1.
Unincorporated area
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Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
2.
McHenry County, North Dakota
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McHenry County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,395, the Territorial legislature formed McHenry County in 1873 from part of Bottineau County. The name comes from James McHenry, a settler of Vermillion. The county government was first organized on October 15,1884, before becoming Towner in 1886, the county seat was Villard from 1884 to 1885 and Scriptown from 1885 to 1886. Both former seats are now ghost towns, McHenry County is part of the Minot, ND Micropolitan Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,912 square miles. The population density was 3 people per square mile, there were 2,983 housing units at an average density of 2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 73% White,0. 08% Black or African American,0. 40% Native American,0. 03% Asian,0. 05% from other races,0. 40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 45. 4% were of German and 34. 0% Norwegian ancestry,29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was out with 24. 0% under the age of 18,5. 9% from 18 to 24,23. 3% from 25 to 44,25. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.0 males, the median income for a household in the county was $27,274, and the median income for a family was $35,676. Males had an income of $25,740 versus $18,505 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,140, about 12. 0% of families and 15. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 5% of those under age 18 and 16. 8% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 5,395 people,2,377 households, the population density was 2.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,948 housing units at a density of 1.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 8% white,0. 6% American Indian,0. 3% Asian,0. 1% black or African American,0. 3% from other races, and 0. 9% from two or more races
3.
North Dakota
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North Dakota is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2,1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo, North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment, North Dakota is located in the U. S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east, South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a marker in Rugby. With an area of 70,762 square miles, North Dakota is the 19th largest state, the western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The states high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet, the region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, the central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the consists of the flat Red River Valley. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east. Eastern North Dakota is overall flat, however, there are significant hills, most of the state is covered in grassland, crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants, the state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with equal distances to the North Pole. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to plant hardiness is very low. Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans and their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai, the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, in 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, with the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and his successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2,1889
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Karlsruhe, North Dakota
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Karlsruhe is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 82 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Old Saints Peter and Paul Cemetery, Wrought-Iron Cross Site, in or near Karlsruhe, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Peter and Paul Catholic Church in Karlsruhe features works by the artist Count Berthold von Imhoff. Karlsruhe was named after the German city of Karlsruhe by Germans from Russia, Karlsruhe was first settled in the late 19th century by German pioneers moving toward northern American prairie lands. These pioneers and their early generations of relatives are buried in the St. Peter, in the towns early years, many German traditions were practiced regularly, however, throughout the years it has become an Americanized town, with very few of these traditions still present. Karlsruhes population has continued to decrease to this day, Karlsruhe is located at 48°5′27″N 100°37′15″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.75 square miles. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Karlsruhe has a continental climate. McHenry county has a number of natural disasters than North Dakotas state average. Floods, storms, and snow are the most common of these disasters, as of the census of 2010, there were 82 people,36 households, and 25 families residing in the city. The population density was 109.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 61 housing units at an average density of 81.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 0% White,22. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the family size was 2.72. The median age in the city was 49.3 years. 20. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,3. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,14. 7% were from 25 to 44,48. 8% were from 45 to 64, and 12. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 56. 1% male and 43. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 119 people,54 households, and 32 families residing in the city. The population density was 157.5 people per square mile, there were 70 housing units at an average density of 92.6 per square mile
6.
Velva, North Dakota
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Velva is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,084 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Velva was founded in 1897 and is the birthplace of television correspondent Eric Sevareid, Velva became a city in 1886 with the arrival of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Velva received its city rights in 1905. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.83 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,084 people,452 households and 277 families residing in the city, the population density was 1,306.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 493 housing units at a density of 594.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 7% White,0. 4% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population. 34. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.92. The average age in the city was 42.7 years. 24. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 7% were from 25 to 44,24. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 23. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 1% male and 52. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,049 people,436 households, and 275 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,359.7 people per square mile, there were 483 housing units at an average density of 626.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 33% White,0. 10% African American,0. 19% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 48% of the population. 34. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 20. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.97. In the city, the population was out with 25. 6% under the age of 18,5. 1% from 18 to 24,23. 6% from 25 to 44,19. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $27,738, and the median income for a family was $36,477
7.
United States Geological Survey
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The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its resources. The organization has four science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology. The USGS is a research organization with no regulatory responsibility. The USGS is a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior, the USGS employs approximately 8,670 people and is headquartered in Reston, Virginia. The USGS also has major offices near Lakewood, Colorado, at the Denver Federal Center, the current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is science for a changing world. The agencys previous slogan, adopted on the occasion of its anniversary, was Earth Science in the Public Service. Prompted by a report from the National Academy of Sciences, the USGS was created, by a last-minute amendment and it was charged with the classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain. This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the legislation also provided that the Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler surveys be discontinued as of June 30,1879. Clarence King, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies, after a short tenure, King was succeeded in the directors chair by John Wesley Powell. Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units, Other specific programs include, Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. The National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, Colorado on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines detects the location, the USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the United States under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System. The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and it also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards, USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast. The USGS National Geomagnetism Program monitors the magnetic field at magnetic observatories and distributes magnetometer data in real time, the USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online, since 1962, the Astrogeology Research Program has been involved in global, lunar, and planetary exploration and mapping. USGS operates a number of related programs, notably the National Streamflow Information Program. USGS Water data is available from their National Water Information System database
8.
Human settlement
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In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community in which people live. A settlement can range in size from a number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas. Settlements may include hamlets, villages, towns and cities, a settlement may have known historical properties such as the date or era in which it was first settled, or first settled by a particular people. In the field of geospatial predictive modeling, settlements are a city, town, village ghost or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work. The oldest remains that have found of constructed dwellings are remains of huts that were made of mud. The Natufians built houses, also in the Levant, around 10,000 BC, remains of settlements such as villages become much more common after the invention of agriculture. Landscape history studies the form of settlements – for example whether they are dispersed or nucleated, urban morphology can thus be considered a special type of cultural-historical landscape studies. Settlements can be ordered by size, centrality or other factors to define a settlement hierarchy, geoscience Australia defines a populated place as a named settlement with a population of 200 or more persons. The Committee for Geographical Names in Australasia used the term localities for rural areas, the Bulgarian Government publishes a National Register of Populated Places. The Canadian government uses the term populated place in the Atlas of Canada, Statistics Canada uses the term localities for historical named locations. The Croatian Bureau of Statistics records population in units called settlements, the Census Commission of India has a special definition of census towns. The Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Ireland has a definition of census towns. There are various types of inhabited localities in Russia, Statistics Sweden uses the term localities for various densely populated places. The common English-language translation is urban areas, the UK Department for Communities and Local Government uses the term urban settlement to denote an urban area when analysing census information. The Registrar General for Scotland defines settlements as groups of one or more contiguous localities, the Scottish settlements are used as one of several factors defining urban areas. A populated place is not incorporated and by definition has no legal boundaries. However, a place may have a corresponding civil record. Census − a statistical area delineated locally specifically for the tabulation of Census Bureau data, civil − a political division formed for administrative purposes
9.
Ghost town
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A ghost town is an abandoned village, town, or city, usually one that contains substantial visible remains. Some ghost towns, especially those that preserve period-specific architecture, have become tourist attractions, visiting, writing about, and photographing ghost towns is a minor industry. The town of Plymouth on the Caribbean island of Montserrat is a ghost town that is the de jure capital of Montserrat and it was rendered uninhabitable by volcanic ash from an eruption. The definition of a ghost town varies between individuals, and between cultures, lindsey Baker, author of Ghost Towns of Texas, defines a ghost town as a town for which the reason for being no longer exists. Some believe that any settlement with visible tangible remains should not be called a ghost town, others say, conversely, whether or not the settlement must be completely deserted, or may contain a small population, is also a matter for debate. Generally, though, the term is used in a sense, encompassing any. The American author Lambert Florins preferred definition of a ghost town was simply a shadowy semblance of a former self, a town can also be abandoned when it is part of an exclusion zone due to natural or man-made causes. Ghost towns may result when the activity or resource that created a boomtown is depleted or the resource economy undergoes a bust. Boomtowns can often decrease in size as fast as they initially grew, sometimes, all or nearly the entire population can desert the town, resulting in a ghost town. The dismantling of a boomtown can often occur on a planned basis, modular buildings can be used to facilitate the process. A gold rush would often bring intensive but short-lived economic activity to a remote village, in other cases, the reason for abandonment can arise from a towns intended economic function shifting to another, nearby place. This happened to Collingwood, Queensland in Outback Australia when nearby Winton outperformed Collingwood as a centre for the livestock-raising industry. The railway reached Winton in 1899, linking it with the rest of Queensland, the Middle East has many ghost towns that were created when the shifting of politics or the fall of empires caused capital cities to be socially or economically unviable, such as Ctesiphon. The rise of condominium investment caused for real estate bubbles also leads to a ghost town, as real estate prices rise, such examples include China and Canada, where housing is often used as an investment rather than for habitation. Railroads and roads bypassing or no longer reaching a town can create a ghost town. This was the case in many of the ghost towns along Ontarios historic Opeongo Line, some ghost towns were founded along railways where steam trains would stop at periodic intervals to take on water. Amboy, California was part of one series of villages along the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad across the Mojave Desert. River re-routing is another factor, one example being the towns along the Aral Sea, Ghost towns may be created when land is expropriated by a government and residents are required to relocate
10.
Norwegian Dakotan
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A Norwegian Dakotan is a Norwegian American in the U. S. states of North and South Dakota. One in three of all North Dakotans is of Norwegian heritage, which is the highest among all U. S. states, South Dakota is number three, behind Minnesota. The immigrants settled primarily between 1870 and 1920, as of 2009,312,697 Dakotans claim Norwegian ancestry,21. 4% of the regions population, or 6. 7% of the total Norwegian American population. The first Norwegians arrived in the Dakotas as early as 1859 and it took another ten years before the greater influx of Norwegians took place. Mike Jacobs of WDAY observed that two Governors of North Dakota were born in Norway, almost as good politically as being a native North Dakotan, Norwegian immigrants began arriving in North Dakota in the 1870s. They settled mainly in the eastern and northern parts of the state, because of the lack of farmland in Norway, the Norwegian immigrants sought the wonderful fertile farmland of North Dakota. Some of the immigrants had spent a few years in other states before they arrived in North Dakota. In 1880 the census recorded 8,814 Norwegians in North Dakota, the towns of Columbus and Larson are approximately 100% Norwegian, founded by Columbus Larsson in 1906 and 1907. Columbus had 672 inhabitants in 1960, while it has just 133 in 2010, although these towns have a strong Norwegian heritage, none of the inhabitants speak Norwegian. Like the trend for the rest of North Dakotans, Norwegians are moving out of the rural areas, there are several examples of Norwegian ghost towns in North Dakota, especially in the northwestern part of the state. Telemark settlers found their way to most of the settlements in North Dakota in the late 1870s. In 1880, a band of people from Telemark, settled in the area of what is now Bue in Nelson County and their main cash crop was wheat, and they soon found that raising cattle was also quite lucrative. The main markets were in Valley City and Grand Forks, Sondre Norheim, Father of Modern Skiing, immigrated to North Dakota. On May 30,1884 Sondre and Rannei left Norway together with three of their children– Anne, Åmund and Talleiv and their son Olav and daughter Hæge had left home previously, and their eldest daughter Ingerid, decided to stay back home. Norheim followed in the footsteps of many of his neighbors in Morgedal, after having first settled in Minnesota, they moved to North Dakota, near Villard in McHenry County. He continued to ski when he could, though the climate and it was said he always had a pair of skis placed outside his door. Norheim grew more religious with age and helped build a Lutheran church in Villard and he died in 1897 and was buried in Denbigh, McHenry County, North Dakota. According to the 1860 Census there were 129 Norwegians in South Dakota and that changed fast, in 1880 one-tenth of the population was Norwegian, and in 1889 one-third of the population were Norwegians
11.
Christian Magnus Falsen
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Christian Magnus Falsen was a Norwegian constitutional father, statesman, jurist, and historian. He was an important member of the Norwegian Constituent Assembly and was one of the writers of the Constitution of Norway, Christian Magnus Falsen was born at Christiania, now Oslo, Norway. He was the son of Enevold de Falsen, a dramatist, in 1802, he graduated with a degree in law at the University of Copenhagen. In 1807, Christian Magnus Falsen was appointed a barrister, in 1808 he became circuit judge at Follo in Akershus, Norway. After Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in 1814 he played an important part in politics, Falsen led the Independent Party that wanted complete independence and was prepared to resist Sweden militarily. He upheld King Christian Frederick and, after the separation of Norway from Denmark and this document was modeled upon that adopted by France in 1791 and which was approved on 17 May 1814 by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll. He was also inspired by Thomas Jefferson and the Constitution of the United States of America. He is often called Father of the Norwegian Constitution — Grunnlovens far, Falsen held a seat in the Storting and generally favored conservative political positions. In 1822 he was appointed Attorney General of the Kingdom, a post which he held for three years, in 1825 he became bailiff for Bergen, and in 1827 president of the Supreme Court. In 1828 he suffered from a stroke and did not return to the office, Christian Magnus Falsen is buried at Gamlebyen Churchyard. Next to his gravestone is the gravestone of his second wife, in 1804 he married Anna Birgitte Munch, with whom he had the son Enevold Munch Falsen. In 1811, after her death, he married Elisabeth Severine Böckmann and she was the widow of Brede Stoltenberg, a brother of the tradesman Gregers Stoltenberg. With her he had the children Henrik Anton Falsen and Elisabeth Christine Falsen and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Gilman, D. C. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed, daa, Ludvig Kristensen Magnus Falsen, et Bidrag til Norges Konstitutions Historie Vullum, Erik Kristian Magnus Falsen, Grundlovens Fader Indrebø, Gustav Det norske generalprokurørembættet, Chr. M. Falsen 1822-1825 Østvedt, Einar Christian Magnus Falsen, linjen i hans politikk, arnold Sweden and Visions of Norway, Politics and Culture 1814-1905 ISBN 978-0809324415
12.
Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
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The Great Northern Railway was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, the Great Northerns route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the U. S. The Great Northern was the privately funded – and successfully built – transcontinental railroad in U. S. history. No federal land grants were used during its construction, unlike all other transcontinental railroads, the Great Northern was built in stages, slowly to create profitable lines, before extending the road further into the undeveloped Western territories. In a series of the earliest public relations campaigns, contests were held to promote interest in the railroad, fred J. Adams used promotional incentives such as feed and seed donations to farmers getting started along the line. Contests were all-inclusive, from largest farm animals to largest freight carload capacity and were promoted heavily to immigrants & newcomers from the East. The earliest predecessor railroad to the GN was the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, James Jerome Hill convinced John S. Kennedy, Norman Kittson, Donald Smith, George Stephen, and others to invest $5.5 million in purchasing the railroad. On March 13,1878, the roads creditors formally signed an agreement transferring their bonds, on September 18,1889, Hill changed the name of the Minneapolis and St. Cloud Railway to the Great Northern Railway. On February 1,1890, he transferred ownership of the StPM&M, Montana Central Railway, the Great Northern had branches that ran north to the Canada–US border in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana. It also had branches that ran to Superior, Wisconsin, and Butte, Montana, connecting with the mining fields of Minnesota. In 1898 Hill purchased control of parts of the Messabe Range iron mining district in Minnesota. The Great Northern began large-scale shipment of ore to the mills of the Midwest. At its height, Great Northern operated over 8,000 miles, the railroad’s best known engineer,1889 to 1903, was John Frank Stevens. Stevens earned wide acclaim in 1889 when he explored Marias Pass, Montana, Stevens was an efficient administrator with remarkable technical skills and imagination. He discovered Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains, set railroad construction standards in the Mesabi Range of northern Minnesota and he then became the chief engineer in charge of building the Panama Canal. The logo of the railroad, a Rocky Mountain goat, was based on a goat William Kenney, the mainline began at Saint Paul, Minnesota, heading west and topping the bluffs of the Mississippi River, crossing the river to Minneapolis on a massive multi-piered stone bridge. The Stone Arch Bridge stands in Minneapolis, near the Saint Anthony Falls, the mainline headed northwest from the Twin Cities, across North Dakota and eastern Montana. The line then crossed the Rocky Mountains at Marias Pass, and then followed the Flathead River and then Kootenai River to Athol, Idaho and Spokane, the main line west of Marias Pass has been relocated twice
13.
Bergen, North Dakota
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Bergen is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was just 7 at the 2010 Census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Bergen was founded in 1905 and named after Bergen, Norway, Bergen is located at 48°00′10″N 100°43′00″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.74 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 7 people,4 households, the population density was 9.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 10 housing units at a density of 13.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 0% White, there were 4 households of which 75. 0% were married couples living together and 25. 0% were non-families. 25. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 1.75 and the average family size was 2.00. The median age in the city was 59.5 years. 0. 0% of residents were under the age of 18,0. 0% were between the ages of 18 and 24,0. 0% were from 25 to 44,57. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 42. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 57. 1% male and 42. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 11 people,4 households, and 3 families residing in the city. The population density was 15.4 people per square mile, there were 11 housing units at an average density of 15.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 00% White, there were 4 households out of which 50. 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them,50. 0% were married couples living together, and 25. 0% were non-families. 25. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.33. In the city, the population was out with 27. 3% under the age of 18,18. 2% from 18 to 24,9. 1% from 25 to 44,27. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 166.7 males, the median income for a household in the city was $40,625, and the median income for a family was $8,750. Males had an income of $41,250 versus $0 for females
14.
Black Sea Germans
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At the time, southern Ukraine was part of the Russian Empire. The area of settlement was not as compact as that of the Volga territory, the first German settlers arrived in 1787, first from West Prussia, then later from Western and Southwestern Germany and Alsace, France, as well as from the Warsaw area. She granted them privileges such as the free exercise of their religion. The 45,000 Germans in Crimea were forced into exile in Siberia and Kazakhstan, many were deported as a result of the collectivization of all Soviet agricultural land in 1930/1931 by Stalins first five-year plan. Although the mass deportation of the kulaks was based on social and not ethnic criteria, about 1.2 percent of the Soviet population was classified as kulak and deported to the Gulag, based on a total Soviet population of 147 million, according to the 1926 census. The Germans were not the only ethnic group deported in large numbers during the collectivization drive, Germans, however, comprised the single largest foreign-origin minority sent into to internal exile in the Soviet Union. After Hitlers invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Supreme Soviet decreed the first evacuations, which were really expulsions, as the inhabitants were never allowed to return. Action to deport every ethnic German from the Crimea began on 15 August 1941, given only three or four hours to pack, the deportees were not told where they were going, how long they would stay there, or how much food to take. The result was starvation for many and, due to the confusion, in all, perhaps as many as 60,000 ethnic Germans were expelled from the Crimean peninsula alone at this time. Other parts of Southern Russian were also affected, in terms of total numbers deported to Siberia and Central Asia, between 15 August and 25 December 1941, the Soviet authorities expelled and exiled 856,000 German Russians. Included in this figure were many members of the Communist Party, with the defeat of the German Army at Stalingrad in the winter of 1942–1943, the Soviet Red Army began its offensive, recapturing more and more German-occupied territory. SS Head Heinrich Himmler made a decision to all ethnic Germans. Evacuations began in scattered German communities in the North Caucasus, where in February 1943,11,000 people were transferred, shortly thereafter,40,000 German Russians were sent westward from the area between the Don and Dnieper Rivers. When the Soviet troops neared the Dnieper River in October 1943, about 135,000 fled to the West. On the basis of the articles pertaining to the repatriation of nationals in the Yalta Agreement, the United States, due to attrition, Swedish numbers had fallen sharply within a few years of their leaving their Baltic homeland. The oldest village, first established in 1782, was the Swedish Lutheran village of Gammalsvenskby and this not only meant that they no longer had this area to themselves, but the Swedes had to share their original wooden church with some permanent incomers, ethnic German Lutherans. As it happened, the Germanophones also included Roman Catholics, which was source of sectarian tension. The Germans of either denomination called the village Alt-Schwedendorf after the existing Swedes settlers, basing themselves in Alt-Schwedendorf for a time, the Germans established several entirely German colony villages
15.
North West Company
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The North West Company was a fur trading business headquartered in Montreal from 1779 to 1821. It competed with increasing success against the Hudsons Bay Company in what is present-day Western Canada, with great wealth at stake, tensions between the companies increased to the point where several minor armed skirmishes broke out, and the two companies were forced to merge. In 1987, the trading posts of the Hudsons Bay Company were sold to an employee consortium that revived the name The North West Company in 1990. After the French landed in Quebec in 1608, coureurs des bois spread out, the French competed with the Dutch and English in New York and the English in Hudson Bay. Unlike the French who travelled into the interior, the English were based at trading posts on Hudson Bay. After 1731, La Vérendrye pushed trade west beyond Lake Winnipeg, after the British conquest in 1763, management of the fur trading posts was taken over by English-speakers. These so-called pedlars began to merge because competition cost them money, in the winter of 1783-84, the North West Company was officially created on a long-term basis, with its corporate offices on Vaudreuil Street in Montreal. The wintering partners and the Montreal agents met each July at the Companys depot at Grand Portage on Lake Superior, later moved to Fort William, also under the auspices of the Company, Alexander Mackenzie conducted two important expeditions of exploration. These men pushed into the territories of the Rocky Mountains. The death of Benjamin Frobisher opened the door to a takeover of the North West Company by Simon McTavish, the firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company, founded in November 1787, effectively controlled eleven of the company’s twenty outstanding shares. At the time the company consisted of 23 partners, but its staff of Agents, factors, clerks, guides, interpreters, in addition to Alexander Mackenzie, this group included Americans Peter Pond and Alexander Henry the elder. Further reorganizations of the partnership occurred in 1795 and 1802, the shares being subdivided each time to provide for more and more wintering partners. Vertical integration of the business was completed in 1792, when Simon McTavish and John Fraser formed a London house to supply goods and market the furs, McTavish, Fraser. While the organization and capitalization of the North West Company came from Anglo-Quebecers, in the northwest, the Company expanded its operations as far north as Great Bear Lake, and westwards beyond the Rocky Mountains. For several years, they tried to sell directly to China, using American ships to avoid the British East India Companys monopoly. The company also expanded into the United States Northwest Territory, in 1796, to better position themselves in the increasingly global market, where politics played a major role, the North West Company briefly established an agency in New York City. The company tried to persuade the British Parliament to change arrangements and it is said that Simon McTavish made a personal petition to Prime Minister William Pitt, but all requests were refused. A few years later, with no relief to the Hudsons Bay Companys stranglehold, McTavish and they organized an overland expedition from Montreal to James Bay and a second expedition by sea
16.
David Thompson (explorer)
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David Thompson was a British-Canadian fur trader, surveyor, and map-maker, known to some native peoples as Koo-Koo-Sint or the Stargazer. Over Thompsons career, he travelled some 90,000 kilometres across North America, for this historic feat, Thompson has been described as the greatest land geographer who ever lived. Thompson was born in Westminster to recent Welsh migrants, David and he eventually graduated to the Grey Coat mathematical school and was introduced to basic navigation skills which would form the basis of his future career. In 1784, at the age of 14, he entered an apprenticeship with the Hudsons Bay Company. He set sail on 28 May of that year, and left England and he arrived in Churchill and was put to work copying the personal papers of the governor of Fort Churchill, Samuel Hearne. On 23 December 1788, Thompson seriously fractured his leg, forcing him to spend the two winters at Cumberland House convalescing. It was during this time he refined and expanded his mathematical, astronomical. It was also during this time that he lost sight in his right eye and he then entered the employ of the Hudsons Bay Company as a fur trader and in 1792 completed his first significant survey, mapping a route to Lake Athabasca. In recognition of his skills, the company promoted him to surveyor in 1794. Thompsons decision to defect to the North West Company in 1797 without providing the customary one-year notice was not well received by his former employers. However, joining the North West Company allowed Thompson to pursue his interest in surveying and work on mapping the interior of what was to become Canada. By 1798 Thompson had completed a survey of 6,750 km from Grand Portage, through Lake Winnipeg, to the headwaters of the Assiniboine and Mississippi Rivers, in 1798, the company sent him to Red Deer Lake to establish a trading post. The English translation of Lac la Biche-Red Deer Lake-first appeared on the Mackenzie map of 1793, Thompson spent the next few seasons trading based in Fort George, and during this time led several expeditions into the Rocky Mountains. However, a decision was made at the 1806 company meeting to send Thompson back out into the interior, after the general meeting in 1806, Thompson travelled to Rocky Mountain House and prepared for an expedition to follow the Columbia River to the Pacific. In June 1807 Thompson crossed the Rocky Mountains and spent the summer surveying the Columbia basin, Thompson mapped and established trading posts in Northwestern Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Western Canada. Trading posts he founded included Kootenae House, Kullyspell House and Saleesh House and these posts established by Thompson extended North West Company fur trading territory into the Columbia Basin drainage area. The maps he made of the Columbia River basin east of the Cascade Mountains were of high quality. In early 1810, Thompson was returning eastward towards Montreal but while on route at Rainy Lake, received orders to return to the Rocky Mountains and establish a route to the mouth of the Columbia
17.
Souris River
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The Souris River or Mouse River is a river in central North America. It is about 700 km in length and drains about 23,600 square miles and it rises in the Yellow Grass Marshes north of Weyburn, Saskatchewan. It wanders south through North Dakota beyond Minot to its most southern point at the city of Velva, and then back north into Manitoba. The river passes through the communities of Melita, Hartney, Souris and Wawanesa and on to its confluence with the Assiniboine River at Treesbank, the main tributaries which flow into the Souris in Manitoba are the Antler River, the Gainsborough and Plum Creeks. Much of its basin is fertile silt and clay deposited by former glacial Lake Souris. North of Hartney the capacity increases to more than 3,000 cubic feet per second, the drop between the border and Hartney is only about 6 inches per mile. During the period from 1930 to 1941 severe drought conditions prevailed, in 1937 the Snyder and Ross Dams were built near Melita. In 1938 the Napinka Dam was built and the Hartney Dam was built in 1941 and these were all stop log dams with a total capacity of 2,400 acre feet. The Souris Dam was originally built in 1911 and was rebuilt in 1935, the Wawanesa Dam was completed in 1951 storing about 320 acre feet of water. Most of the flow of the Souris River comes from snow melt. The annual flow volume varies dramatically from 3,400 acre feet in 1937 to 2,100,000 acre feet in 1976. It is expected that the runoff for 2011 at Wawanesa will exceed 3,800,000 acre feet about a one in 500 year event. The average annual runoff is equivalent to 3 mm over the entire Souris River watershed, two large dams in Saskatchewan, Rafferty Dam and Alameda Dam were built, in part, to reduce flood peaks on the Souris River. Fish species include walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, white sucker, black bullhead, goldeye, brown bullhead and burbot
18.
BNSF Railway
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The BNSF Railway is one of the largest freight railroad networks in North America, second to the Union Pacific Railroad, and is one of seven North American Class I railroads. It has 44,000 employees,32,500 miles of track in 28 states and it has three transcontinental routes that provide rail links between the western and eastern United States. BNSF trains traveled over 169 million miles in 2010, more than any other North American railroad, the BNSF and UP have a duopoly on all transcontinental freight rail lines in the Western U. S. and share trackage rights over thousands of miles of track. According to corporate press releases, the BNSF Railway is among the top transporters of intermodal freight in North America, for instance, the railroad hauls enough coal to generate roughly ten percent of the electricity produced in the United States. Headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, the railroad is an owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. The creation of BNSF started with the formation of a holding company, on January 24,2005, the railroads name was officially changed to BNSF Railway, using the initials of its original name. The United States Surface Transportation Board placed a 15-month moratorium on all rail mergers, the company is investing an estimated $34 billion in BNSF and acquiring $10 billion in debt. On February 12,2010, shareholders of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation voted in favor of the acquisition, BNSFs history dates back to 1849, when the Aurora Branch Railroad in Illinois and the Pacific Railroad of Missouri were formed. The Aurora Branch eventually grew into the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, a portion of the Pacific Railroad became the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was chartered in 1859 and it built one of the first transcontinental railroads in North America, linking Chicago and Southern California, major branches led to Texas, Denver, and San Francisco. The Interstate Commerce Commission denied a proposed merger with the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in the 1980s and it absorbed the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway in 1980. Its main lines included Chicago-Seattle with branches to Texas and Montgomery, Alabama, on June 30,1994, BN and ATSF announced plans to merge, they were the largest and smallest of the Super Seven, the seven largest of the then-twelve U. S. The long-rumored announcement was delayed by a disagreement over the disposition of Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation and this announcement began the next wave of mergers, as the Super Seven were merged down to four in the next five years. The Illinois Central Railroad and Kansas City Southern Railway, two of the five small Class Is, announced on July 19 that the former would buy the latter, but this plan was called off on October 25. The Union Pacific Railroad, another major Western system, started a war with BN for control of the SF on October 5. The UP gave up on January 31,1995, paving the way for the BN-ATSF merger, subsequently, the UP acquired the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in 1996, and Eastern systems CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway split Conrail in 1998. UP was satisfied with a segment of trackage rights from Abilene, Kansas to Superior, Nebraska. KCS gained haulage rights to several Midwest locations, including Omaha, East St. Louis, and Memphis, in exchange for BNSF getting similar access to New Orleans
19.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
20.
The Bismarck Tribune
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The Bismarck Tribune is a daily newspaper printed in Bismarck, North Dakota. Founded in 1873, it is the daily newspaper for south-central. Its average daily circulation is 31,081 on Sundays and 27,620 on weekdays, one notable cofounder of -- and reporter for -- the paper was Mark H. Kellogg. The editorial viewpoint is conservative, though it endorsed John Kerry for president in 2004, the Tribunes first claim to fame in 1876, when the three-year-old paper published one of the first reports of George Custers last stand at the Little Bighorn. In 1938 the paper won a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service after publishing a series of articles called Self-Help in the Dust Bowl, the Bismarck Tribune is owned by Lee Enterprises
21.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
22.
Minnesota Historical Society
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The Minnesota Historical Society is a nonprofit educational and cultural institution dedicated to preserving the history of the U. S. state of Minnesota. It was founded by the legislature in 1849, almost a decade before statehood. The Society is named in the Minnesota Constitution and it is headquartered in the Minnesota History Center in downtown St. Paul. Although its focus is on Minnesota history it is not constrained by it and its work on the North American fur trade has been recognized in Canada as well. The Minnesota Historical Society operates 31 historic sites and museums,26 of which are open to the public, MNHS manages 14 sites directly and 10 in partnerships where the society maintains the resources and provides funding. Five sites are being held for preservation but are closed to public access, seven of the sites are National Historic Landmarks and 16 others are on the National Register of Historic Places. Seven sites lie within Minnesota state parks, and three are elements of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, journals and other documents of the Minnesota Historical Society. Minnesota Historical Society / Internet Archive
23.
Federal Writers' Project
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The Federal Writers Project was a United States federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression. It was part of the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program and it was one of a group of New Deal arts programs known collectively as Federal Project Number One. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, the Federal Writers Project was established July 27,1935, by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The project operated under journalist and theatrical producer Henry Alsberg, and later John D. Newsome, compiling local histories, oral histories, ethnographies, childrens books, the most well-known of these publications were the 48 state guides to the United States known as the American Guide Series. The format was uniform, comprising essays on the history and culture, descriptions of its major cities, automobile tours were one of the important attractions. The Federal Writers Project was funded and put to work, as a Public Works in and around the west coast, through Washington, Oregon, the Federal Writers Project was charged with employing writers, editors, historians, researchers, art critics, archaeologists, geologists and cartographers. Some 6,600 individuals were employed by the Federal Writers Project, in each state a Writers Project non-relief staff of editors was formed, along with a much larger group of field workers drawn from local unemployment rolls. Many of these had never completed school, but most had formerly held white collar jobs of some sort. Most of the Writers Project employees were young in age. Some Federal Writers Project writers supported the movement and left-wing social and political themes. The rise of fascism and the opposition to Roosevelt administration policies by conservative critics led many WPA artists to voice a political position. Most Writers Project works were apolitical by their nature, but some histories and ethnographies were not, some projects were strongly opposed by some state legislatures, particularly the American Guide Series books, and in a few states Guide printings were kept to a minimal number of copies. Some of the work was an art in the sense that these were not attempts to sugar-coat the lives of the authentic folk in the realm of culture. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Marist College, and IBM, adding, The times had provided a human drama of immense proportions, thus, many fiction writers turned toward documenting the common people, those who suffered most brutally the effects of the Depression. The results were such books as Jack Conroys The Disinherited and John Steinbecks enduring classic The Grapes of Wrath, thousands worked on the project, including several well-known authors. Blakey estimates that at any one time the Indiana office had no fewer than 150 men and women on the payroll, fieldworkers made about $80 a month, working 20 to 30 hours a week. Very few African Americans worked for the projects, with the notable exception of the Illinois Writers Project. Federal sponsorship for the Federal Writers Project came to an end in 1939, a National Endowment for the Humanities-funded documentary about the Federal Writers Project, entitled Soul of a People, Writing Americas Story premiered on the Smithsonian Channel in September 2009
24.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
25.
Fargo, North Dakota
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Fargo is the most populous city in the state of North Dakota, accounting for over 15% of the state population. Fargo is also the county seat of Cass County, according to the 2015 United States Census estimates, its population was 118,523. In 2014, Forbes magazine ranked Fargo as the fourth fastest-growing small city in the United States. Founded in 1871 and located on the Red River of the North floodplain, Fargo is a cultural, retail, health care, educational, in addition, Fargo is home to North Dakota State University. Historically part of Sioux territory, the area that is present-day Fargo was a stopping point for steamboats traversing the Red River during the 1870s and 1880s. The city was originally named Centralia, but was later renamed Fargo after Northern Pacific Railway director, the area started to flourish after the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the city became known as the Gateway to the West. During the 1880s, Fargo became the capital of the Midwest because of lenient divorce laws. A major fire struck the city on June 7,1893, but the city was immediately rebuilt with new buildings made of brick, new streets, and a water system. More than 246 new buildings were built within 1 year, there were several rumors concerning the cause of the fire. The North Dakota Agricultural College was founded in 1890 as North Dakotas land-grant university, in 1960, NDAC became known as North Dakota State University. Early in the century, the industry flourished, and in 1905. Fargo-Moorhead boomed after World War II and the city grew rapidly despite being hit by a violent tornado in 1957, the tornado destroyed a large portion of the north end of the city. Ted Fujita, famous for his Fujita tornado scale, analyzed pictures of the Fargo tornado and these were the first major scientific descriptive terms associated with tornadoes. The coming of two interstates revolutionized travel in the region and pushed growth of Fargo to the south and west of the city limits. In 1972, the West Acres Shopping Center, currently the largest shopping mall in North Dakota, was constructed near the intersection of the two Interstates and this mall would become the catalyst for retail growth in the area. Fargo has continued to expand rapidly but steadily, since the mid-1980s, the bulk of new residential growth has occurred in the south and southwest areas of the city due to geographic constraints on the north side. The citys major retail districts on the southwest side have likewise seen rapid development, downtown Fargo has been gentrified due in part to investments by the city and private developers in the Renaissance Zone. Most older neighborhoods, such as Horace Mann, have either avoided decline or been revitalized through housing rehabilitation promoted by planning agencies to strengthen the citys core, NDSU has grown rapidly into a major research university, and forms a major component of the citys identity and economy
26.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
27.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
28.
Towner, North Dakota
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Towner is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of McHenry County, the population was 533 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area, despite their similar names, the city of Towner is not in Towner County, North Dakota. Towner sprang up in 1886 with the arrival of the Great Northern Railway into the area and it was named for rancher O. M. Towner. Towner is located at 48°20′43″N 100°24′22″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.81 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 533 people,267 households, the population density was 658.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 337 housing units at a density of 416.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 6% White,1. 9% Native American,0. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 3% of the population. 41. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 24. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.69. The median age in the city was 49.9 years. 20. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,18. 1% were from 25 to 44,29. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 27% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 6% male and 51. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 574 people,295 households, and 158 families residing in the city. The population density was 694.0 people per square mile, there were 335 housing units at an average density of 405.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 91% White,0. 35% African American,0. 35% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 87% of the population. 42. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 23. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.66. In the city, the population was out with 17. 1% under the age of 18,6. 1% from 18 to 24,20. 7% from 25 to 44,27. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 50 years, for every 100 females there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $25,536, and the median income for a family was $44,375
29.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
30.
Anamoose, North Dakota
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Anamoose is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 227 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Anamoose was established along the line of the Soo Line Railroad in 1898 by Romanians who had come from Saskatchewan. The name is a corruption of the Chippewa word uhnemoosh, which means female dog, anamoose is located at 47°52′52″N 100°14′31″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.62 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 227 people,108 households, the population density was 372.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 140 housing units at a density of 229.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 6% White and 0. 4% Native American,32. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the family size was 2.61. The median age in the city was 48.6 years. 18. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 8% were from 25 to 44,25. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 30% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 7% male and 49. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 282 people,130 households, and 86 families residing in the city. The population density was 455.2 people per square mile, there were 149 housing units at an average density of 240.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 99. 65% White,0. 00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The top 6 ancestry groups in the city are German, Norwegian, English, Swedish, Czech,31. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the family size was 2.73. In the city, the population was out with 19. 9% under the age of 18,5. 3% from 18 to 24,21. 6% from 25 to 44,21. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 47 years, for every 100 females there were 94.5 males
31.
Balfour, North Dakota
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Balfour is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 26 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Balfour was founded in 1899 when the Soo Railroad was extended to that point, the city was named for Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. A post office has been in operation at Balfour since 1899, Balfour is located at 47°57′4″N 100°32′1″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 0.49 square miles. Balfour is located on U. S. Highway 52 southeast of Minot, as of the census of 2010, there were 26 people,14 households, and 6 families residing in the city. The population density was 53.1 inhabitants per square mile, there were 18 housing units at an average density of 36.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 2% White and 3. 8% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 8% of the population. 50. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.86 and the average family size was 2.83. The median age in the city was 46 years. 15. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,3. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,30. 7% were from 25 to 44,42. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 7. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 0% male and 50. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 20 people,14 households, and 6 families residing in the city. The population density was 41.2 people per square mile, there were 21 housing units at an average density of 43.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 00% White, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 00% of the population. There were 14 households out of which none had children under the age of 18 living with them,35. 7% were married couples living together, and 57. 1% were non-families. 57. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.43 and the average family size was 2.00. In the city, the population was out with 5. 0% from 18 to 24,25. 0% from 25 to 44,45. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 54 years, for every 100 females there were 122.2 males
32.
Bantry, North Dakota
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Bantry is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 14 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Bantry is located at 48°29′52″N 100°36′35″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.17 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 14 people,7 households, the population density was 82.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 8 housing units at a density of 47.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 0% White,28. 6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.00 and the family size was 2.50. The median age in the city was 37.5 years. 21. 4% of residents were under the age of 18, 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,35. 7% were from 25 to 44,21. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 57. 1% male and 42. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 19 people,11 households, and 4 families residing in the city. The population density was 115.6 people per square mile, there were 11 housing units at an average density of 66.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 00% White,54. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.73 and the family size was 2.50. In the city, the population was out with 15. 8% under the age of 18,21. 1% from 18 to 24,21. 1% from 25 to 44,31. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 280.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 220.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $13,750, and the median income for a family was $19,167. Males had an income of $23,750 versus $11,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,696, there are 25. 0% of families living below the poverty line and 21. 4% of the population, including no under eighteens and 100. 0% of those over 64
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Deering, North Dakota
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Deering is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 98 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Deering is located at 48°23′43″N 101°3′3″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.07 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 98 people,40 households, the population density was 1,400.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 44 housing units at a density of 628.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 9% White,3. 1% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 0% of the population. 27. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age in the city was 38.3 years. 22. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 5% were from 25 to 44,29. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54. 1% male and 45. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 118 people,42 households, and 33 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,655.6 people per square mile, there were 50 housing units at an average density of 701.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 07% White,4. 24% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 54% of the population. 19. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.27. In the city, the population was out with 29. 7% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,38. 1% from 25 to 44,16. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 114.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $45,313. Males had an income of $26,719 versus $14,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,316, there were 2. 9% of families and 10. 0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 20. 0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64
34.
Drake, North Dakota
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Drake is a town in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 275 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Drake was founded in 1902 and named after Herman Drake, a settler, as of the census of 2010, there were 275 people,144 households, and 70 families residing in the city. The population density was 139.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 200 housing units at an average density of 101.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 8% White,0. 4% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 5% of the population. 44. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 1.91 and the average family size was 2.70. The median age in the city was 48.1 years. 17. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 7% were from 25 to 44,26. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 27. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 5% male and 49. 5% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 322 people,164 households, and 94 families residing in the city. The population density was 163.1 people per square mile, there were 201 housing units at an average density of 101.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 00% White, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 31% of the population. 38. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 23. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.96 and the average family size was 2.60. In the city, the population was out with 18. 3% under the age of 18,4. 0% from 18 to 24,19. 3% from 25 to 44,22. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 51 years, for every 100 females there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $22,813, and the median income for a family was $34,844. Males had an income of $23,250 versus $17,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,023, about 8. 2% of families and 15. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 3% of those under age 18 and 16. 3% of those age 65 or over. This climatic region is typified by large temperature differences, with warm to hot summers
35.
Granville, North Dakota
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Granville is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 241 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Granville was laid out and platted in 1900, the city was named in honor of Granville M. Dodge, a railroad man. The railroad was extended to Granville in 1904, and the city was incorporated in 1906, in the late 1990s, the town agreed to temporarily change its name to McGillicuddy City, in a promotion for Dr. McGillicuddys schnapps. Granville is located at 48°16′0″N 100°50′36″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.28 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 241 people,109 households, the population density was 860.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 135 housing units at a density of 482.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 1% White,1. 2% Native American,0. 4% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 3% of the population. 37. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the city was 44.3 years. 21. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 6% were from 25 to 44,28. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 19. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 2% male and 49. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 286 people,120 households, and 77 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,042.5 people per square mile, there were 141 housing units at an average density of 514.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 50% White,0. 35% African American,0. 70% Native American,30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was out with 26. 6% under the age of 18,8. 4% from 18 to 24,24. 5% from 25 to 44,19. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 108.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $24,444, and the median income for a family was $28,500
36.
Kief, North Dakota
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For the cannabis-related crystals, see Kief. Kief is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States, the population was 13 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area, Kief was founded in 1908 as a station along the Soo Line Railroad. The city was named by Ukrainian settlers after the city of Kiev in Ukraine, Kief was the traditional spelling for Kiev at the time. A post office was established in 1909 and the town was incorporated as a village in 1916. It achieved a population of 307 in 1920. It became a city in 1967, after the North Dakota Legislature enacted legislation that all existing incorporation titles for towns. Kief is located in Land Township roughly 8 miles southwest of Drake, North Dakota. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.24 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 13 people,8 households, the population density was 10.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 12 housing units at a density of 9.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 0% White,50. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 25% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.63 and the family size was 2.25. The median age in the city was 55.8 years. 7. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,0. 0% were between the ages of 18 and 24,0. 0% were from 25 to 44,69. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 23. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53. 8% male and 46. 2% female, as of the 2000 census, there were 13 people,8 households, and 3 families residing in the city. The population density was 10.7 people per square mile, there were 18 housing units at an average density of 14.8 per square mile. 62. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 37. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.63 and the average family size was 2.67
37.
Upham, North Dakota
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Upham is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 130 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. Upham is located at 48°34′52″N 100°43′37″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.33 square miles, all of it land. The Mayor of Upham, North Dakota is Steve Plorin, as of the census of 2010, there were 130 people,67 households, and 36 families residing in the city. The population density was 393.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 112 housing units at an average density of 339.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 2% White,0. 8% African American,0. 8% Native American,0. 8% Asian, and 1. 5% from two or more races. 40. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.94 and the average family size was 2.56. The median age in the city was 47 years. 18. 5% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 23% were from 25 to 44,33. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 18. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55. 4% male and 44. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 155 people,81 households, and 40 families residing in the city. The population density was 479.4 people per square mile, there were 120 housing units at an average density of 371.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 71% White,48. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 28. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.91 and the family size was 2.78. In the city, the population was out with 20. 0% under the age of 18,5. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 8% from 25 to 44,20. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 109.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $21,250, and the median income for a family was $31,458. Males had an income of $23,750 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,187
38.
Voltaire, North Dakota
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Voltaire is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 40 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. The city was most likely named after a local pioneer, a post office has been in operation at Voltaire since 1901. Voltaire is located at 48°1′11″N 100°50′33″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.40 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 40 people,21 households, the population density was 100.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 22 housing units at a density of 55.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 0% White,2. 5% African American,42. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 23. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.90 and the family size was 2.55. The median age in the city was 49.5 years. 15% of residents were under the age of 18,2. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,22. 5% were from 25 to 44, 40% were from 45 to 64, and 20% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 0% male and 50. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 51 people,20 households,45 Dogs,3 horses, and 14 families residing in the city. The population density was 125.1 people per square mile, there were 21 housing units at an average density of 51.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 100. 00% White,30. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.14. In the city, the population was out with 31. 4% under the age of 18,2. 0% from 18 to 24,21. 6% from 25 to 44,29. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had an income of $38,750 versus $19,375 for females
39.
Civil township
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A civil township is a widely used unit of local government in the United States, subordinate to a county. The term town is used in New England, New York, specific responsibilities and the degree of autonomy vary based on each state. Civil townships are distinct from survey townships, but in states that have both, the boundaries often coincide and may completely geographically subdivide a county, the U. S. Census Bureau classifies civil townships as minor civil divisions. Currently, there are 20 states with civil townships, Township functions are generally overseen by a governing board and a clerk or trustee. Township officers frequently include justice of the peace, road commissioner, assessor, constable, in the 20th century many townships also added a township administrator or supervisor to the officers as an executive for the board. In some cases townships run local libraries, senior services, youth services, disabled citizen services, emergency assistance. Depending on the state, the government has varying degrees of authority. In the Upper Midwestern states near the Great Lakes, civil townships, are often, the degree to which these townships are functioning governmental entities varies from state to state and in some cases even within a state. Most townships in Illinois also provide such as snow removal, senior transportation. The townships in Illinois each have a board, whose board members were formerly called township trustees. In contrast, civil townships in Indiana are operated in a consistent manner statewide and tend to be well organized, with each served by a single township trustee. Civil townships in these states are not incorporated, and nearby cities may annex land in adjoining townships with relative ease. In Wisconsin, civil townships are known as towns rather than townships, in Minnesota, state statute refers to such entities as towns yet requires them to have a name in the form Name Township. In both documents and conversation, town and township are used interchangeably, Minnesota townships can be either Non-Urban or Urban, but this is not reflected in the townships name. In Ohio, a city or village is overlaid onto a township unless it withdraws by establishing a paper township, where the paper township does not extend to the city limits, property owners pay taxes for both the township and municipality. Ten other states also allow townships and municipalities to overlap, in Kansas some civil townships provide services such as road maintenance and fire protection services not provided by the county. In New England, the states are subdivided into towns, which are fully functioning municipal corporations that provide most local services, while counties exist in New England, for the most part they serve as dividing lines for state judicial systems. With the exception of a few areas of New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine
40.
Unorganized territory
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In the United States, an unorganized territory is a region of land without a normally constituted system of government. This does not mean that the territory has no government at all or that it is unclaimed territory, in practice, such territories are always sparsely populated. In modern usage it indicates an area in local government does not exist. However the area is still, at least in theory, governed by the nation of which it forms part and these lightly governed regions were common in the 19th century during the growth of United States. Large tracts such as the Louisiana Territory, Missouri Territory and the Oregon Country were established by Congress, later, a portion of a territory would organize and achieve the requirements for statehood, leaving the remainder unorganized. The U. S. Census Bureau recognizes such separate pieces of territory as one or more separate county subdivisions for statistical purposes and it assigns each unorganized territory a descriptive name, followed by the designation unorganized territory. Unorganized territories were first used for purposes in conjunction with the 1960 census. At the 2000 census there were 305 of these territories within the United States and their total land area was 85,392 square miles and they had a total population of 247,331. South Dakota had the most unorganized territories,102, as well as the largest amount of land under that status,39,785 square miles, North Dakota followed with 86 territories,20,358 square miles, or 29. 5% of its land area. Maine was next with 36 territories,14,052 square miles, Minnesota had 71 territories,10,552 square miles, or 13% of its land area. Several other states had small amounts of unorganized territory, the unorganized territory with the largest population was Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, a United States Marine Corps base with a census population of 34,452 inhabitants. In the 2010 census, unorganized territory areas were identified in nine U. S. states, Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, and South Dakota. An unorganized territory can also be a United States territory for which the United States Congress has not enacted an organic act, currently, all federal unorganized territories are insular areas, administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, U. S. Department of the Interior. American Samoa is technically unorganized, in that Congress has not passed an organic act, as of 2006, Palmyra Atoll is the only unorganized incorporated U. S. territory. The other unorganized and all organized territories are unincorporated, incorporated territories are permanently part of the United States whereas unincorporated territories may be sold, leased or granted independence by the United States. At various times during the 19th century, large parts of the Great Plains were unorganized territory, after the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, the entire region was part of the Louisiana Territory until 1812 and the Missouri Territory until 1821. In 1821 the Missouri Compromise created the State of Missouri from the territory, the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 created the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, bringing organized government to the region once again. The creation of Kansas and Nebraska left the Indian Territory as the unorganized territory in the Great Plains
41.
Norwich, North Dakota
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Norwich is an unincorporated community in western McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. It lies along U. S. Route 2 southwest of the city of Towner and it is unincorporated, and had a post office with the ZIP code of 58768. Though the post office closed May 4,1996, the ZIP code is valid for use. Norwich was founded in 1901 and named after Norwich, England in an effort to please Great Northern Railway stockholders from England and it was one of several sites along the Great Northerns transcontinental route between Devils Lake and Minot that were named after places in England. The community is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area
42.
Indian reservation
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Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States are associated with a particular Nation. Not all of the countrys 567 recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, some share reservations and this jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties. The collective geographical area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres, while most reservations are small compared to US states, there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island. The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation Reservation, is similar in size to West Virginia, Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country, the majority are west of the Mississippi River and occupy lands that were first reserved by treaty or granted from the public domain. Because tribes possess tribal sovereignty, even though it is limited and these laws can permit legal casinos on reservations, for example, which attract tourists. The tribal council, not the local or federal government, generally has jurisdiction over reservations, different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Most Native American reservations were established by the government, a limited number, mainly in the East. The name reservation comes from the conception of the Native American tribes as independent sovereigns at the time the U. S, the term remained in use even after the federal government began to forcibly relocate tribes to parcels of land to which they had no historical connection. A majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations, often in big cities such as Phoenix. In 2012, there were over 2.5 million Native Americans with about 1 million living on reservations, from the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas, Europeans often removed native peoples from lands they wished to occupy. The means varied, including voluntary moves based on agreement, treaties made under considerable duress, forceful ejection. The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing means of livelihood by being subjected to an area, farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture. In 1764 the “Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs” was proposed by the Board of Trade, additionally, this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement. For much of North America, the American Revolution was more of a battle against the Indians than a war against the British, the treaty was seen by Americans as a confirmation of their conquest of Indian land. The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and this protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the America Revolution. On March 11,1824, John C. Calhoun founded the Office of Indian Affairs as a division of the United States Department of War, to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes. The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 marked the systematization of a US federal government policy of forcibly moving Native populations away from European-populated areas, some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian Reservations. In 1851, the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in modern-day Oklahoma, relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West
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Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation
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Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation is an Indian Reservation located primarily in northern North Dakota, United States. It is the base for the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians. The Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation was established by Presidential Executive Order on December 21,1882. The main reservation lies in the part of Rolette County, North Dakota and has a land area of 67.583 square miles. It also has extensive off-reservation trust lands, which make the lands the most widely dispersed of all reservations in the nation. These lands are spread across 22 counties in three states, North Dakota, Montana and South Dakota, including these lands, the reservations land area is a total of 233.036 square miles. Its total resident population at the 2000 census was 8,331, sixteen other counties have lesser amounts of trust land. The Reservation is situated in the part of the Turtle Mountain Plateau. The Turtle Mountain Plateau covers an area in extreme northern North Dakota. In the United States, the plateau is not as extensively covered by a forest as in the Canadian part of the plateau, the forest which covers the plateau, is clear evidence that the boreal forest extended much further westward. The Turtle Mountains are not really mountains but tiny hills, and it is only slightly higher in elevation, about 500 feet or more. Many lakes dot the plateau, which is evidence that the area was covered by a lake in ancient times. The main part of the Turtle Mountain Reservation is located in Rolette County and it is 6 miles by 12 miles. Another 26,175 acres is located in Roulette County, North Dakota, total acres in Rolette County are 72,255 acres. Another 6,698 acres is managed by the Trenton Agency, much of the Trenton land is in Montana. The remaining land, totaling 67,852 acres, is located primarily in Montana, with parcels in North Dakota. The Turtle Mountain Reservation is closed and it is one of a few Native American Reservations that protected its lands against white settlement. The total area of the Turtle Mountain Reservation is 146,805 acres, the Anishinaabe people were likely living in what is now the Turtle Mountain Plateau region in the late 17th century
