preferred to be the bands sole guitarist, Wapram disapproved of Murrays return and was also dismissed. Steve Harris, Dave Murray and Doug Sampson spent the summer, a chance meeting at the Red Lion pub in Leytonstone in November 1978 evolved into a successful audition for vocalist Paul DiAnno. Steve Harris has stated, Theres sort of a quality in Pauls voice, a raspiness in his voice, or whatever you want to call it, that just gave it this great edge. At this time, Murray would typically act as their sole guitarist, with Harris commenting, the plan was always to get a second guitarist in, but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult
30.
Def Leppard
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Def Leppard are an English rock band formed in 1977 in Sheffield as part of the new wave of British heavy metal movement. Since 1992, the band has consisted of Joe Elliott, Rick Savage, Rick Allen, Phil Collen and this is the bands longest-standing line-up. The bands strongest commercial success came between the early 1980s and the early 1990s, the bands next studio album, Pyromania in January 1983, with Photograph and Rock of Ages as the lead singles, turned Def Leppard into a household name. In the U. S. Pyromania was certified diamond, in 2003, the album ranked number 384 on Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Def Leppards fourth album Hysteria, released in 1987, topped the UK and U. S. album charts. As of 2009, it has reached beyond the success of Pyromania, having been certified 12× platinum for sales of over 12 million in the U. S. and has gone on to sell over 25 million copies worldwide. The album spawned seven hit singles, including the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 number one Love Bites, alongside Pour Some Sugar on Me, Hysteria, Armageddon It, Animal, Rocket, and Women. Their next studio album, Adrenalize, reached number one in the UK and U. S. charts in 1992, and contained several hits, including Lets Get Rocked and Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad. Their 1993 album, Retro Active, contained the hit song Two Steps Behind, while their greatest-hits album Vault, released in 1995. As one of the worlds best-selling music artists, Def Leppard have sold more than 100 million records worldwide and they are one of only five rock bands with two original studio albums selling over 10 million copies in the U. S. The band were ranked No.31 in VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, Rick Savage, Tony Kenning, and Pete Willis, all students at Tapton School in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, formed a band called Atomic Mass in 1977. The band originally consisted of Willis on guitar, Savage on bass, only 18 at the time, Joe Elliott tried out for the band as a guitarist following a chance meeting with Willis after missing a bus, in November 1977. During his audition it was decided that he was suited to be the lead singer. Their first ever gig was in the hall in A Block in Westfield School in Mosborough. The band adopted a name proposed by Elliott, Deaf Leopard, at Kennings suggestion, the spelling was slightly modified in order to make the name seem less like that of a punk band. In January 1978, Steve Clark joined the band, according to Elliott, he successfully auditioned for the band by playing Lynyrd Skynyrds Free Bird in its entirety. In November, just prior to recording sessions for what would be a three-song release known as The Def Leppard E. P, Kenning abruptly left the band, he would later form the band Cairo. He was replaced for those sessions by Frank Noon, by the end of the month, Rick Allen, then only 15 years old, had joined the band as its full-time drummer
31.
Hard rock
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Hard rock is a loosely defined subgenre of rock music that began in the mid-1960s, with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. It is typified by a use of aggressive vocals, distorted electric guitars, bass guitar, drums. Hard rock developed into a form of popular music in the 1970s, with bands such as The Who, Led Zeppelin, Queen, Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC. During the 1980s, some rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Hard rock began losing popularity with the success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge. Out of this movement came garage rock bands like The White Stripes, The Strokes, Interpol and, later on, in the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music, the electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong drum and a backbeat on snare. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice. In the late 1960s, the heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock. Heavy metal took on darker characteristics after Black Sabbaths breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s, in the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, other antecedents include Link Wrays instrumental Rumble in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as Lets Go Trippin and Misirlou. In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming. From the late 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music that emerged from psychedelia into soft. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from rock and was played louder. Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Cream, in songs like I Feel Free combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock, from 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group
32.
Jester
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A jester was also an itinerant performer who entertained common folk at fairs and markets. Jesters are also modern-day entertainers who resemble their historical counterparts, Jesters in medieval times are often thought to have worn brightly coloured clothes and eccentric hats in a motley pattern and their modern counterparts usually mimic this costume. Much of the entertainment was performed in a style and many jesters made contemporary jokes in word or song about people or events well known to their audiences. The modern use of the English word jester did not come into use until the mid-16th century during Tudor times and this modern term derives from the older form gestour, or jestour, originally from Anglo-Norman meaning story-teller or minstrel. Other earlier terms included fol, disour, and bourder and these terms described entertainers who differed in their skills and performances but who all shared many similarities in their role as comedic performers for their audiences. Jesters could also give bad news to the King that no one else would dare deliver, the best example of this is in 1340, when the French fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Sluys by the English. Phillippe VIs jester told him the English sailors dont even have the guts to jump into the water like our brave French, early jesters were popular in Ancient Egypt, and entertained Egyptian pharaohs. Jesters were popular with the Aztec people in the 14th to 16th centuries, many courts throughout English royal history employed entertainers and most had professional fools, sometimes called licensed fools. Entertainment included music, storytelling, and physical comedy and it has also been suggested they performed acrobatics and juggling Henry VIII of England employed a jester named Will Sommers. During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I of England, William Shakespeare wrote his plays, clowns and jesters were featured in Shakespeares plays, and the companys expert on jesting was Robert Armin, author of the book Fooled upon Foole. In Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Feste the jester is described as enough to play the fool. King James VI of Scotland also employed a jester called Archibald Armstrong, during his lifetime Armstrong was given great honours at court. He was eventually out of the Kings employment when he over-reached himself. Even after his disgrace, books telling of his jests were sold in London streets and he held some influence at court still in the reign of Charles I and estates of land in Ireland. Charles later employed a jester called Jeffrey Hudson who was very popular, Jeffrey Hudson had the title of Royal Dwarf because he was short of stature. One of his jests was to be presented hidden in a giant pie from which he would leap out, Hudson fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War. A third jester associated with Charles I was called Muckle John, the last British nobles to keep jesters were the Queen Mothers family, the Bowes-Lyons. In the 18th century, jesters had died out except in Russia, Spain, in France and Italy, travelling groups of jesters performed plays featuring stylized characters in a form of theatre called the commedia dellarte
33.
At War with Satan
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At War with Satan is the third album by extreme metal band Venom, released in April 1984. A semi-concept album that tells the story of a war between Heaven and Hell where the side wins, it was touted as Venoms crossover into rock mainstream. Shortly after it reached the stores the HMV record chain withdrew the album from their shelves due to its anti-Christian content, the inspiration for writing a track filling out an entire side of the record, according to Venom bassist Cronos, came from Rushs 2112 album. At War with Satan is centred on a character named Abaddon, the title tracks imagery and storyline largely evokes the Book of Revelation and John Miltons epic poem Paradise Lost filtered through a postmodern horror movie and pulp aesthetic. With side A taken by the title track, side B offers the three-minute scorchers that band is best known for. Metal journalist Malcolm Dome said that such as Cry Wolf showed how much Venom had matured in their songwriting without losing their edge. According to Allmusic reviewer Eduardo Rivadavia, the albums last track, at War with Satans packaging resembled the leatherbound sleeve of a bookcover. A hundred-page The Book of Armageddon with the story of At War with Satan was supposed to be published alongside the album. Swiss independent distributor Disctrade tried to interest Venom in H. R. Gigers Satan I to no avail, later on the painting became the cover art of Celtic Frosts second album, To Mega Therion. By the time At War with Satan reached record stores, Venom had reached a crossroads on their career, critics felt that their third album should have propelled them into heavy metal mainstream but that didnt quite happen. Venom were also being threatened by thrash metal upstarts such as Metallica and this was Metallicas first European tour, which included concerts in Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium and the Aardschok Festival in the Netherlands. The record was received by major music magazines. Proof positive that Venom are the best heavy metal band in the world and it will definitely go down in Heavy Metal history as the ultimate headbang claimed a Sounds reviewer of the title track. At War with Satans entry on the Where to Start with section of the Kerrang, site states that this was the last truly great record the Geordie three would make. Some criticism, though, was directed toward the production values. The title tracks merits divided critics, the Allmusic reviews tone was harsher, this concept piece was an ill-advised anomaly, much of it decidedly crap. The rise of popularity in the eighties was paralleled by the political power gained by conservative organisations such as the Parents Music Resource Center. The Christian campaign against the content of rock music carried out by certain political groups in America eventually crossed over to the United Kingdom
34.
Progressive rock
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Progressive rock is a broad subgenre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Prog is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, Prog saw a high level of popularity in the early-to-mid 1970s, but faded soon after. Conventional wisdom holds that the rise of rock caused this. Music critics, who labelled the concepts as pretentious and the sounds as pompous and overblown. Early groups who exhibited progressive features are described as proto-prog. In 1967, progressive rock constituted a diversity of loosely associated style codes, the Canterbury scene, originating in the late 1960s, denoted a subset of prog bands who emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Rock in Opposition, from the late 1970s, was more avant-garde, in the 1980s, a new subgenre, neo-progressive rock, enjoyed some commercial success, although it was also accused of being derivative and lacking in innovation. Post-progressive draws upon newer developments in music and the avant-garde since the mid 1970s. The term progressive rock is synonymous with art rock, classical rock, historically, art rock has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music. Similarities between the two terms are that they describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences. Prog was devised in the 1990s as a term, but later became a transferable adjective. Although a unidirectional English progressive style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, critics of the genre often limit its scope to a stereotype of long solos, overlong albums, fantasy lyrics, grandiose stage sets and costumes, and an obsessive dedication to technical skill. Author Kevin Holm-Hudson believes that rock is a style far more diverse than what is heard from its mainstream groups. They each do so largely unconsciously, academic John S. Cotner contests Macans view that progressive rock cannot exist without the continuous and overt assimilation of classical music into rock. Debate about the criteria and scope of the genre continues in the 2010s. In early references to the music, progressive was partly related to progressive politics, Cotner also says that progressive rock incorporates both formal and eclectic elements, It consists of a combination of factors – some of them intramusical, others extramusical or social. One way of conceptualising rock and roll in relation to music is that progressive music pushed the genre into greater complexity while retracing the roots of romantic
35.
Possessed (Venom album)
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Possessed is the fourth album by English heavy metal band Venom. It is the bands last studio album to feature guitarist Jeffrey Dunn before his first departure from the band in 1986 and it was the first Venom album recorded outside of Impulse Studios. The song Possessed is ranked No.14 on the Parents Music Resource Centers Filthy Fifteen, the boy on the cover is the son of the bands drummer, Abaddon. The girl is the niece of producer Keith Nichol, all tracks written by Cronos and Mantas, except for where noted. Venom Cronos – vocals, bass Mantas – guitar Abaddon – drums Production Keith Nichol - producer, engineer S. Nichols, Mark Ammasmifff - engineers
