1.
Saxtons River, Vermont
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Saxtons River is an incorporated village in the town of Rockingham in Windham County, Vermont, United States. The population was 565 at the 2010 census, for over a hundred years, Saxtons River has been the home of Vermont Academy, an independent secondary school. Most of the village is a district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Saxtons River Village Historic District. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.5 square mile. Saxtons River was first settled in 1783, but growth was extremely slow, a meeting house was built and the village cemetery established in 1810, and the first textile mill was opened at the Middle Falls in 1815. The village bounds were determined by the town in 1820, although the village had a long history of industry, much of it had failed by the 1920s. After a period of decline in the century, older buildings. Historic buildings include, Congregational Church, now the Saxtons River Historical Society,1836,1871 Saxtons River Village Building, the population density was 1,130 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 94. 65% White,1. 6% Asian,0. 4% African American,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 85% of the population. In the village, the population was out with 29. 3% under the age of 18,8. 4% from 18 to 24,13. 1% from 25 to 34,40. 5% from 35 to 64
2.
Vermont
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Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders the other U. S. states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Lake Champlain forms half of Vermonts western border with the state of New York, Vermont is the 2nd-least populous of the U. S. states, with nearly 50,000 more residents than Wyoming. The capital is Montpelier, the least populous state capital in the U. S, the most populous municipality, Burlington, is the least populous city in the U. S. to be the most populous within a state. As of 2015, Vermont continued to be the producer of maple syrup in the U. S. It was ranked as the safest state in the country in January 2016, for thousands of years inhabited by indigenous peoples, including the Algonquian-speaking Abenaki and Mohawk, much of the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by Frances colony of New France. France ceded the territory to Great Britain after being defeated in 1763 in the Seven Years War, for many years, the nearby colonies, especially the provinces of New Hampshire and New York, disputed control of the area. Settlers who held land titles granted by New York were opposed by the Green Mountain Boys militia, ultimately, those settlers prevailed in creating an independent state, the Vermont Republic. Founded in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War, the republic lasted for 14 years, aside from the original 13 states that were formerly colonies, Vermont is one of only four U. S. states that were previously sovereign states. Vermont was also the first state to join the U. S. as its 14th member state after the original 13, while still an independent republic, Vermont was the first of any future U. S. state to partially abolish slavery. It played an important geographic role in the Underground Railroad, sights in Vermont Vermont is located in the New England region of the northeastern United States and comprises 9,614 square miles, making it the 45th-largest state. It is the state that does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet. Land comprises 9,250 square miles and water comprises 365 square miles, making it the 43rd-largest in land area, in total area, it is larger than El Salvador and smaller than Haiti. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border with New Hampshire. 41% of Vermonts land area is part of the Connecticut Rivers watershed, Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles long and its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles at the Canada–U. S. Border, the narrowest width is 37 miles at the Massachusetts line, the states geographic center is approximately three miles east of Roxbury, in Washington County. There are fifteen U. S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada, the origin of the name Vermont is uncertain, but likely comes from the French les Verts Monts, meaning the Green Mountains
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Boarding school
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A boarding school is a school at which most or all of the students live during the part of the year that they go to lessons. The word boarding is used in the sense of bed and board, i. e. lodging, some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution by day and return to their families in the evenings. Many independent schools are boarding schools, Boarding school pupils normally return home during the school holidays and often weekends, but in some cultures may spend most of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. In the United States, boarding schools comprise various grades, most commonly grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years, other schools are for younger children, grades two through eight. A military school, or military academy, also features military education, in the former Soviet Union schools were introduced, these sometimes are known as Internat-schools. Some schools were a type of specialized school with a focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports. Other schools were associated with orphanages after all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs, general schools offered extended stay programs featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work. In post-soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country, the term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has separate residential houses, either within the school grounds or in the surrounding area. Pupils generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds, they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times, depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options, full, weekly, or on a flexible schedule. Each may be assisted in the management of the house by a housekeeper often known as matron. In the U. S. boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm and they also have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older pupils are often unsupervised by staff, and a system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior pupils, houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In others, separate houses accommodate needs of different years or classes, in some schools, day pupils are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Each student has a timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the day to include sports, clubs and societies
5.
Rural area
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In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Whatever is not urban is considered rural, typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas are rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes, in Canada, the census division has been used to represent regions and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent communities. Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Ehrensaft, as well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Statistics Canada defines rural for their population counts and this definition has changed over time. Typically, it has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or less inhabitants, the current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre. 84% of the United States inhabitants live in suburban and urban areas, Rural areas occupy the remaining 90 percent. The U. S. Census Bureau, the USDAs Economic Research Service, an urbanized area consists of a central surrounding areas whose population is greater than 50,000. USDA The USDAs Office of Rural Development may define rural by various population thresholds, for example, a metropolitan county is one that contains an urbanized area, or one that has a twenty-five percent commuter rate to an urbanized area regardless of population. In 2014, the USDA updated their rural / non-rural area definitions based on the 2010 Census counts, Rural health definitions can be different for establishing under-served areas or health care accessibility in rural areas of the United States. This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural, health care delivery in rural areas of the United States can be challenging. From 2005-2011, the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations for acute conditions was highest in rural areas, in Brazil, theres different notions of rural area and countryside. Rural areas are any place outside an urban development and its carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside are officially defined as all municipalities outside the capitals metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul doesnt have any metropolitan region, thus all of the state, Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and its de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio
6.
University-preparatory school
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A university-preparatory school or college-preparatory school is a type of secondary school. The term can refer to public, private independent or parochial schools primarily designed to prepare students for higher education, in the United States, there are public, private, and charter college preparatory schools and they can be either parochial or secular. Admission is sometimes based on selection criteria, usually academic. Fewer than 1% of students enrolled in school in the United States attend an independent, private school, compared to 9% who attend parochial schools. Public and charter college prep schools are connected to a local school district. The term prep school in the U. S. is usually associated with private, elite institutions that have very selective admission criteria, prep schools can be day schools, boarding schools, or both, and may be co-educational or single-sex. Currently day schools are more common than boarding, and since the 1970s co-educational schools are more common than single-sex, unlike the public schools which are free, they charge tuition Some prep schools are affiliated with a particular religious denomination. Unlike parochial schools, independent preparatory schools are not governed by a religious organization, in most parts of Europe, such as Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and Scandinavia, there are state-funded secondary schools specializing in university-preparatory education. These go by many names depending on the country but may be called gymnasia, athenaea, unlike American prep schools then, they begin after high-school graduation. The most famous French classes préparatoires are exceptionally intensive and selective, taking only the very best students graduating from high schools, nevertheless, there exist many less prestigious classes préparatoires. As a result, 90% of the students in the scientific classes préparatoires eventually become engineers or scientists, a Gymnasium is a particular type of school in Germany and other countries in Europe, with the goal to prepare its pupils to enter a university. The γυμνάσιον of Ancient Greece was a place for physical and eventually also intellectual education of young men, the later meaning of intellectual education persisted in German and other languages, whereas in English, the older meaning of physical education was retained. The German Gymnasien are selective and competitive schools and they enroll students after completing 4th or 6th grade and prepare them for college. The vast majority of Gymnasien is public and does not charge tuition fees, article 7, Paragraph 4 of the German constitution, forbids segregation of students according to the means of their parents. Therefore, most private Gymnasien have rather low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships, every child will be able to enter the lottery, no matter how he or she performed in primary school. It is hoped that this policy will increase the number of lower, a total of zero percent was in favour of the lottery. Germanys oldest Gymnasien include Gymnasium Paulinum, Gymnasium Theodorianum and Gymnasium Carolinum, in Italy, there are several kinds of high schools, both public and private, whose curriculum has as a primary aim the preparation for university. These are called Liceo, plural Licei, the name comes from Lyceum, the Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek Λύκειον, the name of a gymnasium in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus
7.
Dartmouth College
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Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, with a total student enrollment of about 6,400, Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League. Undergraduate admissions is highly competitive, with a rate of 10. 4% for the Class of 2021. Dartmouths 269-acre campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England, the university functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms. Dartmouth is known for its focus, strong Greek culture. Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I, Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings. According to a Forbes study, despite its small size. In a New York Times corporate study, Dartmouths graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world. Dartmouth has produced prominent alumni, including 170 members of the U. S. Senate. Cabinet officials,3 Nobel Prize laureates,2 U. S. Supreme Court justices, diplomats, scholars in academia, literary and media figures, professional athletes, and Olympic medalists. Dartmouth was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational minister from Columbia, Connecticut, wheelocks ostensible inspiration for such an establishment resulted from his relationship with Mohegan Indian Samson Occom. Occom became a minister after studying under Wheelock from 1743 to 1747. Wheelock founded Moors Indian Charity School in 1755, the Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue schools operations, and Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. Occom, accompanied by the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money from churches, with these funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock. The head of the trust was a Methodist named William Legge, in seeking to expand the school into a college, Wheelock relocated it to Hanover, in the Province of New Hampshire. The move from Connecticut followed a lengthy and sometimes frustrating effort to find resources, the reference to educating Native American youth was included to connect Dartmouth to the Charity School and enable use of the Charity Schools unspent trust funds. The College granted its first degrees in 1771, given the limited success of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new college as one primarily for whites. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817
8.
Ernest Martin Hopkins
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Ernest Martin Hopkins served as the 11th President of Dartmouth College from 1916 to 1945. As a young man growing up in New Hampshire, he worked in a granite quarry, after graduating from Worcester Academy in 1896, he matriculated to Dartmouth. A Dartmouth graduate himself, Ernest Martin Hopkins did not fit the mold of a college president when he was selected by the Trustees in 1916. He was not an academic, had never held a position and had spent the bulk of his career in the business world. But any doubts about his qualities were quickly dispelled and he showed himself to be a champion of academic freedom in an era when that basic tenet of scholarship was under attack. The administration of Ernest Martin Hopkins spanned two wars, and he was called to serve his country on several occasions. In World War I, he was named Assistant Secretary of War for Industrial Relations and served in the Office of Production, the articulation of these ideas during the Hopkins administration has become an enduring legacy that continues at Dartmouth today. President of Dartmouth College Dartmouth College Wheelock Succession
9.
Biology
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Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain unifying concepts within it that consolidate it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable, the term biology is derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, life and the suffix -λογία, -logia, study of. The Latin-language form of the term first appeared in 1736 when Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus used biologi in his Bibliotheca botanica, the first German use, Biologie, was in a 1771 translation of Linnaeus work. In 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose used the term in the preface of a book, karl Friedrich Burdach used the term in 1800 in a more restricted sense of the study of human beings from a morphological, physiological and psychological perspective. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the biology or the doctrine of life. Although modern biology is a recent development, sciences related to. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, however, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece. While the formal study of medicine back to Hippocrates, it was Aristotle who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life. Aristotles successor at the Lyceum, Theophrastus, wrote a series of books on botany that survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to the plant sciences, even into the Middle Ages. Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz, Al-Dīnawarī, who wrote on botany, biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoeks dramatic improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria, investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining. Advances in microscopy also had a impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the importance of the cell. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians
10.
Biochemistry
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Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of energy through metabolism. Biochemistry is closely related to biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate. The chemistry of the cell depends on the reactions of smaller molecules. These can be inorganic, for water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism, the findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of diseases, in nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control. However, biochemistry as a scientific discipline has its beginning sometime in the 19th century, or a little earlier. Gowland Hopkins on enzymes and the nature of biochemistry. The term biochemistry itself is derived from a combination of biology, the German chemist Carl Neuberg however is often cited to have coined the word in 1903, while some credited it to Franz Hofmeister. Then, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler published a paper on the synthesis of urea and these techniques allowed for the discovery and detailed analysis of many molecules and metabolic pathways of the cell, such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Another significant historic event in biochemistry is the discovery of the gene and this part of biochemistry is often called molecular biology. In the 1950s, James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, in 1958, George Beadle and Edward Tatum received the Nobel Prize for work in fungi showing that one gene produces one enzyme. In 1988, Colin Pitchfork was the first person convicted of murder with DNA evidence, mello received the 2006 Nobel Prize for discovering the role of RNA interference, in the silencing of gene expression. Around two dozen of the 92 naturally occurring elements are essential to various kinds of biological life. Most rare elements on Earth are not needed by life, while a few common ones are not used, most organisms share element needs, but there are a few differences between plants and animals
11.
Kinesiology
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Kinesiology is the scientific study of human or non-human body movement. Kinesiology addresses physiological, biomechanical, and psychological mechanisms of movement, Kinesiology as described above should not be confused with applied kinesiology, a controversial medical diagnostic method. The word comes from the Greek κίνησις kínēsis, movement, and -λογία -logia, Kinesiology is the study of human and nonhuman animal-body movements, performance, and function by applying the sciences of biomechanics, anatomy, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience. Kinesiology is a field of study, and does not prepare individuals for clinical practice. A bachelors degree in kinesiology can provide strong preparation for study in biomedical research, as well as in professional programs, such as allied health. Many doctoral level faculty in North American kinesiology programs received their training in related disciplines, such as neuroscience, mechanical engineering, psychology. The worlds first kinesiology department was launched in 1967 at the University of Waterloo, adaptation through exercise is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations. Therapeutic exercise has been shown to improve control and motor capabilities in both normal and pathological populations. There are many different types of interventions that can be applied in kinesiology to athletic, normal. Aerobic exercise interventions help to improve cardiovascular endurance, anaerobic strength training programs can increase muscular strength, power, and lean body mass. Decreased risk of falls and increased neuromuscular control can be attributed to balance intervention programs, flexibility programs can increase functional range of motion and reduce the risk of injury. As a whole, exercise programs can reduce symptoms of depression and risk of cardiovascular, additionally, they can help to improve quality of life, sleeping habits, immune system function, and body composition. The study of the responses to physical exercise and their therapeutic applications is known as exercise physiology. Neuroplasticity is also a key scientific principle used in kinesiology to describe how movement, the human brain adapts and acquires new motor skills based on this principle, which includes both adaptive and maladaptive brain changes. Neuroplasticity is also the mechanism of skill acquisition. For example, after training, pianists showed greater gray matter density in sensorimotor cortex. Maladaptive plasticity Maladaptive plasticity is defined as neuroplasticity with negative effects or detrimental consequences in behavior, movement abnormalities may occur among individuals with and without brain injuries due to abnormal remodeling in central nervous system. Learned non-use is a commonly seen among patients with brain damage
12.
Robotics
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Robotics is the interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as systems for their control, sensory feedback. These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans, Robots can be used in any situation and for any purpose, but today many are used in dangerous environments, manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive. Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in appearance and this is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, many of todays robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. Throughout history, it has been assumed that robots will one day be able to mimic human behavior. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, finding survivors in unstable ruins, Robotics is also used in STEM as a teaching aid. The word robotics was derived from the robot, which was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R. U. R. which was published in 1920. The word robot comes from the Slavic word robota, which means labour, the play begins in a factory that makes artificial people called robots, creatures who can be mistaken for humans – very similar to the modern ideas of androids. Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word and he wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother Josef Čapek as its actual originator. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word robotics was first used in print by Isaac Asimov, published in May 1941 in Astounding Science Fiction. Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term, since the science and technology of electrical devices is electronics, he assumed robotics already referred to the science and technology of robots. In some of Asimovs other works, he states that the first use of the word robotics was in his short story Runaround, however, the original publication of Liar. Predates that of Runaround by ten months, so the former is generally cited as the words origin, in 1942, the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov created his Three Laws of Robotics. In 1948, Norbert Wiener formulated the principles of cybernetics, the basis of practical robotics, fully autonomous only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine, commercial and industrial robots are widespread today and used to perform jobs more cheaply, more accurately and more reliably, than humans. They are also employed in jobs which are too dirty, dangerous. For example, a designed to travel across heavy dirt or mud
13.
Physics
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Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
14.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
15.
John Barrett (diplomat)
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John Barrett was a United States diplomat and one of the most influential early directors general of the Pan American Union. On his death, the New York Times commented that he had more than any other person of his generation to promote closer relations among the American republics. Barrett was born in Grafton, Vermont on November 28,1866 and he graduated from Worcester Academy in 1883, then studied at both Vanderbilt University and Dartmouth College, eventually graduating from the latter with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1889. From 1889 to 1894, he worked as a journalist on the west coast, while working as a journalist, he so impressed President Grover Cleveland during a meeting that he was appointed as the United States U. S. Finally, he was appointed as a delegate to the second Pan-American Conference in 1901 through the following year and he was then appointed as Minister to Panama and then to Colombia. In 1907, he was appointed at the first Director General of the Bureau of American Republics and he served in this capacity for fourteen years. In 1924, he entered politics by running for the United States Senate as a Republican. In his life, Barrett received honorary doctorates from Tulane University, the University of Southern California, the National University of Colombia in Bogotá, and he also received state decorations from Venezuela and China. He died of pneumonia in 1938, dr. Barrett, Envoy to Four Nations, Dies. The United States in Panamanian Politics, The Intriguing Formative Years, interstate Publishers, OCLC138568 Mellander, Gustavo A. Nelly Maldonado Mellander. Charles Edward Magoon, The Panama Years, río Piedras, Puerto Rico, Editorial Plaza Mayor. Inventory of the Barrett Family Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library
16.
Detroit Pistons
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The Detroit Pistons are an American professional basketball team based in Auburn Hills, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. The Pistons compete in the National Basketball Association as a club of the leagues Eastern Conference Central Division. The team plays its games at The Palace of Auburn Hills and was founded in Fort Wayne, Indiana as the Fort Wayne Pistons in 1941. The Pistons joined the Basketball Association of America in 1948, in 1949, the NBL and BAA merged to become the NBA, and the Pistons became part of the merged league. Since moving to Detroit in 1957, the Pistons have won three NBA championships in 1989,1990 and 2004. The Detroit Pistons franchise was founded as the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons, owners Fred Zollner and his sister Janets Zollner Corporation was a foundry, manufacturing pistons, primarily for car, truck and locomotive engines. The Zollner Pistons were NBL champions in 1944 and 1945 and they also won the World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1944,1945 and 1946. In 1948, the became the Fort Wayne Pistons, competing in the Basketball Association of America. In 1949, Fred Zollner brokered the formation of the National Basketball Association from the BAA, there are suggestions that Pistons players conspired with gamblers to shave points and throw various games during the 1953–54 and 1954–55 seasons. In particular, there are accusations that the team may have intentionally lost the 1955 NBA Finals to the Syracuse Nationals, in the decisive Game 7, the Pistons led Syracuse 41–24 early in the second quarter, then the Nationals rallied to win the game. Syracuse won on a throw by George King with twelve seconds left in the game. After the 1956–57 season, Zollner decided that Fort Wayne was too small to support an NBA team, although it was the fifth largest city in the United States at the time, Detroit had not seen professional basketball in a decade. In 1947, they had lost the Detroit Gems of the NBL, Zollner decided to keep the Pistons name, believing it made sense given Detroits status as the center of the automobile industry. The new Detroit Pistons played in Olympia Stadium for their first four seasons, the franchise was a consistent disappointment, struggling both on the court and at the box office. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Pistons were characterized by strong individuals. In fact, in their first 27 years in Detroit, they only had three winning seasons, some of the superstars who played for the team included Dave DeBusschere, Dave Bing, Jimmy Walker, and Bob Lanier. At one point DeBusschere was the youngest player-coach in the history of the NBA, DeBusschere became a key player in leading the Knicks to two NBA titles. Detroit qualified for the postseason in four seasons, but never advanced beyond the second round of the playoffs
17.
Donald E. Edwards
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His position as Adjutant General also included appointment as Inspector General and Quartermaster General, and head of the State Military Department, including the Veterans Affairs office. Donald Everett Edwards was born in Bellows Falls, Vermont on June 15,1937 and he attended school in Saxtons River, Vermont and graduated from Vermont Academy in 1955. He later became qualified as a Transportation officer, and served with the regular Army until 1971 and he served in the Army Reserve from 1971 until his appointment as Adjutant General of the Vermont National Guard in 1981. He also served as a member of Grafton, Vermont’s School Board, from 1975 to 1981 he was a Democratic member of the Vermont House of Representatives. June 6,1959 – October 31,1971, United States Army, november 1,1971 – February 28,1981, United States Army Reserve, including command of the 413th Supply and Service Battalion 3. Rainville became the first woman to ever be appointed as a state Adjutant General, Edwards retired from the military upon Rainville assuming the Adjutant Generals duties. After his military retirement General Edwards served on the staff of U. S, representative Bernie Sanders for two years. Later he was an on air commentator for Fox News and the Executive Vice President of an Information Technology company, in retirement Edwards continued to comment on public affairs in magazine articles and other media. He was a member of the National Veterans Steering Committee during John F. Kerrys 2004 presidential campaign, Edwards currently resides in South Bristol, Maine and Ashburn, Virginia. Edwards served as President of the Adjutants General Association of the United States and was a Vice President of the National Guard Association of the United States
18.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
19.
Major general (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star general-officer rank, with the pay grade of O-8. Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general, a major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers. Major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps, some of these slots are reserved or finitely set by statute. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the Joint Chiefs of Staff for review before it can be sent to the President, through the Secretary of Defense for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once confirmed, the nominee is promoted to rank on assuming a position of office that requires an officer to hold the rank. For positions of office that are reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, since the grade of major general is permanent, the rank does not expire when the officer vacates a two-star position. Tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, and/or when the officer receives a new assignment or a promotion, in the case of the Air National Guard, they may also serve as The Adjutant General for their state, commonwealth or territory. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement of general officers, all major generals must retire after five years in grade or 35 years of service, whichever is later, unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense may defer a general officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, because there are a finite number of General Officer positions, one officer must retire before another can be promoted. As a result, general officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. The rank of general was abolished in the U. S. Army by the Act of March 16,1802. Major general has been a rank in the U. S. Army ever since, to address this anomaly, Washington was posthumously promoted by Congress to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The position of Major General Commanding the Army was entitled to three stars according to General Order No.6 of March 13,1861
20.
Vermont National Guard
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The Vermont National Guard is composed of the Vermont Army National Guard and the Vermont Air National Guard. Together, they are known as the Green Mountain Boys. Both units use the original Revolutionary War era Flag of the Green Mountain Boys as their banner and their strength in 2009 was 2,660. White settlers relied on the militia almost from the moment they began moving into Vermont in the mid-1700s, units were often formed as needed, and usually for brief periods of time. Since most Vermonters had obtained grants from New Hampshires governor. However, Vermonters were also willing to work with the British colonies when it suited them, on occasion, the elections by members were not ratified. Instead, they asked Allen and Warner to work through New Yorks Provincial Congress to facilitate the process, New York agreed and provided uniforms, equipment and pay, as well as authorizing officers commissions. When Allen was denied the command, he met with Major General Philip Schuyler and offered to serve in any capacity—with a commission or without, overcoming his previous misgivings about Allen, Schuyler accepted, and Allen was appointed a Lieutenant Colonel in the Continental Army. When Schuyler gave up command temporarily because of illness he was succeeded by Richard Montgomery, Montgomery allowed Allen to attempt to raise troops for an invasion of Canada. Allen was captured at the Battle of Longue-Pointe and spent over two years as a prisoner of war, with the Green Mountain Boys called to active duty, Vermont reorganized its militia to defend the border with Canada and protect Vermont from invasion. After Allens release, he returned to Vermont and was appointed commander of the reorganized militia, after Vermont attained statehood, its militia was organized into several divisions. Noteworthy among the individuals who commanded divisions during this period was Martin Chittenden, Martin Chittenden served in the U. S. House from 1803 to 1813, and as Governor from 1813 to 1815. As one of the majority of Vermonters who opposed U. S, the commander in Plattsburgh, General Jacob Davis of Milton, positively refused, countering that once the militia was ordered into federal service, it was no longer subject to the governors orders. U. S. forces, including the Vermont Militia, remained encamped near Plattsburgh until they returned home in December, and Chittenden took no action against Davis. In the wake of the War of 1812, the government attempted to standardize training and laws governing call up. As a result, state governors were no longer in command with military rank. As with other states, Vermonts adjutant general was appointed by the governor. Subsequent changes to Vermont law conferred this appointment power on the state legislature, the Vermont adjutant generals office was marked in the 1820s and 1830s by efforts to reenergize the militia after interest started to lapse following the War of 1812
21.
Rotary International
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It is a non-political and non-sectarian organization open to all people regardless of race, color, creed, religion, gender, or political preference. There are 34,282 member clubs worldwide,1.2 million individuals called Rotarians have joined these clubs. Rotarians usually gather weekly for breakfast, lunch, or dinner to fulfill their first guiding principle to develop friendships as an opportunity for service, the Rotarians primary motto is Service Above Self, its secondary motto is One profits most who serves best. This objective is set against the Rotary 4-Way Test, used to see if an action is compatible with the Rotarian spirit. It is still seen as a standard for ethics in business management, the 4-Way Test considers the following questions in respect to thinking, saying or doing, Is it the truth. Is it fair to all concerned, will it build goodwill and better friendships. Will it be beneficial to all concerned, the first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. In addition to Harris and Loehr, Silvester Schiele, and Hiram E. Shorey were the two who attended this first meeting. The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Los Angeles, the National Association of Rotary Clubs in America was formed in 1910. On November 3,1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America, in April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, in August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered. During World War I, Rotary in Britain increased from 9 to 22 clubs, in 1922, the name was changed to Rotary International. By 1925, Rotary had grown to 200 clubs with more than 20,000 members, Rotary Clubs in Spain ceased to operate shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. At the UN Charter Conference in San Francisco, nearly fifty Rotarians served as delegates, advisors, Rotarys work in promoting peace through education began as early as 1943 with a London conference on international, cultural, and educational exchanges. Rotary International established consultative status with the UN and UNESCO beginning in 1946-47, in one of the first cooperative activities with UNESCO, the Rotary Foundation awarded a $5,000 ‘grant-in-aid’ for fellowships to social service and educational leaders in war-devastated countries. The funds were designed to provide training to those who trained others, in 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the worlds children against polio
22.
Vermont Supreme Court
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The Vermont Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority of the U. S. state of Vermont. Unlike most other states, the Vermont Supreme Court hears appeals directly from the trial courts, the Court consists of a chief justice and four associate justices, the Court mostly hears appeals of cases that have been decided by other courts. The Supreme Court justices are appointed by the Governor of Vermont with confirmation by the Vermont Senate, when a judicial vacancy occurs, the judicial nominating board submits to the governor the names of as many persons as it deems qualified for appointment. All Supreme Court justices come up for retention at the time every six years. The next retention date is March 31,2017, the Joint Committee on Judicial Retention reviews a justices performance during the previous term and recommends to the Vermont General Assembly whether the justice should be retained. The committee consists of four House members appointed by the Speaker of the House, after open debate and discussion, the General Assembly votes by secret ballot, with a majority having to vote against reappointment for a justice to be denied another term. The current chief justice is Paul L. Reiber, Reiber was appointed Associate Justice in October 2003 by Gov. Jim Douglas and then sworn in as the Chief Justice of the Court on December 17,2004. The Vermont Supreme Court has overall control of the court system and makes administrative. The Vermont Supreme Court meets in a granite Beaux Arts style building in Montpelier just east of the Vermont State House, the building site was the original site of the first Vermont State Building, a three storey wooden colonial Georgian structure built in 1808 by Sylvanus Baldwin. The original constitution called for a Council of Censors which provided oversight for the court, the Council was abolished in 1870. Vermont Judiciary Home Page Government of Vermont portal List of Vermont Supreme Court Justices
23.
Bruce M. Lawlor
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Major General Bruce M. Lawlor is a retired United States Army officer. He is prominent as the first commander of Joint Task Force-Civil Support, in addition, he was one of five White House staff members who wrote the plan to create the Department of Homeland Security, and he was the first DHS Chief of Staff. Bruce Michael Lawlor was born in Bellows Falls, Vermont on January 24,1948 and he briefly attended the United States Military Academy before transferring to George Washington University, from which he received a Bachelor of Science degree in political science in 1970. While attending George Washington University Lawlor was recruited by the Central Intelligence Agency, after graduation Lawlor became a full CIA staff member, took a paramilitary training course, and was trained as a foreign intelligence officer. Assigned to the Vietnam Desk at CIA headquarters, he was trained in Vietnam agent operations, Lawlor was sent to Vietnam in November 1971, and by the beginning of 1972 was working in counterintelligence in the Danang regional headquarters. In the summer of 1972 Lawlor became Police Special Branch advisor in Quang Nam Province and he took part in Phoenix Program operations until 1973, he resigned from the CIA in 1974. In 1974 Lawlor received a commission in the United States Navy Reserve as an intelligence officer. Lawlor received his law degree from George Washington University Law School in 1975 and started a practice in Springfield, a Democrat, Lawlor was a legal advisor to Governor Thomas P. Salmon. In 1980 Lawlor won election to the Vermont House of Representatives and he served two terms,1981 to 1985. In 1984 Lawlor won the Democratic nomination for Vermont Attorney General, in 1979 Lawlor transferred his military membership to the Vermont Army National Guard. In 1986 he graduated from the Command and General Staff College, in 1996 Lawlor received a Master of Science degree in National Security Studies from Norwich University as part of the Army War Colleges Senior Service College Fellowship Program. In addition, he attended the National Security Fellows Program at Harvard Universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government. From May 1998 to October 1999 Lawlor served as Deputy Director for Operations, Readiness, from October 1999 until October,2001 Lawlor was commander of Joint Task Force-Civil Support, the first individual assigned to this position. Lawlor retired from the military in November,2003, while in this position Lawlor was one of the chief creators of the legislation that created the Department of Homeland Security. When DHS was officially founded in March,2003 Lawlor was named its first Chief of Staff, in 2003 Lawlor earned a Doctor of Science degree in Engineering Management from George Washington University. And Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Community Research Associates, Inc and he currently resides in Arlington, Virginia. Defence Geospatial Intelligence Europe, GIS Event, Interview With Major General Bruce Lawlor on YouTube,2010
24.
United States Department of Homeland Security
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Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism, border security, immigration and customs, cyber security, and disaster prevention and management. It was created in response to the September 11 attacks, in fiscal year 2017, it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion. With more than 240,000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defense, Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services, Justice and its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism. On March 1,2003, DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies, Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations, additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U. S. Border Patrol, the U. S. Customs Service, the Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate. The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary, the Department contains the components listed below. Agencies, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Processes and examines citizenship, residency, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus, An agency that enforces U. S. It also investigates crimes against the U. S. monetary system including the crime of counterfeiting U. S. currency, Federal Emergency Management Agency, agency that oversees the federal governments response to natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, forest fires, etc. National Protection and Programs Directorate, risk-reduction, encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements, Federal Protective Service, Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U. S. federal buildings, properties, assets, and federal government interests. National Cybersecurity Center In an August 5,2002 speech, President Bush said, to secure freedom in the homeland. Prior to the creation of DHS, American presidents had referred to the U. S. as the nation or the republic, also unprecedented was the use, from 2002, of the phrase the homeland by White House spokespeople. In 2011 the Department of Homeland Security phased out the old Homeland Security Advisory System with a two-level National Terrorism Advisory System, the system has two types of advisories, Alerts and Bulletins. Alerts are issued when there is specific and credible information of a terrorist threat against the United States, Alerts themselves have two levels, Elevated and Imminent. An Elevated Alert is issued when there is information about an attack. An Imminent Alert is issued when the threat is very specific, many procedures at government facilities are tied in to the alert level, for example a facility may search all entering vehicles when the alert is above a certain level. After resigning, Tom Ridge stated that he did not always agree with the threat level adjustments pushed by other government agencies
25.
Triathlon
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A triathlon is a multiple-stage competition involving the completion of three continuous and sequential endurance disciplines. While many variations of the sport exist, triathlon, in its most popular form, involves swimming, cycling, triathletes compete for fastest overall course completion time, including timed transitions between the individual swim, cycle, and run components. The word triathlon is of Greek origin from τρεῖς or treis, a transition area is set up where the athletes change gear for different segments of the race. This is where the switches from swimming to cycling and cycling to running occur and these areas are used to store bicycles, performance apparel, and any other accessories needed for the next stage of the race. The transition from swim to bike is referred to as T1, the athletes overall time for the race includes time spent in T1 and T2. Transition areas vary in size depending on the number of participants expected, in addition, these areas provide a social headquarters before the race. The nature of the focuses on persistent and often periodized training in each of the three disciplines, as well as combination workouts and general strength conditioning. Triathlon is considered by some to have its beginnings in 1920s France and this race is held every year in France near Joinville-le-Pont, in Meulan and Poissy. An earlier tri-sport event in 1902 featured running, cycling, there are documented tri-sport events featuring running, swimming, & cycling in 1920,1921,1945, and the 1960s. In 1920, the French newspaper L´Auto reported on a competition called Les Trois Sports with a 3 km run,12 km bike, and those three parts were done without any break. Another event was held in 1921 in Marseilles with the order of events bike-run-swim, the first modern swim/bike/run event to be called a triathlon was held at Mission Bay, San Diego, California on September 25,1974. The race was conceived and directed by Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan, members of the San Diego Track Club, and was sponsored by the track club. It was reportedly not inspired by the French events, although a race the year at Fiesta Island, San Diego. The International Triathlon Union was founded in 1989 as the governing body of the sport, with the chief goal, at that time. In addition, the ITU has a Long Distance Triathlon series, the World Triathlon Corporation is a private company that sanctions and organizes the Ironman and Ironman 70.3 races each year. These races serve as qualifying events for their own annual World Championships, the Ironman World Championship is held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii in October while the Ironman 70.3 World Championship is held in September and changes location each year. The Ironman and Iron brands are property of the WTC, therefore, long-distance multi-sport events organized by groups other than the WTC may not officially be called Ironman or Iron races. For its part, the ITU does not sanction WTC races, however, USAT uses a combination of ITU, the Challenge Family brand produces long-distance events around the world, and includes events like Challenge Roth
26.
Joe Perry (musician)
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Anthony Joseph Pereira, better known by his stage name Joe Perry, is the lead guitarist, backing and occasional lead vocalist, and contributing songwriter for the American rock band Aerosmith. He was ranked 84th in Rolling Stones list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, in October 2014, Simon & Schuster released Rocks, My Life In and Out of Aerosmith, written by Joe Perry with David Ritz. Anthony Joseph Pereira was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts and his father was an accountant and his mother a high school gym teacher. He said in 2014 that an early influence on his music was The Beatles, The night The Beatles first played The Ed Sullivan Show, boy. Seeing them on TV was akin to a national holiday, I never saw guys looking so cool. I had already some of their songs on the radio. I knew something was different in the world that night, during Perrys early years he formed a band with Tom Hamilton called The Jam Band. Steven Tyler, Joe, Tom, Brad Whitford and Joey Kramer eventually joined, while initially dismissed as The Rolling Stones knock-offs, the band came into its own during the mid-1970s with a string of hit records. Chief among these successes were Toys in the Attic and Rocks, thanks largely to the prevalence of free-form, album-oriented FM radio. The group also managed hit singles on the radio with songs like Dream On, Same Old Song and Dance, Sweet Emotion, Walk This Way, Back in the Saddle, and Last Child. During this time, Perry and vocalist Steven Tyler became known as the Toxic Twins for their notorious hard-partying, Aerosmiths crowd earned the nickname The Blue Army, so called by the band after the seemingly endless number of teenagers in the audience wearing blue denim jackets and blue jeans. The audience was abundantly male with long hair, following Rocks, the group began to stumble - drug use escalated and the creative process became hampered by strained relationships within the band. This was highlighted during the process for their next album. During their time there, Tyler and Perry would spend much of the time in their rooms, getting high, away from the rest of the band, Draw the Line, released in 1977, became a hit nonetheless, going double platinum. However, it was not as successful as their efforts, with the singles Draw the Line and Kings. On the album, Perry sang lead vocals on the track Bright Light Fright, the band toured throughout 1977 and 1978 in support of the album, but increasing violence at concerts as well as the bands heavy drug use began to mar the performances. In 1978, Aerosmith released the live collection Live, bootleg, released the stand-alone single Chip Away the Stone, and starred as The Future Villain Band in the film Sgt. For the film, the released a cover of The Beatles Come Together
27.
Aerosmith
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Aerosmith is an American rock band, sometimes referred to as the Bad Boys from Boston and Americas Greatest Rock and Roll Band. Their style, which is rooted in blues-based hard rock, has come to incorporate elements of pop, heavy metal, and rhythm and blues. They were formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1970, in 1971, Tabano was replaced by Brad Whitford, and the band began developing a following in Boston. They were signed to Columbia Records in 1972, and released a string of gold and platinum albums, beginning with their 1973 eponymous debut album, followed by Get Your Wings in 1974. In 1975, the broke into the mainstream with the album Toys in the Attic. Two additional albums followed in 1977 and 1979 and their first five albums have since attained multi-platinum status. Throughout the 1970s, the band toured extensively and charted a dozen Hot 100 singles, by the end of the decade, they were among the most popular hard rock bands in the world and developed a loyal following of fans, often referred to as the Blue Army. The band did not fare well between 1980 and 1984, releasing the album Rock in a Hard Place, which was certified gold, Perry and Whitford returned to Aerosmith in 1984 and the band signed a new deal with Geffen Records. After a comeback tour, the band recorded Done with Mirrors, the band also became a pop culture phenomenon with popular music videos and notable appearances in television, film, and video games. Their comeback has been described as one of the most remarkable, additional albums followed in 2001,2004, and 2012. Since 2001, the band has toured every year, except 2008, Aerosmith is the best-selling American hard rock band of all time, having sold more than 150 million records worldwide, including over 70 million records in the United States alone. The band has scored 21 Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, nine number-one Mainstream Rock hits, four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, and ten MTV Video Music Awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, in 2013, the bands principal songwriters, Tyler and Perry, were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 1964, Steven Tyler formed his own called the Strangeurs—later Chain Reaction—in New Hampshire. Meanwhile, Perry and Hamilton formed the Jam Band, which was based on free-form, Hamilton and Perry moved to Boston, Massachusetts in September 1969. There they met Joey Kramer, a drummer from Yonkers, New York, Kramer knew Tyler and had always hoped to play in a band with him. Kramer, a Berklee College of Music student, decided to school to join Jam Band. In 1970, Chain Reaction and Jam Band played at the same gig, Tyler immediately loved Jam Bands sound, and wanted to combine the two bands
28.
Samuel B. Pettengill
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Samuel Barrett Pettengill was a U. S. Representative from Indiana, representing Indianas 3rd congressional district and nephew of William Horace Clagett, Pettengill was born January 19,1886 in Portland, Oregon, the second son of Samuel Barrett and Susan Clagett Pettengill. After his mother’s death in 1890, the moved to Vermont in 1892. He graduated from Vermont Academy at Saxtons River, Vermont in 1904, from Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, in 1908 and he was admitted to the bar in 1912 and commenced practice in South Bend, Indiana. He was a member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of Indiana and he was the recipient of honorary degrees from Harding, Franklin, Marietta and Middlebury Colleges and Norwich University. He served as member of the board of education of South Bend from 1926 to 1928, on June 1,1912, Mr. Pettengill married Josephine Campbell of Napoleon, Ohio, who died on June 26,1948. They had one daughter, Susan, who lives in Washington, on July 16,1949, he married Helen M. Charles, of New York City. He was a Congregationalist and a member of the Grafton Church in Grafton, Pettengill was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-second and to the three succeeding Congresses. During his time in Congress he served on committees on military affairs, interstate and foreign commerce and he was influential in the enactment of the Connolly Hot Oil Act and the formulation of the Interstate Oil Compact. As a member of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce and he became widely known because of his activities in the defeat of the Supreme Court Packing Bill and the Reorganization Bill during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1938 to the Seventy-sixth Congress and his first book, Hot Oil, published in 1936, summarized the arguments pro and con in reference to the question of federal control or nationalization of the petroleum industry. Pettengill favored state rather than federal regulation and the highest degree of industrial freedom consistent with the conservation of national petroleum resources, in 1939, he wrote Jefferson, The Forgotten Man, to show how far the principles of Thomas Jefferson had been discarded. He worked as a newspaper columnist 1939–1948, a strong critic of numerous New Deal policies, he was Chairman of the No Third Term campaign meeting at Carnegie Hall in 1940. He was elected Chairman of the Republican National Finance Committee in 1942 and he served as vice president and general counsel of the Transportation Association of America from 1943 to 1945. He resigned early in 1944 to devote more of his time to his law practice, in 1947 and 1948, he spoke on public affairs every Sunday afternoon over the American Broadcasting System. Since leaving Congress, he had writing a twice-a-week column as The Gentleman From Indiana. In 1940 he wrote, Smoke Screen to show that the increasing federal controls over every facet of American business had its counterpart in developments in Germany, Smoke Screen was the best-selling non-fiction book of that year. For Americans Only, published in 1944, brought the theme up to date
29.
Russell W. Porter
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Russell Williams Porter was an American artist, engineer, amateur astronomer and explorer. He was a pioneer in the field of illustration and is sometimes referred to as the founder or one of the founders of amateur telescope making. Russell W. Porter, the youngest of five children, was born in 1871 Springfield and his parents were Frederick and Caroline Porter. Russell showed an aptitude for art. Porter became interested in the arctic when he attended Robert Pearys lectures on Greenland in 1892 and he signed up to sail on the ship Miranda as surveyor and artist for Frederick Cooks voyage to Greenland that next year. The voyage ended with the ship colliding with an iceberg and the crew being rescued by Inuit. Porter continued travel to the arctic with Peary and Greenland again in 1896, to Baffin Island in 1897, with the Yukon gold rush in 1898, to Labrador in 1899, and northern Greenland in 1900. Porter was a in charge of astronomical observations on the Ziegler Polar Expeditions financed by New York businessman William Ziegler in 1901 and 1903. The second expedition was stranded in the arctic for 3 years when their ship, in 1906 Porter again joined Frederick Cook in an expedition to Alaska’s Mount McKinley. Porter’s party surveyed a 3, 000-square-mile region around the mountain while Cook’s party broke off to climb the mountain, when the parties rendezvoused, Porter was skeptical of Cooks claims that he climbed the mountain. After his arctic adventures, Porter settled down in Port Clyde, Maine where he tried to start a colony at Lands End but failed, he built rental cottages. There he married Alice Marshall, the postmistress, Caroline, a daughter, was born in 1912. He also took up astronomy and the hobby of telescope making and he was encouraged by his good friend back in Springfield, fellow amateur astronomer and telescope builder James Hartness. In 1913, Hartness sent Porter some telescope building ideas and literature along with two 16-inch-diameter glass blanks, Porter wrote an article about his design for the May 1916 issue of Popular Astronomy. In 1915, Porter returned to MIT as a professor of architecture, there he helped Hartness to produce an optical comparator, an instrument for accurately checking the pitch, form, and lead of screw threads. In August 1920, with the help of Hartness, Porter started a class on how to make telescopes, fifteen people signed up for that class,14 men, most of whom were workers from Jones & Lamson, and one woman, a school teacher. The members of small group decided to form an astronomical club. Soon after, they built a clubhouse on a 30-acre plot belonging to Porter on Breezy Hill outside of town and they called the clubhouse Stellafane, Latin for shrine to the stars
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Arctic
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The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska, Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places, the Arctic region is a unique area among Earths ecosystems. For example, the cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold, in recent years, Arctic sea ice decline has been caused by global warming. Life in the Arctic includes organisms living in the ice, zooplankton and phytoplankton, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, plants, Arctic land is bordered by the subarctic. The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός, near the Bear, northern, there are a number of definitions of what area is contained within the Arctic. The area can be defined as north of the Arctic Circle, the southern limit of the midnight sun. The Arctics climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers and its precipitation mostly comes in the form of snow and is low, with most of the area receiving less than 50 cm. High winds often stir up snow, creating the illusion of continuous snowfall, average winter temperatures can be as low as −40 °C, and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C. Coastal Arctic climates are moderated by oceanic influences, having generally warmer temperatures, the Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws. Due to the migration of the planets isotherms, the Arctic region is currently shrinking. Perhaps the most spectacular result of Arctic shrinkage is sea ice loss, there is a large variance in predictions of Arctic sea ice loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2040 to some time well beyond 2100. About half of the models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100. Arctic life is characterized by adaptation to short growing seasons with long periods of sunlight, Arctic vegetation is composed of plants such as dwarf shrubs, graminoids, herbs, lichens and mosses, which all grow relatively close to the ground, forming tundra. As one moves northward, the amount of available for plant growth decreases considerably. Colder summer temperatures cause the size, abundance, productivity and variety of plants to decrease, trees cannot grow in the Arctic, but in its warmest parts, shrubs are common and can reach 2 m in height, sedges, mosses and lichens can form thick layers. In the coldest parts of the Arctic, much of the ground is bare, non-vascular plants such as lichens and mosses predominate, along with a few scattered grasses, herbivores on the tundra include the Arctic hare, lemming, muskox, and caribou. They are preyed on by the owl, Arctic fox, Grizzly bear
31.
Amateur telescope making
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Amateur telescope making is the activity of building telescopes as a hobby, as opposed to being a paid professional. Amateur telescope makers are usually a sub-group in the field of amateur astronomy, ever since Galileo took a Dutch invention and adapted it to astronomical use, astronomical telescope making has been an evolving discipline. Before the advent of modern mass-produced telescopes the price of even a modest instrument was often beyond the means of an amateur astronomer. Building your own was the only method to obtain a suitable telescope for observing. There were many published works that helped spark an interest in building such as Irish telescope maker Rev. W. F. A. Ellisons 1920 book The Amateurs Telescope. There was so much public interest Ingalls began a column for Scientific American on the subject. These had a readership of enthusiast constructing their own instruments. Between 1933 and 1990, Sky and Telescope magazine ran a column called Gleanings for ATMs edited by Earle Brown. The ready supply of surplus optical components after World War 2 and later Sputnik, porter as “The Poor Mans Telescope”. The Newtonian has the advantage of being a design that allows for maximum size for the minimum expense. Typically a Newtonian telescope of 6” or 8 aperture is a starter project. Since the Newtonian reflector is the most common telescope built by amateur telescope makers, the mirror has to be carefully ground, polished and figured to an extremely accurate shape, usually a paraboloid. Telescopes with high focal ratios may use spherical mirrors since the difference in the two shapes is insignificant at those ratios. The tools used to achieve this shape are surprisingly simple, consisting of a similarly sized glass tool, a series of finer abrasives, through a whole series of random strokes the mirror naturally tends to become spherical in shape. At that point, a variation in polishing strokes is used to create. In order to grind telescope optics into a shape, a highly versatile material must be used such as glass. After the melting point is reached, the glass fuses together, proper annealing procedures ensure that internal stresses are relieved within the glass, which reduces risk of failure for the newly cast blank. The equipment most amateurs use to test the shape of the mirrors, at its most basic it consists of a light bulb, a piece of tinfoil with a pinhole in it, and a razorblade
32.
Marshmallow creme
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Marshmallow creme is an American confectionery. It is a sweet, spreadable, marshmallow-like confection. Marshmallow creme and peanut butter are used to create a fluffernutter sandwich, in addition, marshmallow creme and Nutella can be spread on graham crackers to emulate smores. One popular brand of marshmallow creme, sold principally in the Northeastern United States, is Marshmallow Fluff, manufactured by Durkee-Mower and it is also available in Canada, some Latin American countries, some European supermarkets and Saudi Arabia, in standard vanilla and strawberry flavor. Its ingredients include corn syrup, sugar syrup, vanilla flavor, Ricemellow Creme, manufactured by Suzannes Specialties, Inc. is a common vegan equivalent. Many late 19th century marshmallow paste recipes produced solid foods, the earliest mention of marshmallow creme in an American cookbook is from Fannie Farmers Boston School Cook Book, printed in 1896. However, the author does not give a recipe for marshmallow cream in this book, in 1902, Mrs. Rorers New Cook Book by Sarah Tyson Rorer describes her recipe for marshmallow filling. Around the beginning of the 20th century, Somerville, Massachusetts resident and he soon afterward sold the recipe to two candy makers in Lynn, Massachusetts, H. Allen Durkee and Fred Mower, for $500. The product first hit market shelves in cans as Toot Sweet Marshmallow Fluff in 1917, the first two words were dropped soon after the packaging changed to a glass jar in the 1940s. Today, the Durkee-Mower company is one of three companies in North America to produce marshmallow creme, the others being Kraft Jet-Puffed Marshmallow Creme. Fluff continues as a tradition in the Northeastern United States. One popular use is in the Marshmallow Fluff and peanut butter sandwich, also, the container has a no-fail recipe for chocolate fudge printed on the side. Since at least 2006, the city of Somerville has celebrated Querys original creation of Fluff with a festival in Union Square titled What the Fluff. Typical activities at the festival have included a fair, gallery show, cooking contests. In 2011, actress Susan Olsen, most famous for portraying Cindy Brady on the Brady Bunch, attended the festival, also in 2006, State Representative Kathi-Anne Reinstein planned to file a bill that would make the Fluffernutter the official sandwich of Massachusetts. The incident is referred to as The Great 2006 Kerfluffle. Meringue The Marshmallow Fluff Cookbook, More than 110 Real Recipes for Serious Fluffernuts with Justin Schwartz, Philadelphia, Marshmallow Fluff homepage Ricemellow Creme homepage What the Fluff. A Tribute to Union Square Invention – festival honoring Archibald Query and Marshmallow Fluff The Velveteen Lounge Kitsch-en Celebrates National Fluffernutter Day
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Florence R. Sabin
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Florence Rena Sabin was an American medical scientist. In her retirement years, she pursued a career as a public health activist in Colorado. Florence Sabin was born in Central City, Colorado, on November 9,1871 and her father was a mining engineer, so the family spent several years in mining communities. Sabin earned her bachelors degree from Smith College in 1893 and she taught high school mathematics in Denver for two years and zoology at Smith for one year in order to earn enough money for her first year of tuition. Sabin attended the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine as one of fourteen women in her class, the school had opened in 1893 and from the beginning admitted both men and women, in fulfillment of one of the conditions of the gift that made its opening possible. While at Hopkins, Sabin’s observational skills and perseverance in the laboratory captured the attention of anatomist Franklin P. Mall, Mall encouraged Sabin and helped her to become involved in two projects that would build a solid reputation for her among fellow scientists. The projects suggested by Franklin P. Mall shaped the future of Sabin’s research, the first project was to produce a three-dimensional model of a newborn baby’s brainstem which became the focus of the textbook, An Atlas of the Medulla and Midbrain, published in 1901. The second project involved the development of the lymphatic system which proved that the lymphatic system is formed from the embryo’s blood vessels. Following graduation from the school, Sabin obtained an internship at Johns Hopkins Hospital under physician Sir William Osler. In 1902 she began to teach in the Department of Anatomy at Johns Hopkins, by 1905 she was promoted to associate professor and finally appointed full professor of embryology and histology in 1917, the first woman to become a full professor at a medical college. In 1924 Sabin was elected the first woman president of the American Association of Anatomists, at Hopkins in 1924 Sabin continued her research on the origins of blood, blood vessels, blood cells, the histology of the brain, and the pathology and immunology of tuberculosis. In 1924, Sabin’s work on the origins of blood vessels earned her membership in the National Academy of Science, in September 1925 she became head of the Department of Cellular Studies at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City. Her research focused on the system, blood vessels and cells. In 1944 she came out of a retirement to accept Colorado governor John Vivians request to chair a subcommittee on health. Sabin assessed the health needs of the state and its citizens. In reply, she told him, “pick me up at nine. Her tenacity paid off as the bills she supported were passed. The results of her efforts were known as the “Sabin Health Laws” which modernized the public system in Colorado
34.
Christopher A. Sinclair
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Christopher A. Sinclair is an American businessman. He is the Executive Chairman and former Chief Executive Officer of Mattel, Inc. the worlds largest toy company, and he is the former Chairman and CEO of Pepsi-Cola, the American beverage company. Sinclair was born in Hong Kong, and spent his childhood in Mumbai, India, sinclairs father was president of Esso Oil s international operations. He graduated summa cum laude from the University of Kansas with a degree in marketing. Sinclair went on to receive an MBA from the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College in 1973, Sinclair began his career at General Foods and Newsweek before spending more than 15 years at PepsiCo. In 1989, he was promoted from Pepsi USAs central division president to president of newly formed Pepsi-Cola International, Sinclair was promoted to CEO of PepsiCo Foods and Beverages International in 1993, and ultimately to Chairman and CEO of Pepsi-Cola Co. He was a member of the PepsiCo board of directors, Sinclair directed Pepsis entry into the Indian market, and recruited Pepsis current chief executive officer Indra Nooyi. As an example of his ambition, Sinclair told Fortune magazine in 1994, If Coke starts growing 8%, cola sales of $5 billion by 1995, and exceeded his goal. He retired from PepsiCo in 1996, since his tenure at PepsiCo, Sinclair has served as CEO of Quality Food Centers, Inc. a U. S. west coast supermarket chain backed by billionaire Samuel Zells Equity Group. After 18-months, Quality Food expanded rapidly and was sold to Fred Meyer. Sinclair helped orchestrate the deal and was a large shareholder, Fred Meyer is now owned by The Kroger Co. More recently, Sinclair led the restructuring of Caribiner International, Inc. as chairman. Additionally, he has served as a partner at Pegasus Capital Advisors, LP, an equity firm, and an operating partner at Morgan Joseph TriArtisan. Sinclair currently is the Executive Chairman of Mattel, Inc. previously serving as Chairman and he is also a non-executive director of Reckitt Benckiser plc. Sinclair is a director of Foot Locker, Inc. F. W. Woolworth Company, Merisant, PepsiCo, Inc. and Perdue Farms and he has served as a trustee at Brunswick School, Vermont Academy, on the board of overseers at the Tuck School of Business. Sinclair, and his wife Margaret, reside in Greenwich, Connecticut and Palm Beach, Margaret is the former president of the Breast Cancer Alliance
35.
Pepsi
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Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink produced and manufactured by PepsiCo. Originally created and developed in 1893 and introduced as Brads Drink, it was renamed as Pepsi-Cola on August 28,1898 and it is currently known in North America alternatively as Pepsi-Cola as of 2014. The drink Pepsi was first introduced as Brads Drink in New Bern, North Carolina, United States, in 1893 by Caleb Bradham and it was renamed Pepsi Cola in 1898 after the root of the word dyspepsia and the kola nuts used in the recipe. The original recipe also included sugar and vanilla, Bradham sought to create a fountain drink that was appealing and would aid in digestion and boost energy. In 1903, Bradham moved the bottling of Pepsi-Cola from his drugstore to a rented warehouse and that year, Bradham sold 7,968 gallons of syrup. The next year, Pepsi was sold in bottles. In 1909, automobile race pioneer Barney Oldfield was the first celebrity to endorse Pepsi-Cola, describing it as A bully drink. refreshing, invigorating, the advertising theme Delicious and Healthful was then used over the next two decades. In 1926, Pepsi received its first logo redesign since the design of 1905. In 1929, the logo was changed again, assets were sold and Roy C. Megargel bought the Pepsi trademark. Megargel was unsuccessful, and soon Pepsis assets were purchased by Charles Guth, Loft was a candy manufacturer with retail stores that contained soda fountains. He sought to replace Coca-Cola at his stores fountains after Coke refused to him a discount on syrup. Guth then had Lofts chemists reformulate the Pepsi-Cola syrup formula, on three separate occasions between 1922 and 1933, The Coca-Cola Company was offered the opportunity to purchase the Pepsi-Cola company, and it declined on each occasion. The original trademark application for Pepsi-Cola was filed on September 23,1902 with registration approved on June 16,1903, in the applications statement, Caleb Bradham describes the trademark and indicated that the mark was in continuous use for his business since August 1,1901. The Pepsi-Colas description is a syrup for soda water. The trademark expired on April 15,1904, a second Pepsi-Cola trademark is on record with the USPTO. The federal status for the 1905 trademark is registered and renewed and is owned by PepsiCo of Purchase, in 2014, the 1940 wordmark was used again and replacing the current wordmark on many cans. During the Great Depression, Pepsi gained popularity following the introduction in 1936 of a 12-ounce bottle, coming at a time of economic crisis, the campaign succeeded in boosting Pepsis status. From 1936 to 1938, Pepsi-Colas profits doubled, Pepsis success under Guth came while the Loft Candy business was faltering
36.
Bill Torrey
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He is often known as Bow-Tie Bill, after the signature bow tie he always wore. Torrey quickly forged a reputation as an executive, and his deals propelled the Seals from laughingstock to playoff contenders in his 2 plus seasons in Oakland. He quickly soured on the experience, however, due to constant interference provided by owner Charlie Finley, Finley had a reputation of flamboyance, insisting his teams wear white skates and trying to convince the NHL to start using orange pucks. More importantly, Finley and Torrey clashed on issues ranging from personnel moves to marketing, in 1972, the expansion New York Islanders hired Torrey as their General Manager. The organizations first employee, Torrey was given the job of building the organization from scratch. He added the title of president in 1973. Rather than trade for veteran players in hopes of winning right away and he felt that pursuing a win now strategy didnt make sense in the long run. In the Islanders first two seasons, the finished last in the league. However, those dreadful records netted them high picks in the draft, with those picks, Torrey quickly assembled a roster that rose from a doormat to an NHL power. It culminated in 1980, when the Islanders won the Stanley Cup in only their season of existence. Under Torrey, the Islanders won 6 Patrick Division titles, made five trips to the Stanley Cup finals. His clubs had 14 consecutive winning seasons, from 1975–1988 and he also hired as head coach Al Arbour, another Hall of Famer and winner of four Cups as a player. After helping minority owner John Pickett, Jr. buy the franchise in 1979, in 1989, he added the title of chairman of the board. Right after Torrey drafted Denis Potvin first overall in the 1973 entry draft, Montreal Canadiens General Manager Sam Pollock approached Torrey, hoping to trade for Potvin. Pollocks strategy was to offer a package of mature players to exchange for the top draft pick. Torrey ultimately turned down the offer, within several years Potvin blossomed into one of the NHLs elite defencemen and eventually became captain of the team. In the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft, Torrey had the 15th pick and had to make a decision between two promising forwards, Mike Bossy and Dwight Foster. Bossy was known as a scorer who couldnt check, while Foster could check, coach Al Arbour persuaded Torrey to pick Bossy, figuring it was easier to teach a scorer how to check
